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Trang chủ Giáo dục - Đào tạo Hóa học Hướng dẫn ôn luyện thi THPT quốc gia môn Hóa Học-đặng thị oanh...

Tài liệu Hướng dẫn ôn luyện thi THPT quốc gia môn Hóa Học-đặng thị oanh

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540.76 H561D TH! OANH (Chu bien) - PHAM HONG BAC -OOAN CANH GIANG PHAM VAN HOAN -TRANTRUNG NINH -OANGTRAN XUAN HUONG DRN ON LUV6N THI TttUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC Gin NHA XUAT BAN OA! HOC SU PHAM D A N G T H ! OANH (Chu bien) PHAM HONG BAG - DOAN OANH G I A N G P H A M VAN HOAN - I R A N TRUNG NINH D A N G T R A N XUAN * HJONG DAN ON LUYEN THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA MON HOA HOC • N H A XUAT BAN DAI H O C S U PHAM UNIVERSITY naONG OF EDUCATION PUBLISHING HOUSE DAN ON luvfN THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA M O N HOA HOC Dang Thi Oanh (Chu bien) - Pham Hong BSc - Doan Canh Giang Pham Van Hoan - Tran Trung Ninh - Dang Tran Xuan Sach duac xuat bin phuc vu viec on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia tCf nam 2015. IMa so sach tieu chuan quoc te: ISBN 978-504-54-2245-8 Ban quyen xuat ban thupc ve Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham. Moi hinh thijfc sao chep toan bp hay mot phan hoac cac hinh thufc phat hanh ma khong c6 sU cho phep trUcrc bang van ban cua Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham deu la vi pham phap luat. Chung tdi Iu6n mong muon nhdn ttugc nhCing y kien ddng gdp cua quy vi S6c gid desdch ngdy cdng hodn thi^n han. Moi gdp y ve sdch, li^n h^vebdn thdo vddich vu bdn quyen xin vui Ibng gCli ve ilia chlemail: kehoach(g'nxbdhsp.edu.vn Ma so: 01.02.174/900 - TK 2015 MUCLUC •- "uaiHT j6lOl6j --- , Trang LOl GlOl THIEU 4 Ldl NOI DAU 5 Phan mot. DjNH Hl/CiNG CHUNG Kl THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA 6 Phan hai. CAC CHUYEN DE ON LUYEN 7 Chuyen de 1. NGUYEN TL/, LIEN KET HOA HOC, B A N G T U A N HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC 7 Chuyen de 2. Ll' THUYET VE S U DIEN LI VA PHAN L/NG HOA HOC 16 Chuyen de 3. M O T SO DON CHAT TIEU BIEU vA HOP CHAT CUA CHUNG 28 PHI KIM 28 KIM LOAI 39 Chuyen de 4. CAC HOP CHAT VO CO 64 Chuyen de 5. DAI C U O N G VE HOA HOC HOU CO - HIDROCACBON 86 Chuyen de 6. ANCOL-PHENOL 112 Chuyen de 7. ANDEHIT - AXIT CACBOXYLIC 120 Chuyen de 8. ESTE - LIPIT 131 Chuyen de 9. AMIN - AMINO AXIT VA PROTEIN 143 Chuyen de 10. CACBOHIDRAT - POLIME VA VAT LIEU POLIME 156 Phan ba. MOT SO DE THI THAM KHAO 168 DE SO 1 168 DE S 6 2 182 DE 3 0 3 188 DE SO 4 199 DE SOS 207 LCJI G l d l T H I E U Thyc hien QuySt djnh s6 3538/QD-BGDDT ngay 09/9/2014 ciia Bo tmong B6 Giao due va Dao f^o phe duyet phuong an thi t6t nghiep trung hoc pho thong va tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang t u nam 2015 (goi la k i thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia), huang t a i viec thuc hien doi m a i chuang trinh va sach giao khoa, Nha xuat ban D a i hoc Su pham to chiic bien soan va phat hanh bo sach Huong dan on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia gom 8 cuon, tuong ung v d i 8 mon: Toan, N g u van, Tieng A n h , Vat l i , Hoa hoc, Sinh hoc, Lich su va Dia l i . MO m Bp sach do cac tac gia la giang vien uy tin cua Truang D a i hoc Su pham Ha N o i , giao vien gioi a tru'ong tnang hoc pho tliong va mot so can bo ciia cac ca quan chuyen mon nhung nguai c6 nhieu kinh nghiem tham gia cong tac tuyen sinh ciia Bo Giao due va Dao tao - bien soan bam sat Chuang trinh giao due trung hoc pho thong, huong toi doi mai phuang phap day va hoe. Cau true m o i cuon sach gom ba phan: Phan mot: D|nh hirong chung k i thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia Phan hai: C a c chuyen de/noi dung on luyen Cac chuyen de/npi dung on luyen duac bien soan doi m a i theo huang danh gia nang lire, bam sat quy dinh cua Bo Giao due va Dao tao ve cau true de thi, trong do c6 phan torn tat l i thuyet, yeu cau ve bai tap/cau hoi van dung, cac bai tap/cau hoi mau va huang dan on luyen. Phan ba: Mot s6 de thi tham khao . . . n iu 10 r Cac de thi nay eo dap an hoac huang dan tra l a i . Hoe sinh nang cao dugc k i nang ren luyen thuc hien tron ven mot de t h i trong thai gian quy dinh; mot mat luyen kha nang giai bai tap, giai quyet van de, mat khae he thong hoa dugc cac kien thuc va k l nang can thiet ^ cho k i thi trung hoe pho quoc gia. Cling voi bo sach tren, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham tiep tue gidi thieu va phat hanh bp sach Boi duong, on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia theo bg cte gom 5 cuon, tuang i m g v a i 5 mon (Toan, N g i i van, Tieng A n h , Vat l i , Hoa hoc) phue vu hoc sinh on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia mot each hieu qua. , ar-. D p i ngii giao vien pho thong c6 the su dung sach de huang dan hoc sinh on luyen kien thuc, k i nang theo huong tiep can nang lire mot each c6 he thong nham dat hieu qua cao nhat trong k i thi trung hpe pho thong quoc gia, bat dau thuc hien tir nam 2015. Xin trdn trong gioi thieu! NHA X U A T BAN D A I H O C SU P H A M Ldl NOI DAU Cu6n sach nhim dap ung nhu cSu ciia hoc sinh trong viec on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia mon Hoa hoc. Noi dung cu6n sach g6m ba ph^n, dugc cac tac gia bien scan theo huong doi mai ve hinh thurc va noi dung, dong thod huang tai nhung tai lieu boi duong giao vien trong ohung nam sau. Phdn mot la dinh huong chung cua ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia mon Hoa hoc; Phdn hai la cac chu de on luyen, trong moi chii de gidi thieu mot so bai toan chon loc kem theo hudng dan giai, khai quat nhung nhan xet va mot so bai tap on luyen c6 hudng dan giai hoac dap so; Phdn ba gidi thieu mot so de thi tham khao c6 hudng dan giai. Noi dung Phdn hai gom 10 chuyen de: , • Chuyen de 1. Nguyen tu, lien ket hoa hoc, bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc • Chuyen de 2. Li thuyet ve sir dien li va phan ung hoa hoc • Chuyen de 3. Mot so don chat tieu bieu va hop chat ciia chiing • Chuyen de 4. Cac hop chat v6 ca • Chuyen de 5. Dai cuang hoa hoc huu ca - Hidrocacbon • Chuyen de 6. Ancol - Phenol • Chuyen de 7. Andehit - Axit cacboxylic • Chuyen de 8. Este - Lipit • Chuyen de 9. Amin - Amino axit va protein • Chuyen de 10. Cacbohidrat - Polime vk vat lieu polime Trong mdi chuyen d6, cac tAc gia tiinh bay thong nhat theo cic muc: Tom tat li thuyet ca ban; Mot s6 bai tap tu luan; Mot s6 bai tap trac nghiem khach quan; Dap an va hudng dan giai. Noi dung on luyen thuoc phan Hod hoc va cac van de kinh te, xa hoi, moi trudiig dugc dua vao, long ghep trong tung chuyen de, khong tach thanh muc rieng. Cu6n sach con la mot tai lieu tham khao cho cac thSy, c6 giao giiip hoc sinh on luyen mon Hoa hoc cho ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia. Tap the tac gia mong muon nhan dugc nhung gop y ciia dgc gia de nang cao chat lugng cuon sach. Cac y kien gop y cho cuon sach xin giii ve dia chi: Phong Bien tap, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi S6 136, Duong Xuan Thuy, Quan Cau Gi^y, Thanh ph6 Ha Noi. Cac tac gia Phan m o t D!NH H U d N G C H U N G Kl T H I T R U N G H O C P H O T H O N G Q U O C G I A MON HOA HOC Ngay 09/9/2014, B6 truong Bp Gi^o due va Dao tao da ban h^nh Quyet dinh so 3538/QD-BGDDT ve viec phe duyet phuong an thi tot nghiep trung hoc pho thong tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang tir nam 2015 (goi la ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia), trong do quy dinh thi sinh phai thi 4 mon toi thieu gom: 3 mon bat bugc la Toan, Ngu van, Ngoai ngir va 1 mon tir chon trong cac mon Vat If, Hoa hoc, Sinh hoc, Lich sir va Dia li. Ngoai 4 mon thi noi tren, thi sinh c6 quyen dang ki thi them cdc mon thi con iai ciia ki thi de six dung cho viec dang ki tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang theo yeu cau ciia cac ngknh d^o tao do tung truong dai hoc, cao dang quy dinh trong De an tuyen sinh cua truong do. .» De thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia nam 2015 mon Hoa hoc se c6 cdu true tucmg tu nhu d6 thi t6t nghiep trung hoc pho thong va de thi tuyen sinh vao dai hoc, cao dang nam 2014. De thi se bdm sat chuong trinh trung hoc pho thong, chu ylu 1^ lop 12, tang cuang do phan hod va c6 nhieu cau hoi ma. De thi c6 phan kiem tra kien thiic ca ban, dCing de xet tot nghiep; va phan nang cao, diing de sdng loc thi sinh trong tuyen sinh vko cdc truong dai hoc, cao ding. ^ Be thi noi chung se dam bao ca b6n miic dp nhan biet, thong hieu, van dung, van dung cao. Npi dung de thi doi hoi hpc sinh van dung kien thicc tong hap, lien mon de lam bai, giai quyet cac van de hen quan den thuc tien cupc s6ng. Cong tdc ra dk thi tiep tuc dupe doi mai theo huong ddnh gid ndng luc nguai hoc, tang dan cdc cdu hoi a muc do van dung, cdc cdu hoi ma; npi dung cau hoi chii trpng hinh thanh pham chat, nang luc ciia hpc sinh; de thi se tang dan yeu cau van dung kien thuc tong hop, lien mon tir de den kho. D£ thi mon Hoa hpc a dang trac nghiem khach quan vai thai gian lam bai la 90 phut. .<[ :-,a <^r^^ .J ( 6 •mm Phan hai C A C C H U Y E N D E ON L U Y E N Chuyen de 1 NGUYEN TU, LIEN KET HOA HOC, BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC A. TOM T A T LI T H U Y E T C O B A N I. NGUYEN j TO 1. Thanh phan, cau tao nguyen tuNguyen tii gom hat nhan va v6 nguyen tu. Hat nhan gom cdc hat proton mang dien tich duong va natron trung hoa dien; phan v6 nguyen tu gom cdc electron mang dien tich am. 2. Hat nhan nguyen tur - < Hat nhan nguyen tu c6 kfch thuac v6 ciing nho so vol kich thuac nguyen tu, nhung chiem hau het khoi lugng nguyen tu. Noi cdch khac, nguyen tii c6 cau tao rong. Hat nhan mang dien tich duong. Dien tich hat nhan c6 gia tri bang so proton trong hat nhan, ki hieu Z+. So proton = so electron = so dien tich hat nhan = so hieu nguyen tu Vi du: Nguyen tu oxi c6 8 proton trong hat nhan va 8 electron a lop v6. So khoi, ki hieu A, dugc tinh theo cong thuc A = Z + N , trong do Z la tong so hat proton, N la tong so hat natron. Nguyen to hod hoc bao gom cac nguyen tu c6 cung dien tich hat nhan. K i hieu: . Dong vi la hien tugng cac nguyen tu c6 cung so proton nhung khac nhau ve so natron, do do so khoi (A) cua chiing khac nhau. Nguyen tir khoi trung binh: M = %Xi.Ai + %X2.A2 + ... + %X„.An. NSu nguyen to X chi CO 2 d6ng vi thi: M = x.A, + (1 - x).A2 (x, (1 - x) 1^ % cua dong vi 1, 2; A,, A2 la s6 kh6i ciia dong vi 1,2). II. C A U T A O V6 NGUYEN TL; 1. Lop electron - Trong nguyen tii, moi electron c6 mot nang lugng nhat dinh. Cac electron c6 nang lugng gan bang nhau dugc xep thanh mot lap electron (ciing mot muc nang lugng). - Thu tu cua lap electron tang dan 1, 2, 3,... n tir gan hat nhan ra xa hat nhan, thi muc nang lugng cua electron cung tang dan. Electron a lap c6 tri so n nho bj hat nhan hut manh, kho but ra khoi nguyen tu. Electron 6 lap c6 trj so n c^ng Ian thi c6 nang lugng .i c^ng cao, bi hat nhan hiit yeu hon va de tach ra khoi nguyen tu. - Lap electron da c6 dii so electron toi da ggi la lap electron bao hocl. Chii y: Tong so electron toi da trong lap n la 2n'. . j 7 2. Phan lop electron - Moi lop electron lai dugc chia thanh cac phan lap. Cac electron thuoc cung mot phan lop CO miic nang lucmg bang nhau. - Ki hieu cac phan lop la cac chu cai thuong: s, p, d, f. - So phan lop trong mot lop electron bang so thu tu ciia lop. Chii y: Phan lop s d f P i So electron toi da 2 6 10 14 3. Cau hinh electron CSu hinh electron la each bieu dien sir phan bo electron tren cac lop va phan lop. Su phan bo cua cac electron trong nguyen tu tuan theo cac nguyen li va quy tac sau: - Nguyen li vitng ben: 6 trang thai co ban, trong nguyen tix cac electron chi8m Ian lugt cac obitan c6 muc nang lugng tir thap len cao. - Nguyen li Pauli: Trong mot obitan chi c6 the c6 nhieu nhat la hai electron va hai electron nay chuyen dong tir quay khac chieu nhau xung quanh true rieng cua moi electron. - Quy tdc Hun: Trong cung mot phan lop, cac electron se phan bo tren cac obitan sao cho so electron doc than la toi da va cac electron nay phai co chieu tir quay giong nhau. - Quy tdc ve trat tu cac mice nang lucmg obitan nguyen tu: Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d Vidu: Cau hinh electron cua Fe, Fe"'^, Fe^"^ (phan gach chan de chi cac e hoa tri): Fe: ls-2s-2p^3s-3p^3d^4sFe-^: ls-2s-2p''3s-3p^3d! Fe^^: ls'2s-2p''3s-3p''3d! 4. Dac diem ciia lop electron ngoai ciing - Doi vdd nguyen tii ciia tat ca cac nguyen to, Idp ngoai cung co nhieu nh§t la 8 electron. V ^ - Cac nguyen tu co 8 electron lop ngoai cung ns'np** la cac khi hi^m (trir He). - Cdc nguyen tu co 1 3 electron a lop ngoai ciing deu la cac kim loai (trir B va H). Trong cac phan limg hoa hoc, cac kim loai nhuong electron tra thanh ion duong. M ^ M " * + ne (n= 1; 2;3) - Cac nguyen tu co 5 7 electron lop ngoai cung deu la cac phi kim. Trong cac phan ung hoa hoc, cac phi kim thuong co xu huong nhan them electron tro th^nh ion am. X + n e ^ X " ~ ( n = 1;2;3;4) - Cac nguyen tu co 4 electron lop ngoM cung Id cac phi kim khi co so hieu nguyen tu nhd nhu C, Si; 1^ cac kim loai nhu Sn, Pb khi co so hieu nguyen tir l&n. III. BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC 1. Nguyen tac sap xep - Cac nguyen to hoa hoc dugc sap xep theo chieu tang dan dien tich hat nhan nguyen tu. - Cac nguyen to hoa hoc co cimg so lop electron dugc sap x§p thanh ciing mot hang. 8 - Cac nguyen to hoa hoc c6 cung so electron hoa tri trong nguyen tu dugc sap xep thanh mot cot. 2. Cau tao cua bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc - 6 nguyen to: M6i nguyen t6 hoa hoc dugc xep vao mot 6. So thir tu ciia 6 nguyen to bang so hieu nguyen tir. - Chii ki: Co 7 chu ki, so thir tu ciia chu ki bang so lop electron. ^ -Nhom: Co 8 nhom, trong do: + Nhom A: gom cac nguyen to s va p; so thir tir ciia nhom bang so electron hoa tri. Nhom A con dugc goi la cac nguyen to thugc phan nhom chinh. + Nhom B: g6m cac nguyen to d va f; voi cau hinh election: (n - ^d^ns^ (3 ^ x + y ^ 12); s6 thu tu nhom B dugc xac dinh: " " • Neu 3 ^ x + y ^ 7 = : > S 6 thii' tu nhom = x + y. • Nau X + y = 8, 9, 10 ^ S6 thir tu nhom = 8. (Nhom VIIIB g6m 3 cot) • N^u X + y > 10 => S6 thir tu nhom = x + y - 10. Nhom B con dugc ggi la cac nguyen to thugc phan nhom phu. IV. N H Q N G T I N H C H A T B I E N D O ! T U A N H O A N T H E O C H I E U T A N G C U A D I E N Tl'CH H A T N H A N Theo chieuZT Chuki Nhom NangliroTig ion hoa Ban kinh nguyen tu- ^ Do am dien Tinh kim loai Tinh phi kim Tinh bazo- Tinh axit —^ —> ^ V. LIEN K E T H O A H O C 1. Lien ket ion - Hinh thanh giira kim loai dien hinh va phi kim dien hinh. Hieu so do am dien Ax ^ U 7 . - Nguyen tir kim loai nhuong electron tro thanh ion duong. Nguyen tu phi kim nhan electron tro thanh ion am. Cac ion mang dien tich trai dau hut nhau bang lire hiit tinh dien. Vr^w.NaClMgCh... - Ban chat: do lire hiit tinh dien giira cac ion mang dien tich trai dau. 2. Lien ket cong hoa tri - Hinh thanh giira cac nguyen tu giong nhau hoac gan giong nhau. Hieu so do am dien Ax < 1,77. Lmi y: Phan tu HF c6 Ax = 1,78 nhung vi hidro khong phai la kim loai nen lien ket H-F van 1^ lien ket cgng hoa tri. Day la lien kit hod hoc chu yeu trong hap chat hihi ca. 9 - Cic nguyen tu lien ket vdd nhau bang cac cap electron diing chung. Cac electron dijng chung thuoc ca hai nguyen tir. Vi du: H2, HCl,... - Lien ket cpng hoa tri dugc goi la khong cue khi cac electron diing chung khong bi lech ve phia nguyen tir nao: N 2 , H 2 , . . . - Lien ket cong hoa tn dugc ggi la c6 cue hay phan cue khi cac electron diing chung bi lech ve mot nguyen tu: HBr, H^O,... - Lien ket cho - nhan: La truang hap dac biet ciia lien ket cong hod tri. Thuong gap trong cdc hop ch§t amoni N H 4 , phuc chSt,... V.J,-* - Lien ket don, doi, ba: ung vol so cap electron diing chung giCra 2 nguyen tu la 1, 2, 3. * Lien ket kim loai - Lien ket kim loai dugc hinh thanh trong tinh the kim loai, bao gom cac nguyen tu, ion duang kim loai va electron tu do. - Dac diem ciia lien ket kim loai la c6 cdc electron tu do chuyen dong trong mang tinh the kim loai. Cac electron tu do gay ra c^c tinh chdt vat li chung cuia kim loai nhu dan dien, dan nhiet, tinh deo. * Lien k€t hidro - Lien ket hidro la mot dang lien kk rit yeu, khong c6 ban chit hoa hoc, dugc hinh thanh bcri luc hut tinh dien giira hidro (da lien ket voi mot nguyen tir c6 dp am dien Ion) vai mot nguyen tu c6 dp am dien Ion co kich thuac be (N, O, F,...) a mot phan tii khac hoac trong ciing mot phan tu. Lien ket hidro dugc bieu dien bang ba cham (...). - Lien ket hidro c6 anh huong Ion den mot so tinh chit vat If ciia cac chk nhu tinh tan trong nuac, nhiet dp nong chay, nhiet dp soi. Vi du: giua cac phan tu ancol metylic (CH3OH) C O hen ket hidro nen c6 nhiet dp soi (65°C) cao hon nhilu so vai etan (C2H6) (-SQ^C) la chat c6 phan tir khoi tuong duang; dp tan trong nuac ciia CH3OH la tan v6 han so vai C2H6 chi tan 0,007g trong lOOg H.O. • - • - - -B. MOT SO BAI TAP TLT LUAN Cau 1. Dau the ki XX, nguai ta ban luan soi noi ve phan bo ciia dien tich duang trong nguyen tu. Bang suy luan logic, nguai ta da biet trong nguyen tu ngoai cac electron mang dien tich am con c6 cac dien tich duang. Tuy nhien, nguai ta khong bi§t phan bo ciia c^c dien tich duang trong nguyen tu. Da so cac nha khoa hgc thai do cho rang, cac dien tich duang dugc phan bo deu trong toan bp the tich nguyen tii. Noi each khac, nguyen tu c6 cau tao dac. Nhung quan diem nay da bi sup do bai thi nghiem ciia Razafo (Rutherford). Em hay mo ta thi nghiem tim ra hat nhan nguyen tu cua Razafo. Cau 2. Ngay 26/4/1986, mot sir c6 nghiem trong da xay ra tai nha may dien hat nhan Trecnobun each thii do Kiep cua Ucraina gan 150km ve phia Bac. Tai nan da phat tan mot lugng Ion chat dong vi phong xa iot-131 c6 thai gian ban buy 8,05 ngay tren mot dien tich rpng hang nghin km', chii yeu a phia Bac Ucraina va Belarut. Chat iot phong xa nay theo chu trtnh c6 - bo - siia (grass - cow - milk) di vko ca the tre em, gay ra ung thu tuyen giap. a. Viet phuang trinh phan ung phan ra hat nhan iot-131. b. Gia sii mot mau ban dau chiia Img iot-131, hay tinh trong mot giay c6 bao nhieu hat P dugc phan ra. • P ' ^ - : 10 c. Tu sir CO tren, bai hoc cho Viet Nam khi chuan bi xay dung nhh may dien hat nhan tai Ninh Thuan la gi? Cau 3. Trong tu nhien, hidro t6n tai duoi dang hai dong vi: |H (99%) va (1%); oxi t6n tai a ba d6ng vi: '^O (99,762%), '^,0 (0,038%), '^O (0,200%). u^: a. Tinh nguyen tu khoi trung binh ciia moi nguyen to. b. Co the CO bao nhieu loai phan tu nuoc khac nhau tao nen tu nhung dong vi tren? c. Phan tu nude nao pho bien nhat? Cau 4. Biet nguyen t6 nhom (Al) 6 6 13, chu ki 3, nhom UIA ciia bang tuan hoan. ' a. Viet cau hinh electron nguyen tu cua nhom. b. Du doan tfnh chat hoa hoc ciia don chat nhom. c. So sanh tinh kim loai ciia nhom vai magie (Mg) va silic (Si). Cau 5. Mot nguyen t6 tao dugc ion don nguyen tu mang 2 don vi dien tich va c6 t6ng so hat (p, n, e) trong ion do la 80. Trong nguyen tu ciia nguyen to do, so hat mang dien nhieu hon so hat kh6ng mang dien la 22. Xac dinh so electron doc than cua nguyen to do a trang thai ca ban. C. MOT S O BAI T A P T R A C N G H I E M K H A C H Q U A N Cau 1. Cho so d6 cau tao ciia nhung nguyen tu sau: (1) ^ (2) (3) (4) Nhung nguyen tu nao la dong vi ciia nhau? B.(2)va(3) C. (1), (2) va (3) D. (2), (3), (4) A.(l)va(2) Cau 2. Anion X" va cation Y"* deu c6 cau hinh electron lop ngoai cimg la 3s'3p^. Vi tri ciia cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan cac nguyen t6 hoa hoc la: A. X 6 6 18, chu ki 3, nhom VIIA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 3, nhom HA. B. X 6 6 17, chu ki 4, nhom VIIA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 4, nhom IIA. C. X 6 6 18, chu ki 3, nhom VIA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 4, nhom HA. D. X 6 6 17, chu ki 3, nhom VHA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 4, nhom HA. Cau 3. Trong hop chk ion XY (X la kim loai, Y 1^ phi kim), s6 electron ciia cation bang s6 electron ciia anion va t6ng s6 electron trong XY la 20. Bik trong moi hop chat, Y chi CO mot miic oxi hoa duy nhat. C6ng thiic XY la A.AIN. B.NaF. C. LiF. D. MgO. Cau 4. Trong mot nhom A, tru nhom VIIIA, theo chieu tang cua dien tich hat nhan nguyen tu thi A. do am dien giam dan, tinh phi kim tang dan. B. tinh phi kim tang dan, ban kinh nguyen tu tang dan. C. U'nh kim loai tang dkn, ban kinh nguyen tu tang dan. ^ ';^ D. tinh kim loai tang dan, do am dien tang dan. ' ' ''" 11 C a u 5. Trong tir nhien, nguyen to dong c6 hai dong vi la 29CU va HCu. Nguyen tix khoi trung binh ciia dong la 63,54. Thanh phan ph4n tram tong so nguyen tu cua dong vj ^^Cu la A. 27%. B.73%. C.50%. D. 54%. Cau 6. Cho cac iiguyen t6 M (Z = 11), X (Z = 17), Y (Z = 9) va R (Z = 19). Dp am dien ciia cac nguyen to tang dan theo thit tir B. M < X < R < Y . B . Y < M < X < R . C . M < X < Y < R . D . R < M < X < Y . Cau 7. Ban kinh nguyen tur ciia cac nguyen to: 3Li, gO, 9F, nNa duac x6p theo thu tu tang dan tir trai sang phai la A.F, 0,Li, Na. B. F, Na, O, Li. C . F, Li, O, Na. D. Li, Na, O, F. Cau 8. Day cac nguyen to sap xep theo chilu tang dkn tinh phi kim tir trai sang phai la A.P, N , F , O. B . N , P , F , O. C. P, N, O, F. D. N, P, O, F. Cau 9. Nguyen tir ciia nguyen to X c6 cau hinh electron ls'2s'2p''3s'3pMs'; nguyen tir cua nguyen to Y c6 cau hinh electron ls'2s"2p\n ket hoa hoc giua nguyen tu X va nguyen tu Y thuoc loai lien ket A. kim loai. B. cong hoa trj. C. ion. D. cho nhan. Cau 10. Nguyen tu ciia nguyen to X c6 tong so hat electron trong cac phan lop p la 7. So hat mang dien ciia mot nguyen tu Y nhieu hon so hat mang dien ciia mot nguyen tir X la 8 hat. Cac nguyen t6 X va Y ikn lugt la A.FevaCl. B.NavaCl. C. Al va CI. D. Al va P. Cau 11. Nguyen tir ciia nguyen to X c6 cau hinh electron lap ngoai ciing la ns'np'*. Trong hop chat khi ciia nguyen to X vai hidro, X chiem 94,12% kh6i lugng. PhSn tram kh6i lugng ciia nguyen to X trong oxit cao nhk la A. 50,00%. B. 27,27%. C. 60,00%. D. 40,00%. Cau 12. Day gom cac chat trong phan tu chi c6 lien ket cong hoa tri phan cue la A. HCl, O 3 , H2S. B. O2, H2O, NH3. C . H2O, HF, H.S. D. HF, CI2, H2O. Cau 13. Nguyen tu ciia nguyen to X c6 electron a mire nang lugng cao nhat la 3p. Nguyen tit ciia nguyen to Y ciing c6 electron a muc nang lugng 3p va c6 mot electron a lop ngoai ciing. Nguyen tti X va Y c6 so electron hon kem nhau la 2. Nguyen t6 X, Y l§n lugt la A. phi kim va kim loai. B. khi hiem va kim loai. C. kim loai va khi hiem. D. kim loai v^ kim loai. C a u 14. Cac kim loai X, Y, Z c6 c§u hinh electron nguyen tu \m lugt 1^: ls^2s^2p^3s'; ls'2s'2p^3s"; ls'2s'2p''3s'3p'. Day gom c^c kim loai xep theo chiSu tang dan tinh khir tir tr^ sang phai la A.X,Y,Z. B.Z, Y,X. C.Z,X,Y. D. Y, Z, X. Cau 15. Nhan dinh nao sau day diing khi noi ve 3 nguyen tir: 13X, ^fiY, ? A. X va Z CO Cling so khoi. B. X, Z la hai dong vi cua cung mot nguyen to hoa hoc C. X, Y thugc cung mot nguyen to hoa hoc. D. X va Y CO c i i n g so n a t r o n . ^ -, If Cau 16. Mot ion M'"^ C6 t6ng s6 hat proton, notron, electron la 79, trong do so hat mang dien nhieu hom so hat khong mang dien la 19. Cau hinh electron cua nguyen tu M la A. [ A r ] 3 d W . B. [Ar]3d''4sl C. [Ar]3d'4s\. [Ar]3d'4s\ Cau 17. Cau hinh electron ciia ion Cu""^ va Cr^^ Ian lugt 1^ A. [Ar]3d^ va [Ar]3d'4s'. B. [Ar]3d'4s^ va [ A r ] 3 d l . i D. [Ar]3d^4s2 va [Ar]3d'4s^ C. [Ar]3d' va [Ar]3dl Cau 18. Khoi lugng rieng ciia canxi kim loai la 1,55 glcvci. Gia thiet rang, trong tinh the canxi cac nguyen tu la nhiing hinh cau chiem 74% the tich tinh the, phan con lai la kite rong. Ban kfnh nguyen tu canxi theo tinh loan la A.0,185nm. B. 0,196nm. C.0,155nm. D. 0,168nm. Cau 19. Trong tu nhien clo c6 hai dong vi ben: CI chiem 24,23% tong so nguyen tit, c5n lai la \j C I . Thanh phan phan tram theo khoi lugng ciia 17 CI trong HCIO4 (cho H = 1; 0 = 1 6 ) la A. 8,43%. B. 8,797o. C. 8,92%. D. 8,56%. Cau 20. Tong so hat proton, notron, electron ciia nguyen tu X la 34, trong do so hat mang dien nhieu horn so hat khong mang dien la 10 hat. K i hieu hoa hoc va vi tri ciia X (chu ki, nhom) la A. Na, chu ki 3, nhom lA. B. Mg, chu ki 3, nhom l l A . C. F, chu ki 2, nhom VILA. D. Ne, chu k i 2, nhom VIUA. D. DAP AN VA HUdNG DAN GIAI ''^""^ " ' I. BAI TAP T U LUAN Cau 1. Trong thi nghiem, dong hat anpha (a) dugc phong qua mot la vang mong, xung quanh c6 man chan huynh quang de quan sat duong di ciia dong hat anpha. Rozofo nhan thay hau het cac hat anpha di thang xuyen qua la vang, mot so it bi lech huong va mot so rat It con bi bat tra lai sau khi gap la vang. Dieu nay dugc giai thich la ngoai cac electron mang dien am, trong nguyen tu con phan mang dien duong, ggi la hat nhan c6 kich thuoc rat nho be so v6i nguyen tu, nhung tap trung hau het khoi lugng nguyen tu. Noi each khac, nguyen tir c6 cau tao rong. Cau 2. a. PhuoTig trinh phan ung phan ra hat nhan ' ^ ' l : '53I ^ u u- ub. Theo he thuc tip = 0,693 = k ta co k = k + ^'{Xe 0,693, . /ngay ' :. - O A r - T . A - i'u:! 8,05 „ i 0,693 1 1 1 „^^,„_7, : . :, C h u y e n s a n g g i a y : — . — . —/giay = 9 , 9 7 . 1 0 /giay; •8,05 24 60 60 T6c do phan huy N = k.A trong do k la hSng s6 phong xa, A la so nguyen tu c6 mat 1 3 Co Img " ' I = 1,0.10-^g suy ra so mol ' ^ ' l = (mol); ^' ^ v .^t. y i i i mi 'im 1 0x10~^ So nguyen tu ' ^ ' l , A = ' .6,023.10"' = 4,6.lO" (nguyen tu). 13 Tir do ta CO so nguyen tu phan ra trong 1 giay \k N = kA = (9,97.10"Vgiay)(4,6.10" nguyen tu) = 4,58.10'^ (nguyen tu/giay). c. Bai hoc cua Viet Nam: Nude ta dang chuan bi xay dung mot so nha may dien hat nhan (Ninh Thuan I , Da Lat II,...)- De khong xay ra su c6 nghiem trong nhu a nha may Trecnobun can rat nhieu dieu kien nhu trinh do chuyen mon, y thuc to chirc, ki luat ciia doi ngu can bp, cong nhan van hanh nha may, dp an toan cua cong nghe se ap dung, vv... Cau 3. a. Ti'nh nguyen tii khoi trung binh ciia moi nguyen to: — MH = 1.99 + 2.1 100 = 1,01 u; — 16.99,762 + 17.0,038 + 18.0,200 Mo = = 16,00438 u 100 b. Co 18 loai phan tu nuac khac nhau. c. Phan tu nuac c6 dp pho bien Ian nhat la: JH'gOJR Cau 4. a. Cau hinh electron cua nhom: ls'2s"2p''3s"3p\ b. Du doan tinh chat hoa hpc ciia dan chat nhom. Tu cau hinh electron ciia nhom suy ra nhom c6 tinh khu manh, nhuong 3e trong cac phan ung hoa hpc: A l Al^* + 3e Tinh khu manh cua nhom the hien trong cac phan ung vai phi kim, vai dung dich axit va ngay ca vdi nude neu loai bo dupe lap oxit ben vung. c. So sanh tinh kim loai ciia nhom vdi magie (Z = 12) va sihc (Z = 14): Trong chu ki, theo chieu tang ciia dien tich hat nhan, tinh kim loai giam dan. Do do tinh kim loai ciia nhom manh han silic, nhung yeu han magie. Cau 5. X + 2e X^+ Trudng hap 1: Nguyen t6 la phi kim X tao X" •2Z + N = 78 JZ " 2 Z - N = 22 ^ |N = 25 Mn (loai) = 28" + Trudng hap 2: Nguyen to la kim loai M tao M""^: M —> M^"^ + 2e ' 2 Z + N = 82 JZ = 26 2 Z - N = 2 2 ^ [ N = 30' •Fe: ls^2s^2p'3s-3p'3d''4s' So electron doc than la 4. II. B A I T A P T R A C NGHIEM KHACH QUAN 13A 12C IID 3B 2D IC 4C 5B 14B 15A 6D 16B 18B 17C 8C 7A 9C 19C IOC 20A Cau 2. Anion X" va cation Y'"" deu c6 cSu hinh electron Idp ngoai ciing la 3s^3p'' suy ra cac ion nay deu c6 18 electron. Hay X c6 s6 thu tu 17, chu ki 3, nhom VIIA; Y c6 s6 thu tu 20, chu ki 4, nhom IIA => Chpn D. Cau 3. Trong hop chat ion X Y (X 1^ kim loai, Y la phi kim), so electron ciia cation bang so electron cua anion va tong so electron trong X Y la 20. Biet trong mpi hap chat, Y chi cd 14 mot muc oxi hoa duy nhat. Suy ra s6 electron cua X"^ bSng so electron ciia Y bang 10. X la Na va Y la F, cong thiic la NaF Chon B . Cau 4. Trong mot nhom A , trir nhom V I I I A , theo chieu tang cua dien tich hat nhan nguyen t u thi tinh k i m loai tang dan, ban kinh nguyen t u tang dan ^ Chpn C. C a u 5 . G o i x l a t i l e % c u a d 6 n g v i ^ - C u t a c 6 63x + 6 5 ( l - x ) = 63,54 T .A = > X = 0,73 (73%) =^ Chon B . Cau 10. Cau hinh e ciia X : I s ' 2s'2p* 3s"3p' (tong e trong cdc phan l o p p = 6 + 1 = 7) = 13 ( A l ) . Ta c6: (cy + pv) - (ex + px) = 8. Do e = p =:> 2eY - 2ex = 8 Cy = Zy = 17 (CI) => Chon C. Cau 11. X CO 6 e lap ngoai cung (c6 hoa t r i cao nhat v a i o x i la V I ) ^ Hop chSt khf CO dang: H2X ^ 2 ''-'^ 100-94,12 X.32(XlaS) CTPT cua oxit: SO3 (%S = — = 40%) ^ 80 Chon D . Caul6.p = e + 3 - . - r r l ni^iiq . e + p + n = 7 9 = > 2 p - 3 + n = 79 [^': e + p = n + 1 9 ^ 2 p - 3 - n = 19 ^ p = 26 ( I s - 2s-2p'' 3s-3p''3d'' 4s-hay [Ar]3d^ 4s-) ^ Chon B . ' .' Cau 18. S6 nguyen t u Ca chua trong Icm^ la: — . 6 , 0 2 3 . 1 0 ^ ' =0,2334.10^' (nguyen tir) 40 T h i tich ciia cac nguyen t u trong Icm^ la 0,74cm^ = 0,74.10"W The tich ciia mot nguyen t u la: ^'"^"^'^^ = 3,1705.lO"'"* (m^) • 0,2334.10" Ap dung: V = - T I R ' ^ R = ' I — 3 V47r 3.3,1705.10"' R = ar""' — =r 0,196.10"' (m) hay 0,196nm => Chon B . V 4.3,14 y ^ y ^ Cau 19. Ma =37.0,2423 + 35.(1 - 0,2423) = 35,4846 Gia su ta c6 1 mol HCIO4 % " C 1 trong HCIO4 la: ' 2 Z + N = 34 Cau 20. <^ l 2 Z - N = 10 n = 0,2423 "'^"^^^'^"^ x l 0 0 % - 8,92% => Chon C. 1 + 35,4846 + 4.16 a (1) =>Z=\\, (2) nguyen to da cho la Na ^ Chon A . 6KI• ; 15 Chuyen de 2 L I T H U Y E T V E SlT D I E N L I V A P H A N UfNG H O A H O C A. TOM TAT LI THUYET CO BAN I. LITHUYETVE SU DIEN LI. AXiT-BAZO. pH 1. Cac khai niem ve sir dien li ., - Su dicn li la qua trinh cac chat phan li trong nuac (hoac nong chay) ra ion. - Chat dien li la chat khi tan trong nuac phan li ra ion (nhu axit, baza, muoi). - Do dien h (a) ciia chat dien li la ti so giua so phan tu phan li ra ion (n) va tong so phan tii hoa tan (nu) a = — . Khi nong do dung dich giam, a tang. n o - Chat dien U manh (a = 1) la chat khi tan trong nuac, cac phan tu hoa tan deu phan h ra ion. Vi du: cac axit manh (HCl, HNO3, HCIO4, H2SO4,...); cac baza manh (NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2,...) va hau het cac mu6i. - Chat dien li yeu (0 ^ a < 1) la chat khi tan trong nuac chi c6 mot phan so phan tu hoa tan phan li ra ion, phan con lai van ton tai duai dang phan tu trong dung dich nhu cac axit yeu:_CH3COOH, HCIO, HNO., H2S, HF, H2SO3, H2CO3,...; cac baza va mu6i it tan, nhung van la cac chat dien li manh. 2. Axit, bazff 2.1. Axit, bazoftheo thuyet A-re-ni-ut a. Axit: La chat khi tan trong nuac phan li ra cation H"". Axit mot nic: HCl —> H"" + CF CH3COOH ^ + CH3COO- Axit nhiSu nac: HjPO^ <=:i H" + H.PO, H^PO- : p ^ H V H P O f HPO;-4iz> .^ PO^- Dung dich axit c6 chua cation H"^ nen deu c6 mot s6 ti'nh ch§t chung. ii. 5azov La chat khi tan trong nuac phan h ra anion OH . Baza mot nic: NaOH -> Na^ + OH~ Baza nhilu nic: Mg(OH)2 ^ Mg(OH)^ + OH" Mg(OH)^ Mg-^ + OH~ Dung dich baza c6 chua ion OH~nen deu c6 mot so tmh chat chung. c. Hidroxit ludng tinh: La hidroxit khi tan trong nuac vua c6 the phan li nhu axit, vua CO the phan li nhu baza. Chiing it tan trong nuac vk c6 lire axit, lire baza y§u. Vidu: Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Cr(0H)3, Pb(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Be(OH)2,... Ji 2.2. Axit, bazfftheo thuyet Bron-stet. Hang SO phdn li axit vabazff : i j j ^AO ! a. Axit Id chdt nhu&ng proton (H""), bao g6m: ' .« - Phan tu trung hoa: HCl, H C I O 4 , H N O 3 , H2SO4, C H 3 C O O H , . . . ^ < -Anion: HSO^, ... -Cation: N H ; , A l ' \^ Cu-^... b. Baza Id chdt nhdn proton, bao gom: - Phan tu trung hoa: NaOH, Ba(0H)2, N H 3 , . . . - Anion (g6c axit yeu khong chua H hnh dong): S'", CO^" , NO~, CH3COO .... c. Chdt luong tinh la chdt vica cd khd ndng cho, vica cd khd ndng nhdn proton, bao gom: - Phan tii trung hoa: ZnCOH)., A1(0H)3, Cr(OH)3, PbCOH)., Sn(OH)2, H2O, ... - Anion: HCO:, HS", HPO^'" d. Hang so phdn li axit vd baza (Kg, Kb): hang so can bang cua axit yeu hoac bazo yeu. Gia CH3COOH tri K^, Kb chi<=^phuH"thuoc ban chat ciia axit, bazo va nhiet dp. + CH3COO[CH3COOH] C H 3 C O O - + H2O ^ CH3COOH + OH" ^ ^ [QH-][CH,CQOH] ^ " [CH^COO"] ,-14 Luu y: Ka.Kb = [Hl.[OH"]= 10 3. Tich so ion ciia niro-c. pH dung dich H.O ^ pH = -lg[Hl; OH" -14 K ^= [H^].[OH-] = 1 0 pOH = -IgLOH"]; pH + pOH = 1 4 Luu y: Phan ling thuy phan cua muoi: - Muoi tao boi axit manh va bazo manh khong bi thuy phan. Vidu: NaCl, KCl, NaNOj, K2SO4,... pH = 7 - Mu6i tao boi axit yeu v^ baza manh khi thuy phan cho moi tniong baza. Widu: CHsCOONa, NaNO., Na.COj, NaHC03, K2S,... pH > 7 - Mu6i tao boi axit manh va baza y6u khi thuy phan cho moi tniong axit. Vidu: NH4NO3, NH4CI,... pH < 7 - Muoi tao boi axit yeu va baza yeu khi thuy phan thuang cho moi tniong trung tinh. Vz'rfM.NH4HC03,...pH = 7 Uwj \i\m lim p-mi-' THUA mi L3nQ: n II. 1. C A C LOAI PHAN LfNG HOA H O C TRONG HOA V6 C O Phan loai phan ung hoa hoc theo sir thay doi so oxi hoa (phan li-ng oxi hoa - khu) va phan irng khong c6 sir thay doi so oxi hoa 1.1. Phdn ting oxi hod - khir - Chat k h u (chat b i oxi hoa): la chat nhuong electron (so oxi hoa ciia nguyen to tang sau phan ung). - Chat o x i hoa (chat b i khur): la chat nhan electron (so o x i hoa ciia nguyen t6 giam sau phan ung). - Sir o x i hoa (qua t i i n h oxi hoa) la qud trinh chat k h u nhuong electron (qua trinh lam tang so oxi hoa ciia nguyen to). - Sir k h u (qua trinh khu) 1^ qua trinh ch§t oxi hoa nhan electron (qua trinh lam giam so oxi hoa ciia nguyen to). - Phan i m g oxi hoa - k h u la phan ung hoa hoc trong do c6 sir chuyen electron giua cac chat phan ung, hay phan ung o x i hoa - k h u la phan umg hoa hoc trong do c6 su thay doi so o x i hoa ciia mot hade mot so nguyen to hod hoc. Lieu y: + Phan ung o x i hoa - k h u chi c6 mot nguyen to thay doi so o x i hoa goi la phan ung tuoxihod-khic.Widu: Cl^ + 2 N a O H ^ NaCl + NaClO + + Phan ung o x i hoa - k h u chi c6 mot chSt tham gia phan ling goi la phan ung +7 oxi hod - khir noiphdn „ tu. V i du: IKMnO^-^ +6 +4 0 K2Mn04 + M n O , + Q 1.2. Phan ung khong thay dot so oxi hod Vidu: +1 +5 - 2 +1 -1 +1 A g N O j + NaCl ^ , -1 +1 +5 - 2 ' ~ + NaNOj Aga So o x i hod ciia tat ca cac nguyen to khong thay doi. PMn 4^. " " img trao doi ion: 1^ phan ling giua cdc ion xay ra trong dung dich cac c h i t dien U. Bieu kien de xdy ra phdn img trao doi ion trong dung dich cdc chat dien li: Phai c6 I t nhat mot trong cac dieu kien: tao thanh chat k^t tiia; tao thanh ch§t dien l i y i u ; tao thanh chat k h i . 2. Phan loai phan ung hoa hoc dya vao su- thay d6i thanh phan phan tii- chit ^ a. Phdn img hod hap: thay doi) . Vidul: +2 -2 (so o x i hoa cua cac nguyen to c6 the thay d o i hoac khong ^ o^, 2H2O" -> + 6, Vidu 2: +4-2 CaO + C O , ^ ' +2+4 - 2 CaC03 b. Phdn img phdn huy: (so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to c6 the thay doi hoac khong thay doi) Vidul: 18 2KCIO3-> 2KC1 + 3 0 , ^ • : / , rv,,. +2-2+1 +2-2 +1-2 Vidu2: Cu(OH), ^ CuO + H , 0 c. Phan ung the: luon c6 sir thay doi so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to. +1 0 + 2 ^Av 0 Vidu: 2AgN03 + Cu Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag d. Phan img trao doi: la phan ung c^c chat trao doi vai nhau nhung bo phan cau tao phan tu. Vidu: 2NaOH + CuClz ^ 2NaCl + Cu(0H)2i * Phuong trinh phan ung c6 ghi them gia tri AH va trang thai cua cac chat dugc goi la phuong trinh nhiet hod hoc. Vi du: Na (r) + - CI, (k) -> NaCl (r); AH = -411,1 kJ/mol III. Toc D O P H A N L / N G V A C A N B A N G H O A H O C 1. Toe do phan irng la do bien thien nong do ciia mot trong cac chat phan ung hoac san pham trong mot don vi thai gian. aA + bB ^ cC + dD Vdi chit tao thanh ( C hoac D) v = ——= t^-t^ Vdi chat tham gia (A hoac B) v = — ^2-^1 — (mol//.s) At = — (mol//.s) ^ _ _ / Toe do phan ung hoa hoc phu thuoc vao cac yeu to: nong do, cip suat (doi vai chat khi), nhiet do, dien ti'ch tiep xuc va chit xuc tac. - Anh huang cua nong do: v = k.C^ .C^ >,M . s (Chi xet vdi A, B la chit khi va chat tan trong dung dich) - Anh hudng ciia nhiet do: Cii tang nhiet dp len 10"C, toc do phan ung tang len khoang 2 den 4 Ian. —^ = y= he s6 nhiet do cua tdc do phan ung (y = 2 4) => —^ = y - Anh hudng ciia dien tich tiep xuc: Tang dien tich tiSp xiic giiia cac chat phan img se lam tang toc do phan ung. - Anh hudng cua chat xuc tac: Chat xuc t^c la chit Ihm tang toc do phan ung. 2. Can bang hoa hoc Phan ung thuan nghich la phan ung xay ra theo hai chieu trai ngugc nhau trong ciing dieu kien phan ung. Can bang hoa hoc la trang thli cua phan ung thuan nghich khi toc do phan ung thuan bang toc do phan ung nghich. + Can bang hoa hoc phu thuoc: nong do, ap suat, nhiet do. 19
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