Tài liệu International collaboration in lifeline earthquake engineering 2016

d from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all right Infrastructure Resilience Publication No. 1 International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 Proceedings of the Seventh China-Japan-US Trilateral Symposium on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Shanghai, China • June 1–4, 2016 Edited by Craig Davis, Jie Li, Masakatsu Miyajima, Liping Yan, Xiaoqiu Ai, and Haizhong Wang Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. INFRASTRUCTURE RESILIENCE PUBLICATION NO. 1 INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION IN LIFELINE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 2016 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH CHINA-JAPAN-US TRILATERAL SYMPOSIUM ON LIFELINE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING June 1–4, 2016 Shanghai, China SPONSORED BY Shanghai Institute of Disaster Prevention and Relief Tongji University Beijing University of Technology International Society of Lifeline and Infrastructures Earthquake Engineering Kanazawa University Lifeline Network (LiNK) Japan Ductile Iron Pipe Association Infrastructure Resilience Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Craig Davis Jie Li Masakatsu Miyajima Liping Yan Xiaoqiu Ai Haizhong Wang Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 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Front cover: Professor Michael O’Rourke International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The Seventh China-Japan-US Trilateral Symposium on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (Symposium) was held in Shanghai, China from June 1 to 4, 2016. The Symposium attracted over 83 attendees, many of whom were students, consisting of 10 delegates representing the United States, 13 from Japan, and more than 60 from China. This Symposium included participants from three additional countries - New Zealand, Turkey, and Canada. The Shanghai Institute of Disaster Prevention and Relief, Tongji University, Shanghai, China served as primary organizer and hosted this Symposium and co-organized in collaboration with The International Society of Lifeline and Infrastructure Earthquake Engineering (ISLIEE), Kanazawa University, Japan, and the American Society of Civil Engineers Infrastructure Resilience Division (IRD), USA. Prof. Jie Li of Tongji University took the role of chief organizer, and Prof. Masakatsu Miyajima of Kanazawa University and Dr. Craig A. Davis of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power served as coordinators for Japan and US, respectively. Prof. Xiuli Du of Beijing University of Technology served as coordinator for ISLIEE. This Symposium was organized in cooperation with the Shanghai Institute of Disaster Prevention and Relief, China, Tongji University; Shanghai, China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China; ISLIEE; Kanazawa University, Japan; Lifeline Network Kansai (LiNK) Japan; Japan Ductile Iron Pipe Association; and the American Society of Civil Engineers IRD, US. The first China-Japan Symposium on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering was held in 1990 at Beijing, China on the cooperative research between the Central Research Institute of Building and Construction in China and Kobe University in Japan containing wider researchers and engineers in China and Japan who were interested in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering. The second as a trilateral Symposium of China, Japan, and US joint programs was held in 1994 at Xi’an, China under the official US-China protocol program on cooperative earthquake engineering studies. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth Symposiums were held in 1998 at Kunming, 2002 at Qingdao, 2007 at Haikou, China, and 2013 at Chengdu, China, respectively. The objective of this seventh Symposium was to provide a forum for professional lifeline earthquake engineers and researchers in China, Japan, United States, and elsewhere for mutual exchange of recent results of main investigations on lifeline earthquake engineering, including water, wastewater, gas and liquid fuels, electric power, telecommunication, and transportation systems. Transportation includes roads and highways, ports (sea and air) and harbors, rail, and other transport systems and critical components in which communities are dependent upon. Recent severe earthquakes including 2008 China, 2009 Indonesia, 2010 Haiti, 2010 Chile, 2010-2011 New Zealand sequence, the 2011 and 2016 Japan, and 2015 Nepal earthquakes caused not only the direct losses of damaged lifeline facilities, but also severe indirect losses and community impacts caused by the interruption and long-term restoration of lifeline system functions. Seismic resilience incorporates the systemic loss and temporal recovery and is therefore a very important issue for managing community impacts and the physical and functional damages related to lifelines. The issue of seismic resilience for lifelines was emphasized in this seventh Symposium. © ASCE iii International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. In the Symposium, three keynote lectures, six invited presentations, and 82 technical papers were presented. The keynote lectures were given by Professor Shiro Takada, Professor Emeritus, Kobe University, Professor Jean-Pierre Bardet, Dean of the College of Engineering University of Miami, and Prof. Hong-Nan Li, Chair Professor of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. The invited presentations were given by Professor Hui Li, Harbin Institute of Technology, Professor Yasuko Kuwata, Kobe University, Professor Yoshihisa Maruyama, Chiba University, Professor Jianwen Liang, Tianjin University, Alex Tang, President, L&T Consulting, and Dr. Endi Zhai Chief Engineer for Civil Works and Director of Chief Engineer's Office, China Three Gorges Corporation. Many papers were presented by younger practitioners, researchers, and students, showing how interest in lifeline earthquake engineering practice and research continues to grow. These proceedings contain 77 papers, including those presented at the Symposium. The papers cover a wide variety of topics relevant to lifeline earthquake engineering including: seismicity, ground motions, and site effects; seismic performance, modeling, evaluation, and design of water supply, sewage, electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, and transportation systems and their components; seismic reliability and post-earthquake serviceability, recovery and resilience of lifeline systems; lifeline interactions; tunnels and underground structures; geotechnical and structural earthquake behavior related to lifelines; seismic testing and analysis for lifeline components and foundations (e.g., pipes, bridges, etc.); tsunami impacts, and a special session on bridge impact loads. The purpose of these proceedings is to publish the high quality work that is being undertaken internationally in lifeline earthquake engineering and presented at the Symposium. The papers were first intended to initiate and foster discussion and intellectual exchange during the Symposium. Following the Symposium these proceedings are intended to make the papers available to others. This is the second time the proceedings from this series of lifeline earthquake engineering Symposiums has been formally published and engineering indexed. To ensure high caliber papers, each paper submitted underwent a stringent review for technical, grammatical, and format aspects. Each paper underwent at least two levels of review. The papers were screened by members of the Technical Committee from their respective countries to ensure each was original, pertinent to the Symposium, understandable and written in good English, and had good technical quality providing an important contribution to lifeline earthquake engineering. The papers from China were also reviewed and edited by English language technical editors. The resulting works provided a high quality experience for Symposium attendees and helped foster a good discussion and exchange of practice, experiment, and theoretical knowledge. The ISLIEE was formed to enhance the international collaboration and development in lifeline and infrastructure engineering research and practice, including the coordination of this series of symposiums. The eighth symposium is currently being planned for 2018 at Shenyang Jianzhu University, China. The eighth symposium will encourage greater participation from other countries and younger members. This is intended to enhance the international collaboration and development in lifeline and infrastructure engineering research and practice. © ASCE iv International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 The contributions of numerous individuals and participants from the participating countries are acknowledged. The outstanding efforts of Dr. Xiaoqiu Ai of Tongji University, for performing the primary coordinating duties and accomplishing successful Symposium are gratefully acknowledged. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Editors Craig A. Davis Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Jie Li Tongji University Masakatsu Miyajima Kanazawa University Liping Yan Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Xiaoqiu Ai Tongji University Haizhong Wang Oregon State University June 2016 © ASCE v International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Bridge Analysis Numerical Synthesis Method of Ground Motions for Seismic Design of Near-Fault Bridge Engineering ....................................................................................................1 Shuanglan Wu, Bhuddarak Charatpangoon, and Junji Kiyono Bridge Collision Evaluation of Large-Scale Composite Bumper System for Bridge Piers .................................9 Lu Zhu, Hai Fang, and Weiqing Liu Index of Bending Performance for RC Columns under Impact Loadings ............................14 Yanchen Song, Junjie Wang, and Junsheng Su Research on the Reasonable Stiffness of Bridge Anti-Collision Devices ................................22 Bo Geng, Songlin Li, and Zhi Zheng Simplified Impact Force Time History Model of Barge Pier Collisions .................................30 Haijiao Yin and Junjie Wang Finite Element Analysis of the Nonlinear Collision between 300k DWT VLCC and Bridge Pier ................................................................................................................38 Zhen-Biao Hu, Ke-Cheng Zhang, Yao-Hua Fu, and Yun-Long Jin Experimental Study on the Behavior of Hot-Rolled Square Tubular T-Joints under Impact Loadings ................................................................................................45 Pengfei Cui, Fan Chen, Yanzhi Liu, and Jingsi Huo Time Variation Characteristics of Impact Force in Collision of Heavy Vehicle to the Bridge Pier............................................................................................................53 Jiang Qian, Juan Wang, Wuchao Zhao, and Deyuan Zhou Design Method of Steel Plate-Rubber Energy Absorption Ring .............................................60 Lingfeng Tu, Junjie Wang, Zheng Zhu, and Yanchen Song Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Impact-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams ........................................................................................................69 Hanqing Liu, Kaiying Hu, Jingsi Huo, and Yanzhi Liu Bridges Fiber-Based Damage Analysis of Circular RC Bridge Columns.............................................77 Junsheng Su and Junjie Wang © ASCE vi International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Seismic Response Analysis of High-Speed Operating Train-Bridge Coupling System...........................................................................................................................84 E. D. Guo, S. J. Liang, Z. Liu, and H. X. Li Multiple Hazard Bridge Design ..................................................................................................92 De-Zhang Sun, Xu Wang, Si-Han Li, Bai-Tao Sun, Huan-Zhen Lei, and Ren-Peng Zhang Seismic Response Analysis of Yokohama-Bay Bridge Considering Pounding between Wind-Tongue and Wind-Shoe and Safety Evaluation during the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake ........................................................................99 T. Takeda, T. Mizutani, T. Nagayama, and Y. Fujino Effectiveness of Rubber Cushion to Mitigate Pounding between Girders and Blocks of Curved Bridge Subjected to Strong Ground Motion .......................107 Bo Song, Jing-Xia Cheng, and Yan-Xu Wang The Earthquake Response Analysis of the Niulanjiang Bridge during the 2014 Ludian Earthquake in China ........................................................................115 Yong Huang, Liang Zhang, Haidong Qiao, Rui Li, and Weijie Le Influence of Pounding on the Girder Unseating Potential of Skewed Bridges ....................122 C. Kun and N. Chouw Study on Seismic Alarm Threshold Value for High Speed Train on Bridge Considering Train-Bridge Coupling Effect ................................................................128 Z. Liu, H. Jiang, and E. D. Guo Study on Dynamic Response Characteristics of a Bridge in Beijing.....................................136 Fei Wang, Hongkui Ge, and Xiandong Kang Routine Health Monitoring of a Long-Span Suspension Bridge Based on Strong Motion Monitoring System......................................................................................143 J. J. Zhu, L. X. Wang, and X. R. Zhao Field Testing and Analysis of a Maglev Guideway PC Girder with Unbonded Post-Tensioning Curvilinear Tendons ..................................................................150 S. J. Chen, S. Z. Li, W. J. Sun, and Y. Zhang Seismic Damage Analysis of Concrete Girder Bridges Subjected to Near-Fault Ground Motions .....................................................................................................158 Ying Zhang, Guangjun Sun, and Hongjing Li Correlation Definition of Bridge Seismic Performance by Numerical Approach ....................................................................................................................................165 Jianjun Qin and Yao Liu © ASCE vii International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Buried Reservoirs Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. A Centrifuge Study: Influence of Site Response on the Seismic Performance of Buried Reservoir Structures..........................................................................171 A. Hushmand, S. Dashti, and C. Davis Communications Study on the Whiplash Effect of Communication Tower Fixed on the Top of Buildings ...................................................................................................................178 A. W. Liu, Y. D. Wang, and B. W. Hou Cooling Towers Study on the Application of Base Isolation for the Ultra Large Cooling Tower Structure .........................................................................................................................186 Yongbin Liu, Guofang Zeng, Junwu Dai, and Yongqiang Yang Damping Equipment Experimental Studies of the Mechanism of Particle Dampers Based on an SDOF Structure under Harmonic Excitation ...............................................................194 Jin Wang, Weiming Yan, and Weibing Xu Electric Power Seismic Damage Investigation and Analysis of Electric Power System in Nepal Ms 8.1 Earthquake .....................................................................................................201 Jin-Long Liu and Yong Huang Seismic Fragility of Power Distribution Systems ....................................................................212 John Eidinger, Alex K. Tang, Eric Fujisaki, Joseph Sun, and Raymond Trinh Electrical Equipment Seismic Protection of Porcelain Cylindrical Electrical Equipment Based on MTMD ........................................................................................................................219 Wen Bai, Junwu Dai, Xiaoqing Ning, and Huimeng Zhou Energy and Power Systems Assessment of Tsunami Inundation Exposure of Energy-Related Base Facilities Caused by Anticipated Nankai Megathrust Earthquakes ............................226 N. Nojima and H. Kato Effect of Initial Geometrical Imperfections on Buckling Strength and Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Tower ................................................................................234 Nu Nu Lwin and Bo Song © ASCE viii International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Dynamic Nonlinear Time-History Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant under Near-Fault Ground Motion with Velocity Pulse ..........................................................242 Qiumei He, Xiaojun Li, Yaqi Li, Aiwen Liu, and Jiangwei Zhang Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Interdependencies Lifeline Interrelation during the Tohoku Earthquake: Analysis through Text Mining..................................................................................................................250 Yasuko Kuwata Isolation Systems Parameters Optimization and Energy Analysis of Inter-Story Isolation System .........................................................................................................................257 Xiangxiu Li, Ping Tan, Xiaojun Li, and Aiwen Liu Liquefaction The Development of Software for Deterministic Assessment of Seismic Soil Liquefaction ..........................................................................................................265 Su Chen, Baizan Tang, and Xiaojun Li Oil and Gas Rapid Seismic Disaster Assessment of Oil and Gas Pipeline Based on the Shakemap ........................................................................................................................272 A. W. Liu, B. W. Hou, J. Liu, and Y. D. Wang Pavement Numerical Simulation on the Composited Pavement Slab Subjected to Multiple Drop Weight Impact ..............................................................................................278 Jun Wu, Liang Li, and Xiuli Du Pile Foundations An Investigation on the Parameter Study of Soil-Pile Spring Model of Seismic Bridge ........................................................................................................................284 Hao Gao and Junjie Wang Effect of Pile Diameter on the Seismic Performance of Pile Foundation .............................293 Ning Wang, Ahmed Elgamal, Xiaojun Li, and Jinchi Lu Pipeline Networks Seismic Reliability Evaluation of Pipeline Networks under Spatially Correlated Ground Motions .....................................................................................................301 Benwei Hou, Na Yang, Xiaojun Li, Xiuli Du, and Aiwen Liu © ASCE ix International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Pipelines Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Experimental Study on Dynamic Soil Friction along a Buried Pipe .....................................309 Tomoaki Hirayama, Yasuko Kuwata, Tomoki Inase, and Sumio Sawada Seismic Analysis and Test of Bracings Used in Piping Systems ............................................316 Xiaoqing Ning, Junwu Dai, and Duozhi Wang Characteristics of Pipeline Damages in the 2014 Northern Nagano Prefecture Earthquake in Japan ..............................................................................................322 Mitsuo Hayashi, Keita Oda, and Masakatsu Miyajima Ultimate Soil Bearing Capacity of Buried Pipeline-Silt Clay Lateral Interaction ..................................................................................................................................331 Li-Yun Li, Xiao Zuo, Jin-Long Li, Xin-Lei Sha, Zi-Lan Zhong, and Xiu-Li Du Research on Accidents of Urban Underground Pipelines from 2000 to 2014 in China .........................................................................................................................338 Heyun Zhu and Qunfang Hu Traveling Wave Effect Analysis of Long-Span Suspension Cable Pipeline Aerial Crossing Structure Based on Capacity to Demand Ratio ............................345 K. Yan, L. X. Wang, H. Jiang, and J. J. Zhu The Seismic Response Test of a Buried Pipe Network Subjected to Artificial Earthquake Produced by Multi-Millisecond Blasting ...........................................352 Huiquan Miao, Wei Liu, Chuang Wang, and Jie Li The Performance of Thames Water Pipeline at the Kullar Fault Crossing .........................359 E. Uckan, E. S. Kaya, M. O’Rourke, F. Cakir, and B. Akbas Post-Earthquake Flooding Cause of Residual Flooding after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami ...............................................................................................................................366 C. A. Davis Railways Study on the Influence of Rainfall Condition on the Stability of Railway Slope ............................................................................................................................................374 Bo Song and Xiao-Min Hao Roadways Shaking Table Tests on a Deformation Mitigation Method for Road Embankment during Liquefaction by Using Gravel and Geosynthetics ..............................384 Masaho Yoshida, Ryo Hashimoto, and Yoshinao Kurachi © ASCE x International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Seismic and Strong Ground Motions Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Random Model of Earthquake Ground Motion for Engineering Site Basing on Stochastic Physical Process .....................................................................................390 X. Q. Ai and J. Li Effects of Near-Fault Ground Motions on a Large Underground Rock Cavern: A Case Study ...............................................................................................................396 Zhen Cui and Qian Sheng Practical Simulation Method of Non-Stationary Earthquake Ground Motion Based on Frequency-Dependent Amplitude Envelope Function .............................405 Guoyan Qu, Xiabo Liu, and Ruifang Yu Simulation of Significant Duration of Near-Field Earthquakes in Kyushu, Japan, 1997, MJMA6.5 by Empirical Green Function Method ...............................412 Zongchao Li, Xueliang Chen, and Mengtan Gao Studying Yuxi Basin’s Amplification Effect on Long-Period Ground Motion by Numerical Simulation Method ...............................................................................419 Changhua Fu and Mengtan Gao Coherency of Synthetic Earthquake Ground Motion for the Design of Long Structures: Effect of Site Conditions ..............................................................................427 Maria I. Todorovska, Haiping Ding, and Mihailo D. Trifunac Study on the Earthquake Catalogue and the Seismicity of North China, Mongolia, and Adjacent Areas .....................................................................................435 G. Y. Xu, S. Y. Wang, A. J. Gao, and S. Demberel Research on Earthquake and Wave Simultaneously Induced Pore Pressure in Seabed .....................................................................................................................442 Hao Xiong, Kai Zhao, and Guoxing Chen Structural Analysis Validation of the Modified Irregular Unloading-Reloading Rules Based on Davidenkov Skeleton Curve and the Implementation in ABAQUS Software.....................................................................................................................449 Dingfeng Zhao, Bin Ruan, and Guoxing Chen Subways Monitoring of Los Angeles Metro Red Line Subway: Earthquake Response Adjacent to Deep Excavation ...................................................................................456 Martin B. Hudson and Marshall Lew © ASCE xi International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Subway Stations Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Numerical Simulation on Seismic Behavior of Variable Cross-Section Subway Station Structure in Complex Geological Ground ...................................................464 Baizan Tang, Su Chen, Xiaojun Li, Aiwen Liu, and Guoxing Chen Telecommunications Opportunities of Achieving Telecommunication Lifeline Systems Resilience ....................................................................................................................................471 Alex K. Tang Transportation Estimation of the Restoration Time of Expressways following Recent Earthquakes in Japan ................................................................................................................478 Yoshihisa Maruyama and Kohei Uehara Post-Earthquake Performance Assessment of Highway Networks Based on Monte Carlo Simulation............................................................................................485 Benwei Hou, Xiaojun Li, Aiwen Liu, Xiuli Du, and Qiang Han Methodology for Seismic Risk Assessment of Urban Transportation Networks .....................................................................................................................................493 Riqing Lan, Xiaojun Li, Yushi Wang, and Zhenghui Xiong Post-Disaster Mobility in Disrupted Transportation Network: Case Study of Portland, Oregon ........................................................................................................501 Shangjia Dong, Alireza Mostafizi, Haizhong Wang, and Peter Bosa Tunnels Numerical Simulation Analysis of Immersed Tunnel-Joints-Soil .........................................508 Hongjuan Chen, Xiaojun Li, Weiming Yan, Shicai Chen, and Xueming Zhang Analysis of the Risk by Long-Term Settlement for Double-Line Cross-River Shield Tunnels—Take the Tunnel through Qiantang River as an Example ..................................................................................................................514 Yongmei Zhai, Senlon Zen, and Zhigang Cui Water Systems Water Tank Damage Survey and Analysis of Relationship with Strong Ground Motions in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake ....................................521 R. Inoue, F. Sakai, and S. Omine © ASCE xii International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Emergency Assessment Method for Earthquake Damage to Water Supply Pipeline Network ...........................................................................................................528 E. D. Guo, T. Y. Yu, R. Q. Zou, Q. Li, and C. X. Mao Acoustic Emission (AE) Based Leak Detection of Water Distribution Pipeline Subject to Failure of Socket Joint Using Logistic Regression Algorithm ....................................................................................................................................536 G. Q. Zhou and S. Z. Li A Simplified Seismic Design Method of Water Lifelines in Developing Countries.....................................................................................................................................543 Khin Aye Mon, T. Koike, G. Nishikawa, L. E. Garciano, and J. Kiyono Damage Analysis of Water Supply System in Heavy Rain Disasters ....................................550 N. Iwamoto and M. Miyajima Study on Abrupt Decrease of Water Pressure in Drinking Water System Just after Earthquake...................................................................................................558 Akihisa Ishida, Masakatsu Miyajima, and Mitsuyasu Tamase Wave Propagation Implementation of Transmitting Boundary Condition in the Spectral Element Analysis of Seismic Wave Propagation .....................................................................565 Haojie Xing and Hongjing Li © ASCE xiii International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 1 Numerical Synthesis Method of Ground Motions for Seismic Design of Near-Fault Bridge Engineering 1 2 Shuanglan Wu ; Bhuddarak Charatpangoon ; and Junji Kiyono 3 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 1 Earthquake and Lifeline Laboratory, Dept. of Urban Management, Kyoto Univ., C1-2-146, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, P.O. Box 615-8540. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai Univ., 239, Huay Kaew Rd., Muang District, Chiang Mai, P.O. Box 50200. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto Univ., C1-2-137, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, P.O. Box 615-8540. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Spatially extended long-span bridges, which crossing an active fault or located near fault area are subjected to both static step-like deformation and dynamic ground motions. Due to there are lack of near-fault recordings, numerical simulations of near fault time-histories are required. This paper proposes a hybrid synthesis method combining the modified statistical Green’s function and theoretical Green’s function. It considers both the dynamic vibration and static terms (namely permanent displacement) of the near-fault strong ground motion, also the simulation simply considered the complete seismic waveforms including the near-, intermediate-, and farfield terms. Then by this synthesis method, near-fault ground motions are calculated as the input time-histories to analyze seismic response of a simple bridge. The results well showed the applicable of this method provides a useful reference for seismic design guidelines for near-fault bridge engineering. INTRODUCTION At recent decades, a number of significant inland earthquakes tragically occurred successively, such as the 1994 Northridge, California, the 1995 Kobe, Japan, 1999 Jiji, Taiwan earthquakes, and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. These seismic events had devastating effects on urban infrastructures, especially the fault cross the bridge or very near the bridges. For example, during the 1999 Jiji earthquake, Taiwan, the strong earthquake induced the surface rupturing in horizontal and vertical direction of 3~9m, and caused large collapse and failure in the near-fault or the faulting crossing bridges as the Fig. 1 (Yingxin, H. et al., 2014) showing. As for the near-fault ground motion, it features the fling effects and the impulsive in velocity, and the fling-containing time histories are required when conducting dynamic time-history analysis for bridge engineering located in proximity to potential faults (typically up to 15-20 km) (Kamai, R., et al. 2014), to properly account for the near-source ground motions containing near-source effects. While up to date, the effects of near-fault ground motion on structures were underestimated, and very few studies have addressed this problem. A rational seismic design philosophy for bridges crossing active faults or located near the fault has not been established yet. Also due to there are very few existing earthquake records that contain fling effects, the numerical techniques generating reliable ground motions appropriate for the engineering to design spatially extended structures is required. Thus, in this paper, it proposed a simple synthesis hybrid method combining the statistical Green’s function and theoretical Green’s function for simulating the near-fault ground displacements. © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Figure 1. The destructive and collapse of bridges near-source (Yingxin, H. et al. 2014) SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE OF NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTION As Mavroeidis, G. P. (2003) mentioned, an estimate of static, dynamic and total permanent displacements are required in the near-fault ground motions to decouple permanent-translation pulse from directivity pulse. In terms of the simulated time histories, a broad range of fault types (e.g. strike-slip, normal or reverse faulting), to characterize motions is highly required, as well as variable slip and full kinematic description of the rupture process. Thus, the ground motions of short distance to source cannot be neglected. We here proposed a hybrid method that combines modified statistical Green’s function dynamic and theoretical Green’s function for calculating the dynamic and static terms, respectively, to simulate the near-fault strong ground motions. Modified statistical Green’s function: The basic idea of the statistical Green’s function method is: a large earthquake is composed of a series of small earthquakes; records of small earthquakes or statistically calculated small earthquakes are selected properly as ground response caused by small areal sources, namely statistical or empirical Green’s functions which are then overlaid by specified cracking ways to obtain the time-history curve of large earthquake. And Eq. (1) listed the main procedure, and more details can be checked in papers Irikura, K. (1983), Kamae et al. (1991), and Irikura, K. and Miyake, H. (from web site: http://kojiroirikura.jp/pdf/Workshop_irikura.pdf.), (Irikura 1986) and Fig. 2. Even if the distance to fault is very short, the dynamic ground motion can be calculated by superposing small element waveforms. As the original statistical Green’s function method, proposed by Kamae et al. (1991), in which only the far-field S-waves from the stochastic point source (Boore 1983) are superposed on an extended fault plane using the empirical Green’s function technique (Irikura 1986). While, in this paper, in order to introduce the near-, intermediate-, and far-filed waves to obtain the complete waveforms of near-fault ground motions, based on the method proposed by Astushi. N. (2006), the conventional stochastic Green’s function method, through using the ration of Fourier transform of total wave, is applied for calculating the dynamic terms. © ASCE 2 International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 NL NW U (t )   r0 r m 1 n 1 mn 3 ( ND 1) n '   NL NW r0 1  u (t  tmn k  )  u '(t  tmn ) u (t  tmn )  n' ( ND  1)n '  m1 n 1 rmn  k 1   (1) Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. observation point r0 main fault (large fault) vr W vs rmn subfault (small fault) (m,n) ξmn rupture propagation startiing point of rupture L Figure 2. Schematic illustrations of statistical Green’s Function method Theoretical Green’s function: Based on the proposed method by Hisada (1994, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2005), an efficient method for computing near-fault ground motions in a layered half-space, an efficient method for carrying out the fault Integration of the representation theorem as the following Equation (2): U k (Y ;  )   {Tik ( X , Y ;  )  Tiks ( X , Y )}Di ( X ; )d    Tiks ( X , Y ) Di ( X ; )d  (2)   U (Y ;  )   T ( X , Y ) Di ( X ;  )d  s k s  ik (3) where Tik and Tiks is the traction Green’s function at circular frequency, ω and static (ω=0) traction Green’s function of the layered half-space, Di is the i-th component of the fault slip. It should be well noted that in this study, we only calculate the second terms, Eq. (3), (namely the static terms) to get the static displacements. Details can be obtained from Hisada’s works (1994, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2005). Combination of statistical and theoretical Green’s function: As the statistical Green’s function method does not consider the static displacement, and the theoretical Green’s function for generation of dynamic motion is a lack of general versatility although the method is very sophisticated, in order to obtain near-fault time history, we proposed a hybrid method using modified statistical and theoretical Green’s function for synthesizing near-fault ground displacement. Further, it is much faster when compared with some other simulation methods. APPLICATION OF PROPOSED METHOD ON BRIDGE For the purpose of adoption, this proposed method in this paper; the synthesis method was applied to analyses the seismic response of a simplified bridge with four-span which cross a surface fault. Bridge model: As for this dynamic response of structures analysis, first, we give the simplified model of three-degree-of-freedom system as shown in Fig. 3a and the near-fault model of reverse faulting is shown in Fig. 3b. Our main purpose is to check the seismic response of linear behavior of the simplified bridge model. Thus, we can summarize the equations above to the matrix formations in Eq. (4), and the Newmark method is used to solve Eq. (4). (4) [M ]{u}  [C]{u}  [ K ]{u}  [ D]{z}  [S ]{z}  {0} And the structural parameters in these analyses are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 4 Figure 3. The structural system near the fault (unit: m) Table 1. Structural parameters of this system i mass: mi (t/sec2/m) I(1,2or 3) damping: di (t/sec/m) spring: ki (t/m) L: (m) mass 1 0.6 x y z 4 3 5 4000 3000 2000 100 mass 2 0.4 x y z 2 1 3 4000 3000 2000 100 mass 3 0.6 x y z 4 3 5 4000 3000 2000 100 Table 2. Structural parameters of this system 0 j spring: sj damping: cj 1 2 3 x y z x y z x y z x y z 3000 2000 1000 3000 2000 1000 3000 2000 1000 3000 2000 1000 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 Note: the unit of spring is (t/m), and (t/sec/m) for damping. Input ground motions: By using the proposed method on near-field ground motions, we finial get the time histories of input in velocities and displacements from points 0 to 4 for three directions as the Figs. 4-5 showing. It can be easily seen the hanging-wall effects (the points 0 and 1 are located on the footwall, and the results are smaller than the hanging wall observation points 2-4), the impulsive velocity, and non-zero permanent displacements. ANALYSIS RESULTS As the limitation of the space, here we just checked the seismic response of velocity and displacements of the three mass as Figs. 6-7 showing respectively. The different input caused large differences in response of velocities and displacement, and the response of velocity show large values under the excitation of static displacement, and the displacements of each mass also results in non-zero values, which should be carefully considered with different time histories when conducting the seismic analysis or bridge design. © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Figure 4. Time histories of input velocities Figure 5. Time histories of input displacements CONCLUSION In this paper, we have done the researches and obtained the following conclusions: (1) A hybrid method combined statistical Green’s function method and theoretical Green’s function was proposed to simulate the displacement of near field ground motion, which synthesized the static and dynamic terms. (2) By using this method, the near-fault ground motions (velocities and displacements) were calculated as input velocity and displacements for a simple near-fault bridge model. The strong ground motion well showed the features of near-fault ground motions: the hanging wall effects, the impulsive effects and non-zero displacements. © ASCE 5 International Collaboration in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering 2016 IRP 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. (3) The bridge model located near fault exhibits large response values, especially under the input containing impulsive static terms, which should be carefully considered when designing bridge. Based on the results, the proposed method can be employed to simulate near-fault displacements. Figure 6. The time history of response velocity Figure 7. The time history of response displacement DISCUSSION As this proposed method considers only a simple combination of dynamic term by adoption of statistical Green’s function method, and static term using theoretical Green’s function method, and analyzed the seismic response of four spans bridges, while some other factors need further © ASCE 6