Tài liệu Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng giao thông vùng kinh tế trọng điểm phía nam tt tiếng anh

1 INTRODUCTION 1. Reasons for choosing theme of thesis For the purpose of boosting overall development of the whole country, creating linkages and coordination in socio-economic development of economic zones, our Party and State had a policy of establishing a number of national key economic regions capable of achieving breakthroughs and creating driving force to boost socioeconomic development of the whole country in a fast and sustainable pace. Implementing this policy, at the moment in our country there are four key economic regions: Northern Key Economic Region, Central Key Economic Region, Southern Key Economic Region and Cuu Long Delta Key Economic Region. The Southern Key Economic Region includes 08 city and provinces: Hochiminh City, Dong Nai, Ba Ria - Vung Tau, Binh Duong, Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc, Long An and Tien Giang, being a region holding strategically important position in terms of economic, political, cultural, social, national defense and security affairs in the South of Viet Nam and in the whole country and being the vanguard in the cause of industrialization and modernization. In order to boost development of the Southern Key Economic Region, one of the issues to be deal with is to boost the development of infrastructure, especially transport infrastructure. Transport infrastructure plays a crucial role, being considered as “national thoroughfare”, as physical bases for connecting areas in the Region as well as connecting the Region with other economic regions in Viet Nam and with international market; forming the transport sector - which is a especially important service facilitating seamless social reproduction. Grasping the role of transport infrastructure in the development of the Southern Key Economic Region, in the recent years, our Party, State, as well as Party committees and authorities of the city and provinces in the Region have paid attention to and invested in developing transport infrastructure system in this Key Economic Region. As a result, the transport infrastructure system of the Southern Key Economic Region has gained fast development, contributing to boosting economic development, ensuring social security, forming industrial centers in combination with developing urban areas, boosting the process of economic restructuring, creating more jobs and increasing incomes and living standards of people in the Region and the whole country. 2 However, besides these achievements, the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the recent time still has certain limitations and drawbacks. Conditions of transport infrastructure still cannot meet demands of fast and effective economic growth; transport system connecting areas in the Region as well as connecting to other adjacent areas is both poor and lack of synchronization. Investment in improving transport infrastructure in the Region does not match demands on economic growth, roles and position of the Region. These limitations requires localities in the Region to strive for breakthroughs in developing transport infrastructure in order to attract investment and boost development of the Region. Also, in the process of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the context of boosting industrialization and modernization, developing socialist oriented market and expanding international integration have arisen a number of theoretical and practical issues to be researched on and dealt with, such as: Defining roles and accountability of actors, contents of development, evaluating impacts of factors, learning from experiences in developing transport infrastructure of other key economic regions; assessing achievements and limitations, identifying reasons and issues to be solved; proposing fundamental viewpoints and breakthrough measures to effectively make use of resources for developing transport infrastructure of the Region, etc. However, there has been no systematic research aimed at solving these issues. Therefore, the topic of: “Developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region” has theoretical and practical necessity, and is selected as the topic of this Doctoral thesis in Economics in the major of Political economy. 2. Objectives and tasks of research * Objectives of research: Discussing theoretical and practical bases of the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region; proposing viewpoints and measures to develop transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the time to come. * Task of research: - Summarizing literature related to the thesis - Analyzing theoretical bases of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region and experiences in developing transport infrastructure in other key economic regions in our country. 3 - Assessing current situation of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the recent time; identifying reasons and issues to be solved. - Proposing viewpoints and measures to develop transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the time to come. 3. Object, scope of research * Object of research: Developing transport infrastructure. * Scope of research - Scope of content: Researching on developing land, water, railway and air transport infrastructure, including major constructions and facilities, such as: Bridges, ports, terminals, signage, signal lights, etc. - Scope of space: Researching on transport infrastructure connecting provinces and city in the Southern Key Economic Region and connecting the Region with other economic regions, provinces and cities in our country. - Scope of time: The time for surveying and collecting data is from 2010 to 2018. 4. Theoretical, practical bases and research methods * Theoretical bases: Viewpoints of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh’s thought, directions and viewpoints of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on developing infrastructure and transport infrastructure. * Practical bases: Documents and data published by functional bodies of our Central Government and of the localities in the Southern Key Economic Region; research results of the related literature. * Methods of research On the basis of methodology of Marxism - Leninism, the thesis employs specific research methods of Marxism - Leninism Political economy, namely scientific abstraction, and other interdisciplinary research methods: logic and history, analysis and synthesis, statistics and comparison, expert method, etc. Specifically: - Employing scientific abstraction in Chapter 2 to define comprehension of instrumental concepts and center concepts; researching on the nature, relationships, trends and rules in developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. 4 - Employing logic and history method in Chapter 3 to generalize and provide evidence of achievements and limitations in developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. - Employing analysis and synthesis in Chapter 1 to extract research results of the related literature and identify issues to be solved in the thesis. This method is also employed in Chapter 2 to analyze contents and objective and subjective factors affecting the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. In Chapter 3, this method is employed to discuss reasons for achievements, limitations and issues arising from current situation of the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. In Chapter 4, this method helps analyze viewpoints and measures to develop transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. - Employing statistics and comparison in Chapter 3 (in the form of tables, charts, graphs) to compare year on year development results, clarify achievements and limitations of the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. - Expert method: For obtaining comments and advises from researchers and lecturers about structure and contents of the thesis. 5. New contributions of the thesis - Putting forward the concept of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region from the angle of Political economy; development trend in terms of scale, quantity, quality and structure of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. - Identifying major achievements and limitations of the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. - Defining viewpoints of targets, contents and how to deal with relationships between resources in developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. - Proposing breakthrough measures to develop transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the time to come. 6. Theoretical and practical implications of the thesis - The thesis contributes to clarifying theoretical and practical issues of developing transport infrastructure in key economic regions in general and in Southern Key Economic Region in particular. - Research results of the thesis can be used as references in scientific researching, in teaching Marxist - Leninist Political Economy in educational institutions in and out of the Army. 7. Structure of the thesis 5 After the Introduction, the thesis has 4 chapters (10 sub chapters), Conclusions, List of the author’s publications related to the thesis, references and appendices. Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO THE THESIS 1.1. Foreign literature related to the thesis 1.1.1. Foreign literature about infrastructure, transport infrastructure David Alan Aschauer (1990), Why is infrastructure important. Christine Kessides (1993), The Contributions of Infrastructure to Economic Development: A Review of Experience and Policy Implications. Kim Byoungki (2006), Infrastructure Development for the Economic Development in Developing Countries: Lessons from Korea and Japan Timo Henckel, Warwick J. McKibbin (2010), The Economics of Infrastructure in a Globalized World: Issues, Lessons and Future Challenges. Pravakar Sahoo, Ranjan Kumar Dash, Geethanjali Nataraj (2010), Infrastructure Development and Economic Growth in China.U.S. Chamber (2011), Economic Infrastructure: building for prosperity. Development Bank of Southern Africa (2012), The State of South Africa’s Economic Infrastructure: Opportunities and challenges. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2015), Strategy for Australia’s Aid Investments in Economic Infrastructure. Luo Xubei, Xu Xuejiao (2018), Infrastructure, value chains, and economic upgrades Whimp, Kathy; Haerudin, Ihsan; (2019), Indonesia - TA on Village Transfers: Village Law - Technical Evaluation of Infrastructure Built with Village Funds: Main Report. 1.1.2. Literature in foreign countries about industrial cluster infrastructure, rural infrastructure, transport infrastructure Michael Porter (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations New York. Kaur Kuldip và Dhindsa Parramject Kaur (2006), Rural Infrastructure and Rural Development - Evidence from major State of India. Samantara Samir (2006), Rural Infrastructure and Agiculture Growth - Astudy in Chhattisgarh. Raisuddin Ahmed, Mahabub Hossain (2012), Developmental Impact of Rural Infrastructure in Bangladesh. Radchenko, Daria (2019), Spatial development of transport infrastructure and the degree of its 6 influence on aggregate factor productivity in Russia T.H. Law, F.M. Jakarni and S. Kulanthayan (2019), Road infrastructure development and economic growth. 1.2. Literature related to the thesis in Viet Nam 1.2.1. Literature about developing infrastructure and transport infrastructure in the whole country Đỗ Hoài Nam, Lê Cao Đoàn (2001), “Xây dựng hạ tầng cơ sở ở nông thôn trong quá trình CNH, HĐH ở Việt Nam”, [Building infrastructure in rural areas in the process of industrialization and modernization in Viet Nam]. Nguyễn Đức Độ (2002), “Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng kinh tế và vai trò của nó đối với củng cố quốc phòng ở nước ta hiện nay”, [Developing economic infrastructure and its roles in consolidating national defense in our country nowadays]. Phạm Thị Túy (2006), “Thu hút và sử dụng vốn ODA vào phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng ở Việt Nam”, [Attracting and using ODA in developing infrastructure in Viet Nam]. Chu Tiến Quang, Nguyễn Thị Thu Hằng (2006), “Về chính sách đầu tư phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng để thực hiện công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa nông nghiệp, nông thôn”, [About policies of investing in developing infrastructure to industrialize, modernize agriculture and rural areas]. Phạm Sỹ Liêm (2006), “Đầu tư phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng: Cơ hội và thách thức”, [Investing in developing infrastructure: Opportunities and challenges]. Đặng Công Xưởng (2007) “Hoàn thiện mô hình quản lý nhà nước về kết cấu hạ tầng cảng biển Việt Nam”, [Perfecting the model of Stage management of seaport infrastructure in Viet Nam]. Central Institute for Economic Management, Data Center (2008), “Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng để bảo đảm và thúc đẩy phát triển bền vững”, [Developing infrastructure to ensure and boost infrastructure]. Bùi Sỹ Huy, Trần Văn Dũng (2009), “Phát triển cơ sở hạ tầng kinh tế hàng hải ở Việt Nam hiện nay”, [Developing marine economic infrastructure in Viet Nam nowadays]. Ministry of Transport of Viet Nam and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2010), Báo cáoNghiên cứu toàn diện về phát triển bền vững hệ thống giao thông vận tải ở Việt Nam - Báo cáo chuyên ngành số 03 về cảng và vận tải biển”, [The Comprehensive Study on the Sustainable Development of Transport System in Vietnam: Subsector report; No. 3 - Port and shipping]. Nguyễn Bá Ân, Nguyễn Văn Vinh (2011), “Bàn về phát 7 triển hệ thống kết cấu hạ tầng đồng bộ”, [On developing synchronous infrastructure system]. Trần Minh Phương (2012), “Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng giao thông đáp ứng yêu cầu CNH, HĐH ở Việt Nam”, [Developing transport infrastructure to meet requirements of industrialization and modernization in Viet Nam]. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hà (2014), “Đầu tư phát triển cảng biển Việt Nam giai đoạn 2005 - 2020”, [Investment in developing seaport in Viet Nam in 2005 - 2020]. Phạm Quốc Trường (2014), “PPP trong xây dựng kết cấu hạ tầng giao thông đường bộ”, [PPP in building land transport infrastructure]. Nguyễn Quang Vinh (2015), “Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng ở Việt Nam”, [Developing infrastructure in Viet Nam]. Nguyễn Văn Vịnh (2015), “Lời giải cho huy động nguồn lực thực hiện quy hoạch phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng”, [The answer to mobilizing resources for implementing schemes of developing infrastructure]. Nguyễn Xuân Cường (2016), “Giải pháp đẩy mạnh xã hội hóa đầu tư xây dựng kết cấu hạ tầng giao thông đường bộ ở Việt Nam”, [Measures to boost community engagement in investing in building land transport infrastructure in Viet Nam]. 1.2.2. Literature about developing infrastructure and transport infrastructure in localities Cấn Văn Lực (2007), “Phát triển vùng kinh tế trọng điểm phía Nam và tác động của nó đối với xây dựng tiềm lực quốc phòng trên địa bàn Quân khu 7”, [Developing the Southern Key Economic Region and its impacts on building up national defense potentials in the 7th Military Region]. Nguyễn Đức Tuyên (2008), “Phát triển hạ tầng kinh tế - xã hội ở nông thôn tỉnh Bắc Ninh kinh nghiệm và giải pháp”, [Developing socio-economic infrastructure in rural areas of Bac Ninh province - Experiences and Solutions]. Nguyễn Văn Phú (2008), “Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng kỹ thuật trong quá trình thực hiện công nghiệp hoá, hiện đại hóa địa bàn tỉnh Hải Dương”, [Developing technical infrastructure in implementing industrialization, modernization in Hai Duong province]. Nguyễn Đình Trung (2012), “Xây dựng cơ sở hạ tầng các cụm công nghiệp ở Hà Nội”, [Building infrastructure of industrial clusters in Hanoi]. Đỗ Đức Tú (2012), “Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng giao thông Vùng Đồng bằng sông Hồng đến năm 2030 theo hướng hiện đại".Trần Trung Nhân (2012), “Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng nông thôn tỉnh Đồng Nai 8 đến năm 2020”, [Developing rural infrastructure in Dong Nai up to 2020]. Hoàng Cao Liêm (2013), “Phát triển kết cấu hạ tầng giao thông đường bộ tại Hà Nam”, [Developing land transport infrastructure in Ha Nam]. 1.3. Summary of research results of published literature and issues to be solved in the thesis 1.3.1. Summary of research results of published literature the thesis may use On the basis of reviewing domestic and foreign literature related to the thesis, the author finds that there are a number of research results that the thesis can use: Firstly, a number of literature related to the thesis have analyzed and put forward concepts of infrastructure and classification of infrastructure. Secondly, a number of literature related to the thesis have studied and proposed a number of measures and experiences in developing infrastructure and attracting investment in building infrastructure in the whole countries and in localities. 1.3.2. Issues to be solved in the thesis: Firstly, in order to clarify theoretical bases of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region, the thesis must answer a number of questions, for example: From the angle of political economy, how the concept of infrastructure, transport infrastructure and developing transport infrastructure are defined? What are the contents of developing transport infrastructure? What are the factors affecting the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region, and what the localities in the Southern Key Economic Region should learn from experiences of other localities in our country? Secondly, what is the current situation of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the period of 2010 - 2018? What are the limitations and what are the reasons for these limitation? What are the problems which must be solved in order to develop transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the time to come? 9 Thirdly, in order to develop transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the time to come, which viewpoints must be grasped and which measures be implemented? Conclusion of Chapter 1 By reviewing remarkable foreign literature related to the thesis, the author has gained insights of theoretical and practical issues of developing infrastructure in general and transport infrastructure in particular. Also, from these literature the author can obtain and inherit scientific values for the purpose of studying relevant issues, for examples: Concepts, and classification of infrastructure, etc. On the basis of reviewing domestic literature, the author consolidates a system of knowledge related to theory, practice and measures to develop transport infrastructure. Remarkable literature about developing infrastructure and transport infrastructure are approached from different angles, for examples: Reference books, scientific articles, scientific researches, doctoral theses, contributing to creating a panorama of literature related to developing transport infrastructure in our country. The author can inherit and make use of scientific values of these literature while carrying out objectives and tasks of the thesis. However, besides their achievements, these reviewed literature still left behind theoretical and practical gaps while researching on developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. This sets out a requirement of further researching on, supplementing and perfecting theoretical and practical issues and measures for the course of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region nowadays. Summary of literature related to the thesis shows that the thesis: “Developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region” is an independent research and does not duplicate any other published scientific works. Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BASES OF DEVELOPING TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SOUTHERN KEY ECONOMIC REGION AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES 2.1. General issues of infrastructure, transport infrastructure, and transport infrastructure in key economic regions 10 2.1.1. Infrastructure 2.1.1.1. Concept of infrastructure Infrastructure is the totality of physical, technical and architectural facilities that play a fundamental role for socioeconomic activities to take place normally. 2.1.1.2. Classification of infrastructure Firstly, based on socio - economic fields, infrastructure can be classified into: Infrastructure supporting economic activities, infrastructure supporting social activities, and infrastructure supporting national defense - security activities. However, in fact, there is rarely any infrastructure that solely support economic activities without facilitating social activities, and vice versa. Secondly, based on structure of national economy, infrastructure can be classified into: Industrial infrastructure, agricultural infrastructure, transport infrastructure, communications infrastructure, engineering and construction infrastructure, financial infrastructure, banking infrastructure, medical infrastructure, socio cultural infrastructure, etc. Thirdly, based on residential and geographical zoning, infrastructure can be classified into urban infrastructure, rural infrastructure, marine economic infrastructure; lowland, midland and mountainous infrastructure, key development zone infrastructure, large city infrastructure. 2.1.2. Transport infrastructure, and transport infrastructure in key economic regions 2.1.2.1. Transport infrastructure * Concept of transport infrastructure: It can be defined that: Transport infrastructure is the fundamental physical - technical facilities such as roads, bridges, airports, seaports, etc. and other supporting construction and facilities that facilitate movements of people and vehicles in a fast, convenient and safe manner. Classification of transport infrastructure: Based on management hierarchy, there are national transport infrastructure and local transport infrastructure. Based on transportation modes, there are: Land transport infrastructure, railway transport infrastructure; air transport infrastructure; waterway transport infrastructure (sea and inland). 11 Based on zoning, there are: Urban transport infrastructure, rural transport infrastructure, transport infrastructure in economic regions; transport infrastructure in key economic regions, etc. 2.1.2.2. Transport infrastructure in key economic regions Economic region and key economic region Economic region is a territorial component of a country’s national economy, having a certain extent of specialization and interrelationships resulting from production and business activities frequently running in that territorial component and other socio economic relationships. * Concept of transport infrastructure in key economic region Based on the concept of transport infrastructure and key economic region, the concept of transport infrastructure in key economic region can be defined as follows: Transport infrastructure in key economic region is the fundamental physical - technical facilities such as roads, bridges, airports, seaports, etc. and other supporting construction and facilities that facilitate movements of people and vehicles in a fast, convenient and safe manner within a key economic region and between that key economic region and other key economic regions in the country. Features of transport infrastructure in key economic region: Transport infrastructure in key economic region has all features of transport infrastructure, as follows: Feature of stability at construction location; Feature of structural durability; Feature of public good; Feature of expensive cost. Besides common features of transport infrastructure, transport infrastructure in key economic region has a number of specific features: Firstly, synchronism Secondly, modernity Thirdly, connectivity within the key economic region and to other key economic regions 2.2. Concept, contents and factors afecting developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region 2.2.1. Concept, contents of developing transport infrastructure in the Northern Key Economic Region 12 2.2.1.1. Concept of developing transport infrastructure in the Northern Key Economic Region Based on the concept of developing transport infrastructure, from the angle of political economy, the concept of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region can be defined as follows: Developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region is the totality of policies and measures of the actors in order to increase quantity and scale, improve quality and perfect transport infrastructure to meet socio economic development demands of the Region. 2.2.1.2. Contents of developing transport infrastructure in the Northern Key Economic Region Firstly, to increase quantity and scale of transport infrastructure. Secondly, to improve quality of transport infrastructure. Thirdly, to perfect structure of transport infrastructure. 2.2.2. Factors affecting developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region 2.2.2.1. Internal factors Firstly, geographical location, natural conditions of the Southern Key Economic Region. Secondly, socio-economic conditions of the Southern Key Economic Region. Thirdly, development scheme of the Southern Key Economic Region. Fourthly, management capacity of authorities of all levels of provinces and city in the Southern Key Economic Region. Fifthly, awareness and accountability of socio - political organizations, enterprises and people in the Southern Key Economic Region about developing transport infrastructure in the Region 2.2.2.2. External factors Firstly, socio - economic conditions of our country. Secondly, laws, mechanisms, policies for developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region of our State. Thirdly, development of science and technology, the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Fourthly, market economy. 13 Fifthly, international integration 2.3. Experiences in developing transport infrastructure in key economic regions in our country and lessons for the Southern Key Economic Region 2.3.1. Experience in developing transport infrastructure in the three key economic regions in our country 2.3.1.1. Experience in developing transport infrastructure in the Northern Key Economic Region Firstly, diversifying the fundings for developing transport infrastructure. Secondly, emphasizing on planning of developing transport infrastructure. 2.3.1.2. Experience in developing transport infrastructure in the Central Key Economic Region Firstly, emphasizing on State management of developing transport infrastructure. Secondly, focusing on the work of preparing schemes and plans of developing transport infrastructure. 2.3.1.3. Experience in developing transport infrastructure in the Cuu Long Delta Key Economic Region Firstly, diversifying the fundings for developing transport infrastructure. Secondly, establishing attractive environment, mechanism and policies to mobilize fundings for developing transport infrastructure. 2.3.2. Lessons for developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region 2.3.2.1. To properly carry out the making of overall scheme for developing transport infrastructure 2.3.2.2. To improve quality and effectiveness of State management of investment in developing transport infrastructure 2.3.2.3. To improve legal environment, mechanism and policies to diversely mobilize fundings for investing in developing transport infrastructure. 2.3.2.4. To strictly control and effectively use the fundings for investing in developing transport infrastructure. Conclusion of Chapter 2 14 On the basis of the concept of infrastructure, the thesis defines the concept of transport infrastructure, and of Transport infrastructure in key economic region; its features are: Feature of stability at construction location; Feature of structural durability; Feature of public good; Feature of expensive cost; and also defines the concept of developing transport infrastructure. On the basis of the concept of developing transport infrastructure, the thesis defines the center concept: Developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region is the active and proactive activities of the actors in order to change quantity, scale, quality and structure of transport infrastructure according to specified objectives and plans to meet demands of socio-economic development of the Region in each period. Contents of developing transport infrastructure in the Northern Key Economic Region are: Firstly, developing of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in terms of quantity and scale; secondly, developing of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in terms of quality; thirdly, developing of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in terms of structure. The development of infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region is affected by internal factors, including: geographical location, natural conditions of the Region; socioeconomic conditions of the Region; development scheme of the Region; management capacity of authorities of all levels of provinces and city in the Region; awareness and accountability of socio political organizations, enterprises and people in the Region. Also, there are impacts of external factors, including: socio - economic conditions of our country; laws, mechanisms, policies for developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region of our State; development of science and technology, the Fourth Industrial Revolution; market economy; international integration. Experiences of other key economic regions in our country show a number of similarities with the Southern Key Economic Region and are made into lessons, which shall help the author study the development of transport infrastructure in the Region. Chapter 3 15 CURRENT SITUATION OF DEVELOPING TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NORTHERN KEY ECONOMIC REGION 3.1. Achievements and limitations of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region 3.1.1. Achievements of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region 3.1.1.1. The system of transport infrastructure develops fast in terms of quantity and scale. Firstly, investment in developing transport infrastructure increases fast in each period, being capable of meeting development demands. Secondly, the number of types of transport infrastructure is increasing, creating a relatively complete connectivity within the Region. 3.1.1.2. Quality of the system of transport infrastructure is improved, meeting domestic and international standards Firstly, quality of land transport infrastructure meets technical requirements, modernity, durability and safety requirements. Secondly, quality of air transport infrastructure is improved. Thirdly, quality of railway transport infrastructure is improved within existing capability of the sector. Fourthly, quality of waterway transport infrastructure meets specific requirements of waterway transport of the Region. 3.1.1.3. Transport infrastructure is being developed with increasingly appropriate structure Firstly, the system of transport infrastructure is developed relatively synchronously. Secondly, land transport infrastructure, waterway transport infrastructure are prioritized according to geographical conditions and transport demands. Thirdly, transport infrastructure is developed in balance in both urban and rural areas. 3.1.2. Limitations of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region 16 3.1.2.1. Quantity and scale of transport infrastructure are inadequate compared to demands of socio-economic development Firstly, amount and scale of investment in developing transport infrastructure are still inadequate. Secondly, the increase in quantity and scale of transport infrastructure cannot meet development demands of the Region. 3.1.1.2. Quality of transport infrastructure in a certain aspects cannot meet demands of socio - economic development Firstly, construction quality of a number of transport infrastructure facilities is low and degrades quickly. Secondly, quality of rural transport infrastructure in a certain aspects cannot meet demands of socio - economic development. Thirdly, quality of inland waterway and air transport infrastructure have not been improved much. Fourthly, quality of railway transport infrastructure is only improved in a slow pace. 3.1.2.3. Structure of transport infrastructure is improved slowly Firstly, urban transport infrastructure is improved fast, while transport infrastructure in rural and remote areas lag behind. Secondly, land transport infrastructure and waterway transport infrastructure are developed fast, while development of air and railway transport infrastructure is slow. 3.2. Reasons for achievements, limitations and issues arising from current situation of the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic 3.2.1. Reasons for achievements and limitations of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region 3.2.1.1. Reasons for achievements * Objective reasons Firstly, our Party, State, Ministries and agencies of our Central Government have paid attention on developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. 17 Secondly, geographical location, and socio-economic conditions in the Southern Key Economic Region are favorable for developing transport infrastructure. Thirdly, the Region is successful in attracting large amount of investment on developing transport infrastructure. * Subjective reasons: Firstly, Party committees and authorities of the localities in the Region have high political determination in commanding and directing the development of transport infrastructure. Secondly, authorities of the localities in the Southern Key Economic Region have developed transport infrastructure comprehensively with focuses. Thirdly, people in the Region are always in a concensus with guidelines and policies for development of local Party committees and authorities. 3.2.1.2. Reasons for limitations * Objective reasons Firstly, natural conditions of the Region has a number of adverse impacts on attracting investment in developing transport infrastructure. Secondly, mechanism and policies for attracting investment in developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region are incomplete, unsynchronized and limited. * Subjective reasons: Firstly, awareness of a number of leaders of local authorities in the Southern Key Economic Region about roles and tasks of developing transport infrastructure is limited. Secondly, effectiveness of investment management of local authorities and agencies in the Region is limited. Thirdly, the mobilization and allocation of resources of the actors are limited. 3.2.2. Issues to be solved based on current situation of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region 18 3.2.2.1. To solve the conflict between the demand of fast and synchronously developing, ensuring quality of transport infrastructure in the Region and the limited investment, especially investment from State Budget 3.2.2.2. To solve the conflict between the demand of having synchronous mechanism and policies for creating legal corridor for developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region and the fact that the mechanism and policies are incomplete and unsynchronized. 3.2.2.3. To solve the conflict between the requirement of having high quality human resources, especially the staff of management capable of meeting requirement of developing transport infrastructure in the Region and the fact that the cadre staff still have a number of limitations. 19 Conclusion of Chapter 3 Being one of the most dynamic regions of our country, in the recent time, due to the fact that the Southern Key Economic Region has received attention and support from the Central Government and thanks to high determination of Party committees and authorities, and the consensus of people in the localities of the Regions, the work of developing transport infrastructure has gained a number of important results. Transport infrastructure in the Region has been developed both in quantity and quality; transport infrastructure facilities have been remarkably improved, step by step meeting demands of socioeconomic development in the Region and in the country. However, besides these achievements, the process of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region still has a number of limitations, as follows: Quantity and scale of transport infrastructure are still inadequate compared to demands of socio-economic development; the development of transport infrastructure is still unbalance in terms of scale and structure, especially scale and structure of investment; quality of transport infrastructure is still low. These limitations has significantly impacted the process of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region. The achievements and limitations of the process of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region result from both objective and subjective reasons. Also, from the current situation of developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region, a number of issues to be solved are: To solve the conflict between the demand of fast and synchronously developing, ensuring quality of transport infrastructure in the Region and the limited investment, especially investment from State Budget; To solve the conflict between the demand of having synchronous mechanism and policies for creating legal corridor for developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region and the fact that the mechanism and policies are incomplete and unsynchronized; To solve the conflict between the requirement of having high quality human resources, especially the staff 20 of management capable of meeting requirement of developing transport infrastructure in the Region and the fact that the cadre staff still have a number of limitations. To fully understand these limitations and their underlying reasons and issues to be solved is a crucial base to determine appropriate viewpoints and measures to boost the development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the time to come to meet develop demands of the Region. Chapter 4 VIEWPOINTS AND MEASURES TO DEVELOPE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SOUTHERN KEY ECONOMIC REGION IN THE TIME TO COME 4.1. Viewpoints on developing transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the time to come 4.1.1. Development of transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region must be in line with the scheme for developing national transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region and the overall scheme for socio-economic development of the Region. Firstly, to ensure compatibility with direction of socio economic development and scheme for developing national transport infrastructure. Secondly, to ensure compatibility between the Region with the country while selecting technologies for developing transport infrastructure. Thirdly, to keep up with the trend of international integration and modernization in developing transport infrastructure. 4.1.2.Transport infrastructure should be developed synchronously, with priority being key transport infrastructure facilities and key areas Firstly, to aim at developing transport infrastructure synchronously to ensure that the Region develops comprehensively. Secondly, to prioritize building and upgrading key transport infrastructure facilities, and transport infrastructure in strategic areas or in areas having transport difficulties. Thirdly, to appropriately adjust structure of investment in developing transport infrastructure.