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Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Traffic and Freight Operations and Rail and Public Transit Edited by Papers from Sessions of the International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania July 15–18, 2018 Yinhai Wang, Ph.D. Michael T. McNerney, Ph.D., P.E. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2018 TRAFFIC AND FREIGHT OPERATIONS AND RAIL AND PUBLIC TRANSIT SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2018 July 15–18, 2018 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania SPONSORED BY The Transportation & Development Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Yinhai Wang, Ph.D. Michael T. McNerney, Ph.D., P.E. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to [email protected] or by locating a title in ASCE's Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http://ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481547 Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8154-7 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the ASCE International Conference on Transportation and Development (ICTD 2018)! Organized by Transportation and Development Institute (T&DI), ICTD is ASCE’s flagship conference in transportation and development. The conference theme, Emerging Technologies: Impacts on Transportation and Development, represents our vision and goal for future endeavors in transportation and development research, education, and practice. ASCE ICTD 2018 awaits your active participation and contribution at the beautiful and scenic Wyndham Grand Pittsburgh Downtown Hotel from July 15 through 18, 2018. Pittsburgh is historically known as “the Steel City.” Now, about 1,600 technology firms, including Google, Apple, Bosch, Facebook, Uber, Nokia, Autodesk, and IBM, have landed in Pittsburgh, making it an important technology hub and one of the eleven most livable cities in the World. Being the host city of ASCE ICTD 2018, Pittsburgh offers many unique real-world examples for transportation and development professionals to feel, think, and learn. ASCE ICTD 2018’s technical program is featured with four plenary sessions:     Opening Plenary Session: Keynote Speeches from Federal, State, and Local Government Leaders. Private Sector CEO Forum: Impacts of Connected & Autonomous Vehicles on Transportation & Development - Perspectives of Leaders from the Private Sector State DOT CEO Forum: Impacts of Connected & Autonomous Vehicles on Transportation & Development - Perspectives of Leaders from the Public Sector. The Advent of CAVs - A Global Perspective: Current Status of Deployment and Future of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Around the World. The program covers deeper technical content on multiple modes and topics in transportation and development in eight (8) concurrent tracks. It also includes a variety of special events such as the T&DI Board of Directors’ Town Hall Meeting, Younger Members’ “The Best Advice I Ever Received” session, icebreaker reception, and an Awards Banquet. The conference is preceded with four (4) associated workshops:     Mobility as a Service Workshop University Transportation Center Technology Transfer Workshop NSF Civil Infrastructure Systems Workshop ASCE Ethics Workshop. All these workshops are carefully designed to enhance fruitful experience of participants. Last but not the least, conference attendees get the opportunity to attend over 15 technical committee meetings of ASCE as preconference event, covering all areas of transportation and development. In addition, partnering with Transportation Research Board (TRB), two TRB committees have chosen to host their mid-year meeting at ICTD 2018, giving conference attendees additional exposure to technical discussions and content. © ASCE iii International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 It is exciting to announce that ASCE ICTD 2018 attracted huge interests as indicated by the record high quality contributions and the rich technical program. A total of 146 papers were accepted for publication in the proceedings. These published papers went through a rigorous review and quality assurance process in the process of becoming a publication of ASCE – the world’s largest publisher of Civil Engineering content. The proceedings for this conference have been organized in four (4) different volumes based on the topical distribution as follows: Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.     Volume I: Connected & Autonomous Vehicles and Transportation Safety Volume II: Traffic & Freight Operations and Rail & Public Transit Volume III: Airfield & Highway Pavements Volume IV: Planning, Sustainability, and Infrastructure Systems All these accomplishments are due to the excellent team efforts of our Conference Steering Committee, and the terrific support from ASCE-T&DI staff. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the authors and conference participants for their solid contributions. We are also grateful to all paper reviewers for their outstanding volunteer efforts. Finally, our special thanks goes to the entire Conference Steering Committee, Local Organizing Committee, T&DI technical committee volunteers, ASCE-T&DI staff members, sponsors, exhibitors, invited speakers, and session chairs for their hard work and great efforts to help lead ASCE ICTD 2018 on track to a great success! ASCE ICTD has been an excellent platform for information exchange, experience sharing, and professional networking since it was launched in 2011. We hope ASCE ICTD 2018 to be another wonderful and rewarding experience in your memory. Wish you a very pleasant stay in Pittsburgh! ASCE ICTD 2018 Co-Chairs & Proceedings Editors Yinhai Wang, Ph.D., M.ASCE University of Washington © ASCE Michael T. McNerney, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE University of Texas at Arlington iv International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Acknowledgements Conference Steering Committee Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Yinhai Wang, Ph.D., M.ASCE (Co-Chair & Proceedings Editor) University of Washington Michael T. McNerney, Ph.D., M.ASCE (Co-Chair & Proceedings Editor) University of Texas at Arlington Chris Hendrickson, Ph.D., Hon.M.ASCE (Chair, Local Organization Committee) Carnegie Mellon University Randall (Randy) S. Over, P.E., F.ASCE, Retd. (Chair, Sponsorships & Exhibits) 2014 President of ASCE, Ohio DOT Brian McKeehan, P.E., F.ASCE (Past-Chair) Gresham, Smith and Partners Katherine Kortum (Track Chair, Development) Transportation Research Board (TRB) Robert Bryson, P.E., M.ASCE Retd. (Track Chair, Roadways) City of Milwaukee Walt Kulyk, P.E., M.ASCE, Retd. (Track Chair, Rail & Public Transit) Federal Transit Administration Rich Thuma, P.E., M.ASCE (Track Chair, Aviation) Crawford, Murphy & Tilly Zhanmin Zhang, Ph.D., M.ASCE (Track Chair, Mode Spanning) University of Texas at Austin Jianming Ma, P.E., M.ASCE (Track Chair, Connected & Autonomous Vehicles’ Impacts) Texas Department of Transportation Local Organizing Committee Chris Hendrickson, Ph.D., Hon.M.ASCE (Chair, Local Organization Committee) Carnegie Mellon University David DiDiogia, P.E., M.ASCE McMahon Associates © ASCE v International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Sean Qian, Ph.D., M.ASCE (Student & Younger Member Activities) Carnegie Mellon University Stan Caldwell, Ph.D., M.ASCE Carnegie Mellon University Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Julie Vandenbossche, Ph.D., M.ASCE University of Pittsburgh Paper Reviewers Ahmed Abdeldayem Renju Abraham Burns & McDonnell Engineering Company, Inc. Emmanuel Adanu University of Alabama Nithin Agarwal University of Florida Baabak Ashuri Georgia Tech University Husain Abdul Aziz Oak Ridge National Laboratory Joel Barnett Department of Transportation Geoff Baskir Federal Aviation Administration Ricardo Aitken Ahmad Al-Akhras Public Transport Authority of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Majed Al-Ghandour North Carolina DOT Priyanka Alluri Florida International University Panagiotis Anastasopoulos University at Buffalo Michael Anderson University of Alabama in Huntsville Justice Appiah Virginia DOT Ricardo Archilla University of Hawaii Warda Ashraf Purdue University © ASCE Rahim Benekohal University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Abhinav Bhattacharyya University of California, Berkeley Richard Boudreau Boudreau Engineering, Inc. Georges Bou-Saab Iowa State University David Brill Federal Aviation Administration Robert Bryson Ayres Associates Lei Bu Jackson State University Qing Cai University of Central Florida Samuel Cardoso vi International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Consultant on Airports and Airfield Pavements Silvia Caro Universidad de los Andes, Columbia Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Halil Ceylan Iowa State University Karim Chatti Michigan State University Nspire Green Kakan Dey West Virginia University Sunanda Dissanayake Kansas State University Kimberly Eccles VHB Larry Emig Ghassan Chehab American University of Beirut Deogratias Eustace University of Dayton Peter Chen Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority Ahmed Faheem Temple University Subeh Chowdbury University of Auckland Wei Fan UNC Charlotte Mashrur Chowdhury Clemson University Muhammad Farhan Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Eleni Christofa University of Massachusetts, Amherst Luis Ferreras David Clarke University of Tennessee, Knoxville Julius Codjoe State of Louisiana Alison Conway City College of New York Seosamh Costello University of Auckland Velvet Fitzpatrick The National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Scott Forbes Mike Frabizzio Advanced Infrastructure Design, Inc. Jason Frank Garver Robert Costigan Ryan Fries Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Qingbin Cui University of Maryland James Gallagher Resolution Management Consultants, Inc. Jordan Daniell HNTB Corporation Christopher Garlick Michael Garvin Veronica Davis © ASCE vii Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Jungyeol Hong University of Seoul Nasir Gharaibeh Texas A&M University Kamal Hossain University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Scott Gibson Regional Transportation Commission of Washoe County, Nevada Mohammad Imran Hossain Bradley University Konstantina Gkritza Purdue University Salil Gokhale Dynatest Nima Golshani University of Illinois at Chicago Yaobang Gong University of Central Florida © ASCE Mustaque Hossain Kansas State University Jill Hough North Dakota State University Jia Hu University of Virginia Hai Huang Penn State University Jozef Grajek EJG Aviation Mouyid Islam Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida Feng Guo Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Reza Jafari Road Safety and Transportation Solutions, Inc. Jim Hall Applied Research Associated, Inc. Mohammad Jalayer Rutgers University Thomas Hall Purdue University Steven Jones University of Alabama John Harvey UC Davis Ganesh Karkee City of Sunnyvale, California David Hein Applied Research Associated, Inc. Kurt Keifer Gorrondona & Associates, Inc. Brendon Hemily Hemily and Associates Vivek Khanna WSP Chris Hendrickson Carnegie Mellon University Myungseob Kim Western New England University Frank Hermann Sonny Kim University of Georgia viii Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Ronald Knipling Safety for the Long Haul, Inc. Min Liu NC State University Kristin Kolodge J.D. Power Cheryl Lowrance VHB Alexandra Kondyli University of Kansas Jianming Ma Texas Department of Transportation Eleftheria Kontou National Renewable Energy Laboratory Wanjing Ma Katherine Kortum Transportation Research Board Gregory Krueger HNTB Corporation Emin Kutay Michigan State University Samuel Labi Purdue University Hyung Lee Applied Research Associated, Inc. Kang-Won Lee University of Rhode Island © ASCE Matthew Mace Hill International Rajib Mallick Worcester Polytechnic Institute Angel Mateos University of California, Berkeley Akhilesh Maurya Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Mehran Mazari California State University, Los Angeles Leslie McCarthy Villanova University Matthew Lesh Brian McKeehan Gresham Smith & Partners Yingfeng Li Center for Infrastructure-Based Systems Magaret McNamara University of Alabama Zhenning Li University of Hawaii Sue McNeil University of Delaware John Lieswyn ViaStrada Mike McNerney University of Texas at Arlington Lei Lin University at Buffalo Richard Meininger Department of Transportation Huiyuan Liu University of Nebraska-Lincoln Mariely Mejias US Army Corps of Engineers Jun Liu Deb Mishra ix International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Boise State University Lambros Mitropoulos University of Hawai'i, Manoa Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Amin Mohamadi Hezaveh University of Tennessee, Knoxville Nadereh Moini New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority Ali Mokhtari University of Iowa Dan Murphy CDM Smith Brian Park University of Virginia Ram Pendyala Arizona State University Josh Peterman Fehr & Peers Diniece Peters New York City Department of Transportation Mike Murphy University of Texas at Austin Kelly Pitera Norwegian University of Science and Technology Scott Murrell Applied Research Associated, Inc. Avinash Prasada New York City Transit Anusha Musunuru Kittelson & Associates Panos Prevedouros University of Hawaii Andrzej Nowak Auburn University Srinivas Pulugurtha UNC Charlotte Osama Osman Louisiana State University Yu Qian University of South Carolina Aleli Osorio-Lird Zhen Qian Carnegie Mellon University Yanfeng Ouyang University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Hasan Ozer University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Srikanth Panguluri CH2M Aristeidis Pantelias University College London Tom Papagiannakis University of Texas at San Antonio © ASCE Cody Parham HDR, Inc. Brian Reynolds WSP Laurence Rilett University of Nebraska-Lincoln Charles Rivasplata San Jose State University Dimitris Rizos University of South Carolina Stephen Romanoschi x International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 University of Texas, Arlington Dean Rue CH2M Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Eugene Russell Kansas State University Tariq Saeed Purdue University Milad Saghebfar Louisiana State University Mitsuru Saito Brigham Young University Robert Scancella James Scherocman Consulting Engineer Wayne Seiler All About Pavements, Inc. Mohamadreza Shafieifar Florida International University Vikas Sharma Kimley-Horn Samih Shilbayeh Washignton State Department of Transportation © ASCE Jerry Spears Montana Association of Counties David Stanek Fehr & Peers Aleksandar Stevanovic Florida Atlantic University Robert Stevens Arcadis Xiaoduan Sun University of Louisiana, Lafayette Prajol Tamrakar University of Texas at El Paso Shiraz Tayabji Advanced Concrete Pavement Consultancy LLC Athanasios Theofilatos National Technical University of Athens Rich Thuma Crawford, Murphy & Tilly Raul Tiwari School of Planning & Architecture Bhopal, India Oscar Oviedo Trespalacios Amit Kumar Singh Atkins Erol Tutumluer University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Sarbjeet Singh New York City Transit Majbah Uddin University of South Carolina David Smith Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute Avinash Unnikrishnan Portland State University Tai-Jin Song Korea Transport Institute Donald Uzarski University of Illinois Reginald Souleyrette University of Kentucky Amiy Varma North Dakota State University xi International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Eileen Velez-Vega Kimley-Horn Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Matthew Volovski Manhattan College Chao Wang University of California, Riverside Yinhai Wang University of Washington Ziran Wang University of California, Riverside Quintin Watkins Michael Baker Internation Jim Wilde Minnesota State University Mankato Zifeng Wu AECOM Hao Xu University of Nevada, Rio Guangchuan Yang University of Wyoming Xianfeng Yang University of Utah Anil Yazici Stony Brook University Mohamed Zaki University of British Columbia Raymond Zee Federal Aviation Administration Billy Williams NC State University Weibin Zhang Nanjing University of Science and Technology Guoyuan Wu University of California, Riverside Zhanmin Zhang University of Texas at Austin Mengqi Wu Port of Seattle Jiguang Zhao CH2M Shenghua Wu University of South Alabama Mo Zhao Virginia DOT Yina Wu University of Central Florida Zhuping Zhou Nanjing University of Science and Technology Workshop Organizers Laurence Rilett, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE University of Nebraska at Lincoln Workshop: UTC Technology Transfer Cynthia Chen, Ph.D. Irina Dolinskaya University of Washington National Science Foundation (NSF) Workshop: NSF Funding Opportunities in CMMI: CIS and OE Program © ASCE xii International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Guohui Zhang Wanjing Ma University of Hawaii Tongji University Workshop: Mobility as a Service (MaaS) xiii Meng Li Tsinghua University Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Tara Hoke, Aff.M.ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Workshop: Ethics for the Practicing Engineer Staff Muhammad Amer, M.ASCE Director, Transportation & Development Institute (T&DI) of ASCE Debi Denney Manager, Transportation & Development Institute (T&DI) of ASCE Rachel Hobbs Administrator, T&DI and Construction Institute (CI) Conferences Neal Sweeney Coordinator, Transportation & Development Institute (T&DI) of ASCE Donna Dickert Senior Manager / Acquisitions Editor, ASCE Books Drew Caracciolo Manager, Exhibit & Sponsorship Sales, ASCE © ASCE International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Traffic and Freight Operations High Accuracy Achieved in Determining Lengths and Locations of Horizontal Curves Using Light Detection and Ranging Point Cloud Data ............................. 1 Joseph S. Browning, Mitsuru Saito, and Grant G. Schultz Transportation Maintenance Operations Workforce Development: Challenges, Opportunities, and Solutions .............................................................................. 13 Dave Bergner What Statistics Suggest about Required Runs for Simulating Signalized Intersection Delays .................................................................................................................. 22 Ryan N. Fries, Reza Salehi, and Yasaman Panjebandpour Improving Freeway Operation with Ramp Metering Control Using Connected Vehicles as “Floating Sensors” ............................................................................. 32 Heng Wei, Hao Liu, Karteek Kumar Allam, Ting Zuo, and Zhixia Li Effect of Road Construction Projects on Travel Time Reliability ........................................ 45 Venu Madhav Kukkapalli and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha Algorithms to Find Shortest Paths with Added Constraint on Travel Fuel Consumption for Transportation Networks .................................................................. 57 Reza Vatani Nezafat, Duc T. Nguyen, and Mecit Cetin Simultaneous Optimization Model of Signal Phase Design and Timing at Intersection .......................................................................................................................... 65 Kai Lu, Guanrong Lin, Jianmin Xu, and Yinhai Wang Vehicular Networks Communication Analysis and Speed Guidance at Signalized Intersections .......................................................................................................... 75 Kaizhe Hou and Jianming Hu Traffic Speed Prediction for Urban Arterial Roads Using Deep Neural Networks .................................................................................................................................. 85 Yaw Adu-Gyamfi and Mo Zhao Study on Travel Time Prediction Method Based on License Plate Data .............................. 97 Jing-Sheng Wang, Xiao-Wei Liu, and Yin Zhu Heuristic Bidirectional Dijkstra Algorithm Using Piece-Wise Linear Function ................................................................................................................................. 107 Gelareh B. Sanjabi, Duc T. Nguyen, and Caleb Talbot © ASCE xiv International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Exploring Freeway Merging Behavior Using Dynamic Bayesian Network Models ................................................................................................................................... 120 E. G. Wang and J. Sun Evaluation of Pedestrian Gap Acceptance Behavior at Uncontrolled Midblock Sections under Mixed Traffic Condition ............................................................. 131 M. Paul, P. Rajbongshi, and I. Ghosh Regional Cooperation in Port Development to Bolster Maritime Logistics Services in South Asia ........................................................................................................... 142 Razon Chandra Saha Modeling Freight Transportation as a System-of-Systems to Determine Adoption of Emerging Vehicle Technologies ....................................................................... 156 A. Guerrero de la Peña, N. Davendralingam, A. K. Raz, V. Sujan, D. DeLaurentis, G. Shaver, and N. Jain The Coal Origin-Destination Matrix Analysis and Multimodal Transportation Cost Modeling in Yangtze River Region, China ........................................ 170 Jian Li, Wenjie Li, and Lin Mu Managing Reversible Lanes with Truck Arrival Information to Alleviate Gate Congestion at Smart Container Terminals ................................................................. 179 Yong Zhou and Yingen Ge Rail and Public Transit The Influences of Built Environment Factors on Mode Switching of TOD Residents from Car Use to Transit Dependence: Case Study of Bangkok, Thailand ................................................................................................................................ 186 Pornraht Pongprasert and Hisashi Kubota Transit and Employment: The Importance of Access to Transportation in the Employment of Low-Income Mothers............................................................................ 198 P. C. Blakely Bus Passenger Flow and Running Status Analyzation System Based on MAC Address ........................................................................................................................ 208 Hong-zhao Dong and Yue Wang Customized Bus Line Design Model Based on Multi-Source Data...................................... 218 Xi Chen, Yinhai Wang, and Xiaolei Ma Redefining the Service Level Benchmarking for Public Transport System in India................................................................................................................................... 229 Rahul Tiwari, Kshama Puntambekar, and Purnima Parida © ASCE xv International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Toward Innovative Solutions for Revitalizing Benin Republic Railway Transportation System.......................................................................................................... 238 Mouhamed Bayane Bouraima and Yanjun Qiu Development of Hazard Based-Models for the Metrorail of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority .................................................................................. 247 K. Libnao and B. Agbelie Investigating Average Passenger Wait Time and Wait Time Behavior as a Function in Bus Line Headway in Fresno and Sacramento, California .............................. 257 Kelvin I. Akataobi and Aly M. Tawfik Design and Construction of Train Car Maintenance Facility within Time and Budget Constraint: A Case Study ................................................................................. 268 Sarbjeet Singh, Dwarika Mallick, and Frank Mondello Analysis of Factor Influence on Longitudinal Impulse of Heavy-Haul Train with ECP Braking System .................................................................................................... 279 Meng-ling Wu and Lu Zhu Experimental Study on Volcanic Cinder Gravels as Filler of Railway Surface Layer of Subgrade ................................................................................................... 289 Jingyun Liao, Aijun An, and Zhihong Nie A Probe into the Allocation Plan of Logistics Equipment in China Railway under New Technology ......................................................................................................... 299 Xiaohong Li and Yanhui Han © ASCE xvi International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 High Accuracy Achieved in Determining Lengths and Locations of Horizontal Curves Using Light Detection and Ranging Point Cloud Data Joseph S. Browning1; Mitsuru Saito2; and Grant G. Schultz3 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 1 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young Univ., 376 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young Univ., 368 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected] 3 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young Univ., 368 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began collecting asset management data using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology in 2012, which included horizontal curve data. However, its horizontal curve data were highly segmented and not ready for crash prediction model development for curve segments. In 2014, an algorithm named the horizontal alignment finder (HAF) algorithm was developed to identify horizontal curves on rural two-lane two-way highways. Its accuracy was about 85 percent with 2012 data. The HAF was recently recalibrated for all other types of UDOT’s highways and found to be applicable to them without any modifications in its main algorithm. During the calibration, six types of errors were identified. Four of the six errors were fixed and the HAF was calibrated with new 2015 LiDAR data. The improved HAF’s accuracy now ranges from 97 to 98 percent for curve length and 87 to 100 percent for curve location identification. INTRODUCTION As part of the asset management program, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began collecting its highway asset data using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology in 2012. One of the data available from this program is horizontal alignment data. However, horizontal curve data provided by the contractor of the program were highly segmented and not ready to be used for crash prediction model development of the study. To deal with this inaccuracy in horizontal curve data and to provide horizontal alignment data necessary for crash prediction modeling, the Horizontal Alignment Finder (HAF) algorithm was developed (Cook et al. 2015). Properly identifying the beginning and ending points and radius of horizontal curves is the most important step to use such data in crash prediction modeling and identifying safety hot spots in curve segments. The HAF algorithm was originally developed for rural two-lane two-way (TLTW) highways. Hence, it was necessary to test the robustness of the HAF for other highway types, both rural and urban areas, in order to use the HAF algorithm for a statewide safety analysis. The accuracy of the original HAF algorithm was approximately 85 percent (Cook et al. 2015). In order to identify the point of curvature (PC), point of tangency (PT) and radius of a curved segment, the current HAF requires human intervention to make sure the algorithm has correctly identified the horizontal curve segments. In order to automate the process and make the HAF algorithm robust to analyze all types of state highways in Utah and improve its accuracy, a new project was undertaken. This project consisted of three steps: (1) Calibration of the HAF for other types of highways besides rural TLTW highways, (2) Modification of the HAF algorithm if necessary for © ASCE 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 other types of highways, and (3) Corrections of the problems that have blocked achieving higher accuracy than 85 percent. The curves obtained from this process could then be combined with crash data to identify crash hotspots, which in turn could be used to find locations that warrant safety improvements. The improved HAF’s accuracy now ranges from 97 percent to 98 percent for curve length determination and 87 percent to 100 percent for curve location identification. It was found that radius identification would require further research to achieve a higher accuracy. This paper presents the results of the three tasks mentioned previously and how LiDAR data can be effectively used to identify curve segments on highways owned by UDOT. LITERATURE REVIEW Identifying curve segments is beneficial to safety research. Various means of data collection and analysis are available for doing this, with many viable options. For data collection methods, global positioning system (GPS) (Svenson et al. 2016, Osei-Asamoah and Jackson 2015), LiDAR (Cook et al. 2015, Svenson et al. 2016), visual (Higuera de Frutos and Castro 2014, Dong et al. 2007), and inertial measurement (Jiménez 2011, Green et al. 2017) have been reviewed. It was found GPS and LiDAR data collection appear to be the best methods for use over a large road network because of their accuracy, widespread use, and convenience over other forms of gathering information. Once the data points have been run through a mapping program, the next step is to run a program to separate curve segments from tangent segments of highways. The three dominant methods available to perform this task include: (1) identification through change in heading (Xu and Wei 2016, Camacho-Torregrosa et al. 2015), (2) a spline approximation (Castro et al. 2006, Bassani et al. 2016), and (3) curve identification through geometric parameters such as radius or length (Cook et al. 2015, Ai and Tsai 2015). Among these three methods, identifying curves through change in heading direction and through use of geometric threshold values were found to be the most promising. The advantage of use of the heading change to geometric threshold method is that it is generally more accurate, while the geometric threshold method is more easily adjustable to fit specific needs. The current HAF algorithm is based on the geometric threshold method. HAF ALGORITHM CALIBRATION ACROSS DIFFERENT HIGHWAY TYPES In order to make the HAF algorithm robust for any type of highways, it needed to be determined how well the HAF algorithm could identify curves and estimate curve parameters across different road types on the UDOT network. In this calibration process, approximately 100 curve segments were randomly selected for each of the six categories used to cover all state highways from the 2012 LiDAR data, which include urban interstates, rural interstates, urban multilane highways, rural multilane highways, urban TLTW highways, and rural TLTW highways. This section briefly presents the process involved in calibrating curve segments and the results of the calibration work. The process included filtering the curve shapefile into separate highway types, randomizing the samples used, and determining what the true curve parameters were from drawing arcs across satellite imagery in AutoCAD. The first step was to narrow down the list of curves that had been identified into a list of roads of a particular type. The original HAF algorithm was programmed for TLTW highways; therefore, it did not have a feature to distinguish between different types of highways. This task was accomplished by using ArcMap’s Select by Attributes function. Other highway types than © ASCE 2 International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. TLTW highways were filtered by using a lanes shapefile from UDOT from which it could be determined whether a facility was multilane or not. Rural and urban areas were analyzed separately. Urban segments were defined as any highway inside the Salt Lake City, Provo-Orem, Cedar City, and St. George metropolitan areas. This was aided by the use of a municipality shapefile from the Utah Automated Geographic Reference Center (AGRC) in which urban cities were selected. Segments within these municipalities were then determined to be urban. Figure 1. Curve Fragment Error A satellite imagery basemap was applied to the ArcMap file from which the location of a particular curve segment could be determined. The corresponding segment was then found in Google Earth through comparing the two images side-by-side. After the location of the curve had been determined through Google Earth, a screenshot was taken and imported into AutoCAD for analysis of the curve. A line was then drawn between the two reference points in AutoCAD for scaling purposes. The distance between the two reference points was measured on Google Earth to find the true distance across the image. Each curve length obtained from AutoCAD would then be multiplied by the distance obtained from Google Earth and divided by the length of the line between the same two points in the pasted image in AutoCAD to determine the scale. After the image had been scaled, a 3-point arc was drawn in AutoCAD. The PC and PT of a curve were matched as closely as possible to the ones identified in ArcMap. Drawing this arc introduced a potential source of human error, as it was difficult to match the exact highway centerline. However, it was judged to be still an accurate method of determining actual curve parameters. Once the arc was drawn, curve length values were obtained from the properties table. These values were then multiplied by the scaling factor obtained earlier to reflect their true measurement. The measured curve length was then compared with the curve length that the HAF algorithm had determined. This section of the paper presents descriptions of errors and results of the calibration work. Descriptions of Errors During the calibration process, six potential errors with the existing HAF algorithm that would be affecting its accuracy were identified. For a detailed discussion of the flow of tasks involved in the HAF algorithm, refer to Saito et al. (2018).The first three deal with curve identification (curve fragment, tangent, and intersection) and the last three deal with issues pertaining to incorrect curve parameters (tangent-curve-tangent, curve length calculation, and © ASCE 3
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