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ICCREM
2018
Sustainable Construction
and Prefabrication
Edited by
Yaowu Wang; Yimin Zhu;
Geoffrey Q. P. Shen; and
Mohamed Al-Hussein
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ICCREM 2018
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION AND
PREFABRICATION
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT 2018
August 9–10, 2018
Charleston, South Carolina
SPONSORED BY
Modernization of Management Committee
of the China Construction Industry Association
The Construction Institute
of the American Society of Civil Engineers
EDITORS
Yaowu Wang
Yimin Zhu
Geoffrey Q. P. Shen
Mohamed Al-Hussein
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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ICCREM 2018
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Preface
We would like to welcome you to the 2018 International Conference on Construction and Real
Estate Management (ICCREM 2018). Harbin Institute of Technology, Louisiana State University,
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, University of Alberta, Luleå University of Technology,
Heriot-Watt University, Marquette University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Guangzhou
University. The Conference is a continuation of the ICCREM series which have been held annually
since 2003.
The theme for this conference is “Innovation Technology and Intelligent Construction”. It
especially highlights the importance of innovation technology for construction engineering and
management. The conference proceedings include 138 peer-review papers covered fourteen
important subjects. And all papers went through a two-step peer review process. The proceedings
of the congress are divided into four parts:
Innovative Technology and Intelligent Construction
Sustainable Construction and Prefabrication
Analysis of Real Estate and Construction Industry
Construction Enterprises and Project Management
On behalf of the Construction Institute, the American Society of Civil Engineers and the 2018
ICCREM Organizing Committee, we welcome you and wish you leave with a wonderful
experience and memory at ICCREM 2018.
Professor Yaowu Wang
Professor Yimin Zhu
Harbin Institute of Technology
Louisiana State University
P. R. of China
USA
Acknowledgments
Organized by
Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China
Louisiana State University, USA
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, P.R. China
University of Alberta, Canada
Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
© ASCE
ICCREM 2018
iv
Heriot-Watt University, UK
Marquette University, USA
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
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Guangzhou University, P.R. China
Executive Editors
Yue Cao
Zhuyue Li
Xuewen Gong
Jia Ding
Xianwei Meng
Mengping Xie
Jiaqing Chen
Tianqi Zhang
Yushan Wang
Chong Feng
Xiangkun Qi
Jingjing Yang
Xiaoting Li
Yu Hua
Wenting Chen
Xiaowen Sun
Hang Shang
Shiwei Chen
Tongyao Feng
Conference website: http://www.iccrem.com/
Email:
[email protected]
Conference Committee
Committee Chairs
Prof. Yaowu Wang, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China
Prof. Geoffrey Q.P. Shen, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, P.R. China
Conference Executive Chair
Prof. Yimin Zhu, Louisiana State University, USA
Conference Co-Chairs
Prof. Mohamed Al-Hussein, University of Alberta, Canada
Director Katerina Lachinova, Construction Institute of ASCE.(ASCE members), USA
Prof. Thomas Olofsson, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
Prof. Ming Sun, Heriot Watt University, UK
Prof. Yong Bai, Marquette University, USA
Prof. Kunibert Lennerts, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, German
Prof. Xiaolong Xue, Guangzhou University, P.R. China
© ASCE
ICCREM 2018
Organizing Committee and Secretariat
General Secretariat
Asso. Prof Qingpeng Man, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China
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Deputy General Secretariat
Asso. Prof. Hongtao Yang, East China University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
Asso. Prof. Xiaodong Li, Tsinghua University, P.R. China
Asso. Prof. Chengshuang Sun, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,
P.R. China
Committee Members
Dr. Yuna Wang, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China
Dr. Tao Yu, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China
Mr. Yongyue Liu, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China
Mr. Zixin Han, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China
Mr. Zhenzong Zhou, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China
© ASCE
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ICCREM 2018
vi
Contents
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Research on Hoisting Sequence Controlling during Assembly Construction ......................... 1
Zhenmin Yuan and Yaowu Wang
A Primary Study of Environmental Impact Assessment for RC Column
Using Ontological Theory ......................................................................................................... 7
Bingqing Zhang, Xiaodong Li, and Jun Xiao
The Relationship between Corporation’s Profitability and Eco-Innovation:
Empirical Evidence from China ............................................................................................. 14
Hongtao Yang, Yimin Zhu, and Guijun Li
The Application of Building Information Modeling in Sustainable
Construction: A Literature Review ........................................................................................ 21
Shiwei Chen, Kailun Feng, and Yaowu Wang
Review of Green Retrofit Technologies and Policies for Aged Residential
Buildings in Hong Kong .......................................................................................................... 38
Yongtao Tan, Guo Liu, Yan Zhang, Chenyang Shuai,
and Geoffrey Qiping Shen
Assessment of Sustainable Development Capacity of Prefabricated
Residential Building Supply Chain......................................................................................... 45
Kangning Liu and Shoujian Zhang
Study on the Interactive Relationship between Prefabricated Buildings
and Sustainable Affordable Housing Construction ............................................................... 59
Zhenzong Zhou and Yaowu Wang
Decision-Making in Green Building Investment Based on Integrating AHP
and COPRAS-Gray Approach ............................................................................................... 65
Yan Zhang, Yongtao Tan, Nan Li, Guo Liu, and Ting Luo
Promotion Strategy of Prefabricated Building Based on Evolutionary
Game Theory among Main Participants ................................................................................ 72
Shuaishuai Jiao, Shoujian Zhang, and Xiying Zhang
A Robust Optimization Approach to the Regional Construction and
Demolition Waste Reverse Logistics Network Design ........................................................... 80
Chenxi Yang and Jianguo Chen
Analysis of Factors Influencing the Application of Prefabricated Concrete
Structure Based on Structure Equation Modeling ................................................................ 87
Xiangkun Qi, Yaowu Wang, and Chengshuang Sun
© ASCE
ICCREM 2018
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Supervision and Punishment Mechanism of Construction Waste
Illegal-Dumping Based on Game Theory Approach .............................................................. 97
Chunxiang Hua, Jianguo Chen, and Chenyu Liu
Research on Factors Affecting the Life-Circle Cost of Prefabricated
Building in China .................................................................................................................. 106
Qian Jin, Chengjie Xu, and Xiaoxi Liu
A Study on the Stakeholder Influences during Green Building Operation
in China ................................................................................................................................. 114
Hongyang Li, Yuan Fang, and Hui Yan
Real-Time Carbon Emissions Monitoring Tool for Prefabricated
Construction: An IoT-Based System Framework................................................................ 121
Chao Mao, Xingyu Tao, Hao Yang, Rundong Chen, and Guiwen Liu
Factors Affecting the Capital Cost of Prefabrication in China: Perception
and Practice ........................................................................................................................... 128
Hong Xue, Shoujian Zhang, and Yikun Su
“Energy-Economic-Environment” Assessment for Energy-Efficiency
Techniques of Green Buildings ............................................................................................. 146
Xiao Xu and Yuan Chang
Game between Government and Developers under the Subsidy Policy of
Prefabricated Buildings ........................................................................................................ 153
Xiying Zhang, Shoujian Zhang, and Shuaishuai Jiao
Measurement and Influencing Factors Analysis of PM10 Emissions in
Construction Site ................................................................................................................... 161
Hui Yan, Guoliang Ding, Yan Zhang, Xuhui Huang, Yousong Wang,
and Hongyang Li
Lean Construction Management in the Construction of the Whole Life
Cycle of Use ........................................................................................................................... 172
Wei Wang and Xin Zhang
Research on the Development Trend and Methods of Green Construction
in China ................................................................................................................................. 183
Zehui Miao and Ling Li
Research on a Calculation Model and Control Measures for Carbon
Emission of Buildings ............................................................................................................ 190
Juanjuan Shen, Xiuqin Yin, and Quan Zhou
Evaluation of Road Transportation Sustainability .............................................................. 199
Yudan Dou, Zebin Zhao, Xiaolong Xue, Ting Luo, and Ankang Ji
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The Development Strategy of Prefabricated Construction Component Factory
from the Perspective of Supply Chain .................................................................................. 206
Qiyu Shen and Mingyuan Qi
Analysis of Factors Affecting PC Component Cost Based on System
Dynamics ............................................................................................................................... 214
Can Yu, Xiaolin Yang, and Yumei Chen
Main Obstacles to Prefabricated Construction: The Contractor’s Perspective
in China ................................................................................................................................. 220
Fanning Yuan
A Method for Estimation of the On-Site Construction Waste Quantity of
Residential Projects ............................................................................................................... 225
Jiawei Liu, Jianguo Chen, and Kewei Tang
Identifying Chinese Government’s Concerns about Environmental Effects
of Highway Construction: A Text Mining Approach .......................................................... 232
Liu Wu, Kunhui Ye, Hang Yan, and Tingting Yang
Development and Technique Application of Green Building for Hot Summer
and Cold Winter Climate Zone: Based on a New Wall Technology ................................... 239
Buchen Wu and Xiaoqing Ge
Sustainable Land Development of Guangzhou City: Based on Urban Carbon
Metabolism ............................................................................................................................ 249
Xuezhu Cui and Yunyu Feng
Development Strategy of the Prefabricated Concrete Enterprises Based on
SWOT-AHP in China ........................................................................................................... 258
Lianbo Zhu, Zhenqun Shi, Xu Meng, and Yilei Huang
Analysis of the Influence of Building Design Parameters on Building Energy
Consumption Based on GBS: Taking a Campus Office Building in Guangzhou
as an Example........................................................................................................................ 269
Taotao Mo, Huiyan Liu, and Hui Yan
An Improved Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) System for Supporting Green
Building Design ..................................................................................................................... 279
Hang Yan, Ya Wu, and Mingxue Ma
Analysis of Green Housing: A Case Study of Blue Diamond Manor in Linyi .................... 286
Zhongxiu Liu
© ASCE
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ICCREM 2018
1
Research on Hoisting Sequence Controlling during Assembly Construction
Zhenmin Yuan1 and Yaowu Wang2
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1
Ph.D. Candidate, School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
150001 (corresponding author). E-mail:
[email protected]
2
Professor, Dept. of Construction Management, Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and
Control of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil
Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute
of Technology, Harbin, China 150090. E-mail:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Due to increasingly complex structures and higher prefabrication rates, the hoisting order of
precast components in fabricated buildings is gradually getting attention. During the assembly
construction forbidding precast components on site, there are some influencing factors that
interfere with the smooth implementation of a hoisting sequence scheme. This paper identifies
and analyzes these factors through literature method, on-site investigation, and expert interview
to establish an index system affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme. Then, the
index system is illustrated through a case, and the results show that the changes of a hoisting
sequence scheme caused by transportation management are more than those caused by
construction site management. Finally, this paper also discusses some influencing factors that
affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme in the premise of allowing precast
components to be stacked on site.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, policies and norms related to prefabricated buildings are constantly being
enacted in succession (Wang 2016). Due to the active promotion of relevant state departments,
prefabricated buildings have developed rapidly, such as increasingly complex structures, higher
prefabrication rates, more prefabricated factories, and increasing market share (Ding et al. 2016).
It is good for the construction industry to shift from extensive construction to lean construction.
However, with the development of prefabricated buildings, some problems also begin to
gradually emerge, such as the hoisting sequence controlling problem. A clear and reasonable
hoisting sequence scheme is conducive to normalize the operation activities of relevant
construction workers, reduce the difficulty of on-site construction management, and make all
relevant work in an orderly manner, which are good for the overall construction progress, cost,
quality, safety, etc. If the scheme is changed during construction, it will affect the original goal
and bring chaos to relevant construction workers on site.
Effective control is beneficial to reduce scheme changes and their adverse effects. It is a
goal-oriented action that needs to identify controlled plant and controller (Yang et al. 2016). The
development of control theory has experienced three important stages: traditional control theory,
modern control theory and large-scale systems control theory (Zhang 2006). Wu summarizes the
two methods about control theory research, namely precise mathematical analysis method and
mechanism construction test method (Wu 2014). So far, some control theories and methods have
been applied in the field of prefabricated buildings, and some scholars have also carried out
relevant research. These studies mainly focus on the following aspects: progress control (Jiang et
al. 2017; Chen et al. 2017a), cost control (Chen et al. 2017b; Zhang et al. 2017a), quality control
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ICCREM 2018
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(Shan 2017; Chang et al. 2016), and safety control (Yu 2017; Zhang et al. 2017b). However,
there are not many studies about hoisting sequence control. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct
a special research on hoisting sequence control to further enrich the relevant theories and
methods in prefabricated buildings.
In order to ensure the smooth implementation of a hoisting sequence scheme and timely
adjust the scheme in the last resort, this paper establishes a flow chart of influencing factor
identification and an index system affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme in the
premise of not allowing precast components to be stacked on site. Each influence factor in the
index system is explained in detail. Then, the index system is tested by a prefabricated building
project in Shenzhen which will be completed soon. In addition, as many prefabricated building
projects allow precast components to be stacked on construction site in advance, this paper also
tries to discuss some influencing factors in this kind of situation.
METHODOLOGY
The identification of influencing factors is very important to control the hoisting sequence
better. In order to identify the influencing factors that lead to the changes of a hoisting sequence
scheme, the authors first look up some relevant literature, and then prepare some documents to
investigate some prefabricated building projects and consult some relevant experts. After leaving
project site, the authors keep in touch with the experts by WeChat and other network platforms
so as to continuously improve the identified influencing factors. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of
influencing factor identification. It should be noted that the expert consultation in Figure 1
includes the interview process. In order to better conduct expert consultation and interviews, the
preparatory work should be as full as possible, such as look up literature and investigate projects.
The problems in documents should be from elementary to profound. This will improve the onetime success rate of interviews so as to reduce follow-up unnecessary work after leaving project
site.
Figure 1. Flow chart of influencing factor identification.
An index system affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme is created through the
investigation of some prefabricated building projects in Harbin and Shenzhen, as well as the
consultation and interview with relevant experts, as shown in Table 1. The index system is only
applicable to prefabricated building projects that do not allow precast components to be stacked
on construction site. The five influence factors in the index system can be divided into two
categories, namely transportation management and construction site management, as shown in
© ASCE
ICCREM 2018
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formula (1) and (2). In addition, each influence factor has a corresponding detailed explanation
through further communication with the experts, as follows.
(1)
Transportation management < ζF1 , F2 |
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Construction site management < ζF3 , F4 , F5 |
(2)
F1: As vehicles carrying precast components are delayed, other construction processes have
to be implemented in advance to avoid dead time. However, when the target precast component
arrives, the working plane required by it may still be occupied by other construction processes so
that other precast components have to be hoisted first. When vehicles carrying the target precast
component are delayed but vehicles carrying other precast components enter construction site in
advance, other precast components have to be hoisted first to avoid dead time.
F2: When the target precast component enters construction site, the quality inspection is
unqualified and needs to be returned. As a prefabricated factory is far away from construction
site, other qualified precast components have to be hoisted first to avoid down time.
F3: The target precast component is damaged during hoisting and installation, and needs to be
replaced. As a prefabricated factory is far away from construction site, other qualified precast
components have to be hoisted first to avoid down time.
F4: Relevant porters fail to correctly identify the target precast component. Once the wrong
precast component is hoisted to construction floor, its subsequent installation will be continued.
F5: Relevant commander gives the wrong instructions about hoisting order. Once the wrong
precast component is hoisted to construction floor, its subsequent installation will be continued.
In summary, the five influence factors in table 1 will directly lead to the phenomenon of
enforced idleness. The enforced idleness will reduce construction progress and increase
construction costs. In order to avoid this phenomenon, construction unit has to change the
hoisting sequence scheme to make the construction continued.
Table 1.An Index System Affecting the Changes of a Hoisting Sequence Scheme.
Code Influence factors
F1
Precast components are delayed into construction site.
F2
Precast components do not meet the quality requirements before hoisting.
F3
Precast components are damaged during hoisting and installation.
F4
Relevant porters fail to correctly identify the target precast component.
F5
Relevant commander gives the wrong instructions about hoisting order.
Figure 2. A part of the guaranteed housing project.
© ASCE
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CASE STUDY
A guaranteed housing project in Shenzhen adopts assembled integral shear wall structures,
and its gross floor area is about 64261.54m2. The project’s overall prefabricated rate is more than
50%, and lots of precast components are from a prefabricated factory. However, the
prefabricated factory is far away from the construction site. In addition, as the construction site
does not allow precast components to be stacked, the precast components can only be hoisted
directly from the vehicle when they are transported to the site. Figure 2 shows a part of the
project, and it is drawn by the project’s BIM staff.
The index system created by this paper is sent to some on-site construction workers of this
project. The workers are asked to further improve the index system and sort out all influencing
factors in the index system according to the frequency of each influencing factor in descending
order. The workers emphasize a major influencing factor: the working plane is occupied by other
construction processes. This is because the construction unit avoids dead time as much as
possible. The sorting result is F1, F2, F5, F4, and F3. The frequency of F3 is zero. From the above
data, it can be known that the changes of the hoisting sequence scheme caused by transportation
management are more than those caused by construction site management. Therefore, the
transportation management of precast components needs to be further strengthened and
improved. As all precast components are transported by a prefabricated factory, the construction
unit should ask the factory to make some specific and feasible control measures related to precast
component transportation.
FURTHER RESEARCH
In real life, there are also some prefabricated building projects that allow precast components
to be stacked on construction site in advance. Therefore, the impact of transportation
management on the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme is no longer so obvious for these
projects. On the basis of table 1 and reasonable reasoning, the other index system affecting the
changes of a hoisting sequence scheme is created, as shown in Table 2. The index system in table
2 is only suitable for prefabricated building projects that allow precast components to be stacked
on construction site in advance. The four influence factors may still directly lead to the
phenomenon of enforced idleness. Only F 1′ belongs to transportation management, the other
three factors belong to construction site management. The detailed explanations of F2 ′, F3′ and
F4′ refer to the F3, F4, and F5 in table 1. The detailed explanations of F1′ is as follows.
Code
F1′
F2′
F3′
F4′
Table 2.The Other Index System Affecting the Scheme Changes.
Influence factors
Precast components do not meet the quality requirements before hoisting.
Precast components are damaged during hoisting and installation.
Relevant porters fail to correctly identify the target precast component.
Relevant commander gives the wrong instructions about hoisting order.
F1′: When the target precast component stacked on construction site will be hoisted, the
quality inspection is unqualified due to poor maintenance. As a prefabricated factory is far away
from construction site, other qualified precast components have to be hoisted first to avoid down
time.
© ASCE
ICCREM 2018
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The index system in table 1 is applicable to prefabricated building projects that do not allow
precast components to be stacked on construction site. However, the frequency of a same
influence factor may be different due to the differences in the management level between
different prefabricated building projects. Therefore, this research only establishes an index
system, but does not give the weight of each index. The case study indicates that the changes of
the hoisting sequence scheme caused by transportation management are more than those caused
by construction site management. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of transportation
problems on the hoisting sequence scheme, a project should allow precast components to be
stacked on construction site as much as possible. In addition, this paper also discusses the
situation that allows precast components to be stacked on construction site in advance, and
establishes the other index system in table 2. However, the other index system in table 2 needs to
be further verified by follow-up practice and certified by relevant experts.
Although this paper identifies the influence factors that cause the changes of a hoisting
sequence scheme in the premise of not allowing precast components to be stacked on
construction site, it does not establish a set of theoretical methods to concretely solve these
influencing factors. This will be the future research. Besides, it should be noted that all research
findings in this paper need to be constantly improved according to their subsequent actual use.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Kindly thank some experts for providing some technical guidance. The research is supported
by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0701900) and
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51378160).
REFERENCES
Chang, C.G., Wang, J.Y. and Li, H.X. (2016). “Identification and control of quality elements for
prefabricated concrete constructions.” Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University (Social
Science), 18(1), 58–63. (in Chinese).
Chen, W., Qin, H.L. and Tong, M.D. (2017a). “Resource scheduling for prefabricated building
based on multi-dimensional working areas.” China Civil Engineering Journal, 50(3), 115–
122. (in Chinese).
Chen, Y., Wang, Y. and Jia, L. (2017b). “Prefabricated construction cost control research based on
system dynamics.” Value Engineering, 36(32), 1–5. (in Chinese).
Ding, J.Q., Hu, K., Chen, Y.Q., Qu, G., Li, Q.W. and Xiao, B.H. (2016). “Disscussion on the
precast rate of monolithic precast concrete shear wall structure”, Building Structure, 46(S1),
628–632. (in Chinese).
Jiang H.Y., Xu R. and Bai Y.Q. (2017). “Analysis and application of key influencing factors
about the assembly schedule of prefabricated shear wall structures.” Journal of Engineering
Management, 31(3), 119–123. (in Chinese).
Shan, Z.Y. (2017). “Construction quality control measures for fabricated building”, Building
Construction, 7(2017), 992–994. (in Chinese).
Wang, J.N. (2016). “Analysis on promoting new-type urbanization through the development of
prefabricated construction.” Public Administration and Policy Review, 5(2), 85–90. (in
Chinese).
Wu, H.X. (2014). “Research and prospect on the control theory and method in the engineering.”
© ASCE
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ICCREM 2018
Control Theory & Applications, 31(12), 1626–1631. (in Chinese).
Yang, Q.L., Ma, X.X., Xing, J.C., Hu, H., Wang, P. and Han, D.S. (2016). “Software selfadaptation: control theory based approach.” Chinese Journal of Computers, 39(11), 2189–
2215. (in Chinese).
Yu, K. (2017). “Research on quality and safety control of fabricated building supervision based on
BIM.” Construction Technology, 46(S1), 1114–1117. (in Chinese).
Zhang, L.L., Hao, F.T. and Zhang, W.W. (2017a). “Research on cost control of fabricated building
based on BIM.” Value Engineering, 36(34), 44–46. (in Chinese).
Zhang, W.J., Li, H.M. and Zhao, D. (2017b). “Risk assessment of prefabricated construction
process based on the credibility measure.” Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection,
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© ASCE
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A Primary Study of Environmental Impact Assessment for RC Column Using Ontological
Theory
Bingqing Zhang1 ; Xiaodong Li2 ; and Jun Xiao3
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1
Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Construction Management, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China 100084.
E-mail:
[email protected]
2
Professor, Dept. of Construction Management, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China 100084
(corresponding author). E-mail:
[email protected]
3
Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Construction Management, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China 100084.
E-mail:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Building structural design plays an important role in reducing embodied environmental
impact (EI) of buildings as it decides building material and engineering quantities. Existing tools
that assist structural designers in reducing EI are mainly software for assessing EI of material
consumption, while EI happening in construction phase, which is related to engineering
quantities, is out of the assessment scope. To better support structural designers in achieving a
balance between structural requirements and environmental protection, this paper builds an
ontology framework for assessing the embodied EI of building structures. The ontology is based
on a building environmental performance assessment model—BEPAS, and takes account of EI
related both to material consumption and construction activities. The EI of a reinforced concrete
column was assessed and served as a case study to test the correctness and application of the
constructed ontology.
INTRODUCTION
Embodied EI happens during raw material acquisition, manufacturing, transportation and
installation of a building. As for construction structure, the structural design scheme not only
decides main construction materials that the project needs, but also impacts the construction
scheme on certain level, thus indirectly impacting the construction activities and embodied EI.
The literature suggests a large space for reducing embodied EI through improving structural
design (Su et al. 2016; Ferreiro-Cabello et al. 2018). However, in current practice, structural
designers typically balance structural stability and economy by controlling total weight but
generally ignore the EI of different structural design (Yeo et al. 2015). Some of the designers are
even unaware that their design will influence the EI happening during the installation. To better
support designers in achieving a balance between structural stability, economy and
environmental protection, it’s necessary to provide them with an environmental assessment tool
that is easy to use and able to share related knowledge.
There are a few software and network platforms for EI assessment like SimaPro and Impact,
which can automatically calculate EI according to manually entered bill of quantities. But EI
related to construction activities is not considered completely by them. Moreover, their
calculation rules are closed to the users, so users can only adjust very limited parameters, which
limits the applicability of these software and network platforms.
Ontology was first introduced to construction industry in 1991 and has attracted growing
interest since 2001 (Zhou et al. 2016). As a tool for knowledge representation, ontology has been
widely used in knowledge management and artificial intelligence field for the following
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advantages: a. Strong knowledge presentation capacity. It supports clear description of
hierarchical categories between concepts and provides exact definition and statement for
different types of properties and constraints; b. Strong practicability. It’s expedient to manage
and reuse; c. The representation is unrelated to professional fields, which enables the knowledge
to be represented in a well-defined, extensible, consistent and reusable environment (Gruber
2008). Ontology is an excellent tool to make the EI assessment transparent, easier to use and
customize, more flexible and open. Investigations have been done about how ontology can be
used to represent information about structural design and sustainability, and to facilitate
decision-making in design process. However, they only consider the EI of construction material
and neglect the installation process. This paper builds an ontology framework for building
structures to assess the embodied EI considering both construction material and the installation
process. Furthermore, the EI of a reinforced concrete column was assessed and served as a case
study to test the correctness and application of the ontology.
DEMAND ANALYSIS
Corresponding to the model’s application, this part analyzes accessible knowledge in
construction and EIA field to decide what knowledge can be imbedded into the model and what
need to be input to the model as external knowledge. Then the functional requirements of the
ontology model are determined to guide its establishment.
The structural design scheme for a building project starts from predetermining the position,
size, sectional geometrical property and material of all kinds of members. Then the
reinforcement is calculated according to the result of internal force. Finally, the deformations,
crack width and so on will be checked based on designed load. PKPM is an excellent structure
design software that has been widely used in designing institutes. It can automatically perform
the reinforcement design and output the checking result based on predetermined conditions.
Designers only need to check whether the checking result conforms to the specification. With the
help of PKPM, designers can easily propose various design schemes that meet structural
requirements, which means it’s possible for designers to find a comparatively better design
scheme in meeting structure requirements and environmental protection with the help of PKPM.
Besides, PKPM can also provide important data for EI assessment by automatically calculating
the amount of main construction materials required for the design scheme, like rebar, concrete
and so on.
So, the functional requirements of the ontology include: a, the ontology should realize the
assessment of embodied EI of both the whole construction structure and specific construction
members; b, the external knowledge of the ontology should be from PKPM.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODEL
Building environmental performance assessment model (BEPAS) is a lifecycle
environmental impact assessment tool for buildings (Zhang et al. 2006). It was endorsed by the
Ministry of Housing and Rural-Urban Development (MOHRUD) of China and adopted in
Standard for sustainability assessment of building project. More importantly, BEPAS adopts
willingness-to-pay (WTP) as its weighting method, which is visual for designers to compare the
overall EI of design schemes and construction members. Based on BEPAS, the EI assessment
procedure of the ontology (see Figure 1) is composed of four steps, namely, goal and scope
definition, inventory analysis, classification and characterization, and weighting.
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Figure 1. EI assessment model of the ontology.
In goal and scope definition, designers can choose the whole design scheme or a specific
member as the assessment object. The scope should be embodied stage, including raw material
acquisition, manufacturing and installation. Transportation is removed from the assessment
scope in this research. Because transportation distance depends on the choice of resource
suppliers made by construction enterprises. In many cases, the chosen supplier may not
necessarily the nearest one, which makes it difficult and unrealistic for structural designers to
take transportation as a decision factor. Environmental impact factors relate to installation
include: a, auxiliary materials like steel, wood, and water that are used as unstructured input
during the construction process; b, energy like gasoline, diesel oil and electricity that is
consumed by construction equipment as well as related emissions.
After goal and scope definition, the inventory of resource consumption and emission will be
analyzed based on existing database. Then the environmental impacts are divided into several
classes by ecological damage and resource types. Environmental impacts of different classes are
then characterized and weighted by WTP to get the monetized environmental impact value
(EIV).
ONTOLOGY FRAMEWORK
The EI assessment ontology covers environmental impact assessment field and construction
field. Knowledge of the former is mainly acquired from standard ISO14040, ISO14044 and
Standard for sustainability assessment of building (JGJ/T222-2011) compiled by MOHRUD of
China. For the latter, knowledge related to product concept is mainly acquired from Unified
standard for constructional quality acceptance of building engineering (GB 50300-2013), and
knowledge related to construction methods, construction procedure, equipment and materials are
provided by Building construction handbook of China.
The ontology is designed on Protégé, a development platform for creating OWL ontologies
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that is most commonly used in researches within construction field. However, an OWL ontology
only consists of Classes, Properties, and Individuals (Matentzoglu et al. 2017). So SWRL and
SQWRL are also used in the ontology to represent Axioms like determination conditions and
formula. Classes, Properties and Axioms of the constructed ontology are elaborated as follows.
Classes: The classes (see Figure 2) are defined based on EI assessment model of the
ontology. Among the seven first-classes, “Structure Design” and “Construction Member” are
classes to define products; “Main Material”, “Auxiliary material” and “Construction Equipment”
are classes to show environmental impact factors related to the products, while “Environmental
Impact Assessment” and “Impact Factors” are classes to show the EIA results. A note about the
classes is that their subclasses showed in Figure 2 are not comprehensive, but they are enough
for validating the ontology framework by the EI assessment of a reinforced concrete column.
Properties: There are mainly five types of Properties in the ontology:
Reference. Used to describe the references between classes of different fields, for
instance, Construction Member “need Main Material” Main Material, and Main Material
“has Impact Factors” Impact Factors.
Quantity. Used to describe the quantity of construction members, materials, and
equipment, such as consumption of concrete and usage time of equipment.
Inventory. Used to describe the quantity of environmental impact terminals (EIT) related
to the materials and energy.
EI. Used to describe the EIV of construction members, materials and environmental
impact terminals.
EIT Properties. Used to describe the properties of EIT, such as characterization factors
and weighting factors.
Is-a
Conctruction Equipment
Conctruction Member
Owl:Thing
Environmental Impact
Assessment
Main Material
Structural Design
Tower Crane
Automobile Pump
Vibrator
Beam
Column
Slab
Shear Wall
EIV
Concrete
Rebar
Steel Tube
Template
Environmental
Damage
Impact Factors
Resource
Consumption
Figure 2. Concepts and classes of the ontology.
Auxiliary Material
Axioms: Axioms are formalized words to present the principles of EIA, which provide
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clearer algorithm for the ontology (Noy and McGuinness 2001). The ontology model built in the
paper has four rules, including EIV calculation of main materials (Rule 1), EIV calculation of
auxiliary materials (Rule 2), EIV calculation of construction equipment (Rule 3), and EIV
calculation of design scheme (Rule 4). Rule 1, 2, and 3 are similar, so only Rule 1 and Rule 4 are
showed as follows. The rules comprise atoms connected by the connection symbol “^”.While “?”
represents the variables in each atom. There are four types of atoms used in the constructed
ontology:
Class atoms. For example, “Construction Member (?cm)” means there is a construction
member called “cm”.
Individual property atoms. For example, “need Main Material (?cm, ?mm)” means the
construction member “cm” needs a kind of main material called “mm”.
Data valued property atoms. For example, “has Consumption (?mm, ?c)” means the value
of consumption of main material “mm” is “c”.
Built-in atoms.
For example: eval(?x1, “c*eifv*eifw*eifc”, ?c, ?eifv, ?eifw, ?eifc)” means
x1=c*eifv*eifw*eifc .
Rule 1: Construction Member (?cm) ^ Main Material (?mm) ^ need Main Material (?cm,
?mm) ^ has Consumption (?mm, ?c) ^ has Impact Factors (?mm, ?eif) ^ Impact Factors (?eif) ^
has Emissions Quantity (?eif, ?eifv) ^ has Weight (?eif, ?eifw) ^ has Characterization Factor
(?eif, ?eifc) ^ swrlm:eval (?x1, “c*eifv*eifw*eifc”, ?c, ?eifv, ?eifw, ?eifc). sqwrl:makeBag
(?bx1, ?x1) ^ sqwrl:groupBy (?bx1, ?mm). sqwrl:sum (?sum1, ?bx1) -> sqwrl:select (?cm, ?mm,
?sum1) ^ sqwrl:columnNames (“Design Scheme”, “Main Material”, “EIV of Main Material”).
Rule 4: Structure Design (?sd) ^ Construction Member (?cm) ^ has Construction Member
(?sd, ?cm) ^ has Quantity of Construction Member (?cm, ?q) ^ has Environmental Impact Value
(?cm, ?ei). sqwrl:makeBag (?bag1, ?ei) ^ sqwrl:groupBy (?bag1, ?cm). sqwrl:sum (?sum1,
?bag1) ^ swrlm:eval (?sum2, “sum1*q”, ?sum1, ?q) -> sqwrl:select (?sd, ?sum2) ^
sqwrl:columnNames (“Design scheme”, “EIV”).
ONTOLOGY VALIDATION
Although concepts and the relationship frame of the constructed ontology are mainly built
based on existing knowledge, the modeling process is complex and relapsing. So, the EI of a
reinforced concrete column (RC column) was assessed and served as a case study to test the
correctness and application of the ontology. Suppose the RC column is 3 meters tall and has a
rectangular cross-section. Its width and height are 800mm and 1200mm respectively; the
concrete grade is C50; the steel is HRB400; the steel ratio is 1%.
The rebar and concrete consumption was automatically calculated by PKPM, which are
226.08kg and 2.8512m3 respectively. While the consumption of wooden template was calculated
manually by the exterior surface of the RC column, which was 1.44m3. The consumption of
rebar, concrete and wooden template were then used as external knowledge and combined with
the internal knowledge of the ontology to build Individuals. Then the EI of the RC column was
calculated by running the ontology’s rules.
The result of Rule 1 (see Figure 3) shows that the EIV of C50 concrete and rebar consumed
by the RC column are RMB 89.56 yuan and RMB 85.05 yuan. The auxiliary material used in the
construction process is wooded template, and its EIV is RMB 14.41 yuan, given by Rule 2 (see
Figure 4). According to Rule 3 (see Figure 5), equipment used in the construction process
include crane, vibrator and auto pump, and their EIV are RMB 1.10 yuan, RMB 1.10 yuan, and
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