Tài liệu Lược khảo văn học Nguyễn Văn Trung Tập 3

Be H 0 • VANH 3. NGHIEN • e cau VA PHE BiNH VAN HQC Tront chU'O'ng trinh Vi?t dq.i Khoa, chUng toi phg. trach Cfl'fYftg ,;. mpt giiJ' lOp lJ'tl' hi vI! Van ht;c T3ng quae. ChIing toi dil nhiY dip giang dq,y tren d! say nghi van dl lien quan den van hl}c if. not ck:tng va van s. kpe ViII nam noi rieng. Trong hai t4p Llrq'c Khao 1, II, chUng tOt dO. triM iay ve dink nghia, cong dltng cia van ht;Jc va loq.i tli' 1'an "hQc thuyet, kich thO'). Tront t4P III nay, dank etto van de Nghien ctru va Phe bin" van ht;Jc. ChUng toi khOng phai la nM phi binh van hfl', khOng phdi din, 121 nM nghien czru van. hf)c vi khOng «U kh, nhrrng chi 121 ngzriri hay muon suy luqn ve mf!.C flick, tang ml}i S1f, nen cling muon tim nhz tang cua vdJI eua c8ng trink nghien czi'u viz phi binh van h9c. Nkfi:ng suy ngki nh¢n xet trong tq.p nay, neu co b_ ham m{Jt quan gi thi ding chi cO mf!.C dick nhdm g(fi y den viii j, nlur mpt gid thuyet nhiim gki to-i nhfi:ng ai de, va nhfit Nn iJ.¥&. ia glh to-i nhii'ng nha nghien am vi! phi Khi nh1n vao sinh hogt pM binh vtfn Tz!'c 6- Vi'! nom (fir trU'tYc (ten nay chUng tM nhqn tMy sinh ho(}t tren phe binlz tay phll'O'ng - .d¥,a vew nhfi'ng q11an rna chung !Juan tM glli la nhfi'ng eli so v6'i nhii'ng quan hifn aaf 6' tay phU'O'ng chtra du:fJ'c ti" dq.ng vao pM binh van nam - nhii:ng qu.(l-n h9C nay (nhrr phi binh gido khoa, tam ly xQ. Mi••• ) deu abi hOi nhii'ng kien thu-c lich ve tae gid, tac phlim, th?ri aq.i, th?Yi dieu khOng' nghien Ct1'U szr sang tac nhu: ml)t khong co. Chinh vi. dM hoi tren, ma van h9C tro' thank quan tr.;mg, din thilt. Nhl1'ng nhin vao tinh trq.n.g van gid, tac phiim, th?Yi dq.i, thiYi 6' Vi?t nam tUe sang tdc, ngU'l/i ta khOng khai Jail 1(m'!. nhq.n t!z:]v: - Hoar; til chtillR dm "iIi liqu gi. Va vinh viln chdt; kh8ng tim ra QU'(yc, - Hoqc Iii Can ehUt it, nl:cmg clura du:r;rc chli'n, x6c dang. Chll'a noi den nhii-ng quan ni?m p1,e binh eli ,,', iflInE nay sai, cM n6i (Un c6 tH "he blnh thea nhii:Ji" ';'.?' nif,n trb! kh1ng trong hoan cinh thiJ'1 ad U¢u haije,:' .f;;" Ch1JNA dll'!rC ki?m clzli'ng? Lam soo c6 qua guy'!t g Du trong rruy¢n [{ieu khi chu'a xac Ci{'l!l 1'(: dim 5,1" tho; sting tac tTuyijn K teu Ltl Imb'c hay saa khi nhO. viln T4' tam quan l1tj-inha NguyJn? Lam sao dam phtin tam hlJc HlJ xudn HU'O'ng khi chU'a biet chac chtin xadn HuO'ng, va co hay khOng m nhfi:ng thO' tem ra phdn tach c6 thf!c S(l' Ii« da HO xutin H uO'ng hay khOng '? z.- N1u ci1.r. _c l' vuo nhii'ng dOi hoi chink xdc khoa """i 1u}c, c6 Ie phdi xet .... 1 fie nhi'eu nhii:ng cong tTinh bien soq.,. . l1iln h{Jc szi- vet pM binh viln ht)c til' tTU'6'c (ten nay, trrrirng h{Yp xet lq.i ma thf!C ra la khong va trong thOa miin aU'p'c- nhii'ng toi hOi tren, phdi chiing nghien Ctt!Z va pM binh rO'i Vclo tinh cdnh M tite ? Th"c ra khOng phdi Ii phi binh van hoc M tiic ma chi mQt so quan pM binh bi bl tac, nhii:ng quan ni?m dOl hOi ki€n thli'c lich szi- ve tac gia, tac phlim, thiri dq.i .•• nhU' d,i'eu kifn khOng tM thieu. V t,Zy nel/. co nh:ii:ng quan nifm pM binh kltae khOng aM hoi kien thttc lich szi- nhU' il.{eu ki?TI. tlIt)'lu, vi chi yeu cEiu bam sat vaa chinlz tac pMm va tim m{Ji Sf! (tam quan ly, xii Mi, tTilt iy v.v.) til' tae phlim, nhii:ng tren c6 the 411't)'c coi nhU' mQt IOl thodt eho phi- binh viln hf)c khOng, dq.c bift III pM binh nhii:ng tac pMm v(} dank, kkuyet dank? Trong viin tU'f)'ng pM binh khong d"a vaQ nhii:ng gicii thfch tac phtim Mng lich szi-, thi tU't)'ng vti- IcMn.t A&a IG "'" , . . ngu'lJn tir mvt quan l1iln A9c? ' 4anht khuyet danh pluJi chang ci1ng .xot dang dec, vl no Mt Lam Sao c6 tM khdo dfnh hi4u dink cbtnh x.c khi .... van khong phdi vi ella tM hay 4fIQ I'iin ma lil do . . fIMII sang tac, ve van chuO'ng t vl nhiJ. vdn t:Da "grri 1f.lZGI nicm •• -Ngay cd trong trulmg h{J'p co vdn Ula 4trlJ'c. kilza -t=hlhzgt c6 the. pM blnh dling tac giat tac pUnt khlJag" Van dl khOng con phdi' III tili rna Ia chink kba n8DI cua pM binh, 116Jz iR chan 1y Cua tde phhtn t1l4o Chang hq.n, gid thu: chUng ta tac gid. tim tflzv£ nkitat tili li#ta kMng eMi clii nhtr nh4t kjt di cao ghi 7tb4n qad thQ:t Nguy'in Du co My to tam s'F Hoai I.e trOllf trllYfIC Ki"El1, thi (/6 £iing ehtra M.n th'l!c S'I! Nguy'in Do 4{J c9 • .. vi .c6 Nguyln Du khOng c6 tdm s'F tren JIiIrrIIg . . ghi ill .co nham h9 cha minh sau nay; {;(l/tIli chUng ta tf€u khOng co cti£h ncio xac. 71:lz4n *rc ,.. 11 czia lac ph?im thea tcit: gid. to. Jim Nhung phe blnh phdi chang chi cIJ 7Rf!C did-day nldit chan ly cua tac ph?im theo ta(: &ii miJ e6 th., kh ol1g baa gilr dQt d1r,t}'c hay elm ly eua tac ph1i.m ? N6i nMc lin qua Mm tim hilu nhi'tng cMn , each khac phe binh kh6ng phdi ia _ : mQt qua quyei Ifl.i nhiing gi ttk gid dO muim nil f lac phlim, ma elm za nhii'ng sang tflO tir tac pM",_ ' co Vall hibJ drin: kp-c tdm lj tee Iii ",ollf viln tU'Q'nt trhc,,,.. tlNnh ."tIn de c6 sf!: ttii gi& qUI! t£',1i3ttc iMfl' 9IIll tac ph_ can *n lfdI lay nMt. • caa ,ke. bmh,r V an trin citi tW eft! gidl tuytt 1trf"C hang c6.ch dln chinlt ttic pMnt 'nIut: mit kiift ttQl; ltioff. Rgi-. ti!ta trin se My to _ i ,nfhra clia dinh ,ki Wni long , dink giU' htpl, oda 1ffI)i phi Mtti. ;,oat ,£)o la mf1y y kien then rMt m4 chliIlt t6i _6tt My iii lIong tqp S&;h nuy. C1urung mpt niU lin nhiJ:ng kit. khan 'lien qUQn den phllit nghien cli'U van 1u)c. Chu:O'ng hal" gitH sf) quan cii, su-a S0tl.1l dft:. vifa ttl y nghia va gigi hrpz. coo mlli quan phi binh _&It cTr«-uRe .. . La! MO BAU VAN DE -. QUAN DIEM. van chtrO'ng c6 dung de chi dinh nhfrng "de ph?im do nM van sang mQt cuon m9t bai thO', mQt vcy kich. Van chU'O'ug bicu. 19 sinh laID van tren binh sang taco Suy nghien cfru, phe bioh van chu-O'ng lil sinh van h<;>c. Nha nghien ciru van hQc chuyen ve kb:io d1n11, dinh, cM giai tac ph'tim; aha phe binh van hQc nMm phe phan t:k pharo v&i ttl' each la m!}t t:k pham Nha lam van hQc str thU'o-ng kiem luonca hai cong lac tren : nghten Ctl'U ve lich SU- va phe blnh Vf ngh? NhU'ng dli Mn, nghien ctru, phe binh, deu kh6ng Q:tr<;YC phai dl}"a vao nhfrng tieu hay can Ctt tren m¢t quan vo dnh hay hfru y ; vi dii khOng co y chit tnrO'ng mQt quan nao hay khOng y thu-cdtrQ'c Sl! khOng dU'Q'c pha; <11,1'3 vao quan tbi khi lam cong tac nghicn CttU, I'M blah, van hQc sUo. d\1'a vao mQt quan nhfrng tieu DaO <16. Nha It van hQC suy nghive sinh hO;lt, nghien cu-u, phe blnh trel'l : nit ra nhfrng tieu quan xet.pMn, xac dinh y nghia, ttj giCYi ciia nhfrng tie" ;;"JnJ!ln. quan phf bInh, nghien clru•.• va NGUytN VAN TRUNG- 10 duQ'c ra va trinh quan diem Iy van hQC (x). sau day la &- • B1NH VAN HOC. Phe binh van hQc 1a phan doan tMm dinh gia tri_ mqt t3c Nhung nha phe binh can cit V30. nhfrng tieu nao '? a) lieu tf"lU$t ; nghia la nhfrng tieu lien can den xay d\t'ng cau van, dlu hinh anh, dch cham cau, gieo van v.v... Nhung tieu chuan. nb do ai de ra '? x) Do chfnh tac gia de ra va bao ham trong tac Trong truCrng hgp nay, pM binh chi rut'ra nhfrng tieu va pM phan xem Hc co duQ'c nbfrng tieu ngM do chinh t:k giii de fa khong, the dugc t6'i m{rc dQ nao '? N6i khac, nha pM binh nMn tieu cua tac gia phe phan tac phamcua tac 2) do mQt my h9C khach quan, ph1) bien. Nha pM binh can cir vao nhfrng tieu chui:ln t()ng quat chung cho ci mQi nguo-i de dauh gia tac oeu.a mQt nguo-i. b) TifuJ kh6ng phai ngM x) Van hQc sUo (.luh huo-ng eua nhfrng nha van di tnr6'c : nguOn gec, xuat xU- du van, y tuang), (I) Xem tll-im : Yin chu-O'ng vin hQc. Chu-aDi i:lalo \'Ia IaQC I) I (Lu-O'c: iNGON NGU VAN CHuaNG••• II 2) Mirc dQ phan anh xa h¢i y t3m lY. Tac pham co phan th1,,1'c hay khong ? Mot each linh d¢ng y trung thanh hay vvng ve giem phan tam hQc eua Freud "ao phan tach con ngU'Cri Ho xuan HU'O'ng qua thO' dU'Q'c gan cho Ho xuan IDQt phU'O'ng pMp doi hoi phai biet tU'Crr g deri song tinh dm tham kin ella ngU'Cyi bi Phan tach trong khi nhfrng dieu ta biet ve Ho xuan HU'O'ng chi la giai truyen vi ehU'a co bang e& lieh Str nao xac th\fc va chinh thtrc ve tieu Str nft S1, phai chang 130 lam cc,ng tac pM binh mQt each moo lieu Hnh va thieu nghiem tue? Do do, tfU'&e khi pM binh phai xac dinh tac pham co ph:ii la ehinh tac dinh pM binh hay khOng, co phai la ella ehfnh tac gia dU'gc' cong n h?n hay khOng'? N oi each kh:k, phai khao dfnh va hieu dinh tac pham, tac gia mQt cach khoa hQc. nghia d\fa vao nhfrng sil' xac th\fc, chtr khOng phai vao ]y Nhtrng trong trtt'erng hgp khOng hy vQng tim fa str li?u lien quan den tac tac nhtr trU'Crng h9'P van chU'O'ng vo khuyet danh thi phai nghi t6'i !lImng phU'O'ng pMp nghien etru va phe binh tranh o'(1ng phai) nhfrng kho khan ve str khOng vU'gt qua dttgc & tren ? de nghien cuu qch sUo ve van hQc Ya doi hOi tranh khOi nhii'ng k1a6 khan do nhu ·diu Str gay nbt can thiEt nam. trong tinh caub van hQc V tim ra nhfrng phuO'ng phap CHtTO'NG ClfU VAN HQC. I : Chung ta tim tinn tr*ng thieu sUo ve tae lac thai ve .flho-i sang tac va clui .Uch sang t:k trong van hqc nam, nhat la van kQc vi nhirug van neu len til' nhung kh6 khln vl .ir tren. en .a, CHU"O'NG II: PHE BINH VAN HQC. ChUng ta sE tim 1) NhO'ng quan : binh cO nhu : - PM binh lu!in If : - PM binh xi - A l y' Phe" b'm htam - Phe binh giao khoa' (theo Lanson). 2) NhO'ng quan 'p dvng veo trong (theo Taine, Mac xit). 1 thea phan tam hQCo , theo dnh tmh hQc. binh hoc d"i, chua duQ'c nam nhu: - TAm phAn hQc sinh (psychaaalyse e.istentielleY ciia Saltre. - TAm phAn hQc vtt cMt (psych. matt!. riellet G. Bachelara. cu. 1 "(, ' :, : - ,TS. pllAn bh! .w.u (M4he eatilC}'t1e} < ,. :?. - Pl\e blJlh chid! {«itique tite.atiquet • P. Weber. J. P.·Richatd. - --1IiW blah Co- cia: structurale} R. Bartl1es. . - L. 0I!."ng tac gia. lac \, giai quycl lung van de nh ... kieu.ong Hoang XUbD Hin !am. (2) Iranb lin I. tl9ng IreD, co Ie nen th'!c hi¢D sang tie" chu-c I fop be; Dhhg . .6 vlill giA lio co. s6nt blng cacb tiep 'clic v"i chtnb Uc Iii dA Itin sDb lie Iii. va Ilhi-Dg cLi tiEl lien qu.a .leD doi .&ng cOlOl. Ill, vA den s¥' lim "in cua bg ho,c pheng ,,58 hg va Ibll 9ft mar gbi i",. de sail kbi It", qu:! dai, cO lai dfch It'C '0' ma Ihauh . . . -he aalti ftn. ' NOON NGtt V AN CHUaNO••• Do dinh chinn, su-a chua nhfrng nmm Ian, ngQ thien kien th;t Ill; can thiet dai ViH ngu-iri lam v.an hQc sunam. A) TINH TRI)NG NAM.· . str LI$U VAN BQG VI$T Tinh sir van hQc nam ngbeo nan vi mat mat EJua va phan' con ebUt it tMt dang nghi ngo- vi co nhieu nham 11nt gia . Co nhieu nhan giai tbieh tinh tren. CMng : XUAT BAN AN LOAT THO THIEN: Tbuo- Xtr3, ch1.1'a c6 ky ngM an 10att trir aha chUa va dinb co phU'O'ng an loat thO SOOt con trong dan chung chi luu truyen bf1ng each chep tay. Den khi btlt ehU'Qoc Trung quac cai tien ng-he kMc van in, cling khOng pM! duQ'c 13 baot vi phi ton qua d:\t. Van tot hO'n ca 130 van gO c'ay thi cO chat chat nen mQt kho ant nn;U'ug cac nba hang sach it van chi kMc vao van ga xaU t va ciing chi kMc du'Q'c mQt so ban nbat dinh. NhU' bay gio-t in hai ba nghin cuon, ma miYi ba ch1;tc nam sau (fa kh6 kiem, phU'O'ng chi chi 13 chep tay hay is kMc vai ba ban. 13m sao khOi mat '? 2 . - TiNH BAo QUAN: in ali kJiong 4U9'C bien. tinh bao qulin I:]i Tat sO' eli. S4cb chep tay vao gi5y ban hay vao ga rat d! bi moi mC}tt tnap lam hU' khOng duQ'C cat gifr 20 NGUYSli, V TRUNG trQng nhil'ng chit-I:: t.bU' qui mo nhu-My gi - Xem thêm -