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scelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only ICCREM 2018 Sustainable Construction and Prefabrication Edited by Yaowu Wang; Yimin Zhu; Geoffrey Q. P. Shen; and Mohamed Al-Hussein Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ICCREM 2018 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION AND PREFABRICATION PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT 2018 August 9–10, 2018 Charleston, South Carolina SPONSORED BY Modernization of Management Committee of the China Construction Industry Association The Construction Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITORS Yaowu Wang Yimin Zhu Geoffrey Q. P. Shen Mohamed Al-Hussein Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to [email protected] or by locating a title in ASCE's Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http://ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481738 Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8173-8 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. ICCREM 2018 iii Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Preface We would like to welcome you to the 2018 International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management (ICCREM 2018). Harbin Institute of Technology, Louisiana State University, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, University of Alberta, Luleå University of Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Marquette University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Guangzhou University. The Conference is a continuation of the ICCREM series which have been held annually since 2003. The theme for this conference is “Innovation Technology and Intelligent Construction”. It especially highlights the importance of innovation technology for construction engineering and management. The conference proceedings include 138 peer-review papers covered fourteen important subjects. And all papers went through a two-step peer review process. The proceedings of the congress are divided into four parts:  Innovative Technology and Intelligent Construction  Sustainable Construction and Prefabrication Analysis of Real Estate and Construction Industry Construction Enterprises and Project Management   On behalf of the Construction Institute, the American Society of Civil Engineers and the 2018 ICCREM Organizing Committee, we welcome you and wish you leave with a wonderful experience and memory at ICCREM 2018. Professor Yaowu Wang Professor Yimin Zhu Harbin Institute of Technology Louisiana State University P. R. of China USA Acknowledgments Organized by Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Louisiana State University, USA Hong Kong Polytechnic University, P.R. China University of Alberta, Canada Luleå University of Technology, Sweden © ASCE ICCREM 2018 iv Heriot-Watt University, UK Marquette University, USA Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Guangzhou University, P.R. China Executive Editors Yue Cao Zhuyue Li Xuewen Gong Jia Ding Xianwei Meng Mengping Xie Jiaqing Chen Tianqi Zhang Yushan Wang Chong Feng Xiangkun Qi Jingjing Yang Xiaoting Li Yu Hua Wenting Chen Xiaowen Sun Hang Shang Shiwei Chen Tongyao Feng Conference website: http://www.iccrem.com/ Email: [email protected] Conference Committee Committee Chairs Prof. Yaowu Wang, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Prof. Geoffrey Q.P. Shen, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, P.R. China Conference Executive Chair Prof. Yimin Zhu, Louisiana State University, USA Conference Co-Chairs Prof. Mohamed Al-Hussein, University of Alberta, Canada Director Katerina Lachinova, Construction Institute of ASCE.(ASCE members), USA Prof. Thomas Olofsson, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Prof. Ming Sun, Heriot Watt University, UK Prof. Yong Bai, Marquette University, USA Prof. Kunibert Lennerts, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, German Prof. Xiaolong Xue, Guangzhou University, P.R. China © ASCE ICCREM 2018 Organizing Committee and Secretariat General Secretariat Asso. Prof Qingpeng Man, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Deputy General Secretariat Asso. Prof. Hongtao Yang, East China University of Science and Technology, P.R. China Asso. Prof. Xiaodong Li, Tsinghua University, P.R. China Asso. Prof. Chengshuang Sun, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, P.R. China Committee Members Dr. Yuna Wang, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Dr. Tao Yu, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Mr. Yongyue Liu, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Mr. Zixin Han, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Mr. Zhenzong Zhou, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China © ASCE v ICCREM 2018 vi Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Research on Hoisting Sequence Controlling during Assembly Construction ......................... 1 Zhenmin Yuan and Yaowu Wang A Primary Study of Environmental Impact Assessment for RC Column Using Ontological Theory ......................................................................................................... 7 Bingqing Zhang, Xiaodong Li, and Jun Xiao The Relationship between Corporation’s Profitability and Eco-Innovation: Empirical Evidence from China ............................................................................................. 14 Hongtao Yang, Yimin Zhu, and Guijun Li The Application of Building Information Modeling in Sustainable Construction: A Literature Review ........................................................................................ 21 Shiwei Chen, Kailun Feng, and Yaowu Wang Review of Green Retrofit Technologies and Policies for Aged Residential Buildings in Hong Kong .......................................................................................................... 38 Yongtao Tan, Guo Liu, Yan Zhang, Chenyang Shuai, and Geoffrey Qiping Shen Assessment of Sustainable Development Capacity of Prefabricated Residential Building Supply Chain......................................................................................... 45 Kangning Liu and Shoujian Zhang Study on the Interactive Relationship between Prefabricated Buildings and Sustainable Affordable Housing Construction ............................................................... 59 Zhenzong Zhou and Yaowu Wang Decision-Making in Green Building Investment Based on Integrating AHP and COPRAS-Gray Approach ............................................................................................... 65 Yan Zhang, Yongtao Tan, Nan Li, Guo Liu, and Ting Luo Promotion Strategy of Prefabricated Building Based on Evolutionary Game Theory among Main Participants ................................................................................ 72 Shuaishuai Jiao, Shoujian Zhang, and Xiying Zhang A Robust Optimization Approach to the Regional Construction and Demolition Waste Reverse Logistics Network Design ........................................................... 80 Chenxi Yang and Jianguo Chen Analysis of Factors Influencing the Application of Prefabricated Concrete Structure Based on Structure Equation Modeling ................................................................ 87 Xiangkun Qi, Yaowu Wang, and Chengshuang Sun © ASCE ICCREM 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Supervision and Punishment Mechanism of Construction Waste Illegal-Dumping Based on Game Theory Approach .............................................................. 97 Chunxiang Hua, Jianguo Chen, and Chenyu Liu Research on Factors Affecting the Life-Circle Cost of Prefabricated Building in China .................................................................................................................. 106 Qian Jin, Chengjie Xu, and Xiaoxi Liu A Study on the Stakeholder Influences during Green Building Operation in China ................................................................................................................................. 114 Hongyang Li, Yuan Fang, and Hui Yan Real-Time Carbon Emissions Monitoring Tool for Prefabricated Construction: An IoT-Based System Framework................................................................ 121 Chao Mao, Xingyu Tao, Hao Yang, Rundong Chen, and Guiwen Liu Factors Affecting the Capital Cost of Prefabrication in China: Perception and Practice ........................................................................................................................... 128 Hong Xue, Shoujian Zhang, and Yikun Su “Energy-Economic-Environment” Assessment for Energy-Efficiency Techniques of Green Buildings ............................................................................................. 146 Xiao Xu and Yuan Chang Game between Government and Developers under the Subsidy Policy of Prefabricated Buildings ........................................................................................................ 153 Xiying Zhang, Shoujian Zhang, and Shuaishuai Jiao Measurement and Influencing Factors Analysis of PM10 Emissions in Construction Site ................................................................................................................... 161 Hui Yan, Guoliang Ding, Yan Zhang, Xuhui Huang, Yousong Wang, and Hongyang Li Lean Construction Management in the Construction of the Whole Life Cycle of Use ........................................................................................................................... 172 Wei Wang and Xin Zhang Research on the Development Trend and Methods of Green Construction in China ................................................................................................................................. 183 Zehui Miao and Ling Li Research on a Calculation Model and Control Measures for Carbon Emission of Buildings ............................................................................................................ 190 Juanjuan Shen, Xiuqin Yin, and Quan Zhou Evaluation of Road Transportation Sustainability .............................................................. 199 Yudan Dou, Zebin Zhao, Xiaolong Xue, Ting Luo, and Ankang Ji © ASCE vii ICCREM 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The Development Strategy of Prefabricated Construction Component Factory from the Perspective of Supply Chain .................................................................................. 206 Qiyu Shen and Mingyuan Qi Analysis of Factors Affecting PC Component Cost Based on System Dynamics ............................................................................................................................... 214 Can Yu, Xiaolin Yang, and Yumei Chen Main Obstacles to Prefabricated Construction: The Contractor’s Perspective in China ................................................................................................................................. 220 Fanning Yuan A Method for Estimation of the On-Site Construction Waste Quantity of Residential Projects ............................................................................................................... 225 Jiawei Liu, Jianguo Chen, and Kewei Tang Identifying Chinese Government’s Concerns about Environmental Effects of Highway Construction: A Text Mining Approach .......................................................... 232 Liu Wu, Kunhui Ye, Hang Yan, and Tingting Yang Development and Technique Application of Green Building for Hot Summer and Cold Winter Climate Zone: Based on a New Wall Technology ................................... 239 Buchen Wu and Xiaoqing Ge Sustainable Land Development of Guangzhou City: Based on Urban Carbon Metabolism ............................................................................................................................ 249 Xuezhu Cui and Yunyu Feng Development Strategy of the Prefabricated Concrete Enterprises Based on SWOT-AHP in China ........................................................................................................... 258 Lianbo Zhu, Zhenqun Shi, Xu Meng, and Yilei Huang Analysis of the Influence of Building Design Parameters on Building Energy Consumption Based on GBS: Taking a Campus Office Building in Guangzhou as an Example........................................................................................................................ 269 Taotao Mo, Huiyan Liu, and Hui Yan An Improved Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) System for Supporting Green Building Design ..................................................................................................................... 279 Hang Yan, Ya Wu, and Mingxue Ma Analysis of Green Housing: A Case Study of Blue Diamond Manor in Linyi .................... 286 Zhongxiu Liu © ASCE viii ICCREM 2018 1 Research on Hoisting Sequence Controlling during Assembly Construction Zhenmin Yuan1 and Yaowu Wang2 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 1 Ph.D. Candidate, School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China 150001 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected] 2 Professor, Dept. of Construction Management, Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China 150090. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Due to increasingly complex structures and higher prefabrication rates, the hoisting order of precast components in fabricated buildings is gradually getting attention. During the assembly construction forbidding precast components on site, there are some influencing factors that interfere with the smooth implementation of a hoisting sequence scheme. This paper identifies and analyzes these factors through literature method, on-site investigation, and expert interview to establish an index system affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme. Then, the index system is illustrated through a case, and the results show that the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme caused by transportation management are more than those caused by construction site management. Finally, this paper also discusses some influencing factors that affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme in the premise of allowing precast components to be stacked on site. INTRODUCTION In recent years, policies and norms related to prefabricated buildings are constantly being enacted in succession (Wang 2016). Due to the active promotion of relevant state departments, prefabricated buildings have developed rapidly, such as increasingly complex structures, higher prefabrication rates, more prefabricated factories, and increasing market share (Ding et al. 2016). It is good for the construction industry to shift from extensive construction to lean construction. However, with the development of prefabricated buildings, some problems also begin to gradually emerge, such as the hoisting sequence controlling problem. A clear and reasonable hoisting sequence scheme is conducive to normalize the operation activities of relevant construction workers, reduce the difficulty of on-site construction management, and make all relevant work in an orderly manner, which are good for the overall construction progress, cost, quality, safety, etc. If the scheme is changed during construction, it will affect the original goal and bring chaos to relevant construction workers on site. Effective control is beneficial to reduce scheme changes and their adverse effects. It is a goal-oriented action that needs to identify controlled plant and controller (Yang et al. 2016). The development of control theory has experienced three important stages: traditional control theory, modern control theory and large-scale systems control theory (Zhang 2006). Wu summarizes the two methods about control theory research, namely precise mathematical analysis method and mechanism construction test method (Wu 2014). So far, some control theories and methods have been applied in the field of prefabricated buildings, and some scholars have also carried out relevant research. These studies mainly focus on the following aspects: progress control (Jiang et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2017a), cost control (Chen et al. 2017b; Zhang et al. 2017a), quality control © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ICCREM 2018 2 (Shan 2017; Chang et al. 2016), and safety control (Yu 2017; Zhang et al. 2017b). However, there are not many studies about hoisting sequence control. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a special research on hoisting sequence control to further enrich the relevant theories and methods in prefabricated buildings. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of a hoisting sequence scheme and timely adjust the scheme in the last resort, this paper establishes a flow chart of influencing factor identification and an index system affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme in the premise of not allowing precast components to be stacked on site. Each influence factor in the index system is explained in detail. Then, the index system is tested by a prefabricated building project in Shenzhen which will be completed soon. In addition, as many prefabricated building projects allow precast components to be stacked on construction site in advance, this paper also tries to discuss some influencing factors in this kind of situation. METHODOLOGY The identification of influencing factors is very important to control the hoisting sequence better. In order to identify the influencing factors that lead to the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme, the authors first look up some relevant literature, and then prepare some documents to investigate some prefabricated building projects and consult some relevant experts. After leaving project site, the authors keep in touch with the experts by WeChat and other network platforms so as to continuously improve the identified influencing factors. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of influencing factor identification. It should be noted that the expert consultation in Figure 1 includes the interview process. In order to better conduct expert consultation and interviews, the preparatory work should be as full as possible, such as look up literature and investigate projects. The problems in documents should be from elementary to profound. This will improve the onetime success rate of interviews so as to reduce follow-up unnecessary work after leaving project site. Figure 1. Flow chart of influencing factor identification. An index system affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme is created through the investigation of some prefabricated building projects in Harbin and Shenzhen, as well as the consultation and interview with relevant experts, as shown in Table 1. The index system is only applicable to prefabricated building projects that do not allow precast components to be stacked on construction site. The five influence factors in the index system can be divided into two categories, namely transportation management and construction site management, as shown in © ASCE ICCREM 2018 3 formula (1) and (2). In addition, each influence factor has a corresponding detailed explanation through further communication with the experts, as follows. (1) Transportation management < ζF1 , F2 | Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Construction site management < ζF3 , F4 , F5 | (2) F1: As vehicles carrying precast components are delayed, other construction processes have to be implemented in advance to avoid dead time. However, when the target precast component arrives, the working plane required by it may still be occupied by other construction processes so that other precast components have to be hoisted first. When vehicles carrying the target precast component are delayed but vehicles carrying other precast components enter construction site in advance, other precast components have to be hoisted first to avoid dead time. F2: When the target precast component enters construction site, the quality inspection is unqualified and needs to be returned. As a prefabricated factory is far away from construction site, other qualified precast components have to be hoisted first to avoid down time. F3: The target precast component is damaged during hoisting and installation, and needs to be replaced. As a prefabricated factory is far away from construction site, other qualified precast components have to be hoisted first to avoid down time. F4: Relevant porters fail to correctly identify the target precast component. Once the wrong precast component is hoisted to construction floor, its subsequent installation will be continued. F5: Relevant commander gives the wrong instructions about hoisting order. Once the wrong precast component is hoisted to construction floor, its subsequent installation will be continued. In summary, the five influence factors in table 1 will directly lead to the phenomenon of enforced idleness. The enforced idleness will reduce construction progress and increase construction costs. In order to avoid this phenomenon, construction unit has to change the hoisting sequence scheme to make the construction continued. Table 1.An Index System Affecting the Changes of a Hoisting Sequence Scheme. Code Influence factors F1 Precast components are delayed into construction site. F2 Precast components do not meet the quality requirements before hoisting. F3 Precast components are damaged during hoisting and installation. F4 Relevant porters fail to correctly identify the target precast component. F5 Relevant commander gives the wrong instructions about hoisting order. Figure 2. A part of the guaranteed housing project. © ASCE ICCREM 2018 4 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. CASE STUDY A guaranteed housing project in Shenzhen adopts assembled integral shear wall structures, and its gross floor area is about 64261.54m2. The project’s overall prefabricated rate is more than 50%, and lots of precast components are from a prefabricated factory. However, the prefabricated factory is far away from the construction site. In addition, as the construction site does not allow precast components to be stacked, the precast components can only be hoisted directly from the vehicle when they are transported to the site. Figure 2 shows a part of the project, and it is drawn by the project’s BIM staff. The index system created by this paper is sent to some on-site construction workers of this project. The workers are asked to further improve the index system and sort out all influencing factors in the index system according to the frequency of each influencing factor in descending order. The workers emphasize a major influencing factor: the working plane is occupied by other construction processes. This is because the construction unit avoids dead time as much as possible. The sorting result is F1, F2, F5, F4, and F3. The frequency of F3 is zero. From the above data, it can be known that the changes of the hoisting sequence scheme caused by transportation management are more than those caused by construction site management. Therefore, the transportation management of precast components needs to be further strengthened and improved. As all precast components are transported by a prefabricated factory, the construction unit should ask the factory to make some specific and feasible control measures related to precast component transportation. FURTHER RESEARCH In real life, there are also some prefabricated building projects that allow precast components to be stacked on construction site in advance. Therefore, the impact of transportation management on the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme is no longer so obvious for these projects. On the basis of table 1 and reasonable reasoning, the other index system affecting the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme is created, as shown in Table 2. The index system in table 2 is only suitable for prefabricated building projects that allow precast components to be stacked on construction site in advance. The four influence factors may still directly lead to the phenomenon of enforced idleness. Only F 1′ belongs to transportation management, the other three factors belong to construction site management. The detailed explanations of F2 ′, F3′ and F4′ refer to the F3, F4, and F5 in table 1. The detailed explanations of F1′ is as follows. Code F1′ F2′ F3′ F4′ Table 2.The Other Index System Affecting the Scheme Changes. Influence factors Precast components do not meet the quality requirements before hoisting. Precast components are damaged during hoisting and installation. Relevant porters fail to correctly identify the target precast component. Relevant commander gives the wrong instructions about hoisting order. F1′: When the target precast component stacked on construction site will be hoisted, the quality inspection is unqualified due to poor maintenance. As a prefabricated factory is far away from construction site, other qualified precast components have to be hoisted first to avoid down time. © ASCE ICCREM 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The index system in table 1 is applicable to prefabricated building projects that do not allow precast components to be stacked on construction site. However, the frequency of a same influence factor may be different due to the differences in the management level between different prefabricated building projects. Therefore, this research only establishes an index system, but does not give the weight of each index. The case study indicates that the changes of the hoisting sequence scheme caused by transportation management are more than those caused by construction site management. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of transportation problems on the hoisting sequence scheme, a project should allow precast components to be stacked on construction site as much as possible. In addition, this paper also discusses the situation that allows precast components to be stacked on construction site in advance, and establishes the other index system in table 2. However, the other index system in table 2 needs to be further verified by follow-up practice and certified by relevant experts. Although this paper identifies the influence factors that cause the changes of a hoisting sequence scheme in the premise of not allowing precast components to be stacked on construction site, it does not establish a set of theoretical methods to concretely solve these influencing factors. This will be the future research. Besides, it should be noted that all research findings in this paper need to be constantly improved according to their subsequent actual use. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kindly thank some experts for providing some technical guidance. The research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0701900) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51378160). REFERENCES Chang, C.G., Wang, J.Y. and Li, H.X. (2016). “Identification and control of quality elements for prefabricated concrete constructions.” Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University (Social Science), 18(1), 58–63. (in Chinese). Chen, W., Qin, H.L. and Tong, M.D. (2017a). “Resource scheduling for prefabricated building based on multi-dimensional working areas.” China Civil Engineering Journal, 50(3), 115– 122. (in Chinese). Chen, Y., Wang, Y. and Jia, L. (2017b). “Prefabricated construction cost control research based on system dynamics.” Value Engineering, 36(32), 1–5. (in Chinese). Ding, J.Q., Hu, K., Chen, Y.Q., Qu, G., Li, Q.W. and Xiao, B.H. (2016). “Disscussion on the precast rate of monolithic precast concrete shear wall structure”, Building Structure, 46(S1), 628–632. (in Chinese). Jiang H.Y., Xu R. and Bai Y.Q. (2017). “Analysis and application of key influencing factors about the assembly schedule of prefabricated shear wall structures.” Journal of Engineering Management, 31(3), 119–123. (in Chinese). Shan, Z.Y. (2017). “Construction quality control measures for fabricated building”, Building Construction, 7(2017), 992–994. (in Chinese). Wang, J.N. 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(in Chinese). Zhang, W.J., Li, H.M. and Zhao, D. (2017b). “Risk assessment of prefabricated construction process based on the credibility measure.” Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection, 43(8), 13–17+86. (in Chinese). Zhang, D.W. (2006). “Brief history of control theory development course.” Control Engineering of China, S1(2016), 97–100. (in Chinese). © ASCE 6 ICCREM 2018 7 A Primary Study of Environmental Impact Assessment for RC Column Using Ontological Theory Bingqing Zhang1 ; Xiaodong Li2 ; and Jun Xiao3 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 1 Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Construction Management, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China 100084. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Professor, Dept. of Construction Management, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China 100084 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected] 3 Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Construction Management, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China 100084. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Building structural design plays an important role in reducing embodied environmental impact (EI) of buildings as it decides building material and engineering quantities. Existing tools that assist structural designers in reducing EI are mainly software for assessing EI of material consumption, while EI happening in construction phase, which is related to engineering quantities, is out of the assessment scope. To better support structural designers in achieving a balance between structural requirements and environmental protection, this paper builds an ontology framework for assessing the embodied EI of building structures. The ontology is based on a building environmental performance assessment model—BEPAS, and takes account of EI related both to material consumption and construction activities. The EI of a reinforced concrete column was assessed and served as a case study to test the correctness and application of the constructed ontology. INTRODUCTION Embodied EI happens during raw material acquisition, manufacturing, transportation and installation of a building. As for construction structure, the structural design scheme not only decides main construction materials that the project needs, but also impacts the construction scheme on certain level, thus indirectly impacting the construction activities and embodied EI. The literature suggests a large space for reducing embodied EI through improving structural design (Su et al. 2016; Ferreiro-Cabello et al. 2018). However, in current practice, structural designers typically balance structural stability and economy by controlling total weight but generally ignore the EI of different structural design (Yeo et al. 2015). Some of the designers are even unaware that their design will influence the EI happening during the installation. To better support designers in achieving a balance between structural stability, economy and environmental protection, it’s necessary to provide them with an environmental assessment tool that is easy to use and able to share related knowledge. There are a few software and network platforms for EI assessment like SimaPro and Impact, which can automatically calculate EI according to manually entered bill of quantities. But EI related to construction activities is not considered completely by them. Moreover, their calculation rules are closed to the users, so users can only adjust very limited parameters, which limits the applicability of these software and network platforms. Ontology was first introduced to construction industry in 1991 and has attracted growing interest since 2001 (Zhou et al. 2016). As a tool for knowledge representation, ontology has been widely used in knowledge management and artificial intelligence field for the following © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ICCREM 2018 advantages: a. Strong knowledge presentation capacity. It supports clear description of hierarchical categories between concepts and provides exact definition and statement for different types of properties and constraints; b. Strong practicability. It’s expedient to manage and reuse; c. The representation is unrelated to professional fields, which enables the knowledge to be represented in a well-defined, extensible, consistent and reusable environment (Gruber 2008). Ontology is an excellent tool to make the EI assessment transparent, easier to use and customize, more flexible and open. Investigations have been done about how ontology can be used to represent information about structural design and sustainability, and to facilitate decision-making in design process. However, they only consider the EI of construction material and neglect the installation process. This paper builds an ontology framework for building structures to assess the embodied EI considering both construction material and the installation process. Furthermore, the EI of a reinforced concrete column was assessed and served as a case study to test the correctness and application of the ontology. DEMAND ANALYSIS Corresponding to the model’s application, this part analyzes accessible knowledge in construction and EIA field to decide what knowledge can be imbedded into the model and what need to be input to the model as external knowledge. Then the functional requirements of the ontology model are determined to guide its establishment. The structural design scheme for a building project starts from predetermining the position, size, sectional geometrical property and material of all kinds of members. Then the reinforcement is calculated according to the result of internal force. Finally, the deformations, crack width and so on will be checked based on designed load. PKPM is an excellent structure design software that has been widely used in designing institutes. It can automatically perform the reinforcement design and output the checking result based on predetermined conditions. Designers only need to check whether the checking result conforms to the specification. With the help of PKPM, designers can easily propose various design schemes that meet structural requirements, which means it’s possible for designers to find a comparatively better design scheme in meeting structure requirements and environmental protection with the help of PKPM. Besides, PKPM can also provide important data for EI assessment by automatically calculating the amount of main construction materials required for the design scheme, like rebar, concrete and so on. So, the functional requirements of the ontology include: a, the ontology should realize the assessment of embodied EI of both the whole construction structure and specific construction members; b, the external knowledge of the ontology should be from PKPM. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODEL Building environmental performance assessment model (BEPAS) is a lifecycle environmental impact assessment tool for buildings (Zhang et al. 2006). It was endorsed by the Ministry of Housing and Rural-Urban Development (MOHRUD) of China and adopted in Standard for sustainability assessment of building project. More importantly, BEPAS adopts willingness-to-pay (WTP) as its weighting method, which is visual for designers to compare the overall EI of design schemes and construction members. Based on BEPAS, the EI assessment procedure of the ontology (see Figure 1) is composed of four steps, namely, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, classification and characterization, and weighting. © ASCE 8 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ICCREM 2018 9 Figure 1. EI assessment model of the ontology. In goal and scope definition, designers can choose the whole design scheme or a specific member as the assessment object. The scope should be embodied stage, including raw material acquisition, manufacturing and installation. Transportation is removed from the assessment scope in this research. Because transportation distance depends on the choice of resource suppliers made by construction enterprises. In many cases, the chosen supplier may not necessarily the nearest one, which makes it difficult and unrealistic for structural designers to take transportation as a decision factor. Environmental impact factors relate to installation include: a, auxiliary materials like steel, wood, and water that are used as unstructured input during the construction process; b, energy like gasoline, diesel oil and electricity that is consumed by construction equipment as well as related emissions. After goal and scope definition, the inventory of resource consumption and emission will be analyzed based on existing database. Then the environmental impacts are divided into several classes by ecological damage and resource types. Environmental impacts of different classes are then characterized and weighted by WTP to get the monetized environmental impact value (EIV). ONTOLOGY FRAMEWORK The EI assessment ontology covers environmental impact assessment field and construction field. Knowledge of the former is mainly acquired from standard ISO14040, ISO14044 and Standard for sustainability assessment of building (JGJ/T222-2011) compiled by MOHRUD of China. For the latter, knowledge related to product concept is mainly acquired from Unified standard for constructional quality acceptance of building engineering (GB 50300-2013), and knowledge related to construction methods, construction procedure, equipment and materials are provided by Building construction handbook of China. The ontology is designed on Protégé, a development platform for creating OWL ontologies © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ICCREM 2018 10 that is most commonly used in researches within construction field. However, an OWL ontology only consists of Classes, Properties, and Individuals (Matentzoglu et al. 2017). So SWRL and SQWRL are also used in the ontology to represent Axioms like determination conditions and formula. Classes, Properties and Axioms of the constructed ontology are elaborated as follows. Classes: The classes (see Figure 2) are defined based on EI assessment model of the ontology. Among the seven first-classes, “Structure Design” and “Construction Member” are classes to define products; “Main Material”, “Auxiliary material” and “Construction Equipment” are classes to show environmental impact factors related to the products, while “Environmental Impact Assessment” and “Impact Factors” are classes to show the EIA results. A note about the classes is that their subclasses showed in Figure 2 are not comprehensive, but they are enough for validating the ontology framework by the EI assessment of a reinforced concrete column. Properties: There are mainly five types of Properties in the ontology: Reference. Used to describe the references between classes of different fields, for instance, Construction Member “need Main Material” Main Material, and Main Material “has Impact Factors” Impact Factors. Quantity. Used to describe the quantity of construction members, materials, and equipment, such as consumption of concrete and usage time of equipment. Inventory. Used to describe the quantity of environmental impact terminals (EIT) related to the materials and energy. EI. Used to describe the EIV of construction members, materials and environmental impact terminals. EIT Properties. Used to describe the properties of EIT, such as characterization factors and weighting factors. Is-a Conctruction Equipment Conctruction Member Owl:Thing Environmental Impact Assessment Main Material Structural Design Tower Crane Automobile Pump Vibrator Beam Column Slab Shear Wall EIV Concrete Rebar Steel Tube Template Environmental Damage Impact Factors Resource Consumption Figure 2. Concepts and classes of the ontology. Auxiliary Material Axioms: Axioms are formalized words to present the principles of EIA, which provide © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ICCREM 2018 clearer algorithm for the ontology (Noy and McGuinness 2001). The ontology model built in the paper has four rules, including EIV calculation of main materials (Rule 1), EIV calculation of auxiliary materials (Rule 2), EIV calculation of construction equipment (Rule 3), and EIV calculation of design scheme (Rule 4). Rule 1, 2, and 3 are similar, so only Rule 1 and Rule 4 are showed as follows. The rules comprise atoms connected by the connection symbol “^”.While “?” represents the variables in each atom. There are four types of atoms used in the constructed ontology: Class atoms. For example, “Construction Member (?cm)” means there is a construction member called “cm”. Individual property atoms. For example, “need Main Material (?cm, ?mm)” means the construction member “cm” needs a kind of main material called “mm”. Data valued property atoms. For example, “has Consumption (?mm, ?c)” means the value of consumption of main material “mm” is “c”. Built-in atoms. For example: eval(?x1, “c*eifv*eifw*eifc”, ?c, ?eifv, ?eifw, ?eifc)” means x1=c*eifv*eifw*eifc . Rule 1: Construction Member (?cm) ^ Main Material (?mm) ^ need Main Material (?cm, ?mm) ^ has Consumption (?mm, ?c) ^ has Impact Factors (?mm, ?eif) ^ Impact Factors (?eif) ^ has Emissions Quantity (?eif, ?eifv) ^ has Weight (?eif, ?eifw) ^ has Characterization Factor (?eif, ?eifc) ^ swrlm:eval (?x1, “c*eifv*eifw*eifc”, ?c, ?eifv, ?eifw, ?eifc). sqwrl:makeBag (?bx1, ?x1) ^ sqwrl:groupBy (?bx1, ?mm). sqwrl:sum (?sum1, ?bx1) -> sqwrl:select (?cm, ?mm, ?sum1) ^ sqwrl:columnNames (“Design Scheme”, “Main Material”, “EIV of Main Material”). Rule 4: Structure Design (?sd) ^ Construction Member (?cm) ^ has Construction Member (?sd, ?cm) ^ has Quantity of Construction Member (?cm, ?q) ^ has Environmental Impact Value (?cm, ?ei). sqwrl:makeBag (?bag1, ?ei) ^ sqwrl:groupBy (?bag1, ?cm). sqwrl:sum (?sum1, ?bag1) ^ swrlm:eval (?sum2, “sum1*q”, ?sum1, ?q) -> sqwrl:select (?sd, ?sum2) ^ sqwrl:columnNames (“Design scheme”, “EIV”). ONTOLOGY VALIDATION Although concepts and the relationship frame of the constructed ontology are mainly built based on existing knowledge, the modeling process is complex and relapsing. So, the EI of a reinforced concrete column (RC column) was assessed and served as a case study to test the correctness and application of the ontology. Suppose the RC column is 3 meters tall and has a rectangular cross-section. Its width and height are 800mm and 1200mm respectively; the concrete grade is C50; the steel is HRB400; the steel ratio is 1%. The rebar and concrete consumption was automatically calculated by PKPM, which are 226.08kg and 2.8512m3 respectively. While the consumption of wooden template was calculated manually by the exterior surface of the RC column, which was 1.44m3. The consumption of rebar, concrete and wooden template were then used as external knowledge and combined with the internal knowledge of the ontology to build Individuals. Then the EI of the RC column was calculated by running the ontology’s rules. The result of Rule 1 (see Figure 3) shows that the EIV of C50 concrete and rebar consumed by the RC column are RMB 89.56 yuan and RMB 85.05 yuan. The auxiliary material used in the construction process is wooded template, and its EIV is RMB 14.41 yuan, given by Rule 2 (see Figure 4). According to Rule 3 (see Figure 5), equipment used in the construction process include crane, vibrator and auto pump, and their EIV are RMB 1.10 yuan, RMB 1.10 yuan, and © ASCE 11
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