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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION NGO THI THU HUONG LITERATURE CRITICISM OF HAN THUYEN GROUP Speciality: Literarature theory Code: 9220120 THE SUMMARY OF PH.D THESIS INPHILOSOGY Ha Noi – 2019 The thesis was completed at Ha Noi National University Education Supervisor: 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. BUI VAN BA 2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. HOANG MINH LUONG Reviewer 1: ............................................................. Reviewer 2: ............................................................. Reviewer 3: ............................................................. The thesis will be presented at the University Council of Ha Noi National University Education at …….…………………………, 2019 The thesis can be referred at: - National Library, Hanoi - Libraty of Hanoi National University Education 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Necessity of the thesis In the early 40s of the twentieth century, there were three outstanding groups of literary culture in Vietnam's literature. Two groups of Tri Tan and Thanh Nghi were assessed relatively and unanimously since the beginning; particularly the Han Thuyen group was critically criticized almost throughout the century. However, until the period after renovation Han Thuyen was restored, but gradually till now, there are still many issues to continue to study and solve. This is the basic reason for us to choose the topic: Literary criticism of Han Thuyen group. 2. Purposes of the research 2.1. In striving for modernization of the literary theory of the country, achievements and shortcomings, successes and failures must be summarized in the theoretical heritage of the nation since the middle ages, especially in twentieth century. Particularly about the Han Thuyen group, it is about the problem of acquiring foreign theories including which theory, how their relationship is, especially how to apply those theories to the practice of domestic literature, right or wrong, unanimous opinions must continue to be clarified with an objective assessment, following the Party's reforming ways. 2.2. Closely attaching to the purpose of the above-mentioned literary theory is the meaning of historical literature. When an assessment is undertaken accurately and objectively, it is necessary to determine the more or less positive role and negative effects of the Han Thuyen group in the process of country's literary consciousness in the stage of 1930-1945. 2 2.3. Finally, the research results of the thesis will be able to apply to the school in teaching the modern literary theory as well as the Vietnamese Literature section at the period of 1941-1945. 3. Subject and scope of the research In addition to general status of Han Thuyen group, in the field of literary criticism in the Han Thuyen group, there are only two characters who are Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep. Luong Duc Thiep was lost in 1945. His works are mainly based on the original: Vietnam poetry (1942); Literature and society (1944), Art of poetry (1945); recently, most of them have been re-published by Tri Thuc Publishing House and Publishing House of writers. Truong Tuu wrote books since 1931 (The philosophy of Kieu Story) and the works which were written in the new regime such as Kieu story and Nguyen Du era (1956), etc. However, we only focused on researching works which are published by the Han Thuyen Publishing House, such as: Vietnam poetry (1940); Nguyen Du and Kieu story (1942); psychology and ideology of Nguyen Cong Tru (1943); Literature of Kieu story (1945); Vietnam's cultural future (1945). These works were reprinted immediately in this new century through the collection and edition of Trinh Ba Dinh and Nguyen Huu Son: Truong Tuu - Collection of research and criticism (2007) which facilitates us to compare. 4. Method of the research Based on the object and scope as identified and to complete tasks of the research, the thesis grasped thoroughly common methods in scientific research in general such as: Methods of analysis, synthesis, interpretation, induction, comparison, historical methods, 3 systematic methods, etc to methods at the philosophical level such as dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Regarding common methods such as comparison method, it will be applied very much in this thesis as comparison among three groups of Tri Tan, Thanh Nghi and Han Thuyen; comparison among small groups in Han Thuyen such as Trotsky group, Marxist group (but not following Leninism), patriotic group but easy to waver; comparison between two people in a small group likely between Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep, etc. Comparison must be stated the same and different points, of course, the ratio between these two sides depending on the specific case will be very different. Applying the method of dialectical materialism and historical materialism on this topic is corresponding to the object while the main researching object here is Luong Duc Thiep, especially Truong Tuu, who declared on following Marxism. Thus, it is possible to immediately take the dialectical materialism and historical materialism to examine their statements and application that will see that they sincerely learned and gained a relatively deep understanding or not; at the same time, there are manifestation of childish and machinery of Marxism. This scientific operation is very objective and impartial and it resists to unreasonable capture and deduction. 5. New contributions of the thesis The literary criticism of Han Thuyen group is a very difficult and complicated topic. Through the process of trying to study, we found that the thesis has new contributions as follows: 5.1. Clarifying more complicated richness including both positive sides of Han Thuyen group such as: family origin, principles, 4 goals, attitudes to new regime, contribution in the war against France, collaborators and published publications. Especially, the professional status in the same field of research, especially about the very different tendencies of key members - main reasons for the complexity towards the negative aspects of Han Thuyen group. 5.2. Truong Tuu's literary ideology before the Revolutionary period basically did not follow Trotsky, evenly not follow Leninism. Despite sincerely following Marxism but it has a simple, unrelenting tendency, especially in combination with S.Freudism, this combination governed and adjusted the application of H.’s artistic philosophy which he came into contact early at the beginning. He did not counter Marxist or fake Marxist while was very close to Western Marxism, specifically Marxism-centralism with characteristics of not following Leninism but tended to be attached to modern ideology of the West. 5.3. Nor following Leninism and Trotskyism, Luong Duc Thiep gradually tried to study and apply Marxism, although there were still childish and machinery, there were relatively correct perceptions about the relationship between literature and society, characteristics of the genre and history of Vietnamese poetry. 6. Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, recommendation, list of articles of the author, list of references, appendix of Korean Publications List from Han Thuyen publishing house, the thesis consists of 4 chapters: - Chapter 1: Overview of research status - Chapter 2: General information of Han Thuyen group - Chapter 3: Main literary ideology of Truong Tuu - Chapter 4: Literary criticism process of LuongDucThiep 5 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH STATUS 1.1. The period before renovation in 1986 1.1.1. Completely negative opinions In the article: "The Big Principles of the New Cultural Campaign of Vietnam" at that time, Mr. Truong Chinh affirmed that the Han Thuyen group misrepresented Marxism and made mistakes of Trotskyism. Vu Duc Phuc in the discussion on ideological fighting in modern Vietnamese literature history of 1930-1945, denied completely the value of Luong Duc Thiep's Poetry Art. Phan Cu De said that the Han Thuyen group posed as Marxist. Nguyen Van To criticized the authors for misrepresenting history, lowering the national tradition. This is the official evaluation of Vietnam's Communist Party at that time. Immediately in the Literature Dictionary (the old one in 1983), Han Thuyen section written by Nguyen Hoanh Khung also followed that stance. 1.1.2. Opinions has both criticism and confirmation Chu Thien, criticizing the Vietnam's poetry said that Luong Duc Thiep was righteous and fair when he praised and criticized the contemporary poets. Kieu Thanh Que and Vu Ngoc Phan said that Truong Tuu was one social novelist. The Southern writers such as Nguyen Vy and Nguyen Van Trung all praised Truong Tuu's talent and bravery, but not definitely about Marxist; he brought new things to literature research. Despite of talking about defects and weaknesses, it was not too heavy on a standpoint. 6 1.2. The period after renovation in 1986 1.2.1. Evaluations by the main positive tendency Thoroughly grasping the Party's renovation way, literary dictionary (new publication, 2004) has three items of words written by Nguyen Vinh Phuc about Han Thuyen and Van Tam about Truong Tuu and Nguyen Quyet Thang about Luong Duc Thiep. No longer reactionary and fake Marxism, despite of talking about mistakes and defects, they always acknowledged the contribution and achievements. Since here, many events appeared, especially about Truong Tuu. Older researchers such as Nguyen Huu Son and Trinh Ba Dinh continued to publish selection of Truong Tuu accompanying by an opening research on culture, prose and criticism. Young doctors such as Nguyen Manh Tien, Doan Anh Duong republished almost works of Luong Duc Thiep. This work laid a good foundation for deep research into Han Thuyen, especially on Truong Tuu. Then, the writers' conference, Professor. Truong Tuu - People and the celebration of 95th birth year (November 18, 1913), towards the 10th anniversary of the death (December 16, 1999) of Truong Tuu by the Department of Literature, Hanoi University of Education in November 2018, there is a large number of attending literary researchers in the North: Phan Ngoc, Ha Minh Duc, Nguyen Dinh Chu, Phuong Luu, Phan Trong Luan, Nguyen Van Hoan, La Nham Thin, Lai Nguyen An, Nguyen Van Long, Tran Dang Suyen, Tran Dinh Su, La Khac Hoa, Nguyen Thi Binh. The conference yearbook focused on 4 directions: critical theory, novel writing, memories, posthumous manuscript of Truong Tuu, etc. After that, the association of writers restored the association and organized the Celebration of Truong Tuu's 100-year birth anniversary in 7 November 2013. In addition, the conference named "The experiments of my pen", the name of Truong Tuu's work was organized by the Hanoi Writers' Association. 1.2.2. Tasks of continuous research We inherited the tendency to re-evaluate Han Thuyen under the spirit of Doi moi during the past few decades. However, science is extremely, with our limited ability, we found out that there are some matters that need to be further studied deeply as follows: General about Han Thuyen, in order to see the relationship between the whole and the apart is unified but not uniform, first of all, it is necessary to learn more about Han Thuyen group to see the positive and negative factors that can affect these two people; on the other hand, it should not bring any element of Han Thuyen to assign these two people. This issue as mentioned before is necessary, is meaningful as a premise and condition for the private assessment of the field of literary criticism as the title of the thesis as implied. - Truong Tuu was passionate in applying the new theory at the end of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century: Marx, Engels, Lenin, S.Freud, H.Taine, etc. Thus, people often evaluated him about his ideology and overview. So whether Truong Tuu is influenced or not, how much it is affected, then how to apply, especially how to apply the connection of ideology sources together? - Luong Duc Thiep did not go through an up and down life in the new regime, it was considered as a phenomenon that was soon completed. However, there is still an evaluation on him in the prerevolutionary period, although he was also merited, he was mainly towards the criticism under the general spirit of the Han Thuyen 8 group at that time. Thus, our thesis will try to contribute re-evaluation on Luong Duc Thiep under the spirit of innovation, especially on his academic path ideology, about how reaching to the Marxist points with the pros and cons? CHAPTER 2 GENERAL INFORMATION OF HAN THUYEN ROUP 2.1. Background of establishment 2.1.1. Socio-cultural and political background The Han Thuyen group was born under the background of socio-politics: when French colonialists and Japanese fascists invaded, suppressed and exploited Vietnamese people; revolts continued to be broken out. The birth of the Communist Party and socio-political cultural activities under the leadership of the Party greatly influenced much on writing at this period. 2.1.2. Background of literature That is the appearance of Marxism in general and Marxist cultural ideology in particular. And this literary ideology entered into a vibrant academic atmosphere in the year 30s at the beginning of century with a deep voice and influence. Since then, literary organizations appeared. 2.2. Positive expression of Han Thuyen group 2.2.1. Consideration from family origin Han Thuyen publishing house was formed from the patriotic bourgeois family, Nguyen Xuan Tai as Director, the second male Nguyen Xuan Luong in charge of the accountant, the bridegroom - 9 Truong Tuu as the editor-in-chief. During the operation time, they were always suppressed and harassed by the French colonialists, Japanese fascists and the Bao Dai government. The resistance was broke out, and Nguyen Xuan Gioi offered publishing house for the revolution and almost all of them followed the resistance. He had 5 children who entered in the army and were awarded the first-class resistance medal by Ho Chi Minh. 2.2.2. Consideration from purpose guideline Han Thuyen publishing house has the following guideline on writing: The published work must be qualified; the author must be a prestigious person in the society and colleagues, honor the culture, national history, against colonial feudalism; have Marxist ideology towards socialism; this is a forum of many different ideological trends as long as anti-colonial feudalism and enslavement culture, the author is fully responsible for his work. 2.2.3. Consideration from publication Han Thuyen publishing house published many works that contribute to the national culture: general Literature, origin of Vietnamese Ethnics, Vietnam's Ancient Historical Literature, Le Thanh Tong, etc. After General Revolt, it printed Golden Star books and newspapers of Viet Minh. In 1946, it translated and printed the Communist Declaration and many books on Marxism. 2.2.4. For partners Not only Dang Thai Mai, Dao Duy Anh, Nguyen Dong Chi, but also Nguyen Tuan, Chu Thien, Bui Huy Phon, Nguyen Do Cung, Nguyen Huy Tuong, Nguyen Dinh Lap, Do Phon, Pham Ngoc Khue, etc, in general these characters all followed the revolution. Contrary 10 to partners, the core members were not so simple like that; they had so different ideas, actions and paths. 2.3. Complication of important members 2.3.1. The intellectuals have patriotism but are easy to waver - Nguyen Duc Quynh, the novelist and historian was born in Hung Yen. He was not related to the socialism and communist internationalism. At the period of Han Thuyen, he wrote many works which were not literary criticism. In 1946, he went to the war zone to join into the resistance but was captured by the French and then returned to the South. - Le Van Sieu was born in Hanoi, during the period of Han Thuyen, he wrote a lot about economics and technology. After the whole national resistance, he evacuated to the free zone to join the Council of industrial and technological production at Inter-region III, but he was captured by the French and then entered the South. In Saigon, he wrote a lot about Vietnamese historic literature but not in Han Thuyen period. 2.3.2. People had ever been following Trotsky - Ho Huu Tuong was born in Can Tho, truly the king of Trotsky in Vietnam, but till 1939, he gave up the International Trotskyist, but he was still exiled by French to Con Dao before establishing Han Thuyen. Until he was released from prison and returning to Hanoi in July, 1945 and he contacted to Truong Tuu and published the book of "The Future of Vietnam's Economy". In 1947, he evacuated to Ke Sat and was captured by the French and then he gave up the resistance. As one politician and scientist, he was also famous for satirical novels. 11 - Nguyen Te My, currently was unknown in history. He professionally wrote about history such as Hai Ba Trung's rise up but he was criticized by Truong Chinh comrade for taking the dialectical materialism, the historical materialism to justify the invasion policy of the Dong Han feudalism", the Trotskyist was against Marxist like that. This affected for the whole group, but this is a historical specialty, absolutely impossible to assign this mistake to people at other professionals. 2.3.3. Marxist literary critics, but not following Leninists were more or less suspected as Trotskyists. Despite that main quantity could be reduced; these are two people, Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep. Actually, among above four people, there were also people who studied literature but not in Han Thuyen's period, Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep also not only wrote criticism but also about history and society, evenly composed, especially Truong Tuu. However, these two people also have different positions, particularly about destiny, then the approach to the matters in next key chapters is impossible different. CHAPTER 3 MAIN LITERARY IDEOLOGY OF TRUONG TUU Considering Vietnam poem and literature (1940) to Vietnam’s literature furniture (1945) of Truong Tuu to draw out the following matters: 3.1. Truong Tuu's literary ideology did not have Trotsky characters, but not also following Leninism. 3.1.1. Truong Tuu's literary ideology did not have Trotsky characters In the literature and revolution (1923), Trotsky argued that the 12 proletariat rose up revolution not only for demolishing a ruling class, but also abolishing all classes, so it did not build proletarian literary culture but established literary culture for all humanity. In contrast, in Vietnamese's cultural future, Truong Tuu advocated in building background for new culture, revolution, socialism, publication and sciences by the proletariat as the "guideline for all actions". 3.1.2. Truong Tuu's literary ideology did not also follow Leninism Lenin advocated that "international culture is not nonnational", but the nationality does not exist in the Vietnam's cultural future. Lenin mentioned Party's principles in the art and literature, however Truong Tuu gave out that the New Arts would have a core organization as the New Artists' association, etc which would act without the orders of any party, only at the discretion from the majority of the members". 3.2. The mark of Marxism and S.Freudism in Truong Tuu's literary ideology 3.2.1. The mark of Marxism Not following Leninism, Truong Tuu was devoted to study Marxism. In psychology and ideology of Nguyen Cong Tru, after exchanging and learning from domestic and foreign scholars, Truong Tuu concluded: to understand an individual, especially a genius ... it is necessary to study all social systems in which that individual standing at his scope has been decided by circumstances and fought to counteract that situation. From such a documentary survey, it means that the study of dialectical materialism is the highest and most effective scientific method in the modern ideology of human. From here, Truong Tuu studied the impact and counter-interaction 13 between the era and class of Nguyen Cong Tru under his psychology and ideology. Of course, there were many points which understood Marxism as childish such as the class mainly admitted by him. 3.2.2. The mark of S.Freudism and some other psychological theories In the Vietnam's poetry, it proved that Truong Tuu also closely observed the theory of psychoanalysis. He did not mention the concept of Freud at the end of the century XIX - the beginning of the century XX while mentioned the change of that concept after 1920; not envisioned by concepts that refer to the state, nature, and scope of psychology, but rather to face directly with people: ego, self, and super-ego. He used the concept that artistic writing is just sublimation of sexual memories in forms that cannot criticize morally and legally by thinking of folklore poems such as mat, smoking pipe tobacco, poems of Ho Xuan Huong, etc. In unconsciousness, it not only contains the nature of lusting sexuality, but also implicit other grievous dreams and Truong Tuu imagined to Tu Hai's dream of Nguyen Du. S.Freud is a massive, complicated ideological system which at the same time, he used many kinds of theories from neuropsychological psychologists such as Morel, Kraplin, Boll, etc then it led to inevitable mistake as inferences about the disease of Nguyen Du and Thuy Kieu. 3.2.3. Similarity with Marxism - distraction of attentions, one type of Western Marxism Truong Tuu's cultural and literary ideology before the Revolution did not agree with the party's characters, and underestimated the nationality, obviously it did not follow the Communist Party's Marxism 14 - Leninism, but not against Marxism or fake Marxist. Because Marxism-Leninism is just a model, there are other forms, particularly Western Marxism with the characteristic of combining Marxism with modern western ideology. Truong Tuu on the basis of sincerely using many views of Marxism, with combination with psychoanalysis, therefore it was very similar to a type of critical theory of Western Marxism, namely Marx-distraction. Anyway, not complying with Lenin's principles is still wrong, but Truong Tuu may be the first to show that the critique of Marxist who can still apply appropriately Western modern theory, something has been widely acknowledged until now. 3.3. Hypolyte Taine's theory in Truong Tuu's literary ideology 3.3.1. Modifying factors Truong Tuu contacted H.Taine soonest with the three basic concepts: race, milieu, moment but when he was strongly influenced by Marx and Freud, it was impossible not to influence the inherent ones. Orginally, race must be translated as race by H.Taine, while Truong Tuu understood as race, then gradually moved to the lineage, bloodline, genetics, etc as analyzing about Nguyen Du, it was likely to add psychoanalysis into that. Word for word, moment is the era, H.Taine considered it as "general intellectual and moral situations", but Truong Tuu went deeper into the socio-economic basis, the struggle of forces and social inclination that means complementation and advancement by Marxist methodology. 3.3.2. Intact preserved factors Truong Tuu intactly used the principle of analyzing environment 15 (milieu) of H.Taine, through the analysis of the landscape in Nguyen Du's homeland to the comparison of different scene describing ways among The Lu, Lan Khai, Luu Trong Lu, etc. 3.4. Quickly overcome mistakes when participating in the revolution and resistance Although not relate to such crimes as had been put, Truong Tuu still had his mistakes and shortcomings. During ten years participating in revolution and resistance, it means that Han Thuyen in fact did exist no longer, but actually, it still existed in Truong Tuu by a certain sense. Straightly, it is by the action that proved about realization and repairing those mistakes and shortcomings. 3.4.1. Actively serve the new regime Truong Tuu was the unique scholar in the Han Thuyen group who was devoted to serving the new regime. This allows us to associate that he saw impossible things before the revolution and he had to bring his scientific culture into the general orbit of the revolution under the leadership of Vietnam's Communist party. From here, he was determined to devote his efforts to revolution and resistance and was increasingly trusted on two fronts: Culture and Education. 3.4.2. From revealing - reflective politics to academics Coming from that basic and overwhelming viewpoint, he was very seriously and honestly to look back on deviant mistakes in works before the revolution. Directly using the opinions of Lenin, Le Duan and Truong Chinh, he wrote the work of Kieu story and the era of Nguyen Du, this work was honored national qualities to an unprecedented classic level. 16 CHAPTER 4 THE PROCESS OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW OF LUONG DUC THIEP Luong Duc Thiep had no other document other than works, so it should be considered by chronological orders to visualize the scholarly pathways of a young scholar who suddenly disappeared in 1945. 4.1. Vietnam's poetry (Khue Van publishing house, 1942) 4.1.1. About Vietnam's classical and modern poetry - Luong Duc Thiep ideology that Vietnam's classical poetry was strongly influenced by China's classical poetry, but it was limited to studying poem types of 5-letters and 7-letters. He distinguished the difference between the oriental poetry in favor of summarizing Western poetry for analysis; not only pointed out the nature of combining many trends in old poetry, but also showed that the division into poetic trends was only relative, concurrently affirmedthe intimate and deep relationship between poetry and real life with simple, familiar things. He pointed out the restrictive causes that prevented the development of Vietnam's poetry in the past. He focused on studying a number of typical Vietnam's poem types such as six-eight type. He also pointed out the transformation of Vietnam's poetry form from six-eight type to festival songs. - In the process of studying Vietnam's modern poetry, Luong Duc Thiep showed the influence of French poetry on Vietnam's poetry. First of all, it was the appearance of a team of professional poets such as Tan Da, The Lu, Xuan Dieu, Huy Can, Nguyen Binh, Han Mac Tu, etc. These poets all have a deep sense of poet's vocation, the position and mission in the poetry. 17 In this period, Vietnam's poetry had made a new progress, developed outstandingly in both quality and quantity. On the other hand, he also pointed out the birth of different poetic trends in Vietnam's modern poetry. At each trend, he pointed out the advantages and limitations through typical representative poets: The Lu, Xuan Dieu, Huy Can and Vu Hoang Chuong. With Luong Duc Thiep, new poetry was not only a new romantic poetry movement, but also this movement also had its limitations. Of course, he could not avoid the incorrect evaluation as an unequal review to the poetry of To Huu, and not yet seeing the beauty in the poetry of Nguyen Binh, Luu Trong Lu, etc 4.1.2. Issues related to the general characteristics of the poetry - Luong Duc Thiep determined a quite correct and completed definition of poetry; affirmed the relationship between the emotional source and the expressing material, between the poet's soul and subjects. He also distinguished between the content of poetry and the content of other sciences. From there, he deduced about the value of poetry, about the meaning of poetry's existence in the time and space. - Luong Duc Thiep also focused on expressing his concept of "purely" poetry: "In terms of pure poetry, Tang poetry was still worthy of the model, because it is a complete harmony between the soul and things, completed symmetry of character and poetry”. In the extreme sense, he borrowed Nguyen Xuan Sanh's poetry to analyze with all its advantages and disadvantages. - Luong Duc Thiep also spent a large capacity for affirming the principles of writing poems such as "Connecting the sympathy between things and the poet's soul"; "Sensorizing or concretizing emotions and ideas"; "Symbolizing things and ideas", etc. 18 To love Vietnam's poetry more and more, we cannot stop understanding about Vietnamese society and history. Perhaps that is why he took the time to write Vietnam's society and Vietnam's evolutionary history. This was relatively qualified to address the relationship between literature and society under Marxist's viewpoints. 4.2. Literature and society (Literary society, 1944) 4.2.1. For the social reflection and class nature of the literature Luong Duc Thiep affirmed that literature is a form of human's consciousness which must originate from society: No matter how sublime a work is, it is not the work of an individual's creation. The historic evolution cherished, conceived and then developed it, helped it grow up then either pushed it to death under the constant progress of humanity. However, the society always has conflicts and class struggle, so literature also imprinted the class inside it. 4.2.2. Classification analysis of Vietnam's modern literature Luong Duc Thiep divided Vietnam's modern literature into five trends, but focused on analyzing the bourgeois and subbourgeois trends. Regarding the bourgeois trend, he saw that they are the most powerful Vietnamese people in the society, live with fully materials, want to be liberally sentimental, especially about love, but they are bind and oppressed by family and feudal doctrine. On the sub-bourgeoisie trend, he wrote: The sub-bourgeoisie status is very unstable. This situation often causes them to be complicated state of mind that always suffers from struggling between two intense feelings, on the one hand they want to become bourgeois so they aspire to be wealthy and on the other, they are afraid to fall down to be ruffian and horrified the poverty.