Tài liệu Ifcee 2018 developments in earth retention, support systems, and tunneling

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. GSP 297 IFCEE 2018 Developments in Earth Retention, Support Systems, and Tunneling Papers from Sessions of the International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo 2018 Orlando, Florida • March 5–10, 2018 Edited by Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D. Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E. Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 297 IFCEE 2018 DEVELOPMENTS IN EARTH RETENTION, SUPPORT SYSTEMS, AND TUNNELING SELECTED PAPERS FROM SESSIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION CONGRESS AND EQUIPMENT EXPO 2018 March 5–10, 2018 Orlando, Florida SPONSORED BY International Association of Foundation Drilling Deep Foundations Institute Pile Driving Contractors Association The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D. Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E. Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. 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IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 iii Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. This is the fourth volume of six Geotechnical Special Publications (GSPs) and one Geotechnical Practice Publication (GPP) containing papers from the 2018 International Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo (IFCEE18) held in Orlando, Florida on March 5–10, 2018. The IFCEE conference series combines a technical conference and equipment show dedicated to the design and construction of foundation systems, using the latest geo-engineering and geo-construction technologies and practices. The IFCEE conference series is a one of a kind event that attracts attendees from around the world for the world’s largest equipment exposition dedicated solely to the deep foundations industry. This Congress combined the 2018 annual meetings of ASCE’s Geo-Institute, the International Association of Foundation Drilling (ADSC), the Pile Driving Contractors Association (PDCA) and the Deep Foundations Institute (DFI). This event was the third Congress in the IFCEE conference series, following the successful 2009 and 2015 meetings, in which these leading geotechnical and geotechnical-related organizations joined together for a single and singular annual congress. IFCEE18 provided an international forum to discuss technological advances, case histories, and present challenges related to geotechnical and foundation engineering. The Congress was attended by a wide range of geo-professionals including engineers, contractors, academicians, equipment manufacturers, geo-technologists, researchers, and service, material and tooling suppliers. This publication culminates two years of effort by the technical planning committee whose focus has been to continue the success of the previous meetings in the IFCEE conference series. Many individuals are responsible for the content of this volume, all of whom served in the efforts to maintain the standard set by previous proceedings. An international call for papers and a rigorous peer review process yielded 280 accepted technical papers, that were presented in 47 sessions, in addition to invited keynote presentations. Papers were reviewed in accordance with ASCE GSP standards. Accordingly, each paper was subjected to technical review by two or more independent peer reviewers. Publication requires concurrence by at least two peer reviewers. The Editors would like to express their appreciation for having been provided the opportunity to be a part of this Congress’ organization, their sincere thanks to the numerous session chairs and reviewers, and we hope that these proceedings will be of use to the geotechnical engineering community for many years to come. The Editors, Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, M.DFI, University of California, Irvine Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, M.DFI, Oregon State University Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, M.DFI, Lehigh University © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 iv Acknowledgments Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Thanks are due to the authors, primary reviewers, session chairs, and program committee, without whom this publication would not be possible. IFCEE 2018 Conference Program Committee Conference Chair W. Robert Thompson, III, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Dan Brown and Associates, PC Technical Program Committee Tracy T. Brettmann, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, A. H. Beck Foundation Company, Inc. Allen Cadden, P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, Schnabel Engineering Peggy Hagerty-Duffy, P.E., D.GE, Hagerty Engineering, Inc. Bernard H. Hertlein, FACI, M.ASCE, GEI Consulting, Inc. Terence P. Holman, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Turner Construction Company Michael D. Justason, P.Eng., M.ASCE, McMaster University/Bermingham Foundation Solutions Mary Ellen Large, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Deep Foundations Institute Anna Sellountou, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Pile Dynamics, Inc. Proceedings Editors Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Lehigh University Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., P.E., A.M.ASCE, University of California, Irvine Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Oregon State University IFCEE 2018 Sessions and Session Chairs Deep Foundations Deep Foundations & Seismic Issues William M. Camp, III, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, S&ME, Inc. Design and Analysis of Deep Foundations Sanjeev Malhotra, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Consulting Engineer; Elizabeth M. Smith, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Terracon Consultants, Inc.; James W. Niehoff, P.E., M.ASCE, GEI Consultants, Inc. Field Testing: Axial/Lateral I Gerald Verbeek, M.ASCE, Verbeek Management Services; John P. Turner, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Dan Brown and Associates, PC; Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Louisiana State University © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 Pile Driving: Design and Construction Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Thatcher Engineering Corporation Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Practical Aspects of Foundation Installation and Investigation Sanjeev Malhotra, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Consulting Engineer Earth Retention and Support Excavation Support: Design and Construction Helen Robinson, P.E., GEI Consultants, Inc. Mechanically Stabilized Earth and Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Systems Ben A. Leshchinsky, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Oregon State University Seismic Aspects of Earth Retention Ali A. Eliadorani, Ph.D., P.E., P.L.S., M.ASCE, South Carolina State University Tunnels and Buried Structures Eric Wang, P.E., LEED AP, M.ASCE, HNTB Corporation; Thomas W. Pennington, P.E., M.ASCE, Jacobs Associates Ground Improvement & Seepage Control Bio-Based Soil Improvement Dimitrios Zekkos, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Michigan & geoengineer.org; Jason DeJong, Ph.D., University of California, Davis; Kenichi Soga, Ph.D., FREng, FICE, M.ASCE, University of California, Berkeley Geosynthetic/Fiber Reinforcement Ben A. Leshchinsky, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Oregon State University Ground Improvement: Treatment Case Studies Christian B. Woods, P.E., D.GE, G.E., M.ASCE, Densification, Inc. Liquefaction and Densification Menzer Pehlivan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL Retaining and Cutoff Wall Design and Construction Kenneth L. Fishman, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, McMahon & Mann Consulting Engineers, P.C.; Nasser Massoudi, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Bechtel Corp. Stone Columns/Piers/Grouting I Kord J. Wissmann, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Geopier Foundation Company; Jie Han, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, The University of Kansas © ASCE v IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Other Topics: Deep Foundations and Site Characterization Advances in Energy Piles Omid Ghasemi Fare, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Louisville; John S. McCartney, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego Bridges: Foundation Design and Construction Sam Sternberg, III, P.E., M.ASCE, Thompson Engineering Characterizing the Behavior of Soils Cumaraswamy (Vipu) Vipulanandan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Houston; Yazen Khasawneh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, NTH Consultants, Ltd. Liquefaction: Analysis and Design C. Yoga Chandran, Ph.D., G.E., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL QA/QC for Deep Foundations Anna Sellountou, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Pile Dynamics, Inc. Rock Mechanics Ingrid Tomac, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego; Ehsan Ghazanfari, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Vermont Site Characterization Xiong (Bill) Yu, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, Case Western University Other Topics in Geotechnical Engineering Constitutive Modeling Usama S. El Shamy, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Southern Methodist University; Seung Jae Lee, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Florida International University Pavements and Subgrades Boo Hyun Nam, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Central Florida Shallow Foundations Xiong Zhang, Ph.D., P.E., A.M.ASCE, Missouri University of Science and Technology Slopes, Dams, Embankments Timothy D. Stark, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign; Binod Tiwari, Ph.E., P.E., M.ASCE, California State University, Fullerton; Beena Ajmera, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, California State University, Fullerton © ASCE vi IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 vii Unsaturated Soils Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Mississippi State University; Rifat Bulut, Ph.D., M.ASCE, Oklahoma State University Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Selected Other Topics in Geotechnical Engineering Matteo Montesi, P.E., M.ASCE, WSP USA; Curt R. Basnett, P.E., M.ASCE. CH2M HILL; Morgan Race, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Braun Intertec; Kam Weng Ng, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Wyoming; Lori A. Simpson, G.E., P.E., M.ASCE, Langan Treadwell Rollo Case Histories, Lessons Learned and General Practice ACIP Piles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned W. Morgan NeSmith, P.E., M.ASCE, Berkel & Company Contractors, Inc. Drilled Shafts: Case Histories and Lessons Learned William F. (Bubba) Knight, P.E., M.ASCE, Loadtest, A Division of Fugro USA Land, Inc. Driven Piles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Thatcher Engineering Corporation Excavation Support: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Richard J. Valentine, P.E., M.ASCE, Valentine Engineering Consultants Ground Improvement: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Jose L. M. Clemente, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, Bechtel NS&E Micropiles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., P.Eng., Aff.M.ASCE, Quanta Subsurface Site Investigation: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Conrad W. Felice, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, C. W. Felice, LLC Slope Stabilization/Earth Retention: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Timothy D. Stark, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign IFCEE 2018 Primary Paper Reviewers John Abdalkhani Amir Ahmadipur Sherif Abdelaziz Aseel Ahmed Yasser Abdelhamid Beena Ajmera Kofi Acheampong Gauen Alexander Muthu Adigovindan Ryan Allin © ASCE Robert Alperstein Art Alzamora Denis Ambio Omar Amer Joram Amir IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Jinwoo An Donald Anderson Ed Anderson Ronald Andrus Luis Arboleda Allam Ardah David Arellano George Aristorenas Haydar Arslan Arul Arumoli Moi Arzamendi Reza Ashtiani Andrew Assadollahi Paul Axtell Alireza Ayoubian Alireza Saeedi Azizkandi Ahmed Baghdady Paola Bandini Aritra Banerjee Curt Basnett Prasenjit Basu Bate Bate Andrew Baxter Ira Beer Jomaa Ben-Hassine Jonathan Bennett Keith Bennett Jorge Bheim Dale C. Biggers Jerold Bishop Tanner Blackburn Antonio Bobet Glen Bobnick Giovanni Bonita Michael Boone David Borger Stan Boyle Tom Brandon Kyle Brennan Tracy Brettmann Jean-Louis Briaud Frederick (Rick) A. Brinker © ASCE viii E. Buka Paul Bullock Rifat Bulut Kristi Bumpas Giuseppe Buscarnera Allen Cadden Billy Camp Franz Campero Greg Canivan Junnan Cao Salvatore Caronna John Case Ray Castelli Jan Cermak Bora Cetin Yoga Chandran Geoff Chao Lizhou Chen W. Z. Chen Les Chernauskas Bhaskar Chittoori Byoung Hooi Cho Sanghyun Chun Jose Clemente Russell Cooper Michael Coryell Dave Crouthamel Bobby Daita Steven Dapp Domenic D'Argenzio Steve Davidow John Deeken Jason DeJong Karishma Desai Jerry DiMaggio Randall Divito Yi Dong Elliott Drumright Elizabeth Dwyre Paul Eggers Paul Eickenberg Usama Samir El Shamy Ghada Ellithy Fathey Elsaid Mostafa Elseifi Carlos Englert Alan Esser Jeff Evans Matt Evans Ragui Wilson Fahmy Arvin Farid Ray Fassett Peter Faust Sixto Fernandez Alexander Filotti Geroge Filz Jared Fischer Kenneth Fishman Michael Flynn Emmanuel Fosteris Ray Franz Murray Fredlund David Frost Mo Gabr Mahi Galagoda Phillip Gallet Quan Gao John Garber Cyrus Garner Donald Gerken Hande Gerkus Omid Ghasemi-Fare Akrouch Ghassen Mohammad Ghavami Ehsan Ghazanfari James Gingery Matt Glisson Matt Goff Aaron Goldberg Larry Goldfarb Jesus Gomez Michael G. Gomez Clay Goodman David Graham Donald Gray Donald Green Jared Green IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Jean Habimana Seth Hamblin Chanjuan Han Jie Han Jim Hansen Nafiul Haque Nicholas Harman Dean Harris Megan Hart Ahmadreza Hedayat James Hite Chu Ho I-Hsuan Ho Jon Ho Oliver Hoops David Horhota Zahid Hossain Xiewen Hu Jie Huang Aaron Hudson Nick Hudyma Jonathan Huff Troy Hull Dana Humphrey Mohamad Hussein James Hussin Nejan Huvaj Elvis Ishimwe Magued Iskander Tyler Jahn Matthew Janes John Jenkins Yan Jiang Lawrence F. Johnsen Kenneth Johnson John Juenger Hyuk-Sang Jung Onur Kacar Arash Kamali-Asl Peter Kandaris Xin Kang Ismail Karatas Edward Kavazanjian Qamar Kazmi © ASCE ix Andrew Keene Ryan Keiper Yazen Khasawneh Ali Khosravi Yoshiaki Kikuchi Meeok Kim Sihyun Kim Sonny Kim Yonje Kim Scott Kirts Junyoung Ko Prabir Kolay Josh Koltz Susheel Kolwalker Van Komurka Dimitrious Konstantakos Tim Kovacs Sachin Kumar Debra Laefer Mary Ellen Large John Lawrence Imsoo Lee Seung Jae Lee Anne Lemnitzer Ben Leshchinsky Christopher Lewis Michael Lewis Paul Lewis Chang Li Jiliang Li Lin Li Marina Li Min Liew Garland Likins Keng-Wit Lim Chuang Lin Xiaobin Lin Bret Lingwall Jenny Liu Shimin Liu Sebastian LoboGuerrero Libby Loeffler Erik Loehr Theresa Loux John Lupo Scott Mackiewicz Ashley Macmillan Anwar Maharmeh Ali Maher Sanjeev Malhotra Kalehiwot Nega Manahiloh Brian Martinez Ben Mason John McCartney Alexander Mcgillivray JT McGinnis Michael McVay Nick Meloy Brian Metcalfe Peter Middendorp Marta Miletic Kevin Miller Bert Miner Filippo Mira-Catto Deb Mishra Roxbeh Moghaddam Soroush Mokhtari Matteo Montesi Brina Montoya Joon-Shik Moon Taehyun Moon Mike Muchard Gray Mullins Finnegan Mwape Boo Hyun Nam Soonkie Nam Mohammad Nasim David Neilson Kam Weng Ng Trung Dung Nguyen James Niehoff Mary Nodine Iraj Noorany Nicolas Oettle Kwabena Ofori-Awuah IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Ed O'Malley George Onorato Phillip Ooi Hasan Ozer Sam Paikowsky Anant Panwalkar Ujwalkumar Patil James Pegues Tom Pennington James Pergues Dunja Peric Howard Perko Juan Pestana James Phipps Gregg Piazza George Piscsalko Marc Plotkin Tyler Poggiogalle Daniel Pradel Russell Preuss Tom Printz Anand Puppala Sastry Putcha Tong Qiu Morgan Race Parishad Rahbari Dhooli Raj Promod Rao Deepak Rayamajhi Mohammad Razavi Alex Reeb Kurt Rhoads Frederick Rhyner Tom Richards Charles Roarty Donald Robertson Brent Robinson Helen Robinson Juan Rodriguez Mark Rohrbach Kyle Rollins Dario Rosidi Jason Ross John Rowley © ASCE x Daniel Ruffing Cassandra Rutherford Tom Sabourin Nick Salisbury Marika Santagata Fernando Sarabia Sagar Satyal Steve Saye Zach Scarboro David Scarpato Vern Schaefer Charles Warren Schwartz Brian Sears Henry Seawell Jeff Segar Al Sehn Gary Seider Anna Sellountou Hoyoung Seo Jeongbok Seo Sunil Sharma Anna Shidlovskaya Phil Shull Erin Sibley Tim Siegel Gregory Silver Matt Silveston Johanna Simon Bob Simpson Lori Simpson Jenn Sketchley Matthew Sleep Don Smith Miriam Smith Ryan Snook Kenichi Soga Ahmad Souri Eric Steward Melissa Stewart Charles (Andy) Stone Bryan Strohman Armin Stuedlein Muhannad Suleiman Steve Sun Xiaohui Sun Oscar Suncar Sonia Swift Amirata Taghavi Takefumi Takuma Majid Talebi Gilbert Tallard Burak Tanyu David Tara Junliang Tau Ed Theinat Robert Thompson James Tinjum Binod Tiwari Ingrid Tomac Justin Toney Lucas Turko Benjamin Turner John Turner Richard (Dick) Vaeth Richard Valentine Adriaan Van Seters Ben Vance Dan VandenBerge Philip Vardon Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan Michael Walker Scott Walker Bill Walton Dingbao Wang Eric Wang Fei Wang Lei Wang Shugang Wang Lei Wei Darrell Wilder Daniel Woeste Jeong Yun Won Moussa Wone Timothy Wood Lee Wooten Yonggui Xie IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Xiaoming Yang Jun Yao Fred Yi Taesun You Heejung Youn Xiong Yu Zia Zafir Atefeh Zamani Natasha Zamani Claudia Zapata Justin Zarella Dimitrios Zekkos Ming Zhang Xiong Zhang Katerina Ziotopoulou Jorge Zornberg © ASCE xi IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 xii Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Earth Retention and Support Finite Element Analyses of an Urban Cofferdam Using Hypoplasticity Clay Model .................................................................................................................. 1 A. Felipe Uribe-Henao, Luis G. Arboleda-Monsalve, Juan Garcia, and Lisa Star Temperature and Concrete Time-Dependent Effects on Urban Cofferdams ................................................................................................................ 12 A. Felipe Uribe-Henao, Luis G. Arboleda-Monsalve, Alejandro Velasquez-Perez, David G. Zapata-Medina, and Fernando Sarabia Analysis of Predicted Capacity versus Load Test Results of Ground Anchors in Multi-Geology Installation ................................................................... 23 Eric S. Backlund and Noel W. Janacek Innovations in Removable Post Tensioned Strand Ground Anchors .................. 33 Lucian Bogdan and Patrick Wörle Numerical Modeling of a Tiedback Wood-Lagging Wall during Excavation ................................................................................................................. 43 Soheil Kamalzare, David E. Weatherby, Matthew J. Niermann, and Dominic Parmantier Investigation on the Effects of Different Nail Diameters, Soil Elastic Moduli and Pullout Rates on the Pullout Shear Resistance of Soil-Nail Interface.............................................................................. 54 A. Saeedi-Azizkandi, M. H. Baziar, H. Dashtara, and A. H. Kolahdouzan Empirical Method to Estimate Lateral Wall Deformation Profiles and Bending Moment in Excavation Retaining Walls ............................ 65 L. Sebastian Bryson, David G. Zapata-Medina, and Jorge Romana-Giraldo Numerical Investigation of the Performance of a Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil-Integrated Bridge System (GRS-IBS) under Working Stress Conditions ...................................................................................... 76 Murad Abu-Farsakh, Allam Ardah, and George Voyiadjis Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls................................................................................................................ 88 Kyle M. Rollins, Andrew Luna, Ryan Budd, Jason Besendorfer, Cody Hatch, Jarell Han, and Robert Gladstone © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 xiii Numerical Investigation on the Performance of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Piers under Axial Loading ................................................................................ 99 Mahsa Khosrojerdi, Tong Qiu, Ming Xiao, and Jennifer Nicks Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Prediction Model for Estimating the Immediate Settlement of Foundations Placed on Reinforced Soil......................................... 109 Mahsa Khosrojerdi, Ming Xiao, Tong Qiu, and Jennifer Nicks Interface Studies on Geogrid and Fly Ash ........................................................... 119 K. P. Bhargav Kumar and B. Umashankar Cyclically Induced Deformations in Lightweight Cellular Concrete Backfilled Retaining Structures ............................................................................ 130 Binod Tiwari, Beena Ajmera, and Diego Villegas Fragility Analysis of Seismic Response of Cantilever Retaining Walls with Cohesive and Cohesionless Backfill Materials .................................. 139 Siavash Zamiran and Abdolreza Osouli Seismic-Induced Deformations of a Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Bridge Abutment Subjected to Longitudinal Shaking ........................................ 147 Wenyong Rong, Yewei Zheng, John S. McCartney, and Patrick J. Fox Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Lateral Earth Pressures Generated from Repeated Loading ....................................................................... 158 Jakob R. Walter, Amr M. Morsy, and Jorge G. Zornberg Comparison of Measurements and Limit State Solutions for Soil Pressures on Deep Flexible Underground Structures .................................. 169 Lohrasb Keykhosropour and Anne Lemnitzer Assessment of Dynamic Load Allowance for Buried Culverts ........................... 179 Mehdi Kadivar, Kalehiwot Nega Manahiloh, Victor N. Kaliakin, and Harry W. Shenton III Compensation Grouting Program to Mitigate Settlement of Utilities from Tunneling ....................................................................................................... 189 James C. Myers, Jonathan Taylor, and Lucian P. Spiteri Design Methodology to Evaluate Hydraulic Jacking in Pressure Tunnels ....... 201 Mohammad Moridzadeh and Peter Dickson Ground Improvement and Seepage Control Soil-Bentonite Slurry Trench Cutoff Wall Longevity ......................................... 214 Daniel Ruffing, Jeffrey Evans, and Nathan Coughenour Emergency Bridge Pier Foundation Repair with Pressed-in Piles .................... 224 Takefumi Takuma and Takayuki Sakai © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 xiv Evaluation of Water Vapor Sorption and Electrical Conductivity Methods to Determine Bentonite Content of a Soil-Bentonite Barrier ............. 238 Idil Deniz Akin, Jiannan Chen, Craig H. Benson, and William J. Likos Slopes, Dams, and Embankments Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Geotechnical Stability Analysis of Earthen Levees in the Face of Uncertainty................................................................................................. 247 Lei Wang, Michael Powers, Michael Studiner, Mohammed Fallatah, and Wenping Gong Strain in a GRS Bridge Abutment: Strain Gauge Attachment Techniques, Performance and Survivability during Construction and Operation ............... 257 Majid Talebi, Christopher L. Meehan, and Tyler M. Poggiogalle Changes in Temperature Distribution in a Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Abutment and Their Effect on Measured Strain ................................................. 267 Tyler M. Poggiogalle, Majid Talebi, and Christopher L. Meehan Lessons Learned: Oklahoma State Highway 99 over the Washita River.......... 278 Kristi K. Bumpas, Chad E. Grinsteiner, and Jennifer Koscelny Influence of Slope Density on the Stability and Deformation of Clayey Slopes ....................................................................................................................... 293 Binod Tiwari, Beena Ajmera, Mohammed Khalid, Samin Donyanavard, and Rosalie Chavez Impact of Variation of Small Strain Shear Modulus on Seismic Slope Stability Analysis of a Levee: A Sensitivity Analysis ................................ 302 Sayantan Chakraborty, Aritra Banerjee, Jasaswee T. Das, Leila Mosadegh, and Anand J. Puppala A Landslide Model with the Shear Band Propagation: Modification for Unsaturated Condition ........................................................................................... 314 Sihyun Kim, Brian J. Fiedler, and Seunghee Kim Effect of the Core on the Upstream Stability of Dams under Sudden Drawdown Conditions ............................................................................................ 324 Salama Al-Labban and Manoj Chopra Experimental Investigation of Effects of Sliding Distance on Impact Force from Granular Sliding Mass to a Rigid Obstruction ................................ 333 Amir Ahmadipur and Tong Qiu Design Optimization of I-Wall Levee System Supported by Sand Foundation ..................................................................................................... 341 Parishad Rahbari and Nadarajah Ravichandran © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Finite Element Analyses of an Urban Cofferdam Using Hypoplasticity Clay Model A. Felipe Uribe-Henao, S.M.ASCE1; Luis G. Arboleda-Monsalve, Ph.D., M.ASCE2; Juan Garcia3; and Lisa Star, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE4 1 Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Undergraduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Construction Engineering Management, California State Univ., Long Beach, CA 90840. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Construction Engineering Management, California State Univ., Long Beach, CA 90840. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Urban cofferdams are used to build the rigid central core of high-rise buildings and are conceived as temporary retaining excavation structures. For the case of the One Museum Park West (OMPW) building (Chicago, IL), settlement points and inclinometer data were recorded during the excavation within the cofferdam. This cofferdam stage represented 20% of the total excavated volume of this project and caused about a third of the total measured settlements. An axisymmetric numerical model using an advanced constitutive soil model, the hypoplasticity model for clays with intergranular strains, is developed to simulate an idealized lower bound solution of the ground movements resulting from the OMPW cofferdam excavation. Significant differences between computed and observed ground movements are presented when compliance effects between structural members, installation of nearby foundations, and flexibility of the cofferdam and internal bracing connections are ignored. INTRODUCTION In major populated areas, urban cofferdams are used as temporary excavation structures to build the rigid central core of high rise buildings. These cofferdams are built using interlocked modular pieces of sheet piles to form a circular retaining wall, which is laterally braced with internal ring beams. Soil removal and installation of the bracing system are carried out to cast the foundations of a rigid central core of the building. Ring beams made of hot-rolled wide-flanged structural steel sections are assembled segmentally using bolted end-plate connections. Urban cofferdams constitute an “ancillary” pre-excavation activity of a major construction sequence, mistakenly © ASCE 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 conceived to have minor contributions to the total excavation-induced ground movements. Thus, instrumentation to identify causes of ground deformation is not always available for these preexcavation activities. Finno et al. (2014) presented the ground movements of a combined excavation sequence (i.e., bottom-up and top-down methods used in the same project) conducted for the construction of five levels of basements and rigid central core of the OMPW building. The bottom-up excavation sequence, which is the primary focus of this paper, was performed using a circular cofferdam braced with steel ring beams. It was observed that approximately 30% of the total settlements were developed during this excavation activity, including the construction of the central core. Compliances in the connections of sheet piles and ring beams contributed to the resulting ground deformations. An axisymmetric numerical model using an advanced constitutive soil model, the hypoplasticity model for clays with intergranular strains, is developed in this paper to simulate the ground movements resulting from the OMPW cofferdam construction. It is not possible to reconcile full-scale field performance of geotechnical structures with analytical and numerical predictions if all the causes of movements are not identified and properly modeled in the numerical environment. This paper addresses this issue by comparing the observed performance of an urban cofferdam with a lower bound numerical solution using an advanced soil constitutive model and soil-structure interaction. URBAN COFFERDAM AT ONE MUSEUM PARK WEST The construction of OMPW project in Chicago, IL, was accomplished following three stages. The first stage consisted in the construction of the perimeter pile wall, which served as a permanent load-bearing wall for the structure, and the installation of rock-socketed and belled caissons within the building footprint. These caissons formed the deep foundation system of the OMPW. During this stage, the secant pile walls were drilled into the soil using an auger provided with an external casing with cutting teeth. A conventional procedure of cutting through previously cast-in-place concrete piles was followed. This procedure was made sufficiently spaced to guarantee 140 mm overlap between the secant pile wall sections. The secant piles transitioned in depth to tangent by extending just the auger, without the use of steel casing. This stage was followed by a bottom-up excavation to build the rigid central core of OMPW. This central core served as the main lateral load-resisting system, which was made of shear walls supported on a mat foundation placed about 15 m below the ground surface. This stage was completed by using a circular cofferdam to resist earth and water pressures. The third construction stage consisted of the construction of the building basements using a top-down excavation system, which is outside the scope of this paper. Further details about the construction stages are provided by Finno et al. (2014). The subsurface soil conditions and plan view of the project are presented in Figure 1. The figure summarizes the soil profile encountered at the site [further details by Finno et al. (2014)], starting with a surficial compacted and uncontrolled urban fill formed by loose to medium-dense sands and debris from the great Chicago fire in 1871. This stratum is followed by a series of © ASCE 2 3 glacial clay layers starting with a 2.5 m thick layer of medium to stiff clay crust identified in boring logs around the cofferdam. Then, two layers of soft to medium clays are identified in the figure as Blodgett and Deerfield from elev. -1.8 to -14.6 m CCD (Chicago City Datum). The Blodgett stratum has a very heterogenous water content and its undrained shear strength varies from 10 to 25 kPa, while the Deerfield has a relatively more uniform water content and its undrained shear strength ranges from 30 to 60 kPa. Stiff layers of clay were found from elev. 14.6 to -19.3 m CCD with a gradual increase in undrained shear strength up to 300 kPa. Hard clays are found below elev. -19.3 m CCD. -4 -6 -10 -12 Deerfield -8 -18 -20 -22 Tinley Park Ridge -16 Fill / CL / SP Stiff to Hard CL, CL-ML -14 Sheet pile wall @ 3.65m [email protected] RB-1 [email protected] RB-2 [email protected] RB-3 [email protected] RB-4 W14x176 0 5 Scale (m) Secant pile wall N Temporary Cofferdam W14x193 Central Core Walls Inclinometers Settl. points W14x211 [email protected] Embedment Depth -2 Crust Urban Fill 0 Medium to Stiff, CL 2 Blodgett 4 Gr. Surface Soft to Medium, CL 6 Elevation CCD [m] Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 I-1 W14x257 @-16.15m (a) 1W 2W 4W 3W 5W (b) Figure 1. Excavation OMPW cofferdam: a) soil profile and b) schematic plan view. Figure 1 also shows the plan view of the circular cofferdam, location of the perimeter pile wall, and a subgroup of inclinometers and settlement points. The instrumentation placed in the west side only will be used in this paper to compare the results of the measured values with the lower bound solution of the numerical simulations. The perimeter pile wall was subdivided in two portions. The upper portion of the wall was made of secant piles up to elev. -10 m CCD. From there, the wall transitioned to tangent sections extended to elev. -18 m CCD. The wall on the west side (i.e., portion of wall analyzed in this paper) consisted of 0.88-m-diameter concrete members (design compressive strength of 28 MPa) reinforced with W24x84 embedded sections. The diameter of the tangent portions was approximately the center-to-center spacing of the secant pile sections, which was 0.74 m. The cofferdam was built using a sheet pile wall assembled with steel PZC–18 sections. The interlocked segments were aligned forming a circular © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. geostructure with a diameter of 24.25 m. The excavation inside the cofferdam was completed with cycles of soil removal and lateral bracing until the bottom ring beam was reached at elev. 7.9 m CCD. Excavation activities concluded when the bottom of the cut was reached at elev. 10.5 m CCD. The ring beam cross sections, spacings, elevations and sheet pile embedment depth are shown in the figure. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF OMPW COFFERDAM A two-dimensional finite element analysis of the construction sequence was setup as a lower bound solution of the cofferdam performance. The model was built under axisymmetric conditions in Plaxis 2D (2016). Figure 2 shows the structural and soil elements employed to simulate the soil-structure interaction behavior of the cofferdam. The sheet pile wall was modeled as a rectangular equivalent section using plate elements with moment of inertia I= 34881.9 cm4/m, area A= 150.55 cm2/m, and modulus of elasticity E=200 GPa. An orthotropic elastic material was used to distinguish the bending from the axial stiffness of the PZC sections. This results in two equivalent plates of 1.5 mm of thickness (70% smaller than the actual PZC18 thickness) to resist compressive stresses in the circumferential sense, and 161.2 mm to support bending forces. Soil clusters forming rectangular shapes were employed to model the structural response of the ring beam bracing system. The material of the bracing system was made linear-elastic. In reality, steel ring beams are segmentally assembled and installed by welding their flanges to the sheet pile wall. Gaps were left open in some of those connections, which reduced the effectiveness of the bracing system. These issues cannot be modeled properly in axisymmetric conditions. An equivalent elastic modulus computed as 20.7 GPa using a separate structural model, was used to indirectly model the structural behavior of the bracing system and ring beam-to-sheet pile wall connections. Further details are provided by Uribe Henao and Arboleda Monsalve (2017). © ASCE 4 IFCEE 2018 GSP 297 5 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Sheet pile wall (Plate elements) Bracing system (Soil elements) @ +6.0 m CCD Urban Fill @ +3.65 Clay Crust Secant pile wall (Soil elements) Blodgett @ -10.50 Deerfield @ -16.15 @ -18.0 Upper Park Ridge Lower Park Ridge Valparaiso Figure 2. Two dimensional axisymmetric numerical model using Plaxis 2D (2016) Soil clusters were also employed to simulate the secant pile wall using a linear-elastic material with parameters calibrated by Arboleda-Monsalve (2014). The author reported stability numbers in the order of 7 to 11 in the west side of OMPW and at the depth of the Deerfield stratum, where the transition between secant and tangent pile wall occurred without the use of steel casing. The stability number at a given depth is defined as the total vertical stress minus any slurry pressure divided by the undrained shear strength. When the stability number exceeds 6, one would expect that inward movements would occur due to stress relief as the tangent portions of the perimeter pile walls were drilled (e.g., Lukas and Baker 1978). Because of this soft clay squeezing effect, additional ground movements were caused along the west perimeter pile wall of the project. Those movements were accounted for in this numerical model by adding approximately 30 mm of a prescribed displacement at the elevation of the Deerfield layer. This is the only construction-related effect included in this numerical model. A limitation of the model is that the perimeter pile wall behavior could have been modeled more realistically using plane strain rather than axisymmetric conditions. However, this paper is oriented to understand only the circular cofferdam behavior and thus, to account for the perimeter pile wall in the model an equivalent reduced stiffness of the wall for the case of axisymmetric conditions was used. The subsurface conditions were modeled using a combination of Hardening Soil (HS) constitutive model for the urban fill and Hypoplasticity Clay (HC) model for the clay layers (Masin 2014). HS model parameters for the fill calibrated by Blackburn (2005) were employed in this paper. The HC model parameters, listed in Table 1, were calibrated by Arboleda-Monsalve et al. (2014; 2017) for a wide range of triaxial stress probes for the same soil conditions. Interface elements between soil and structure were not considered in the model. © ASCE