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MBA Final Thesis: Ineffective capital structure of Ninh Van Bay Joint Stock Company Instructor: Dr. Pham Phu Quoc Student: Le Anh Mai Chi MBA Class 5.2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary......................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM CONTEXT ............................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2: SITUATION ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 7 2.1 Problems finding process ................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Problem symptoms ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Significant profit decrease ................................................................................................. 8 2.2.2 Profitability decrease ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Basic Earning Power ratio decrease ................................................................................ 13 2.3 Possible problems ............................................................................................................. 13 2.4 Main problems .................................................................................................................. 17 2.4.1 Interest expense increase................................................................................................ 17 2.4.2 Ineffective utilization of leverage factor ........................................................................ 18 2.5 Possible causes of the problem ........................................................................................ 23 2.6 Main causes of the problem ............................................................................................. 24 2.7 Cause – effect tree of problem ......................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 3: SOLUTION DESIGN ........................................................................................ 27 3.1 Possible solutions for inefficient capital structure ......................................................... 27 3.2 Implementation of suitable plans .................................................................................... 28 3.3 Actions Plan ....................................................................................................................... 30 References ..................................................................................................................................... 34 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 38 2 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Revenue and Net profit of NVT from 2013 - 2015 Figure 2. Revenues of companies in the same industry with NVT 2013 - 2015 Figure 3. Profit margins of companies in the same industry with NVT 2013 - 2015 Figure 4. Cause – Effect tree Figure 5. Actions plan 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Revenue and profit of NVT from 2013 – 2015 Table 2. Revenue and profit margin of companies in the same industry from 2013 – 2015 Table 3. NVT’s Profitability Ratios 2013 – 2015 Table 4. ROE, ROA and EPS of companies in same industry with NVT from 2013 - 2015 Table 5. The BEP ratios of NVT 2013 – 2015 Table 6. The possible problems and supportive theories Table 7. NVT DuPont Analysis 2013 – 2015 Table 8. Interest Expense of NVT from 2013 to 2015 Table 9. Capital structure ratios of NVT and other companies from 2013 to 2015 Table 10. Income Statement of NVT from 2013 to 2015 Table 11. NVT’s net sales and total asset Table 12. Possible causes and supportive theories Table 13. Possible solutions Table 14. Implementation of suitable plans 4 Executive summary The main problem is inefficient capital structure by increasing debts over the period 2013 to 2015. In which, total debt to total equity increased from 46.60% to 52.68% that leads to profitability decrease from 4.83% to -14.71% of ROE. Financial ratios are calculated from company’s financial and accounting reliable sources as NVT had listed in the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange over the period 2013 to 2015. The ratios are also in comparison with other corporates in the industry associated with deep interviews of company’s leaders in order for trustable findings. The main causes of the problem are high debts on total projects and financing interest cost of debts. NVT has to borrow different resources of debts to finance the projects and operation, especially the contract of issuing 230 billion VND of bonds. Using financial leverage sometimes is good. However, using that method in a wrong time when the difficulties of the economy plus the difficulties of the corporation in implementing projects may led to exhaustion of funds. Continuing to borrow to maintain operating can be a temporary solution, but if it lasts, causing serious consequences. There are two solutions for company’s activities. Firstly, NVT should reduce overinvestment and increase cash by reselling the project Six Senses Saigon River and transferring and withdrawing the investment in Tan Phu JSC. Secondly, the company should increase sales in the control of expenses to get profits for financing current debts. 5 CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM CONTEXT NVT is a tourism real estate, specializing in investment, construction and luxury eco resorts business in Vietnam. NVT is creating five star quality and superior products in Vietnamese style, through inheriting and promoting deeply culture in Vietnam’s regions. The company was founded in 2006 with the charter capital of 1 billion Vietnam dong. In 2009, the company raised the charter capital up to 505 billion Vietnam dong. In 2016, the charter capital of the company is 905 billion Vietnam dong. Six Senses Ninh Van Bay Resort of the Company has become the destination of more than 150,000 inbound and outbound tourists. Especially, the resort has received 14 awards voted by many travel agencies and organizations, well-known travel magazines such as Tatler world, World Travel Awards, the Guide Magazine, Conde ‘Nast Traveller. A new development of the company – Six Senses Saigon River Project (Appendix 1), was started on the 1st of May, 2009. This will not only be a transit point for leisure from Saigon to Nha Trang, Phu Quoc, Dalat, Bangkok, Phnom Penh, Singapore… but also the convergence of internally tourist. However, according to the result of operating during the period of 2013 – 2015, profit has decreased significantly and did not achieve the annual plan. In 2013, earning before tax (EAT) of the company was 39.8 billion Vietnam dong but in 2014 EAT decreased to 25.6 billion Vietnam dong while the plan for that year was 45 billion Vietnam dong. In 2015, EAT was -122.9 billion Vietnam dong, which decreased significantly in comparison with 2014 and in comparison with the plan of 9.1 billion Vietnam dong. From NVT’s financial results, questions were raised: Is that a problem of the company? If yes, what are the reasons and what are the solutions, organizations’ action plans to solve the problem? This study was implemented to answer the questions. 6 CHAPTER 2: SITUATION ANALYSIS 2.1 Problems finding process In order to identify these company problems, these following steps will be executed: - Group meeting with the company to understand the division symptoms and possible problems. The division is Financial Department and the group meeting includes of three staffs: Mr. Tran Kim Nhan, Mr. Truong Quang Phu and Mrs. Tran Nguyen Thi Mai Suong, they are all financial executives of NVT; - Review the literatures related to the symptoms and further study of the company financial and accounting reliable sources as NVT had listed in the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange and their financial reports are audited regularly. The study also gathered information from the industry and competitors in the market by reliable sources as the information had listed in the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange. Then the literatures were reviewed which related to any new discovery; - Deep interview with persons in charged for more details: Mr. Hoang Anh Dung - the General Director of NVT, Mrs. Ngo Thi Thanh Hai – the Chief Accountant of NVT; - Additional intelligent information may be acquired from competitors for further references. 2.2 Problem symptoms From datas calculated from annual reports, supportive theories associated with the first meeting with responsible members, the symptoms revealed company’s ineffective profitability as the following details: - Profit has decreased significantly while revenue showed a different trend; - Profitability decreased sharply over the period 2013 to 2015; 7 - Basic Earning Power ratio decreased under interest rate. 2.2.1 Significant profit decrease The first symptom of NVT’s problem is gross profit, earning before tax (EBT), earnings after tax (EAT) dropped significantly from 2013 to 2015 while revenue did not change much. In comparison with companies in the same industry of NVT in the same period of time, their revenues had the same trend with NTV. However, profit margin had the sharply down trend opposite to the profit trends of other companies. This symptom can be proved by the financial data and ratios below. Table 1 below shows revenues and profits of NVT from 2013 to 2015 for a clearly picture about the performance of the company. Value (in billion VND) Position (%) Year 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Revenue 207.5 210.7 189.1 100% 100% 100% Gross profit 95.6 97.6 25.9 46.07% 46.32% 13.70% EBT 39.8 25.6 -122.9 19.18% 12.15% -64.99% EAT 40.5 22.3 -127.6 19.52% 10.58% -67.48% Table 1. Revenue and profit of NVT from 2013 – 2015 (Unit: billion VND) From table 1, revenue of the company slightly increased from 2013 - 2014 and a little decreased from 2014 - 2015. In general, revenue of the company did not change much. On the other hand, profits of the company significantly decreased throughout the years which have opposite trends with revenues. Gross profit to revenue down from 46.07% in 2013 to 13.70% in 2015. EBT dropped sharply from 39.8 billion Vietnam dong in 2013 down to 25.6 billion Vietnam dong in 2014 and dramatically decreased to -122.9 billion Vietnam dong in 2015. As a result, EAT 8 to revenue had a same sharply down-trend from 19.52% in 2013, 10.58% in 2014 and down to 67.48% in 2015. A more clearly picture of two opposite trends of profits and revenues is shown in figure 1 below. Revenue and Net profit of NVT 2013 - 2015 (billion VND) 300 210.7 207.5 189.1 200 100 40.5 22.3 0 2013 -100 2014 2015 -127.6 -200 Revenue Net profit Figure 1. Revenue and Net profit of NVT from 2013 - 2015 A comparison with other companies in the same industry with NVT was shown in table 2, figure 2 and 3 below. Some companies in the same industry of tourism real estate are: Ocean Hospitality (OCH), Sao Mai Group (ASM) and Thanh Thanh Cong Tourist (VNG). Revenue (in billion Percentage change (%) Company Profit margin VND) name 2013 2014 NVT 207.53 210.69 189.08 OCH 669.36 788.05 729.57 32.26% 17.73% ASM VNG 2015 2013 2014 0.65% 1.52% -10.26% 19.50% 1182.02 1222.98 952.78 -0.26% 57.56 54.84 87.96 2015 2014 60.39% 2015 10.06% -67.50% -7.42% 17.80% -110.00% 3.47% -22.09% 7.37% -4.73% 2013 2.90% 2.20% 7.30% 9.00% 0.90% 0.90% 2.60% Table 2. Revenue and profit margin of companies in the same industry from 2013 – 2015 9 Based on the comparison, NVT has the same trend in revenue with OCH and ASM: increase from 2013 to 2014 and decreased from 2014 to 2015. However, profit margin of NVT over the time has the significantly down-trend. In the meanwhile, the other three companies have the up-trend profit margins. This illustrates the problem in decreased profit from 2013 – 2015. Figure 2. Revenues of companies in the Figure 3. Profit margins of companies in same industry with NVT 2013 - 2015 the same industry with NVT 2013 - 2015 2.2.2 Profitability decrease The second symptom of NVT is the remarkably decreased performance efficiency from 2013 to 2015 which has an opposite trend to other companies in the same industry. Salim et al (1) indicated that firm performance, which is measured by return on asset (ROA), return on Equity (ROE) and earning per share (EPS) have negative relationship with short term debt (STD), long term debt (LTD), total debt (TD). Chen-Ying (2) used operating ratio and return on assets (ROA) for the two kinds of profitability indicators to measure insurers’ profitability. 10 Therefore, in order to evaluate the profitability and performance of the company, return on equity (ROE) is applied. Besides, return on asset (ROA), earning per share (EPS) and gross profit margin were also calculated in table 3. ITEMS 2013 2014 2015 ROA 2.92% 1.56% -9.64% ROE 4.83% 2.23% -14.71% Gross profit margin 46.14% 46.33% 27.05% EPS (billion VND) 248 62 -1,411 Table 3. NVT’s Profitability Ratios 2013 – 2015 From table 3, the profitability ratios ROA and ROE of the firm have decreased from 4.83% down to -14.71% in ROE and from 2.92% down to -9.64% in ROA. In 2013, the ROE was positive and higher than ROA which means in 2013 the company’s business created profit. The ROE ratios 4.83% means if the investor invests in the company 100 dong, that investor will get 4.83 dong profit. In 2014, even though the ROE and ROA of NVT decreased but still positive and ROE still higher than ROA. However, in 2015, the ROE was down to negative which means if the investor invests in the company 100 dong, the investor will lose 14.71 dong. With this ratio, no investors actually want to invest in NVT. Besides, ROE in this year was much lower than ROA. The company has used the leverage factor inefficiently. This can be understood that the company used leverage but the profit was not enough to finance. This leads to EPS reducing significantly from 248 down to -1,411VND. In the meanwhile, ROE and ROA of the companies in the same industry with NVT have the different trends. 11 ROE NVT OCH ROA 2013 2014 2015 4.83% 2.23% -14.71% 5.8% -76.76% 2.07% EPS (thousand VND) 2013 2014 2.92% 1.56% -9.64% 3.26% -25.43% 2015 2013 2014 2015 0.25 0.06 -1.41 0.79% 1 -4.38 0.13 ASM -11.66% 0.69% 0.89% -4.04% 0.24% 0.31% 0.63 1.7 0.62 VNG 0.33% 0.29% 1.46% 0.25% 0.21% 0.64% 0.04 0.03 0.19 Table 4. ROE, ROA and EPS of companies in same industry with NVT from 2013 - 2015 From table 4, the period from 2013 to 2014, from the ROA and ROE ratios, the companies in the same industry in a general look have the different result trends with NVT. In period of 2013 – 2014, other companies had the down-trend results. For example, ROE of OCH was from 5.8% in 2013 down significantly to -76.76% in 2014 and VNG from 0.33 to 0.29%. As a result, ROA of both companies was in a down trend. In a general look, from 2013 to 2014, NVT got the satisfactory results among the companies in the same industry. In the period of 2014 – 2015, all the competitors had the up-trend and positive results such as OCH’s ROE from -76.76% in 2014 up remarkably to 2.07% in 2015. Another illustration is VNG’s ROE from a down trend of 0.29% in 2014 up to 0.64% in 2015. In another hand, with an opposite trend, ROE and ROA decreased unexpectedly to a negative and got the lowest result in among companies. That event caused NVT a negative and lowest EPS of -1.41 in 2015. In the meanwhile, OCH, ASM and VNG got positive results of 0.13, 0.62 and 0.19. In conclusion, decreased performance efficiency in 2013 – 2015 is the second symptom of the company. 12 2.2.3 Basic Earning Power ratio decrease From 2013 to 2015, continuously reduction in Basic Earning Power ratio (BEP) is the third symptom of the company’s problem. BEP is earning before interest and taxes (EBIT) divided by Total Assets (TA). The formula is: BEP = EBIT/TA BEP is used to determine how effectively a firm uses its assets to generate income and consider how leverage and tax rates affect the company. Nguyen et al (3) used BEP ratios to measure the financial effect of factors that affect the enterprises which have foreign investment at HCMC in stage 2007 – 2011. Burney et al (4) proved that in order for financial leverage to increase ROE, the interest rate must be lower than BEP ratio. The below table 5 shows the BEP ratios of NVT in period of 2013 to 2015: 2013 EBIT (billion VND) TA (billion VND) BEP 2014 2015 39.8 25.6 -123.0 1,390.4 1,432.5 1,311.8 0.028627 0.017896 -0.09375 Table 5. The BEP ratios of NVT 2013 – 2015 In the meanwhile, the average interest rate of saving in Vietnam’s market is around 6.5%. From table above, all BEP in period of 2013 – 2015 were too low and in 2015 the figure was negative. The figures stated that if the company uses financial leverage, the profit will get worse. Therefore, company’s decreased and too low BEP is the third symptom of the company’s problem. 2.3 Possible problems From the supportive theories, researches, datas and the following Dupont analysic, these are possible problems of decreased profitability: 13 Ord. 1 Possible problems Supportive theories Poor management of cost and expenses Abdelmoneim et al (5) leads to decreased profit margin 2 The ineffective utilization of asset leads Abdelmoneim et al (5) to decreased asset turnover Jovanovic et al (6) Soliman et al (7) 3 Ineffective utilization of leverage factor Yang (8) Table 6. The possible problems and supportive theories - Abdelmoneim et al (5) carried out a study to propose a comprehensive strategic model to manage profitability. Strategic management accounting concepts and tools are adopted to explore and manage the main profitability drivers (cost, assets, and revenue). The results revealed that the proposed comprehensive profitability model which contains cost, the assets and revenue techniques was a better predictor of profitability than the alternative models, which contain a combination of two variables. - Jovanovic et al (6) announced that one of the most important information is the level of profitability of the company in terms of return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). - Soliman et al (7) conducted the study of the use of DuPont Analysis by Market Participants and announced that DuPont analysis is a common form of financial statement analysis, decomposes return on net operating assets into two multiplicative components: profit margin and asset turnover. - Yang (8) aims to study the relationship among venture capital (VC), financial leverage and enterprise performance by empirical study, utilizing the data from China's GEM (Growth 14 Enterprises Market) listed companies of 2010-2014. The empirical results show that: VC is positively related to enterprise performance, and financial leverage is negatively correlated with corporate performance. In order to identify the possible problems of decreased profitability, the Dupont analysic is applied. The DuPont identity is an expression that shows a company's return on equity (ROE) can be represented as three other ratios: the profit margin, the total asset turnover and the equity multiplier. The DuPont Analysis could show ROE is affected by operating efficiency, asset use efficiency and financial leverage. Many researchers has conducted studies relevant to ROE and Dupont analysic as the followings: - Muda et al (9) stated that ROE not only determines the profitability but also reflects the extent of effectiveness of the management use of shareholders’ investments. - Penman (10) claim that ROE is best interpreted as a profitability measure, not a risk measure and ROE indicates future profitability and thus distinguishes market-to-book ratios. - Klingenberg et al (11) proved that profitability ratios are Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Basic Earning Power (BEP). - Rao et al (12) used DuPont analysis in order to extend of ROE for deep analysis of financial performance. - Jovanovic et al (6) used ROA and ROE to measure profitability in order to present financial performances of 5 top companies in Serbian food industry, especially in meat industry (MI). - Khan et al (13) used profitability in the study measured by return on investment (ROI) and return on equity (ROE). - Ibrahim (14) used three of accounting-based measures method to measure financial performance, they are return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), and gross profit margin. 15 The formula is: ROE = Profit Margin x Asset Turnover x Leverage Factor Net Income/Total Equity = (Net Income/Net Sales) x (Net Sales/Total Asset) x (Total Asset/Total Equity) According to calculations from financial reports, DuPont Analysis for NVT case is shown in table below: 2013 DuPont (ROE) = (1) x (2) x (3) 2014 2015 4.83% 2.23% -14.71% Net Income/Net Sales (1) 19.58% 10.59% -131.59% Net Sales/Total Asset (2) 14.91% 14.70% 7.32% Total Asset/ Total Equity (3) = (4) x (5) 165.57% 143.30% 152.68% Total Asset/Total Debt (4) 355.31% 330.94% 289.83% 46.60% 43.30% 52.68% Total Debt/ Total Equity (5) Table 7. NVT DuPont Analysis 2013 - 2015 Table 6 shows an obvious analysis of components impacts ROE. Profit margin and Asset turnover ratios decreased remarkably from 2013 to 2015 which caused decreased negative ROE. Total Asset/Total Debt and Total Debt/Total Equity showed that NVT used leverage factor which can affect the profitability of the company. Therefore, the possible problems of declined ROE are:  Poor management of cost and expenses or/and decreased net revenues leads to decreased profit margin;  The ineffective utilization of asset or/and decreased net revenue leads to decreased asset turnover;  Ineffective utilization of leverage factor. 16 2.4 Main problems After using financial datas to analize three possible problems, main problems of decreased profitability are increased interest expense and ineffective utilization of leverage factor which can be supposed as the ineffective capital structure. This conclusion is proved as the following analysics. 2.4.1 Interest expense increase The table below shows an obvious look of financial expense from 2013 to 2015: Value (In billion VND) Position (%) ITEMS 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 207.5 210.7 Financial income 33.8 29.1 20.8 16.3% 13.8% 11.0% Financial expenses -2.0 -1.8 -43.8 -1.0% -0.9% -23.2% Revenue 189.1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Table 8. Interest Expense of NVT from 2013 to 2015 From table 8, financial expense were 1.8 billion VND with 0.9% increase to 43.8 billion VND with 23.2%. In which, the interest expenses is 1.5 billion VND in 2014 and 37.7 billion VND in 2015. With the information from consolidated financial reports from 2013 to 2015, the remarkable event which is the main reason why the interest expense increased significantly is issuing the bonds. According to the contract buying bonds with warrant number 01-2100/HDDMTP/NVT, in November 11st 2014 the company successfully issued 23,000 bonds with total amount of 230 billion VND to Nam Thanh CO.LTD (After that, Nam Thanh CO.LTD transferred all the bonds to Vietnam Technological and Commercial Joint Stock Bank). The bond maturity is in 3 years and, the interest payment is half a year with the interest rate is 12% per year in two first 17 terms. The next rate is 3.5% plus basic interest rate of commercial bank department of Vietnam Technological and Commercial Joint Stock Bank. Increasing debt lead to high interest expense can be concluded as one of the main problems. 2.4.2 Ineffective utilization of leverage factor With analysic from calculated datas of following table and supportive theories, ineffective utilization of leverage factor as the ineffective capital structure using debt is the main problem of the company: NVT RATIOS 2013 2014 OCH 2015 2013 2014 ASM 2015 2013 2014 VNG 2015 2013 2014 2015 STD to TA 19% 8% 10% 20% 45% 41% 33% 31% 24% 19% 22% 35% LTD to TA 9% 21% 23% 21% 20% 20% 24% 17% 14% 6% 6% 21% TD to TA 28% 30% 34% 41% 64% 62% 58% 48% 38% 25% 28% 56% TD to TE 46% 43% 52% 72% 178% 163% 138% 94% 60% 34% 40% 127% 1,390 1,432 1,311 3,840 3,474 3,303 1,673 2,481 3,908 187 194 392 TA TE 839 999 859 2,156 1,251 1,257 702 1,277 2,436 139 139 173 TD 391 432 456 1,555 2,223 2,046 969 1,203 1,422 47 55 219 STD 265 126 143 762 1,551 1,370 556 778 933 35 43 137 LTD 126 306 309 793 402 424 538 12 12 81 711 675 Table 9. Capital structure ratios of NVT and other companies from 2013 to 20 15 From the table above, the capital structure ratios showed that NVT used leverage factor by increasing total debt. The company had a trend to reduce short-term debt from 265 billion VND in 2013 down to 143 billion VND in 2015 and they increased long-term debt from 126 billion VND in 2013 to 309 billion VND in 2015. The remarkable event in 2014, according to the contract 18 buying bonds with warrant number 01-2100/HDDM-TP/NVT, in November 11st 2014 the company successfully issued 23,000 bonds with total amount of 230 billion VND. This event partly made the long-term debt increase rapidly from 126 billion VND in 2013 up to 306 billion VND in 2014. In comparison with companies in the same industry, OCH has the much higher TD to TA and TD to TE ratios than NVT and the ratios increased through the period of time, which means OCH used higher leverage than NVT. From the table above, it is easy to proved that OCH used leverage mainly on increasing STD than LTD. ASM also has the much higher TD to TA and TD to TA ratios than NVT. However the company increased TE significantly from 702 to 2,436. Therefore, TD to TA and TD to TE ratios increased throught the period of time. VNG used more STD than LTD and tended to increase TD like the trend of NVT. The raised leverage from 25% to 56% of TD to TA. In a general look that other companies had trends to increase TD and TE in the meanwhile NVT increased TD and decreased TE. On another hand, with NVT’s situation, the BEP ratios in 2.2.3 stated that if the company uses financial leverage, the profit will get worse. The illustration is the high financial expenses. Vătavu (15) did a research to establish the relationship between capital structure and financial performance in 196 Romanian companies listed on the Becharest Stock Exchange and operating in the manufacturing sector, over a period of eight-years from 2003 to 2010. The results indicated that performance in Romanian companies is higher when they avoid debt and operate based on equity. The author also showed a preference for debt when they are in financial difficulties and they face high business risks, or when they cannot settle their debts due to a lack of cash. 19 Gill et al (16) sought to extend Abor's (2005) findings regarding the effect of capital structure on profitability by examining the effect of capital structure on profitability of the American service and manufacturing firms and they measured profitability by return on equity. Therefore, the ineffective utilization of leverage factor as the ineffective capital structure using debt is the main problem of the company. High general and administrative expense and revenues deduction as well as the ineffective utilization of asset and decreased revenues are considered to be one of the main problems. Mohamed (17) stated that because revenue represents one of the most important drivers that affect profitability, the aim in producing a model is to assist in the successful management of profitability. However, the results from data analysics and information show that these problems are unimportant problems. The first unimportant problem is high general and administrative expense and revenues deduction. Value (In billion VND) Position (%) ITEMS 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 207.5 210.7 -0.2 -0.1 -93.0 207.3 210.6 96.1 -111.7 -113.0 Gross profit 95.6 97.6 26.0 46.1% 46.3% 13.7% Financial income 33.8 29.1 20.8 16.3% 13.8% 11.0% Financial expenses -2.0 -1.8 -43.8 -1.0% -0.9% -23.2% -25.4 -26.6 Revenue Revenue deduction Net revenue Cost of goods sold Selling expenses 189.1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% -0.1% 0.0% -49.2% 99.9% 100.0% 50.8% -70.1 -53.8% -53.6% -37.1% -21.4 -12.2% -12.6% -11.3% 20
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