Tài liệu International conference on sustainable infrastructure 2017 policy, finance, and education

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 POLICY, FINANCE, AND EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 > New York, New York > October 26–28, 2017 EDITED BY Lucio Soibelman, Ph.D. Feniosky Peña-Mora, Sc.D. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE 2017 POLICY, FINANCE, AND EDUCATION PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE 2017 October 26–28, 2017 New York, New York SPONSORED BY Committee on Sustainability of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Lucio Soibelman, Ph.D. Feniosky Peña-Mora, Sc.D RESTON, VIRGINIA Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. 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Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481202 Copyright © 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8120-2 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Preface THE CHALLENGE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The 2017 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure focused on developing roadmaps to address the UN Sustainability Goals of developing Sustainable cities and building resilient infrastructure as well as the NAE Grand Challenge to "restore and improve urban infrastructure," all while supporting the ASCE Grand Challenge of "how we can work together towards the shared goal of reducing life cycle costs by 50% by 2025 and foster the optimization of infrastructure for society." THE ASCE The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is respected worldwide for bringing to the forefront new ideas and critical concepts and technical knowledge on subjects of importance to the civil engineering professions and the public and private clients that civil engineers serve. Specialty conferences of the ASCE, such as ICSI2017, bring together, educate and inform the diverse civil engineering community, including practitioners, public and private infrastructure owners, policy makers, researchers, graduates and engineering students. The workshops, keynote lectures, panel discussions and tours broadened our understanding of research underway and best practices in the field. THE CONFERENCE The International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure for an Uncertain World addressed what we know about an uncertain future, and probed the edges of what we do not know. Uncertainty prods engineers to go deeper, seek higher, and initiate research collaborations to assure that the best efforts can be brought together to combat the impact of climate change and energy unpredictability. THE GOALS These proceedings fulfill a primary purpose of the ICSI2017 conference: to assemble, deliver and disseminate a cogent and comprehensive assessment of he current state of sustainable infrastructure in an uncertain world. Local and global decision-making on energy policy, infrastructure maintenance, enhancement and replacement and investments in hydrology and transit were discussed and debated by experts from around the world. Those working to maintain and improve infrastructure performance in a rapidly changing operating environment face difficult and unprecedented challenges pertaining to lack of predictability, both fiscal and political. Civil engineers and allied professionals working for progressive public and private clients are able to take the long view in regards to the systems and public space that helps define the success of world class cities, from New © ASCE iii International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 York to Paris, and Shenzhen to Montreal. To constructively provide infrastructure solutions to emerging needs, and responses that transcend electoral vicissitudes or geographic determinants, a broad, more long-ranging perspective becomes the cornerstone of the civil engineering profession's values and value. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. THE SPEAKERS This conference began with an emphasis on the role of cities and metropolitan areas, with keynote speakers that included some of the most distinguished luminaries from the civil engineering academic and professional communities. They were complemented by two strong and pragmatic voices for grand visions and reinventing the possible: New York City's First Deputy Mayor Anthony Shorris and Paris Deputy Mayor Jean-Louis Missika. THE TECHNICAL SESSIONS The technical sessions address issues of methodology, technology, finance, policy and education while describing case studies, projects, research and lessons learned about sustainability, resilience and social equity. THE PUBLICATION This publication includes all papers presented by the authors in the plenaries, the technical sessions and concurrent poster sessions. The technical papers range from five to twelve pages and describe in significant detail the results and findings from both research and practice-oriented projects of broad interest to the civil engineering community. Case studies are also included. Each of the papers accepted for podium or poster presentation received a detailed review and evaluation by members of the Steering and Advisory Committees. The papers published in this proceeding are organized on 3 main areas: (1) Technology, (2) Policy, Finance, and Education, and (3) Methodology. Acknowledgments The editors of this publication, on behalf of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the ICSI2017 Steering Committee, Advisory Committee and Technical Committee, wish to acknowledge and thank all those who presented from the conference podium or at the poster session. The editors also thank those who served on the conference committees, including those at the NYC Metropolitan Chapter of the ASCE. Reviewing papers, moderating and introducing panel discussions and organizing site visits and tours are often thankless tasks which individually and collectively made this conference possible and these Proceedings a reality. © ASCE iv International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 2017 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure Organizing Committee Conference Chair Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Feniosky Peña-Mora, ScD, FCIOB, NAC Technical Chair/Proceedings Editor Lucio Soibelman, PhD Sponsorship Chair Paul Zofnass Local Organizing Committee Chair Art Alzamora Conference Steering Committee Feniosky Peña-Mora (Chair), Rick Bell, Lucio Soibelman, John Crittenden, Bill Wallace, Doug Sereno, Michel Khouday, Katherine Sierra, Elizabeth Ruedas Conference Advisory Committee Stephen Ayres, Rick Chandler, Kathryn Garcia, Lorraine Grillo, Hank Hatch, Michael Horodniceanu, Bryan Jones, Benjamin Prosky, Vincent Sapienza, Mitchell Silver, Ponisseril Somasondaran, James Starace, Maria Torres-Springer, Polly Trottenberg , Vilas Mujumdar, Richard Anderson Conference Technical Committee Lucio Soibelman (Chair), Samuel Ariaratnam, David Ashley, Patrick Askew, Gina Bocra, Mikhail Chester, Glen Daigger, Cliff Davidson, John DeFlorio, Reginald DesRoches, Christine Flaherty, Jack Fritz, Theresa Harrison, Dan Hoornweg, Arpad Horvath, Beatrice Hunt, Chris Hendrickson, Marie Jean-Louis, Bill Kelly, John Lazzara, Angela Licata, Ray Palmares, Rosa Rijos, Encer Shaffer, Gina Bocra, Marie Jean-Louis, Mikhail Chester, Thewodros Geberemariam © ASCE v International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Becoming Greener in Construction: Overcoming Challenges and Developing Strategies ................................................................................................. 1 Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli Building a Climate Resilient Water and Wastewater Utility in New York City........................................................................................................... 14 Alan Cohn and John Brock Cash Flow Optimization for Construction Portfolios ........................................... 26 A. Samer Ezeldin and Gasser Galal Ali An Assessment of the Coast Guard’s Engineering Operation and Design Decisions in Preparation for Sea Level Rise Due to Climate Change .................. 38 Jason Lassiter and Tripp Shealy Common Attributes for Resilient and Sustainable Cities around the World ......................................................................................................................... 49 Vilas Mujumdar Comparison of Environmental Assessment Methods, LEED for Schools, and AQUA-HQE, Applied in Brazilian Public Schools, from the Perspective of Post-Occupation and Maintenance ................................................ 59 D. Mazieri and L. P. Quinto Jr. Computing with Geospatial Big Data for Coastal Resilience Decision Support ...................................................................................................................... 71 Jie Gong County of Los Angeles Sustainable Infrastructure Management: The Benefits of Taking Envision beyond the Boundary of One Project .............. 77 Youn Sim and Christopher Sheppard Rockaways Boardwalk Reconstruction .................................................................. 85 Jonathan Goldstick, Domenica Stasiak, and Nicholas Cutting Development and Evolution of Urban Infrastructure in Response to Historical Extreme Events ....................................................................................... 96 Samuel A. Markolf and Mikhail Chester © ASCE vi International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Verification of Green Infrastructure Sustainability in the Bluebelt Using Envision ......................................................................................... 106 I. Venner and Sofia Zuberbuhler-Yafar Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Embedding Sustainability into Utilities Projects ................................................. 115 D. G. Abreu, I. Jefferson, N. Metje, and C. D. F. Rogers Envision Sustainability Assessment of Aquapolo Ambiental, an Urban Water Reuse Infrastructure in São Paulo ................................................ 126 Rahissa de Oliveira C. A. Melo and Judith Rodriguez Equality Certification for Real Estate Development ........................................... 138 Jocelyn Drummond, Victoria Lawson, Michael Jacobson, and Marc Shaw Evaluation of Critical Factors for Achieving Quality Housing Delivery within Budget .......................................................................................................... 153 I. J. Akinyede, J. A. Fapohunda, and R. Haldwang Evaluation of Urban Transportation Quality of Service of School Buses for Sustainable Development of Gaborone City, Botswana................................ 165 Tshephang Pitso and Adewole S. Oladele Financing Sustainable Infrastructure: Reconciling Disaster and Traditional Financial Resources ........................................................................... 176 Rae Zimmerman Implementing Envision in the City of Los Angeles, Bureau of Engineering, at a Program Level .......................................................................... 188 Michael Sarullo and Elizabeth Bradford Innovations for Energy Efficiency Retrofitting Financing in Construction Sector: Indian Perspective ..................................................................................... 199 Chaitali Basu, Virendra Kumar Paul, and M. G. Matt Syal Integrated Sustainable Underground Space Development ................................. 211 Diana Diaz, Yun Bai, and Jixiang Chen Integrating Envision Principles in Program Management for Decision Support ..................................................................................................... 223 Elizabeth J. Bradford, Michael J. Sarullo, and Catherine Zammit Using Scenario Planning for Identifying Major Future Trends and Their Implications for State Transportation Agencies .................................................. 237 Hessam Sadatsafavi, Amy Kim, Stuart D. Anderson, and Peter Bishop © ASCE vii International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Los Angeles County: A Business Case for Sustainability ................................... 250 Rossana G. D’Antonio and Youn Sim Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Monetary Valuation of External Impacts of Sustainable Infrastructure Projects: Evaluating Project Alternatives at the Rockaway Wastewater Treatment Plant ...................................................................................................... 257 Andreas Georgoulias, Robert Beinstein, James Mueller, and Norman Bradley New Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure System .................................... 266 Peter J. Muller New York City’s Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Program: Developing a Citywide Plan ................................................................. 277 S. Shree Dorestant, Floren Poliseo, and Pinar Balci Planning for New York City’s Water Supply Resiliency .................................... 285 Sangamithra Iyer and Mark Page Ports in Transition .................................................................................................. 295 W. W. J. Neisingh, P. Taneja, T. Vellinga, and J. G. Verlaan Process Optimization of Program-for-Results Funding Mechanism for Infrastructure Programs ........................................................................................ 307 A. Samer Ezeldin and Kareem E. Zahran Quantifying a Sustainable Return on Investment ............................................... 314 Mackenzie Clark and Christopher Mangieri Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Attributed to the Building Sector in New York City......................................................................................................... 323 John Lee, Carter Strickland, and Jennifer Bienemann Regional Storm Surge Planning for Metro New York/New Jersey ................... 336 Malcolm J. Bowman, Robert Yaro, and William B. Golden Safe-to-Fail Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Phoenix Roadways under Extreme Precipitation ............................................................... 348 Yeowon Kim, Daniel Eisenberg, Emily Bondank, Mikhail Chester, Giuseppe Mascaro, and Shane Underwood Securing the Rights of Pedestrians Is the Key to Smart, Sustainable Cities: A Law and Policy Approach .................................................................................. 354 Girish Agrawal © ASCE viii International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Standardised System Methodology for National and International Identification of Sewer Systems ............................................................................. 367 Alaa Abbas, Felicite Ruddock, Rafid Alkhaddar, Glynn Rothwell, and Robert Andoh Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Strategizing Sustainable Infrastructure Asset Management in Developing Countries ................................................................................................................. 375 Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli Unreliable Sustainable Infrastructure: Three Transformations to Guide Cities towards Becoming Healthy ‘‘Smart Cities’’.............................................. 388 S. Fisher, M. B. Reiner, and J. Sperling New York City Transit: Why Envision? .............................................................. 398 Thomas Abdallah and Yekaterina Aglitsky Sustainable Transport in the Developing World: A Case Study of Bogota’s Mobility Strategy .................................................................................................... 406 William F. Lyons Jr. Teaching Engineering Students about Cognitive Barriers during Design: A Case Study Approach Using the Envision Rating System for Sustainable Infrastructure ..................................................................................... 418 Nathan McWhirter and Tripp Shealy The Extent of Informal Car Share (ICS) in Quito, Ecuador .............................. 432 Vanessa Guerra, Thomas S. Skuzinski, and Tripp Shealy Towards Resilient and Sustainable Floodplains .................................................. 442 Lawrence H. Roth and Jessica J. Ludy Transit Planning and Climate Change: Reducing Rider’s Vulnerability to Heat .......................................................................................................................... 456 Andrew M. Fraser and Mikhail V. Chester Waterfront Edge Design Guidelines (WEDG): LEED for the Waterfront ....... 465 R. Lewis, K. Boicourt, D. Zuk, and D. Prastos © ASCE ix International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Becoming Greener in Construction: Overcoming Challenges and Developing Strategies Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli, Ph.D.1 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. School of Architecture and Construction Management, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Considering the significant impacts of the construction industry on global warming, consuming natural resources, and nonrenewable energy, as well as the generation of pollution and waste, plus its impact on the productivity and health of communities, this industry has a major role in moving towards sustainable development. Despite the growing trend of adapting more sustainable practices in construction, this paradigm-shift is confronting serious challenges for further improvement. The paper first discusses the current trend of sustainable construction and green buildings in the United States. This is followed by presenting the results of a research in which the challenges for further improvement of sustainable construction were investigated. The paper presents these results in four main categories of strategies to overcome the issues driven from: (1) construction management methods and practices, (2) cost-constraints, (3) regulations, and (4) public collaboration. In each category, the recommended policies are presented. The information that the paper provides is a result of extensive research, literature review, and case studies and can be used by the decision makers, construction stakeholders, owners, contractors, and project managers to provide fundamental guidelines, policies, and instructions for modifying and adjusting the existing practices in the construction industry. INTRODUCTION In recent years, promising improvements have occurred regarding sustainable construction (Robichaud et al., 2010). On the other hand, parallel to the considerable growth of sustainable construction practices, environmental concerns are also increasing (Barr at al., 2005) as the pace of moving towards green development seems to be slower than what is required to reverse the negative impacts of development on the environment (Robichaud et al., 2010). Although cost constraints seem to remain as the major challenge in becoming green (Hwang et al., 2012), further research reveals that other than budget, there are major challenges on the path to sustainable construction. Additionally, the existing construction policies and conventional building practices do not seem to be able to address these issues (Oyawa et al., 2004). Based on this, the paper has the following purposes: 1. Investigating the barriers of the green construction 2. Providing strategies to overcome the major challenges of sustainable construction © ASCE 1 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 2 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The Essentiality of Green Construction. In a global scale, the construction industry has significant impacts on: 1) the depletion of natural resources, 2) air and water pollution (Pasquire, 1999), 3) solid waste (Gavilan et al., 1994), 4) deforestation, 5) toxic wastes, 6) health hazards, and 7) global warming (Augenbroe et al., 1998). Based on the report published by the United Nations, (UNEP 2007), the construction industry has the main role in exacerbating environmental issues. This can be explained by considering the share of the built environment on major environmental concerns (Figure 1). Built environment Other Sectors Greenhouse gas emissions (30%) Potable water consumption (12%) Electricity Energy consumption Consumption (70%) (40%) Figure 1. The share of the built environment in four environmental concerns (Data from UNEP 2007) BACKGROUND Sustainable construction concept. Sustainable construction can be defined as a philosophy, which takes the ecological, social and economic issues of a building, in the context of its community, into account (Kibert, 2008). There is not a universally accepted definition for the green buildings (Robichaud et al., 2010). One reason for this is that sustainable construction can have different approaches and priorities in different countries (Bourdeau, 1999). An effective approach towards sustainable construction is the creation and evolution of building assessment tools (Crawley et al., 1999). This approach has been focused in numerous studies during the last decades (Alyami, S. H., & Rezgui, Y., 2012). These tools are either designed to assess or to rate the projects in terms of their impact on the triple bottom line of sustainability. In addition, the assessment tools provide quantitative performance indicators for design alternatives or for determining the performance level of a building (Ding et al., 2008). The current trend of sustainable construction and green buildings. Attempts for mitigating the negative impacts of the construction on the built environment has been rising in recent decades (Holmes et al., 2000; Robichaud et al., 2010). In addition to people and policy makers, building professionals’ interests have also risen to make more sustainable buildings (Rees, 1999). The growth of sustainable construction can be mainly associated to the three following factors. 1. Raising public awareness about the essentiality of moving towards a greener environment with a lower footprint. 2. Preventive pricing policies like increasing the prices of pollutant energies, lowering taxes for projects that implement environmentally friendly practices, etc. © ASCE International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 3 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 3. Regulatory incentives and revising building standards to make them engage in greener construction, as well as making implementation of green standards a requirement for public buildings (Robichaud et al., 2010). Existing barriers to the thriving of the green movement. Despite the considerable achievements in revolutionizing construction industry for a paradigm-shift into taking sustainability practices more seriously, there are still numerous barriers that can discourage the construction industry for further improvement in becoming green. Some of these barriers are explained below: 1. Green construction is commonly considered more expensive than conventional construction. 2. Applying green policies requires knowledge and expertise. 3. Applying green policies will cause constraints in projects design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and demolition. METHODOLOGY: OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION To achieve the goal of maximizing sustainable built environment, major shifts, adjustments and modifications should be made on the conventional methods. Making these changes in an atmosphere where environmental concerns are not necessarily important to all parties and costs and schedule constraints limit decisions is difficult. In addition, these changes cannot be effective if attempts are disconnected (Alarcón, 1997). Figure 2 shows the fundamental modifications required in conventional methods of construction to move towards green construction. Conventional Construction Time Space Cost Decisions are made based on short-term consideration of effects. The building is considered as a separate system. Initial costs have the dominant weight while decision-making. Green Construction Full life cycle assessment is conducted to investigate the impacts. Building’s mutual impacts with the surrounding environment is considered. Environmental costs metrics are important and may dominant monetary concerns. Figure 2. The core elements of the paradigm shift required for accelerating the green construction movement One primary goal of this study is addressing these challenges and providing solutions to overcome them. This part of the research discusses this in four main categories: 1) Challenges in shifting the paradigms in conventional project management practices and adjusting it to implement the sustainable construction policies 2) Challenges to overcome the cost-constraints and the additional initial costs of building green © ASCE International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 3) Challenges related to regulations, standards, and policymaking 4) Challenges for maximizing public awareness and collaboration To overcome the challenges in each of the four categories, strategies and policy recommendations based on research are provided. A- OVERCOMMING THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Project managers have a significant role in facilitating the implementation of sustainable construction practices (Shen et al., 2010). This part of the research explains three major strategies to overcome the managerial challenges throughout the construction process. Selecting the construction manager as an expert in building green. Knowledge and expertise of the construction manager in following sustainability guidelines is a key factor of success in a sustainable construction project. This is more crucial in projects that do not pursue a sustainability certificate, as a list of detailed guidelines to follow is not given to the construction team. • Taking advantage of inexpensive solutions: Not all the practices of sustainable construction require extra budget. If the construction manager is familiar with the methods of increasing sustainability during construction, the project can be built more sustainably without requiring additional budget. As an example, dust and noise control during construction can be done by effective scheduling (avoiding noisy tasks at certain hours) and by taking measures that are not costly. • Managing higher cost-constraint pressure: Another reason that highlights the significance of selecting the right construction manager is that green projects create higher initial costs and it will be harder for the project manager to move the project towards its substantial completion within acceptable budgetary parameters. Conventional ways of selecting the project manager are mainly based on individual’s experience; therefore, the significance of considering the project managers’ knowledge and expertise in green construction is often underestimated. The methods of making this choice should change into selecting construction managers who hold certificates of sustainable construction and have adequate experience and involvement in green projects. Adjusting and modifying conventional construction management practices. Implementing green construction requires different measures regarding feasibility studies, site analysis and selection, budgeting, scheduling, selecting the personnel, bidding, contracting, and inspections. In addition, green construction requires additional technical considerations, choice of materials, restoration and demolition and material waste-management strategies. Implementing all these different practices is hard to apply through the conventional construction management methods and practices. Therefore, one of the major challenges in building green is the shift to new policies, which is required to provide an atmosphere in which all decisions, which are made throughout the design and construction, are based on minimizing the negative environmental impacts and enhancing the health and well-being of occupants and communities. © ASCE 4 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. • • Pursuing Green construction certificates: One effective solution for green construction management, after having a project manager with substantial experience and expertise in sustainable construction, is pursuing different sustainability certificates. These certificates require obtaining certain scores to meet the specified performance in different levels in the project. Scores are defined based on the contribution of different measures to the triple bottom-line of sustainability. This means the higher score a project can get, the more sustainable it is. To achieve these scores, each rating system provides a detailed list of requirements as well as guidelines and instructions, many of which are related to project management. Therefore, by attempting to get these certificates, a project can be placed on the right path, and this will handle a great deal of adjustments on the conventional methods to implement green practices. Maximizing Integration and collaboration: The current atmosphere that exists in many of the construction projects is based on shifting the risks to other parties. This creates a linear, segmented process in which each party attempt to secure its own interests in the project. However, in the collaborative approach, the project is considered as a system in which the success and failure of each of the members is attributed to all the members; decisions are made together and the teams can effectively communicate their concerns to come up with solutions. Project management plays an indispensable role in maximizing the integration that is another required change in traditional managerial aspects of construction projects. Rewarding sustainability in contracting. Another solution to incentivize applying the sustainability practices, is considering bonuses and rewards for projects that implement them. This can be done at different levels, from the rewards that a contractor can set for its sub-contractors, owner for the contractor / consultant, construction manager, or government for owners. The type of rewards will depend on the parties that are involved. At government scale, considering different tax reductions, and facilitating permits are two possible solutions. One successful example of such policies are the rewards that are given to net-zero buildings in the United States. B- OVERCOMMING THE COST-CONSTRAINT CHALLENGES While there is common agreement that implementing sustainable construction policies will create more initial costs (Yudelson, 2008), particularly due to higher green material costs (Kibert, 2008), there are major points which need to be taken into account to explain why building green is not only contributing to the environment but it is can also be cost-effective. Life-cycle energy savings is the common factor that compensates higher initial costs. In addition, green properties are now generating faster sales and leasing compared with conventional building units (Yudelson, 2008). One key challenge regarding willingness to invest more in order to build green is the fact that the benefits of this investment are not equally distributed between the builder and tenants (Yudelson, 2008). The majority of higher costs of green buildings are paid by the developers while the majority of the benefits such as better indoor environment quality and cost savings in energy and water will be for the tenants © ASCE 5 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 6 (Hwangt al., 2012). In this part, key solutions to handle the cost-constraints of sustainable construction are discussed. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Preparing cost-saving reports for the developers. To most project owners, higher initial costs is the major barrier of deciding to become green. It is hard to convince project owners, especially in private projects, to spend more for the sake of the environment. Raising awareness about the importance of considering life-cycle cost rather than the initial costs only, is a key factor in motivating investors to decide to become green. A 2007 public opinion survey conducted by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development found that respondents believed, on average, that green features added 17% to the cost of a building, whereas a study of 146 green buildings found an actual average marginal cost of less than 2%.(Figure 3). Costs Benefits Figure 3. Costs vs. benefits of green buildings (data from USGBC 2006-2007) It is crucial to keep in mind that for most developers reducing the initial costs is more important than reducing operational costs. However, having a clear vision of savings due to implementing green building strategies is a key factor of motivating developers. The role of designers and construction managers in making this happen is crucial. One recommended strategy is preparing different scenarios of the level of becoming green and a reliable estimation of expected savings resulting from implementing each scenario. Since monetary incentives act stronger, the developers are more likely to be willing to accept more initial costs if they precisely know that these investments will be returned to them. In addition, investors may have false judgments while estimating the additional costs of green construction. Table 1 shows the premium cost of green building stays as low as 7% for the highest standards of green construction. Also, for a level-1 level of certification, this amount is less than 1%. Level of certification Premium Costs 1 (Certified) 2 (Silver) 3 (Gold) 4 (Platinum) 0.66% 2.11% 1.82% 6.50% Table 1. Premium costs of green buildings (offices and schools), Data obtained from USGBC Discussing the costs and benefits collaboratively. A common issue, which has been detected as the key root of many problems during design and construction, is the lack of effective communications and cross-team interactions. Lack of effective communication causes the involved experts to use their own tools, protocol, and industry standards for making decisions (Sappe 2007). © ASCE International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The project is only successful in achieving the common goal of implementing sustainable strategies if the whole construction team contribute and collaborate together to make this happen. This requires effective communication between team members and making decisions in a way that the projects remain on the path of moving towards sustainability throughout its duration. In other words, the decisions and actions of different experts and personnel should not deviate the project from this path, or lessen, or neutralize the effect of others’ attempts. Effective communication is essential while forming a holistic view of the initial and operational costs for the project. The tendency of sub-contractors for getting things done more rapidly can affect the quality of this communication. Without having a professional expert on the team who can facilitate this communication and who can integrate experts to provide operational cost estimations under different scenarios, especially in upfront planning, an effective decision-making regarding costs is hard to achieve. C- OVERCOMING THE REGULATORY CHALLENGES There are two main reasons while effective regulations are essential for the success of the sustainable construction: 1) Sustainable construction is fairly a new philosophy and as it evolves, the regulations should be completed and enhanced to fill the existing gaps and strengthen the green movement. 2) Minimizing the impacts of the built environment, in many cases, cannot serve as a substantial incentive, for the investors and considering the essentiality of pushing the green movement forward, it is required that implementing its fundamental practices be enforced. What follows are some of the major policies that are recommended regarding regulating sustainable construction. Establishing common definitions for sustainability and quantifiable indicators for assessment. Although the interpretations of the common terms in sustainable construction such as ‘green/ efficient building’ are similar, there is not a unique, commonly accepted definition for green building (Robichaud et al., 2010) which communicates the same concept. This is a challenge for extending the philosophy of building green. Similarly, without having precise change indicators, framework, and performance measurement tools, tracking and following sustainability goals in construction would be difficult, and affected by individual interests. To overcome this problem, construction rules, codes and regulations should be extended to cover the fundamental issues in sustainability. The indicators and composite indicators are useful tools for policymaking in fields such as environment, economy, society, or technological development (Singh et al., 2009). Quantifiable indicators make it possible to summarize, focus, simplify, quantify, analyze, communicate, and condense the enormous complexity of our dynamic environment to a manageable amount of meaningful information (Godfrey and Todd, 2001). In the course of time, these rules can be expanded to cover more details to facilitate measuring the performance. © ASCE 7 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Realistic expectations in modifying traditional project management practices. To overcome the technical constraints of implementing green construction, it is crucial to keep in mind that the new standards are more successfully adapted when they can be more easily connected to the conventional methods. In other words, this transition should occur based on making adjustments on conventional methods rather than introducing new methods and techniques. In addition, impractical expectations and strict standards in making this transition happen, will have a defying effect in this paradigm shift. Complex legislation which exits in green building codes and regulations that can discourage developers is a major hindrance (after extra-costs) to decide for voluntarily follow sustainable construction practices and green building codes. (Hwangt al., 2012; Architecture Week, 2001). Therefore, before adding new regulations checking their practicality through checking the feedback from actual projects is required. Rising sustainability standards for public projects. Motivating implementation of green practices in public projects has the following advantages: • Public projects commonly deal with fewer financial constraints; this makes it possible to consider higher levels of sustainability, which can be more costly, such as rainwater storage facilities, and net zero buildings by having solar panels and living buildings. This opportunity can motivate other investors to have higher expectations regarding sustainable construction and green buildings. • Commonly, large number of people use public buildings on a daily basis. This provides a chance for introducing and advertising green building to individuals as during their visit, they can experience the differences of green buildings with regular ones, particularly with regard to higher levels of thermal comfort, larger green space, more vitality, less absenteeism, and taking advantage of natural lighting. This can motivate more developers to decide to become green. Promoting prefabricated construction. Off-site production of the building parts, will lead to less material wastes, higher quality and quicker construction (Yee, 2001). Lower generation of waste alone, is a significant incentive considering the depletion of raw materials resources and concerns about handling the large amounts of construction wastes (Tam et al., 2007). The sustainability advantages of pre-fabricated construction are shown in Figure 4 (data from Jaillon et al., 2008). These advantages explain why it is essential to promote prefabricated construction through regulations. © ASCE 8 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Environmental Social Economical •Lower waste of materials •Lower transportation pollution •Lower generation of on-site pollution •Lower impacts on surrounding environment (shortening the time of the negative impacts) •Higher aesthetic quality •Lower risk of accidents during construction •Higher quality of control •Shortening exposure to noise, dust, and disturbances •Lower overall project costs •Easier maintenance •Lower material costs •Lower labor costs Figure 4. The advantages of prefabricated-construction on Sustainability More stringent standards for construction materials manufacturers. Environmentally-friendly construction materials should meet certain requirements in extraction of the raw materials, process, shipment, and recycling (Tafazzoli, 2016). These restrictions generally cause higher expenses for the manufacturers and will result in higher costs for their products. As explained above, owners and contractors consider a higher priority for cutting the costs than handling environmental concerns while choosing the materials. In this situation, environmentally friendly construction materials will not be preferred to other materials, which are commonly less costly. This will have a negative effect on encouraging manufacturers to follow the environmental restriction unless they have to do so. Based on this, regulating the standards seem to be the solution. One important consideration regarding regulating the environmental standards is the evolutionary approach to move towards more stringent and comprehensive standards for the manufacturing of materials, to the extent, which is practical for the market. In this approach, the required standards can be pursued at several stages to allow sufficient time for the market to adapt the new standards. The approach should move towards more stringent standards that can address the material consumption impacts more comprehensively. Making implementation of practices financially sense. McGraw-Hill Construction conducted a research in 2006, between 400,000 architects, engineers, and contractors to investigate the top incentives for them to choose green construction. The results revealed that the major incentive was reducing energy costs. In fact, this financial concern were found to be more than twice as important for the contractors (54%) compared with their environmental concerns (24%). Although environmental concerns are serious, practically, most communities do not seem to be willing to spend more money in favor of making greener buildings. In fact, monetary factors still are dominant while making decisions in the construction industry. While setting standards for green construction, it should be considered that standards that are costly to follow, are less probable to be adapted. Therefore, while making these standards, a precise cost-benefit analysis should © ASCE 9 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017 be performed to find ways to facilitate implementing the green policies with lower costs. In addition, research and development for innovative materials and technologies that can decrease the current costs of green construction, should be supported by the policymakers. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. D- OVERCOMING THE PUBLIC COLLABORATION CHALLENGES Sustainable development encompasses various modifications in the conventional ways we think, and make decisions in a way that the impacts of our choices are taken into consideration. Considering the difficulty of changing habits, to maximize public collaboration there are certain measures that should be taken. This is explained in the following. Constant raising of public awareness. A key-factor for maximizing collaboration with regard to attempting for sustainable development is a constant policy of explaining the essentiality of becoming green to the public. This can be done by clarifying the severity of consequences if sustainable policies are not implemented. Furthermore, public awareness should be raised about the impacts of the built environment and human activities on eco-systems. The jeopardy of the global warming and its catastrophic impacts for the next generations is still not understood adequately. Some of the other major information that should be developed in communities about sustainability are the following: • Energy and water saving policies in buildings • Restoring, reusing and rehabilitating buildings instead of demolition them and recycling wastes • Giving priority to environmentally friendly construction materials Another major awareness that should be provided to the public is clarifying the costs of building green to correct the common wrong belief that green construction is costly. Research indicates that greening project management practices can add significant value to a sustainable construction project while delivering it within acceptable cost constraints (Robichaud et al., 1998). The facts regarding the costeffectiveness of many green buildings or their marginal additional initial costs, as well as their benefits for owners and occupants, should be effectively explained to the public. Facilitating training and learning of green practices. The success of sustainability is dependent on how institutions of higher learning respond to the ideas generated because of widespread interest in sustainable development (Augenbroe et al., 1998). Implementation of green practices needs expertise. Facilitating acquiring this expertise is another key-element of becoming green. As the number of individuals who are familiar with sustainable construction increases, collaboration and communication between them can happen more easily and smoothly, individuals will learn how to perform their part rather than having to follow some instructions only. This education and training can be done at different levels. Form university courses for construction education, to required non-academic courses to small workshops for a construction team. The important thing to remember is making this education constant in the attempt to maintain continuous learning. © ASCE 10