Tài liệu Ifcee 2018 innovations in ground improvement for soils, pavements, and subgrades

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. GSP 296 IFCEE 2018 Innovations in Ground Improvement for Soils, Pavements, and Subgrades Papers from Sessions of the International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo 2018 Orlando, Florida • March 5–10, 2018 Edited by Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E. Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D. Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 296 IFCEE 2018 INNOVATIONS IN GROUND IMPROVEMENT FOR SOILS, PAVEMENTS, AND SUBGRADES SELECTED PAPERS FROM SESSIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION CONGRESS AND EQUIPMENT EXPO 2018 March 5–10, 2018 Orlando, Florida SPONSORED BY International Association of Foundation Drilling Deep Foundations Institute Pile Driving Contractors Association The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E. Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D. Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. 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IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 iii Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. This is the third volume of six Geotechnical Special Publications (GSPs) and one Geotechnical Practice Publication (GPP) containing papers from the 2018 International Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo (IFCEE18) held in Orlando, Florida on March 5–10, 2018. The IFCEE conference series combines a technical conference and equipment show dedicated to the design and construction of foundation systems, using the latest geo-engineering and geo-construction technologies and practices. The IFCEE conference series is a one of a kind event that attracts attendees from around the world for the world’s largest equipment exposition dedicated solely to the deep foundations industry. This Congress combined the 2018 annual meetings of ASCE’s Geo-Institute, the International Association of Foundation Drilling (ADSC), the Pile Driving Contractors Association (PDCA) and the Deep Foundations Institute (DFI). This event was the third Congress in the IFCEE conference series, following the successful 2009 and 2015 meetings, in which these leading geotechnical and geotechnical-related organizations joined together for a single and singular annual congress. IFCEE18 provided an international forum to discuss technological advances, case histories, and present challenges related to geotechnical and foundation engineering. The Congress was attended by a wide range of geo-professionals including engineers, contractors, academicians, equipment manufacturers, geo-technologists, researchers, and service, material and tooling suppliers. This publication culminates two years of effort by the technical planning committee whose focus has been to continue the success of the previous meetings in the IFCEE conference series. Many individuals are responsible for the content of this volume, all of whom served in the efforts to maintain the standard set by previous proceedings. An international call for papers and a rigorous peer review process yielded 280 accepted technical papers, that were presented in 47 sessions, in addition to invited keynote presentations. Papers were reviewed in accordance with ASCE GSP standards. Accordingly, each paper was subjected to technical review by two or more independent peer reviewers. Publication requires concurrence by at least two peer reviewers. The Editors would like to express their appreciation for having been provided the opportunity to be a part of this Congress’ organization, their sincere thanks to the numerous session chairs and reviewers, and we hope that these proceedings will be of use to the geotechnical engineering community for many years to come. The Editors, Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, M.DFI, Oregon State University Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, M.DFI, University of California, Irvine Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, M.DFI, Lehigh University © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 iv Acknowledgments Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Thanks are due to the authors, primary reviewers, session chairs, and program committee, without whom this publication would not be possible. IFCEE 2018 Conference Program Committee Conference Chair W. Robert Thompson, III, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Dan Brown and Associates, PC Technical Program Committee Tracy T. Brettmann, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, A. H. Beck Foundation Company, Inc. Allen Cadden, P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, Schnabel Engineering Peggy Hagerty-Duffy, P.E., D.GE, Hagerty Engineering, Inc. Bernard H. Hertlein, FACI, M.ASCE, GEI Consulting, Inc. Terence P. Holman, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Turner Construction Company Michael D. Justason, P.Eng., M.ASCE, McMaster University/Bermingham Foundation Solutions Mary Ellen Large, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Deep Foundations Institute Anna Sellountou, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Pile Dynamics, Inc. Proceedings Editors Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Lehigh University Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., P.E., A.M.ASCE, University of California, Irvine Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Oregon State University IFCEE 2018 Sessions and Session Chairs Deep Foundations Deep Foundations & Seismic Issues William M. Camp, III, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, S&ME, Inc. Design and Analysis of Deep Foundations Sanjeev Malhotra, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Consulting Engineer; Elizabeth M. Smith, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Terracon Consultants, Inc.; James W. Niehoff, P.E., M.ASCE, GEI Consultants, Inc. Field Testing: Axial/Lateral I Gerald Verbeek, M.ASCE, Verbeek Management Services; John P. Turner, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Dan Brown and Associates, PC; Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Louisiana State University © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Pile Driving: Design and Construction Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Thatcher Engineering Corporation Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Practical Aspects of Foundation Installation and Investigation Sanjeev Malhotra, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Consulting Engineer Earth Retention and Support Excavation Support: Design and Construction Helen Robinson, P.E., GEI Consultants, Inc. Mechanically Stabilized Earth and Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Systems Ben A. Leshchinsky, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Oregon State University Seismic Aspects of Earth Retention Ali A. Eliadorani, Ph.D., P.E., P.L.S., M.ASCE, South Carolina State University Tunnels and Buried Structures Eric Wang, P.E., LEED AP, M.ASCE, HNTB Corporation; Thomas W. Pennington, P.E., M.ASCE, Jacobs Associates Ground Improvement & Seepage Control Bio-Based Soil Improvement Dimitrios Zekkos, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Michigan & geoengineer.org; Jason DeJong, Ph.D., University of California, Davis; Kenichi Soga, Ph.D., FREng, FICE, M.ASCE, University of California, Berkeley Geosynthetic/Fiber Reinforcement Ben A. Leshchinsky, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Oregon State University Ground Improvement: Treatment Case Studies Christian B. Woods, P.E., D.GE, G.E., M.ASCE, Densification, Inc. Liquefaction and Densification Menzer Pehlivan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL Retaining and Cutoff Wall Design and Construction Kenneth L. Fishman, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, McMahon & Mann Consulting Engineers, P.C.; Nasser Massoudi, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Bechtel Corp. Stone Columns/Piers/Grouting I Kord J. Wissmann, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Geopier Foundation Company; Jie Han, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, The University of Kansas © ASCE v IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Other Topics: Deep Foundations and Site Characterization Advances in Energy Piles Omid Ghasemi Fare, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Louisville; John S. McCartney, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego Bridges: Foundation Design and Construction Sam Sternberg, III, P.E., M.ASCE, Thompson Engineering Characterizing the Behavior of Soils Cumaraswamy (Vipu) Vipulanandan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Houston; Yazen Khasawneh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, NTH Consultants, Ltd. Liquefaction: Analysis and Design C. Yoga Chandran, Ph.D., G.E., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL QA/QC for Deep Foundations Anna Sellountou, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Pile Dynamics, Inc. Rock Mechanics Ingrid Tomac, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego; Ehsan Ghazanfari, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Vermont Site Characterization Xiong (Bill) Yu, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, Case Western University Other Topics in Geotechnical Engineering Constitutive Modeling Usama S. El Shamy, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Southern Methodist University; Seung Jae Lee, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Florida International University Pavements and Subgrades Boo Hyun Nam, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Central Florida Shallow Foundations Xiong Zhang, Ph.D., P.E., A.M.ASCE, Missouri University of Science and Technology Slopes, Dams, Embankments Timothy D. Stark, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign; Binod Tiwari, Ph.E., P.E., M.ASCE, California State University, Fullerton; Beena Ajmera, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, California State University, Fullerton © ASCE vi IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 vii Unsaturated Soils Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Mississippi State University; Rifat Bulut, Ph.D., M.ASCE, Oklahoma State University Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Selected Other Topics in Geotechnical Engineering Matteo Montesi, P.E., M.ASCE, WSP USA; Curt R. Basnett, P.E., M.ASCE. CH2M HILL; Morgan Race, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Braun Intertec; Kam Weng Ng, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Wyoming; Lori A. Simpson, G.E., P.E., M.ASCE, Langan Treadwell Rollo Case Histories, Lessons Learned and General Practice ACIP Piles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned W. Morgan NeSmith, P.E., M.ASCE, Berkel & Company Contractors, Inc. Drilled Shafts: Case Histories and Lessons Learned William F. (Bubba) Knight, P.E., M.ASCE, Loadtest, A Division of Fugro USA Land, Inc. Driven Piles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Thatcher Engineering Corporation Excavation Support: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Richard J. Valentine, P.E., M.ASCE, Valentine Engineering Consultants Ground Improvement: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Jose L. M. Clemente, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, Bechtel NS&E Micropiles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., P.Eng., Aff.M.ASCE, Quanta Subsurface Site Investigation: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Conrad W. Felice, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, C. W. Felice, LLC Slope Stabilization/Earth Retention: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Timothy D. Stark, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign IFCEE 2018 Primary Paper Reviewers John Abdalkhani Amir Ahmadipur Sherif Abdelaziz Aseel Ahmed Yasser Abdelhamid Beena Ajmera Kofi Acheampong Gauen Alexander Muthu Adigovindan Ryan Allin © ASCE Robert Alperstein Art Alzamora Denis Ambio Omar Amer Joram Amir IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Jinwoo An Donald Anderson Ed Anderson Ronald Andrus Luis Arboleda Allam Ardah David Arellano George Aristorenas Haydar Arslan Arul Arumoli Moi Arzamendi Reza Ashtiani Andrew Assadollahi Paul Axtell Alireza Ayoubian Alireza Saeedi Azizkandi Ahmed Baghdady Paola Bandini Aritra Banerjee Curt Basnett Prasenjit Basu Bate Bate Andrew Baxter Ira Beer Jomaa Ben-Hassine Jonathan Bennett Keith Bennett Jorge Bheim Dale C. Biggers Jerold Bishop Tanner Blackburn Antonio Bobet Glen Bobnick Giovanni Bonita Michael Boone David Borger Stan Boyle Tom Brandon Kyle Brennan Tracy Brettmann Jean-Louis Briaud Frederick (Rick) A. Brinker © ASCE viii E. Buka Paul Bullock Rifat Bulut Kristi Bumpas Giuseppe Buscarnera Allen Cadden Billy Camp Franz Campero Greg Canivan Junnan Cao Salvatore Caronna John Case Ray Castelli Jan Cermak Bora Cetin Yoga Chandran Geoff Chao Lizhou Chen W. Z. Chen Les Chernauskas Bhaskar Chittoori Byoung Hooi Cho Sanghyun Chun Jose Clemente Russell Cooper Michael Coryell Dave Crouthamel Bobby Daita Steven Dapp Domenic D'Argenzio Steve Davidow John Deeken Jason DeJong Karishma Desai Jerry DiMaggio Randall Divito Yi Dong Elliott Drumright Elizabeth Dwyre Paul Eggers Paul Eickenberg Usama Samir El Shamy Ghada Ellithy Fathey Elsaid Mostafa Elseifi Carlos Englert Alan Esser Jeff Evans Matt Evans Ragui Wilson Fahmy Arvin Farid Ray Fassett Peter Faust Sixto Fernandez Alexander Filotti Geroge Filz Jared Fischer Kenneth Fishman Michael Flynn Emmanuel Fosteris Ray Franz Murray Fredlund David Frost Mo Gabr Mahi Galagoda Phillip Gallet Quan Gao John Garber Cyrus Garner Donald Gerken Hande Gerkus Omid Ghasemi-Fare Akrouch Ghassen Mohammad Ghavami Ehsan Ghazanfari James Gingery Matt Glisson Matt Goff Aaron Goldberg Larry Goldfarb Jesus Gomez Michael G. Gomez Clay Goodman David Graham Donald Gray Donald Green Jared Green IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Jean Habimana Seth Hamblin Chanjuan Han Jie Han Jim Hansen Nafiul Haque Nicholas Harman Dean Harris Megan Hart Ahmadreza Hedayat James Hite Chu Ho I-Hsuan Ho Jon Ho Oliver Hoops David Horhota Zahid Hossain Xiewen Hu Jie Huang Aaron Hudson Nick Hudyma Jonathan Huff Troy Hull Dana Humphrey Mohamad Hussein James Hussin Nejan Huvaj Elvis Ishimwe Magued Iskander Tyler Jahn Matthew Janes John Jenkins Yan Jiang Lawrence F. Johnsen Kenneth Johnson John Juenger Hyuk-Sang Jung Onur Kacar Arash Kamali-Asl Peter Kandaris Xin Kang Ismail Karatas Edward Kavazanjian Qamar Kazmi © ASCE ix Andrew Keene Ryan Keiper Yazen Khasawneh Ali Khosravi Yoshiaki Kikuchi Meeok Kim Sihyun Kim Sonny Kim Yonje Kim Scott Kirts Junyoung Ko Prabir Kolay Josh Koltz Susheel Kolwalker Van Komurka Dimitrious Konstantakos Tim Kovacs Sachin Kumar Debra Laefer Mary Ellen Large John Lawrence Imsoo Lee Seung Jae Lee Anne Lemnitzer Ben Leshchinsky Christopher Lewis Michael Lewis Paul Lewis Chang Li Jiliang Li Lin Li Marina Li Min Liew Garland Likins Keng-Wit Lim Chuang Lin Xiaobin Lin Bret Lingwall Jenny Liu Shimin Liu Sebastian LoboGuerrero Libby Loeffler Erik Loehr Theresa Loux John Lupo Scott Mackiewicz Ashley Macmillan Anwar Maharmeh Ali Maher Sanjeev Malhotra Kalehiwot Nega Manahiloh Brian Martinez Ben Mason John McCartney Alexander Mcgillivray JT McGinnis Michael McVay Nick Meloy Brian Metcalfe Peter Middendorp Marta Miletic Kevin Miller Bert Miner Filippo Mira-Catto Deb Mishra Roxbeh Moghaddam Soroush Mokhtari Matteo Montesi Brina Montoya Joon-Shik Moon Taehyun Moon Mike Muchard Gray Mullins Finnegan Mwape Boo Hyun Nam Soonkie Nam Mohammad Nasim David Neilson Kam Weng Ng Trung Dung Nguyen James Niehoff Mary Nodine Iraj Noorany Nicolas Oettle Kwabena Ofori-Awuah IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Ed O'Malley George Onorato Phillip Ooi Hasan Ozer Sam Paikowsky Anant Panwalkar Ujwalkumar Patil James Pegues Tom Pennington James Pergues Dunja Peric Howard Perko Juan Pestana James Phipps Gregg Piazza George Piscsalko Marc Plotkin Tyler Poggiogalle Daniel Pradel Russell Preuss Tom Printz Anand Puppala Sastry Putcha Tong Qiu Morgan Race Parishad Rahbari Dhooli Raj Promod Rao Deepak Rayamajhi Mohammad Razavi Alex Reeb Kurt Rhoads Frederick Rhyner Tom Richards Charles Roarty Donald Robertson Brent Robinson Helen Robinson Juan Rodriguez Mark Rohrbach Kyle Rollins Dario Rosidi Jason Ross John Rowley © ASCE x Daniel Ruffing Cassandra Rutherford Tom Sabourin Nick Salisbury Marika Santagata Fernando Sarabia Sagar Satyal Steve Saye Zach Scarboro David Scarpato Vern Schaefer Charles Warren Schwartz Brian Sears Henry Seawell Jeff Segar Al Sehn Gary Seider Anna Sellountou Hoyoung Seo Jeongbok Seo Sunil Sharma Anna Shidlovskaya Phil Shull Erin Sibley Tim Siegel Gregory Silver Matt Silveston Johanna Simon Bob Simpson Lori Simpson Jenn Sketchley Matthew Sleep Don Smith Miriam Smith Ryan Snook Kenichi Soga Ahmad Souri Eric Steward Melissa Stewart Charles (Andy) Stone Bryan Strohman Armin Stuedlein Muhannad Suleiman Steve Sun Xiaohui Sun Oscar Suncar Sonia Swift Amirata Taghavi Takefumi Takuma Majid Talebi Gilbert Tallard Burak Tanyu David Tara Junliang Tau Ed Theinat Robert Thompson James Tinjum Binod Tiwari Ingrid Tomac Justin Toney Lucas Turko Benjamin Turner John Turner Richard (Dick) Vaeth Richard Valentine Adriaan Van Seters Ben Vance Dan VandenBerge Philip Vardon Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan Michael Walker Scott Walker Bill Walton Dingbao Wang Eric Wang Fei Wang Lei Wang Shugang Wang Lei Wei Darrell Wilder Daniel Woeste Jeong Yun Won Moussa Wone Timothy Wood Lee Wooten Yonggui Xie IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Xiaoming Yang Jun Yao Fred Yi Taesun You Heejung Youn Xiong Yu Zia Zafir Atefeh Zamani Natasha Zamani Claudia Zapata Justin Zarella Dimitrios Zekkos Ming Zhang Xiong Zhang Katerina Ziotopoulou Jorge Zornberg © ASCE xi IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 xii Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Ground Improvement and Seepage Control Behavior of Biofilm-Treated Sand ............................................................................ 1 Hai Lin, Muhannad T. Suleiman, and Derick G. Brown Development of a Multiple Treatment Laboratory Method to Enhance Microbial-Induced Soil Stabilization ...................................................... 12 Kejun Wen, Yang Li, Lin Li, and Farshad Amini Erodibility of Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation-Stabilized Sand under Submerged Impinging Jet ................................................................... 19 Brina M. Montoya, Jinung Do, and Mohammed M. Gabr Sisal Fiber Reinforcement of EICP-Treated Soil .................................................. 29 Abdullah Almajed, Hamed Khodadadi, and Edward Kavazanjian Jr. A New Framework for Identifying Cementation Level of MICP-Treated Sands .......................................................................................................................... 37 Ashkan Nafisi and Brina M. Montoya Modeling Bio-Cemented Sands: A Strength Index for Cemented Sands ............ 48 Chukwuebuka C. Nweke and Juan M. Pestana Evaluating the Effectiveness of Soil-Native Bacteria in Precipitating Calcite to Stabilize Expansive Soils ......................................................................... 59 Bhaskar C. S. Chittoori, Malcolm Burbank, and Md Touhidul Islam Effect of Microbial Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation on Compressibility and Hydraulic Conductivity of Fly Ash ...................................... 69 Shahin Safavizadeh, Brina M. Montoya, and Mohammed A. Gabr Response Characteristics of Engineered Equestrian Surfaces: A Case Study ............................................................................................................. 80 van der Heijden Ryan, Benoît Jean, and Hawe William Anisotropic Shear Behavior of Soil-Structure Interfaces: Bio-Inspiration from Snake Skin ........................................................................................................ 94 Alejandro Martinez and Sophia Palumbo © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Strength Characteristics of Nano Calcium Silicate, Fly Ash and Lime Blended Tropical Soils ............................................................................................ 105 Syed Abu Sayeed Mohammed, Arif Ali Baig Moghal, and Mohammed Abdul Lateef Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. EICP Treatment of Soil by Using Urease Enzyme Extracted from Watermelon Seeds .................................................................................................. 115 Neda Javadi, Hamed Khodadadi, Nasser Hamdan, and Edward Kavazanjian Jr. Effects of Biochar Amendment on Mechanical Properties of Buckshot Clay .......................................................................................................................... 125 James M. Williams, Nima Latifi, and Farshid Vahedifard Effects of Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation on Bentonite Cracking Remediation............................................................................................................. 135 Yuan Guo, Mark Loria, Kurt Rhoades, and Xiong (Bill) Yu Viscosity-Enhanced EICP Treatment of Soil ....................................................... 145 Jose N. Pasillas, Hamed Khodadadi, Kimberly Martin, Paola Bandini, Craig M. Newtson, and Edward Kavazanjian Jr. Treatment of Sand Using Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) for Wind Erosion Application ................................................................. 155 Jianbo Gu, Muhannad T. Suleiman, Hridaya Bastola, Derick G. Brown, and Nabil Zouari Field Strength Properties of Cement Stabilized Soil by Pneumatic Flow Tube Mixing Method .................................................................................... 165 Masaki Kitazume, Ali Maher, Masoud Janbaz, Robert Miskewitz, and David Yang Interface Resistance between Clays and Natural Hemp Fibers ......................... 175 Ashtarout Ammar, Shadi Najjar, and Salah Sadek Consolidation Properties of Local Memphis Loess When Crumb Rubber Is Used as a Fill Material........................................................................................ 186 Andrew Assadollahi and Jodie Crocker Improvement of Organic Soils at the Wood River Wetland in the Klamath Basin with Volcanic Materials from the Eruption of Mt. Mazama ................... 195 Matthew D. Sleep, Justin Millar, and Steven Reed Contaminant Transport When Crumb Rubber is Used as a Fill Material in Local Memphis Loess .................................................................. 204 Jodie Crocker and Andrew Assadollahi © ASCE xiii IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Effects of Anthracite as a Fill Material on the Engineering Properties of Local Memphis Loess ...................................................................... 213 Andrew Assadollahi, Jessica Allen, and Layne Harris Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Implementation of T-Z Analysis Approach to Predict Pullout Test Results.............................................................................................................. 221 Gholam H. Roodi, Amr M. Morsy, and Jorge G. Zornberg The Effect of Desaturation on the Static and Cyclic Mechanical Response of Dense Sand ......................................................................................... 232 Sean T. O’Donnell and Edward Kavazanjian Jr. The Comparison between Cyclic Triaxial and Cyclic Hollow Cylinder Tests for Evaluating Liquefaction Resistant of Monterey No. 0/30 Sand ......... 242 Jungang Liu A Case History of Liquefaction Mitigation using Driven Displacement Piles .......................................................................................................................... 253 Armin W. Stuedlein and Michael L. Allen Suitability Line of Grain Size Distribution for Blast Densification ................... 263 Kengo Kato, H. Benjamin Mason, and Scott A. Ashford An Update to the Great Earthquake Lateral Spread Case History Database................................................................................................................... 273 Bret N. Lingwall, Daniel Gillins, and Michael D. Bunn Development and Field Verification of a New Compaction Grouting Method with Improved Upheaval Control ........................................................... 283 Kanji Takenouchi, Shinji Sassa, Hiroyuki Yamazaki, Takeshi Konishi, Takashi Shinsaka, Yuichi Kanno, Hiroshi Okada, and Tadashi Takahashi Quality Control and Shape Control Techniques in Jet Grouting ...................... 294 Takashi Shinsaka, Junichi Yamazaki, Yasuharu Nakanishi, and Kazuhito Komiya Remedial Grouting of Existing Embankment Dam Foundations: Lessons Learned (and Ignored) ............................................................................. 305 Donald A. Bruce, Trent Dreese, and Jim Cockburn Effect of Columnar Sand Inclusions on the Cyclic Resistance of Anisotropically-Consolidated Clay ................................................ 315 Ahmad Kahiel, Salah Sadek, and Shadi Najjar Numerical Predictions of Deformations in Geosynthetic-Reinforced Column-Supported Embankments: Validation of Manual Dissipation of Excess Pore Pressure Approach for Undrained and Drained Analyses ............ 327 Zhanyu Huang, Katerina Ziotopoulou, and George M. Filz © ASCE xiv IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 xv A Case Study of Settlement and Load Transfer at Depth Beneath Column-Supported Embankments ............................................. 337 Aaron P. Gallant, Ehab Shatnawi, Emad Farouz, and Tucker Jones Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Application of Reliability Analyses for Serviceability Design of Column-Supported Embankments ...................................................... 352 Michael P. McGuire, Joel A. Sloan, and Daniel R. VandenBerge A Case History of a Jet Grouted Wall in Saturated Course Granular Material with Boulders........................................................................................... 362 Paolo Gazzarrini, Calum Buchan, Steve Jungaro, Dan Hunt, and Rob Mawe Investigative Study of Behaviour of Treated Expansive Soil Using Empirical Correlations ........................................................................................... 373 E. Eyo, S. Ng’ambi, and S. Abbey Lateral Loading Test Results on Single and Groups of Soil-Cement Columns ................................................................................................................... 385 Do Huu Dao and Nguyen Minh Hai Effect of Seawater on the Mechanical Properties of Cement Grout Used for Formation of Micropiles in Marine Applications ................................ 394 Md Ahsanuzzaman, Mohammed A. Gabr, and Roy H. Borden DEM Study of a Single Stone Column in a Clayey Stratum............................... 404 Anibal E. Santos and Michelle L. Bernhardt Pavements and Subgrades Monitoring of Moisture Fluctuations in a Roadway over an Expansive Clay Subgrade ...................................................................................... 415 Christian P. Armstrong and Jorge G. Zornberg Magnitude and Rate of Migration of Fine Subgrade Soil into Granular Subbase under Scaled Flexible Interstate Pavement ........................................... 425 Behnoud Kermani, Ming Xiao, Shelley M. Stoffels, and Tong Qiu Monitoring of Moisture Variation in Highway Slope through Resistivity Imaging ................................................................................................. 435 Asif Ahmed, Sahadat Hossain, and Mohammad Sadik Khan Mitigation of Subgrade Moisture in North Texas by Using Modified Moisture Barrier ..................................................................................................... 445 Asif Ahmed, MD Sahadat Hossain, Kelli Greenwood, and Mohammad Sadik Khan © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Compressibility of Fine Coal Refuse ..................................................................... 455 Cyrus Jedari, Angelica M. Palomino, and Eric C. Drumm Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Instrumentation and Monitoring of Distress Remediation Strategies at Alabama Highway 5 ............................................................................................... 463 Dan T. Jackson, Dylan T. Jones, and J. Brian Anderson Performance of Lime Kiln Dust-Treated Subgrade Soils ................................... 473 Jamal I. Kakrasul, Robert L. Parsons, and Jie Han Utilization of Building Derived Material for Improving Performance of Sand as a Foundation Material .................................................. 485 M. Jayatheja, A. K. Suluguru, A. GuhaRay, and A. Kar The Use of Lime Sludge for Soil Stabilization and Its Effects on the Performance of Class C Fly Ash............................................................................ 495 Haluk Sinan Coban and Bora Cetin Stabilization of Highly Expansive Moreland Clay Using Class-C Fly Ash Geopolymer (CFAG)....................................................................................... 505 Md Adnan Khan, Jay X. Wang, and Debojit Sarker © ASCE xvi IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 1 Behavior of Biofilm-Treated Sand Hai Lin, S.M.ASCE1; Muhannad T. Suleiman, M.ASCE2; and Derick G. Brown, M.ASCE3 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 1 Geotechnical Engineer, Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers, 14 Penn Plaza, 225 W 34th St, New York, NY 10122. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Biofilm can interconnect porous media grains with exopolysacharide (EPS). This inter-particle bridging can affect the mechanical behavior of soils. However, the research on the mechanical behavior of biofilm-treated soil is very limited and shows contradictory conclusions. The goal of this paper is to further investigate the mechanical behavior of biofilm-treated sand. Three types of tests at variable conditions were conducted, including anaerobic tests, syringe tests, and triaxial tests. This study utilized Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis, ATCC 35984), facultative anaerobic, and gram-positive bacteria, to induce biofilm formation in the sand matrix. The bacteria density (OD600), pH, and nitrate concentration during biofilm treatment were monitored. S- and P-wave velocities were also monitored during biofilm treatment and loading of the triaxial test. After the tests, biomass content and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of sand samples were analyzed for biofilm distribution and morphology in the sand matrix. It was concluded that the selected bacteria S. Epidermidis can grow and form biofilm in the sand matrix under anaerobic condition. The results of triaxial tests show a lower ultimate strength of biofilm-treated specimen compared to the untreated specimen. INTRODUCTION Biomediated soil modification offers the potential for sustainable solutions to geotechnical problems (DeJong et al. 2013). The research on bio-mineralization and bio-gas generation and their application potentials on geotechnical engineering has been well-documented (DeJong et al. 2006; Whiffin et al. 2007; Kavazanjian et al. 2009; Rebata-Landa and Santamarina 2012; He et al. 2013; He and Chu 2014). However, the research on mechanical behavior of biofilm-treated soils is very limited and shows contradictory conclusions requiring further investigation. The biofilm is a combination of microbial cells and associated exopolysacharide (EPS). The common view of the biofilm formation starts with adhesion of individual cells to a solid surface, and then followed by cell replication and EPS secretion which binds the cells to a surface, eventually forming a complex three-dimensional biofilm structure (Bryers and Characklis 1981; Gilbert et al. 2013). Biofilm accumulation in soil will also cause a reduction of permeability by decreasing the available pore volume and changing the shape of pore spaces (Taylor and Jaffe 1990; Rockhold et al. 2002). These phenomenon are usually referred to as bioclogging. © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 Biofilm accumulation in porous media depends on microbial adsorption and metabolic activities on surfaces, which involve many short-range forces such as dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions, ion-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, or polymeric bridging, etc. (Robb 1984; Palmer 2007). These forces may provide additional cohesion for shear resistance of the sand matrix. On the other hand, the lubrication properties of the biofilm resulting from its viscous property may lead to a decrease of the inter-particle friction leading to a reduction of soil shear resistance (Perkins et al. 2000). These short-range bonding forces along with the viscous nature of the biofilm will affect the mechanical behavior of soil interactively. The research on mechanical behavior of biofilm-treated soils is very limited and shows contradictory conclusions. Perkins et al. (2000) showed that Klebsiella oxytoca-produced biofilm has negligible influence on the strength and stiffness of the sand using triaxial and oedometer tests. Daniels et al. (2009) concluded that Beijerinckia indica-produced biofilm has a decreasing effect on the soil strength of clay and clayey sand using unconfined compression tests. Banagan (2010) reported that the shear strength of Ottawa 30 sand estimated using vane shear test was increased by 15.2~87.5% by adding biofilm-forming bacteria Flavobacterium johnsoniae. Three types of tests at variable conditions were conducted in this study. The anaerobic test was designed to determine whether the selected bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. Epidermidis, ATCC 35984) can grow under anaerobic condition using nitrate as electron acceptor. The syringe tests were designed to investigate the biofilm growth and morphology in the sand matrix under anaerobic condition. Finally, triaxial tests were utilized to investigate the mechanical behavior of sand treated by S. Epidermidis biofilm. EQUIPMENT Three types of tests (anaerobic test, syringe test, and triaxial test) were used to investigate the bacteria metabolic activity under anaerobic condition, the biofilm growth and morphology in the sand matrix, and the mechanical behavior of sand treated by biofilm (Figure 1). The anaerobic test was mainly used to understand the growth activity of S. Epidermidis under anaerobic condition. The anaerobic test consists of 11 anaerobic batch reactors in which each reactor consists of an anaerobic tube, septum stopper, and aluminum seal with bacteria and biofilm medium but without sand (Bellco Glass, Inc. Figure 1a). The syringe test was used to investigate the biofilm growth and morphology in the sand matrix under anaerobic condition. The syringe test consists of three 60 mL syringes which were used as continuous flow reactors filled with sand. The bottom port of the syringe was connected with a peristaltic pump (Cole-Parmer, L/S tubing pump). Above the 60 mL mark, an effluent tube was inserted into the syringe serving as an effluent port (Figure 1b). Triaxial test was utilized to evaluate the mechanical behavior of S. Epidermidis biofilm-treated sand. In addition, shear and compression wave (S-and P-wave) sensors were fabricated at two ends of the sample caps to monitor the sand modulus variation during biofilm growth and compression loading (Figure 1c). The detailed fabrication and equipment setup of S-and P-wave sensors can be found in Lin et al. (2016). © ASCE 2 IFCEE 2018 GSP 296 3 Anaerobic test: 11 batch reactors Septum stopper and aluminum seal (1) Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Anaerobic tube (11) Triaxial test: Consolidated Drained (CD) …… S.Epidermidis and biofilm media (20 mL) without sand S.Epidermidis in Ottawa 50/70 sand (a) S- and P-wave sensors Syringe test: 3 continuous flow reactors (1) Rubber plug S.Epidermidis, biofilm media, and 50/70 sand (3) (c) Effluent …… Note: Plot not in scale Media injection (b) Figure 1. Test plan and setup: (a) anaerobic tests; (b) syringe tests; (c) triaxial tests. MATERIALS AND BACTERIA PREPARATION Soil Properties The soil used in the test was Ottawa 50/70, which is classified as poorly graded sand (SP) using the Unified Soil Classification System. Ottawa 50/70 sand has a coefficient of uniformity (Cu) of 1.43, a coefficient of curvature (Cc) of 1.01, and maximum and minimum void ratio (emax and emin) of 0.87 and 0.55. The sand was dried in an oven at 105 oC for 24 hours before being used. The target relative density in the test was 40%. Bacteria Preparation and Media Recipes Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 35984), facultative anaerobic and gram-positive bacteria, was used for this research to induce biofilm formation in sand matrix. Although S. epidermidis was not a soil native bacterium, it was chosen for this study because of its produced extracellular polysaccharide adhesion, which could help biofilm better cement sand particles (O’Gara and Humphreys 2001). S. epidermidis has spherical shape, 0.5-1.5 μm in diameter, and can produce a type of EPS that acts as glue, which helps it grow in sticky clumps and biofilms (O’Toole et al. 2000). The stock culture of S. epidermidis was innoculated into sterilized Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) growth media and grown in an incubator shaker at 120 rpm and 33oC for approximately 24 hours until OD600=1.1~1.6. Then, the bacteria solution was immediately injected into the sand matrix. © ASCE