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Tài liệu Investigating and evaluating the payment for forest environmental service in ba be district, bac kan province

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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LƯU VĂN HOÀNG BACHELOR THESIS INVESTIGATING AND EVALUATING THE PAYMENT FOR FOREST ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE IN BA BE DISTRICT, BAC KAN PROVINCE Student name : Lưu Văn Hoàng Class : K45 AEP Major: International Programs Office Supervisor : MSc. Nguyễn Văn Hiểu Thai Nguyen, 16/02/2017 ` DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Luu Van Hoang Student ID DTN1354120136 Thesis title Investigating and evaluating the payment for forest environmental service in Ba Be district, Bac Kan province Supervisor MSc. Nguyễn Văn Hiểu Abstract: Payment for forest environmental services is a policy that creates a payment mechanism between users of PFES and PFES providers, to socialize the forest protection and promotion the economic value of forest environment in the context of wood resources of natural forests, have been depleted and the State budget capital investment in forest protection is very limited. In recent years, PFES policy has brought about practical and important effects for soil protection, erosion control, sedimentation of lakes, rivers and streams; regulating the maintenance of clean water for production and social life; carbon absorb and storage, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; protect the natural landscape and preserve the biodiversity of forest ecosystems; provide spawning grounds, food sources and natural seedlings, and use water from forests for aquaculture. It also contributes to the income of people living in the forest. Derived from above, the research: "Evaluation of payment for forest environment i ` services in Ba Be district" is very significant in the payment for forest environment services, contributing to acknowledge the details on payment for forest environmental services has been implemented in recent years in the Ba Be district. Number of pages 72 Date of submission 20/09/2017 Supervisor’s signature ii ` ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To complete this thesis, first of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my thesis supervisor: MSc. Nguyễn Văn Hiểu. He helpfully guided and helped me during the implementation process of my thesis. I would like to thank the Rector Board of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry that dedicated teaching, guiding and caring, create the facilitate in my process of study and research. I would like to send my thanks to the managers and staffs of Bac Kan Forest Protection and Development Fund have helped me during the process of investigating and collecting the data to complete my thesis. Despite many efforts, due to the limited time and the level of the subject, the inevitable shortcoming of the topic. I hope to receive valuable comments from my teachers and friends to more complete. I also thank you to teacher, officers of Advance Education Programs office Sincerely thank! Thai Nguyen, June 29, 2017 Student Luu Van Hoang iii ` LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Forest types, current status, overall forest PES provides for units using PES .................................................................................................................................. 43 Table 4.2: Statistics on land area of Dong Phuc commune ...................................... 45 Table 4.3: Forest types, current status, overall forest PES provides for units using PES .................................................................................................................................. 50 Table 4.4: Payments for forest environmental services in 2016 for non-forest owners .................................................................................................................................. 51 Table 4.5: Payments for forest environmental services in 2016 for owners are individual household ................................................................................................ 52 Table 4.6: Summary of forest land use status of Ba Be district ............................... 53 Table 4.7: Revenue and total income from forest protection of Ba Be farmers ...... 54 Table 4.8: Amount of payment for forest owner are state and non-state ................. 60 Table 4.9: Amount of payment for forest owner are community and individual..... 60 iv ` LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: The administrative map of Ba Be district .............................................. 26 Figure 4.1: The payment for forest ecosystem services map in Ba Be district – Bac Kan province 2017.................................................................................................... 41 Figure 4.2: The payment for forest ecosystem service map in Dong Phuc commune, Ba Be district, Bac Kan province ................................................................................... 44 Figure 4.3: The payment for forest ecosystem service map in My Phuong commune, Ba Be district, Bac Kan province ............................................................................. 47 Figure 4.4: The payment for forest ecosystem service map in Quang Khe commune, Ba Be district, Bac Kan province ............................................................................. 48 v ` LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Mod : Moderator PFES : Payment for Environment Service SOC : Socioeconomic CPC : Commune People's Committee USD : Dolar RUPES : Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services RES : Receive environmental services MONRE : Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment IFAD : International Fund for Agricultural Development IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources RCFE : Center for Research on Forest Ecology and Environment CLD : Certificate of land use right ICRAF : International Council for Research in Agroforestry IDDRI : Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations vi ` TABLE OF CONTENT PART I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1.Research rational ............................................................................................... 1 1.2.Research’s objective.......................................................................................... 4 1.3.Research questions and hypotheses .................................................................. 5 1.4.Definition .......................................................................................................... 5 PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 6 2.1.Legal foundations .............................................................................................. 6 2.2.Theoretical foundations..................................................................................... 6 2.2.1.Definition of forest ...................................................................................... 6 2.2.2.Forest classification in Vietnam ................................................................. 8 2.2.3.The concept of payment for forest environment service (PFES) ................ 9 2.3.Practical basis .................................................................................................. 15 2.3.1.Research situation in the world ................................................................ 15 2.3.2.Research situation in Vietnam .................................................................. 16 PAST III: CONTENTS AND METHODS ........................................................... 18 3.1.Materials .......................................................................................................... 18 3.1.1.Object and domain of the research ........................................................... 18 3.1.2.Research period ........................................................................................ 18 3.2.Research content ............................................................................................. 18 3.3.Methods ........................................................................................................... 19 3.3.1.Methods of analysis and theoretical synthesis ......................................... 19 3.3.2.Collect information and data on research subjects .................................. 20 3.3.3.Analytical methods of data processing ..................................................... 20 3.3.4.Inheritance method ................................................................................... 21 PART IV: RESULTS ............................................................................................. 22 4.1.Natural, economic and social conditions of Ba Be district ............................. 22 4.1.1.Natural condition ...................................................................................... 22 4.1.2.Socio-economic development.................................................................... 27 4.2.The objects and the area to pay for forest environmental services ................. 32 vii ` 4.3.Evaluation of payments for forest environment services in Ba Be district .... 34 4.4.Evaluation of payment for forest environmental services on each forest type 42 4.5.Revenue and total income from forest protection of farmer households in Ba Be ............................................................................................................................... 46 4.6.General observe the application of policy on payment for forest environment services in Ba Be district ....................................................................................... 47 4.7.Assessment of PFES policies on the people of Ba Be district ........................ 54 4.7.1.General evaluation of the district ............................................................. 54 4.7.2.Feedback from local people...................................................................... 55 PAST V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................... 57 5.1.Discussion ....................................................................................................... 57 5.2.Conclusion....................................................................................................... 59 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 61 viii ` PART I. INTRODUCTION 1.1.Research rational Payment for forest environmental services (PFES) is the supply and payment relationship between the providers and users of forest environmental services. For more than a decade, the attention and funding from international organizations have enabled the testing of several different PFES mechanisms, especially in the fields of river basin protection and carbon reduction. Excluding China - the state managed, in other countries in Asia, these problems are solved in the form of community projects which are small scale and fragmentation (Young, Oran R et al, 2003). The developments of PFES in developing countries usually follow by the priority decisions based on a fair system. Some countries suppose that PFES is a marketable tool for ensuring environmental services such as carbon emissions reduction, river basin protection, and biodiversity conservation. The central focus of plans and projects in these countries is to promote market efficiency. However, the rigid application of this approach in developing countries may increase the risk of livelihood to the poor people. In Vietnam, during the last two decades, the forestry sector in Vietnam has been changed in policy and practice. The forest concentration management model with the central purpose is resources exploitation have been changed into the forestry socialization model, focusing on environmental protection, social development and the promotion of local forestry enterprises. These changes reflect the response of the forestry sectors to forest resource degradation and the inefficiency of centralized forest management systems. Since the early 1990 's, through the program 327 and 5 million 1 ` ha of forest (program 661) deployment by the Ministry of agriculture and rural, there are large number of of households and individual who are contracted forest or allocated forest, protection land, afforestation and long term management. With the high level of participation of the society in afforestation and forest protection, the forest coverage increased from 28,2% in 1995 to 36,7% in 2004. The program (661) is evaluated that have contributed to reduce the poverty and improve livelihoods for about a million people in Vietnam. However, the cost for forest conservation activities is a financial burden for the Government. In these programs, although the result of improving forest environmental services benefits many people and businesses upstream and downstream, the funding for conservation and social development is mainly funded by the state budget. For sustainable forest conservation and development, the government publishes a decision 380/QĐ-TTg in April 2008 - The pilot policy of payment for forest environmental services to provide the basis for developing a legal framework of PFES on national scale. This policy clearly define the benefit, jurisdiction and obligations of those who are paid and pay for forest environmental services. Creating a sustainable economic basis for forest protection and development, environmental and ecosystem protection, improving the quality of delivery services, especially ensuring water for electricity, water production and tourism business. Decree No.99/2010/ND-CP dated 24/9/2010 (hereinafter referred to as Decree 99), the Government's policy on payment for forest environmental services (PFES) began implementation of 01/01/2011. 2 ` This is a policy creates a payment service mechanism between users of forest environmental services and those who provide forest environmental services, to socialize the forest protection and promotion of the economic value of forest environment, in the context that natural forest resources are exhausted and the state budget for forest protection is very limited. In recent years, PFES policy has bring about practical and important effects for forest protection, increasing income for people living in the forest zone, contributing to the supply of water for clean water production, natural landscapes for tourism, environmental protection and response to climate change. Decree No.99/2010/ND-CP issued on 24 September 2010, (referred to as Decree 99) on Payment for Forest Environmental Services (PFES) has been implemented by the government in Bac Kan province in recent years. 1) Mobilizing social resources for forest protection and improve the economic value of the forest environment by establishing service and payment relationships between the supplier and the user of forest environmental services. 2) Using the income from PFES to increase income for households participating in forest protection to provide PFES, improving the effectiveness of forest protection. 3) Create a new financing mechanism for the forestry sector by using non-state budget funds for forest protection. Implement policy on payment for forest environmental services, Bac Kan has established the Protection and Development Fund of the provincial forest. To fund operated effectively, the province chose staffs quality, capability and responsibility to participate in Rector Board, Supervisory Board, construction and strict implementation 3 ` of the charter, operating regulations. Assign the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development to assume the prime responsibility for promulgating and guiding the implementation of the policy on payment for forest environment services. The Fund Management Board has done a good job of propagandizing, guiding and proactively providing opinions to help the provincial People's Committee and Department of Agriculture and Rural Development issue appropriate guidelines, use revenues to promptly serve the protection and development of forests. As a result, the provincial Forest Protection and Development Fund paid for environmental services to four state forest owners, 40 non-forest owners are assigned forest management responsibility by the state, 7.206 forest owners are households, individuals, village communities in the province with a total paid area of over 80.000ha with a total amount of over 13,6billion(VND). The payment is not only timely, but also contributes to job creation, hunger eradication, poverty reduction and livelihood improvement. contributing to the province's forest coverage to 71% by 2015, bringing Bac Kan became one of the provinces with the highest forest coverage nationwide (B.V.Catacutan, 2014). 1.2.Research’s Objectives - Investigating and evaluating the natural conditions and the social economic situation of agriculture and forestry of the people in Ba Be. - Clarifying the relationship between landscapes, land use and forest environmental services in Ba Be. - Research on payments for forest environmental services (PFES) in Ba Be district in 2017. 4 ` 1.3.Specific objectives - Understanding the laws of the government for payment for forest environmental services. - Understanding to apply the regulations, laws and legal documents on payment for forest environmental services. - Ensuring the data accuracy of payment for forest environmental services in Ba Be district. - Make recommendations, proposals that are realistic, highly feasible. 1.4.Definitions - In research: Synthesize generalizations of the theoretical and practical basis of relevant information on forest, environment, and payment for forest environmental services. - Practical significance: Research and evaluate the environmental services description in Ba Be district, then find out the appropriate solutions to solve the difficulties in order to improve the effectiveness of environmental service payments. 5 ` PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.Legal foundations − Pursuant to the Government's Decree No.99/2010/ND-CP of September 24, 2010 on the policy on payment for forest environment services. − Decree 147/2016/ND-CP amending Decree 99/2010/ND-CP on payment for environmental services. − Circular No.34/2009/TT-BNNPTNT dated June 10, 2009 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development stipulates the criteria for identifying and classifying forests. − Circular No.80/2011/TT-BNNPTNT Guiding the method of determining payments for environmental services. − Joint Circular No.62/2012/TTLTBNNPTNT-BTC Guiding the mechanism for management of use of payment for forest environment services. 2.2.Theoretical foundations 2.2.1.Definition of forest According to FAO, forest is defined as land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10% and the area of more than 0.5ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters at maturity in situ. Forests consist of two cases that create closed and expanded forests where previously trees have grown on different levels and the floor contains a large proportion of the ground, whereas the later is characterized by a continuous vegetation cover in which the cover of the tree exceeds 10 percent. Furthermore, underforest reffers to the young natural 6 ` stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes, which have yet to reach a cover density of 10 percent or tree height of 5 meters. On September 24, 2010, the Vietnamese Government issued Decree No.99/2010/ND-CP to provide completed definitions and relevent concepts about forests as following: Forest environment consists components of the forest ecosystem such as plants, animals, microorganisms, water, soil, air, natural landscapes, and has values on serving the needs of people and society, which is called the value in use of forest environment. In addition, forest features numeric functions on land protection, water source regulation, watershed protection, coastal protection, natural disaster prevention, biodiversity, absorption and carbon storage, tourism, residence and reproduction of the species, timber and other forest products. Forest environmental services provide value for the use of the forest environment to meet the needs of society and the lives of the people, including the types of services: + Protect soil, limit erosion and sedimentation of lakebed, river bed, stream bed. + Regulate and maintain water resources for production and social life. + Forest carbon sequestration and preservation, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by measures to prevent degradation, reduction of forest area and sustainable forest development. + Protect the natural landscape and preserve biodiversity of ecosystems for tourism. 7 ` + Service provided breeding grounds, food supply and natural breeding, use of water resources from the forests for aquaculture. − In 1930, Morozov came up with the notion that forests are a whole, interconnected, that occupy a certain amount of space on the ground and at the surface. Forests occupy most of the Earth's surface and are part of the geographic landscape (Shaw, & Oldfield, 2007). − In 1952, M.E. Forests are part of the geographic landscape, which includes a whole of trees, shrubs, plants, animals and microorganisms. During their development they have a biological and affective relationship with each other and with external circumstances. − In 1974, I.S. The forest shows that forests are the complex formation of nature, the basic part of the Earth's biosphere. − The role of forest: the forest is an ecosystem that forest biomes dominant role in the interactive relationship between organisms with the environment. The forest has a very important role in lives of humans and the environment: Provide a source of timber, air conditioning, produce oxygen, water, animals and plants and residential holding rare genetic resources protection, prevent wind, protection of soil erosion, protect human health life… 2.2.2. Forest classification in Vietnam Under the Law on Protection and Development of Forest of the National Assembly (Forest Law No. 29/2004/QH11), forests, based on the main use purpose, can be classified into: 8 ` 1) Protection forest: Protection forests are used mainly to protect water sources and land, prevent erosion and desertification, restrict natural calamities and regulate climate, thus contributing to environmental protection. Protection forest may include headwater protection forests, wind- shielding and sand-shielding protection forests, protection forests for tide shielding and sea encroachment prevention and protection forests for environmental protection. Protection forests are presumably planted on protection forest land. 2) Special-use forest: Special-use forests, which are used mainly for conservation of nature, specimens of the national forest ecosystems and forest biological gene sources, for scientific research, protection of historical and cultural relics as well as landscapes, in service of recreation and tourism in combination with protection, contributing to environmental protection. Special-use forest may include national parks, natural conservation zones, landscape protection areas, and scientific research and experiment forests. Special-use forests are presumably planted on special-use forest land. 3) Production forest: Production forests are used mainly for production and trading of timber and non-timber forest products in combination with protection, contributing to environmental protection. Production forests are planted on production forest land. In addition, Article 3.1 of the Forest Law provides that forests include planted forest and natural forest, in which, natural forest is forest which already existed and which is not grown or planted by human being, and planted forest, by contrast, is forest which is planted by human being (noble et al, 2000). 9 ` 2.2.3.The concept of payment for forest environmental services (PFES) According to Mayran and Paquin (2004), the basic idea of payment for forest environmental service to create incentives for individuals and communities to protect environmental sevices by compensating them for the costs incurred in managing and providing those services. PFES consists of five key elements: voluntary transactions, a well-defined environmental service, at least one buyer of that service and one supplier of that service and conditionality (the buyer makes payments only if the survice supplier continuously secures the provision of that service). In simplicity, PFES is a commitment to enter a voluntary agreement with a legally binding contract at where buyers pay money for forest and ecosystem protection services identified by money or support for one or more sellers. The seller whereas is responsible for ensuring and developing mentioned forest and ecosystem protection services in order to enlarge and optimize the benefits of forest development (Westerink, Buizer & Ramos, 2008). In Vietnam, the goals of PFES program are to improve forest quality and quantity, increase the forestry sectors contribution to the national economy, reduce the state’s financial burden for forest protection and management, and improve social well-being.  The role of payment for forest environmental services : + First, PFES provides a stable annual source of funding dedicated to forest protection and management, it will help to reduce the annual expenditure of the state budget for forestry investment. + Second, PFES help to expand the area of forest protected. Mobilize and create more opportunities for households, household groups and communities to participate 10 ` in forest protection, management programs and policies. This policy has helped to supplement income for households involved in forest protection. + Third, generate new revenue streams, support extra operating costs for state forest owners, such as management boards of special-use forests, protected forests or forestry companies in the context of state budget support for forest protection are facing many difficulties.  Forms of payment for environmental services of forests • Direct payment: + Direct payments are those using forest environmental services that pay directly to the forest environmental services provider. + Direct payments are applied where the user of forest environment services has the capacity and conditions, to make direct payments to the environmental service provider without the intermediary organization. Direct payments are made on the basis of a voluntary agreement between the user and the forest environment service provider in accordance with the provisions of this Decree, in which the payment rate is not lower than that prescribed by the State for the same type of forest environmental services. • Indirect payments: Indirect payments are those who use forest environment services to pay the forest environmental services providers entrusted through the Vietnam Forest Protection and Development Fund or the provincial Forest Protection, the provincial-level People's Committees shall decide on the replacement of the tasks of provincial-level forest protection and development funds . 11
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