Tài liệu Hoàn thiện hệ thống thông tin kế toán tại các công ty cổ phần xây dựng việt nam tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM UNIVERSITY OF COMMERCE ------------------------- TRAN THI KIM PHU IMPROVEMENT OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS OPERATED BY CONSTRUCTION JOINT STOCK COMPANIES IN VIETNAM Major: Accounting No.: 62.34.03.01 Abstract of PhD. thesis in Economics Hanoi, 2019 This thesis has been completed at Vietnam University of Commerce Supervisors: 1. Assoc. Prof. PhD. TRAN THI HONG MAI 2. Assoc. Prof. PhD. PHAN DUC HIEU First member of Thesis Committee: ………………………………………………… Second member of Thesis Committee: ………………………………………………… Third member of Thesis Committee: ………………………………………………… Thesis defense will be taken place in Thesis Committee Meeting at………..………………….………… At…….. hour…..…on……........…....... .…..…….. Thesis can be found at: National Library of Vietnam Library of Vietnam University of College 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Essential of thesis Nowadays, construction join stock companies in Vietnam search their new works through tendering methods. It is shown that the competitiveness in construction is very drastic under criteria, such as competitive price, financial ability, etc. Each of construction joint stock companies is required to positively apply applicable management tools in order to improve their competitiveness, in which accounting information system plays one of the significant factors. A good accounting information system is a key for planning a strategy for management and improving operation efficiency of the companies (Chang, 2001). Each of construction join stock companies should establish an accounting information system applicable to characteristics and demand of economic management. Research findings of accounting information system in line of business and type of business in Vietnam have shown that the accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies are improving in a better way. Such systems not only operate in financial accounting, but also in management accounting; Application of Information Technology in accounting may help provide a timely accounting information. However, the drawbacks of accounting information systems operated by some of construction joint stock companies in Vietnam have been found which constrain the competitiveness and operation efficiency of the companies; on the other hand, not many of research papers of accounting information system has been performed as improvement of some accounting information system has been performed by the companies listed on Vietnam securities market. Therefore, the implementation of a research paper of actual state of accounting information systems operated by the construction joint stock companies in Vietnam is essential to find out drawbacks and suggest some of improvement solutions. Due to such reasons, the author of thesis has selected “Improvement of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam”. 2. Overview of research into accounting information systems 2.1. Research into accounting information systems: In recent years, a direct research into Accounting Information System has been implemented and is known with the following four ways of approach: Approach of accounting information system by accounting practices: This approach is popular and is used by many researchers for their theory specified in accounting textbook in computers, such as accounting textbook written by Tran Song Minh (2012), etc. Besides, there is an experimental research performed by Nguyen Thanh Quy in 2004. It is a tradition way of approach that the companies can apply to management of input and output based on accounting entities. The approach of accounting information system by accounting practices has found its largest drawback, in which it causes a division in works of accounting; such 2 approach does not follow the “information system”. Therefore, it cannot find the connection between accounting practices in an accounting information system. Approach of accounting information system by cycle: Some of the authors, such as Nguyen The Hung (2006), Nguyen Manh Toan with his coworkers (2011), Hall, J.A., & Bennett, P.E, 2011, etc. have published their research papers of accounting information system in textbooks. Or experimental research by Huynh Thi Hong Hanh (2014). Such research papers have pointed out the targets of each cycle, and emphasize the efficiency of accounting information system made by divisions and personnel in a business cycle; the efficiency of data collection and information exchange between the accounting and other divisions, helping to create a platform for ERP application in the companies. However, such research papers have failed to emphasize the efficiency of data processing. Approach of accounting information system by progress of information system: The approach of accounting information system by progress of Information System has many research papers by the authors such as Nguyen Manh Toan with his coworkers (2011), Hall, J.A., & Bennett, P.E. (2011), etc. Additionally, there are some authors, such as Hoang Van Ninh (2010), Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy (2017), whose experimental research papers have contributed to such approach. Those research papers have elucidated the data processing of an accounting information system, from input, data processing, to output to provide information to the users. However, a completed accounting information system is comprised of multiple factors, so that the approach of accounting information system by progress of Information System will not provide a full detail. Approach of Accounting Information System by factors that constitute such systems This approach has been studied by the authors, such as Azhar Susanto (2008), Thai Phuc Huy with coworkers (2012), Le Thi Hong (2016), etc. Each of research papers has expressed its viewpoint about factors that constitute other types of accounting information system. Such approach is considered to be more comprehensive than the above-mentioned ways of approach. 2.2. Rating of accounting information system in respect to efficiency Rating of accounting information system in respect to efficiency may be classified into the following two popular models: Model of rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency by direct method, which was published by Yuvaraj & Kibert (2013), H. Sajady, Ph.D. with coworkers (2008), Le Ngoc My Hang with coworkers (2012), helps to prepare efficient and direct measures applied to accounting information systems without means of other factors. Model of rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency by indirect method will not provide a direct rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency, but use of means of other factors. At the moment, the model of rating of accounting information systems in respect to 3 efficiency by reviewing level of satisfaction of users is more popular. This model was researched by many researchers, such as DeLone and McLean (1992), Kim (1989), years ago in the world. In the next years, the famous research papers of rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency by reviewing level of satisfaction of users, which may be used by prospective researchers, was carried out by DeLone, W.H., & E.R. McLean. (2003). 2.3. Comments on overview of research work regarding name of thesis and finding research problem In research into Accounting Information System, the thesis has evaluated research methodology of each way of approach through research overview of accounting information systems. The approach of rating of accounting information systems by factors, which constitute the accounting information systems, has shown full detail of accounting information systems and is applicable to model of rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency at the moment. Therefore, the author of thesis has applied such approach to use as a research methodology in the thesis. However, in order to establish a theory basis for purpose of research into actual state of accounting information systems with solutions, the author of thesis has not only collected the consequent from approach of rating of accounting information systems by factors that constitute the accounting information systems, but also selected the consequent collected from the above-mentioned three ways of approach. In research into rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency, in improvement of the approach of rating of Accounting Information System in respect to efficiency by direct method, the rating has just been performed based on benefits of accounting information systems. The approach of rating of accounting information systems by reviewing level of satisfaction of the users provides a comprehensive view and rating on quality of factors contributed to accounting information systems in Information Technology application platform. Many of published research papers have not performed rating of accounting information systems, which are operated by the construction joint stock companies, by level of satisfaction of the users, so that their solutions are still unilateral. From the above comments, the thesis has found out the following problems: - Elucidate and supplement additionally theoretical problems regarding accounting information systems operated by the construction joint stock companies, in which the approach of rating of such systems by factors that constitute the systems should include the consequent of the published research papers. - Evaluate the efficiency of accounting information systems operated by the construction joint stock companies in Vietnam by reviewing level of satisfaction of the users working for the companies. - Study and suggest the solutions that help improve accounting information systems operated by the construction joint stock companies, which apply Information Technology to establishing internal information system in 4 direction of integrating financial accounting and management accounting. 3. Research targets General target: Complete improvement of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam. Typical research target: Define theoretical model of accounting information systems; Study and evaluate actual state of accounting information systems; Suggest solutions that help improve accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam. 4. Research questions: - What detail does research into accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies perform? - What is the actual state of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam? - What are solutions can be suggest to help improve accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam? 5. Objects and scope of research - Objects: Study accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam; Evaluate accounting information systems by level of satisfaction of the users working for the construction joint stock companies in Vietnam. - Scope: Perform study and survey into managers, leadership, and heads of division or Accounting in construction joint stock companies in Central Highlands of Vietnam which are the primary target of survey. Period: from 2015 to 2017. 6. Research process: Research process of the thesis is classified into 8 steps: 7. Scientific and real significance of thesis Theory: This thesis has supplemented and elucidated theoretically accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies within five matters; it has summarized and established model of rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency by reviewing level of satisfaction of the users. Real significance: The thesis has evaluated actual state of accounting information systems within five viewpoints; in which it has reviewed level of satisfaction of the users within five factors; and suggested solutions that help improve accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam. 8. Outline of thesis: This thesis is structured into 4 chapters. CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BASIS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS OPERATED BY CONSTRUCTION JOINT STOCK COMPANIES 1.1. Theoretical basis 1.1.1. Accounting information system 5 At the moment, some of the different viewpoints over accounting information systems has been expressed by, such as Azhar Susanto (2008), in which it has expressed that an accounting information system is built from material and non-material used to process transactions related to financial position of a company. One viewpoint has expressed that an accounting information system is an organized system that its function is to collect, classify, process and analyze status information, and provide the users in or out of a company with such information in order to take a decision in respect to economy (Moscove, 1997). A viewpoint by Romney and Steinbart (2006) also expressed that an accounting information system functioned in collection, data recording and processing in order to provide the users, who desired to make a decision in respect to economy, with relevant information. Viewpoint by the author of thesis: “Accounting information system is a combination of different components which function in collection, storage, processing of data under the typical orders so as to provide the users in and out of a company with information in respect to finance and non-finance. 1.1.2. Theory of asymmetric information: The asymmetric information is caused by difference in level and detail of information, and differential purposes from leadership of a company to an investor (Nguyen Cong Phuong with coworkers, 2012). An investor needs providing not only information of a financial statement, but also information of a management accounting. This theory should be applied in order to establish an efficient accounting information system and provide the users with useful information. 1.1.3. Theory of dynamic capabilities: This theory has been applied by many authors in their research papers in improvement of competitiveness of a company. In application of such theory, the author of thesis has identified Information Technology systems, economic employees, quality of service, and administrators’ awareness of usefulness of an accounting information system and rating of an account information system in respect to efficiency by reviewing level of satisfaction of the users. 1.2. Characteristics of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies 1.2.1. Characteristics of a construction joint stock company which shape accounting information There are three characteristics which shape an accounting information system, including manufacturing engineering, constructional products and expenditure management. Such characteristics create effect to the following matters of an accounting information system: Prepare projected cost of production on each construction or work item; collect information regarding expenditure and calculate price of a basic constructional product. 1.2.2. Role of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies The accounting information systems play a drastically significant role in 6 contribution to business operation efficiency of a company as it may provide the administrators and those, who desire to make decisions in respect to economy, with useful and timely information. Such drastically significant role of providing information to the users, who is not only in construction joint stock companies (management accounting), but also out of the companies (financial accounting). The combination of an accounting information system and other information systems will establish a big database in respect to quantity, processing speed and types of information, which plays an important role in construction joint stock companies, units and personnel in and out of the companies. 1.2.3. Demand in providing accounting information and factors that constitute an accounting information system in construction joint stock company There are two types of users of an accounting information system, including those who is in or out of a construction joint stock company. Due to differential purposes of the users, the accounting information providing to the users may not be totally the same. However, a completed accounting information system that may act as an accounting information provider to all of the users consists of five factors: (1) Input data, (2) Data processing, (3) Output data, (4) Control of accounting information system, (5) Storage of accounting information and data. 1.2.4. Requirements of an accounting information system in construction joint stock company - Output data: Meet the requirements in regard to accounting information quality and matters. In which, a qualified information should maintain its accuracy, time, recapitulation, appropriateness and completion. - Resources participating in an accounting information system: ensure installation, technical devices and personnel. 1.3. Matters of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies 1.3.1. Input data - Content of input data that needs collecting relies on types of information required by the users (Nguyen Bich Lien and coworkers, 2016). However, in summary, types of accounting data include older data and forecast regarding economic entities in a company. - Methods and tools for input data collection: The companies may apply different methods, including word of mouth, remembering or using accounting records and other types of documents. - Accounting division and other functional divisions may participate in collection of accounting data. - There are two popular methods of collecting input data, including the use of accounting software dependent from other software used by different functional divisions, or the accounting software integrated into management 7 software used by other divisions. 1.3.2. Accounting data processing in construction joint stock data The personnel participating in accounting data processing are specified by accounting division, tasks and assignments for each accountant. Methods and accounting data processing are supported by independent or integrated accounting software. Popular tools: Encryption methods, accounting policies, accounting account, and promotion methods for managing accounting information system. The ultimate goal is to obtain information on financial accounting and management accounting. There is a difference in such types of information, so that a certain difference in application of tools may be discovered. 1.3.3. Provide accounting information Accounting report can provide the users in or out of company with accounting information. Depend on different purposes of the users, the content, time and methods of accounting report may be different. Including: - Provide accounting information to external units via financial statements; prepare and form financial statements in accordance with regulations of the Government - Provide the internal users with accounting information via management accounting; preparation and form of management accounting report should abide by administration requirements of the company other than regulations of the Government. 1.3.4. Control of accounting information system The control of accounting information system plays an importance role in contributing to efficiency of accounting information system. However, this thesis will only mention control of applications in an accounting information system. Including: Control of output data; Control of data analysis and processing, and output data. 1.3.5. Storage of accounting information and data Storage of accounting information and data includes: (1) Accounting information and data classification and sorting; (2) Place of storage; (3) Time of storage; (4) Security; (5) Personnel responsible for storage of accounting information and data. 1.4. Model of rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency by reviewing level of satisfaction of users 1.4.1. Viewpoint of rating Accounting Information System in respect to efficiency The efficiency of an accounting information system is interpreted in way of achieving certain goals. The interpretation of such efficiency has been expressed under viewpoints, such as: It is considered as efficiency of accounting information system if such system can provide accounting information which can meet demand of the users (Kim, 1989; Nicolaou, 2000; H. Sajady and coworkers, 2008), or meet satisfaction of the users (Bailey and coworkers, 1983; William 8 DeLone and coworkers; Huynh Thi Hong Hanh, 2013; Nguyen Tran Ngoc Dieu, 2017). Or the approach by reviewing level of satisfaction of the users in a way more popular and closer to the matters of accounting information system. Therefore, this thesis has selected research methodology in rating of accounting information systems in respect to efficiency by reviewing level of satisfaction of the users. 1.4.2. Theory of research in to model of rating of accounting information in respect to efficiency by reviewing level of satisfaction of the users This thesis has collected research findings and performed analysis on study model by DeLone, W.H. & E.R. McLean (1992, 2003) and other study model by Nguyen Tran Ngoc Dieu (2017). In which, a study model by DeLone, W.H., & E.R. McLean (1992, 2003), which has been selected by many other authors for their experimental research papers, consists of five factors: (1) Quality of accounting information; (2) Quality of accounting information system; (3) Quality of service; (4) Satisfaction of system utilization; (5) Awareness of helpfulness in accounting information system. However, the fourth factor of author DeLone, W.H.& E.R. McLean. has not been used in this thesis. Moreover, this thesis has applied additional factor “Qualities of accountants” in research paper of author Nguyen Tran Ngoc Dieu (2017). 1.4.3. Viewpoint on approach and assumption H1: Quality of accounting information has a reversible relationship with level of satisfaction of the users. H2: Quality of accounting information system has a reversible relationship with level of satisfaction of the users. H3: Qualities of accountants has a reversible relationship with level of satisfaction of the users. H4: Awareness of helpfulness in accounting information system has a reversible relationship with level of satisfaction of the users. H5: Quality of service has a reversible relationship with level of satisfaction of the users. Chart 1.14. Research model In order to show the relationship between satisfaction of the users and the aforementioned factors, this thesis has suggested the estimated recursive equation 9 under the following formula: US = β1IQ + β2SQ + β3QA + β4QU + β5SVQ CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1 Theoretical basis of accounting information system provide foundation in research into actual state and improvement of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam. In this chapter, the thesis has performed profound research into essence and role of accounting information system; five matters that constitute accounting information system; an overview of efficiency of accounting information system, and collection of study models in rating of accounting information system in respect to efficiency and thence suggestion of model of rating of accounting information system in respect to efficiency by this thesis. CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ON ACTUAL STATE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS OPERATED BY CONSTRUCTION JOINT STOCK COMPANIES 2.1. Research chart In order of implementation of thesis, or answering the questions regarding actual state in essence, the author of thesis has formed study chart: Chart 2.1 General research chart 10 2.2. Research methodology 2.2.1. Qualitative research - Methods of data collection include semi-structured interview, structured interview, and observation. - Survey methodology and objects: Survey data collection is performed by using questionnaires. Two steps of survey data collection include unofficial survey and official survey. The survey objects for rating of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam are heads of department, deputy heads of department and experienced accountants; The survey objects for giving assumption and rating scale of accounting information system in respect to efficiency are top men of companies, divisions, building divisions in construction joint stock companies in Vietnam. - Survey forms: Select the typical construction joint stock companies for performing unofficial survey, and perform profound study into actual state of accounting information systems, and establish assumption and rating scale, and implement profound interview with seven heads, deputy heads and experienced accountants in Accounting department, and leadership of seem companies selected from 90 construction joint stock companies who have good knowledge of accounting information. In case a survey is performed for purpose of analysis and evaluation of accounting information systems, 90 people as heads, deputy heads and accountants in Accounting departments of 90 construction joint stock companies may be interviewed. - Methods of survey data collection: Survey data collection may be performed by using questionnaires, profound interviews, accounting reports and records. Survey data may be processed by Excel. 2.2.2. Quantitative research - Methods of survey data collection, survey objects and forms: In order to maintain reliability, the survey has been performed by interviewing the users of accounting information system, including leadership, divisions and building divisions of 90 construction joint stock companies in Vietnam with 220 questionnaires. - Methods of survey data collection: Using SPSS 20. 2.3. Application of research methodology Application of research methodology is performed in four steps. CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 2 In order to interpret actual state of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam, this thesis has applied qualitative research and quantitative research. This research methodology has been applied to questionnaire design, unofficial survey, unofficial survey data processing, preparing official survey questionnaires, and official survey data processing by assistance of software. 11 CHAPTER 3. ACTUAL STATE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS OPERATED BY CONSTRUCTION JOINT STOCK COMPANIES IN VIETNAM 3.1. Overview of construction joint stock companies in Vietnam 3.1.1. Basic review of construction joint stock companies in Vietnam In recent years, the development of building in Vietnam has been rapid in respect to quality and quantity of construction joint stock companies. Therefore, the market share of building has been expanded over the time, especially in 2016, when the statistics in building have increased in comparison with previous years. The construction joint stock companies operate in three fields, including: House building, civil construction engineering and specialized building. In 2016, the construction joint stock companies operating in house building made up a highest proportion. 3.1.2. Characteristics of management and organization of business operation in construction joint stock companies in Vietnam Organization and management: Building operation of the companies spreads over the local in respect to geography, so that the management and organization of construction joint stock companies should be flexible, and stick close to construction sites where their workers are implementing their duty. The organization of construction joint stock companies is divided into three levels, including company - factory - teams, or two levels, including company - teams or factory. Business operation: Through survey with 90 construction joint stock companies, there are 100% companies which operate in both building construction and paying flat rate of construction/work items to the relevant units. And there are 90 of 90 construction joint stock companies which operate by three types of paying flat rate (such as lump-sum pay, expenses pay, joint expenses pay). 3.1.3. Characteristics of organization and management of accounting activites in construction joint stock companies in Vietnam In survey regarding organization and management of accounting activities of 90 construction joint stock companies, it is shown that 29 of 90 companies (a ratio of 32.2%) which organize and manage accounting activities under both concentration model and decentralized model. There are 61 of 90 companies (a ratio of 67.8%) which organize and manage accounting activities under concentration model. In applied accounting policies (Chart 3.4) 3.2. Research findings of actual state of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam 3.2.1. Actual state of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam In finding out users’ demand for accounting information, this thesis has just found out actual demand for accounting information required by 12 management levels in 90 construction joint stock companies. Through survey with 210 top men and heads of departments and divisions in 90 construction joint stock companies, it is shown that there are 206 qualified questionnaires (a ratio of 98%) which express that the accounting information is essential to four functions of management. Chart 3.4. Accounting policies executed by the construction joint stock companies in Vietnam Input data collection - Content of input data: Through survey, there are 100% (90 of 90) construction joint stock companies saying that they collected forecast data, older data, but they have not built an index data regarding some certain accounting activities. - Methods and tools for input data collection: There are 100% (90 of 90) construction joint stock companies saying that they have used accounting records and management records. The management records have not been highly appreciated by some of construction joint stock companies. - Personnel participating in input data collection: Through survey, there are 100% accountants in construction joint stock companies saying that they collected accounting data by accounting activities related to functional divisions in their company. The accountants are responsible for implementing collection, creating and approve of accounting records related to accounting activities of the companies. However, such activity has not been highly appreciated. The competitive tendering acting is being given the most attraction by construction joint stock companies, making up proportions of 75.6%, 53.3% and 51.1% respectively. Some of construction activities, such as completion of works, funding and workforce management, are not put in consideration. Not much of attraction is given to materials and machinery transport by some of construction joint stock companies. - Methods of input data collection: 100% accounting records arising from or out of the companies have been approved in written without using ERP software. Most of accounting records arising from the companies are made by 13 accounting software, Excel or other relevant software, some of which are printed in forms. Accounting data processing performed by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam - Goals of accounting data processing: Perform accounting data processing in order to provide the users out of company with accounting information: The construction joint stock companies can make a good classification on accounting information to provide the users out of the companies, and perform accounting data processing, and implement book keeping operation, announcing accounting information, tax return and payment, etc. Perform accounting data processing in order to provide the leadership with accounting information: it is intended to take decisions on bid price, selection of subcontractors, etc. in respect to all levels of management. Some of the construction joint stock companies may not be too obligated to abide by regulations of the Government but regulations on business finance and the administrators’ demand on accounting information. - Through survey on personnel participating in accounting data processing in the construction joint stock companies, the accounting data processing is performed by accountants in Accounting department, Planning department, Engineering department, and technicians from the relevant units. With regard to construction/work items that have been deployed by subordinate units, there are 100% (90 of 90) construction joint stock companies have make clear about accounting activities of the senior units and subordinate units. Tasks and assignments regarding accounting activities have been assigned to the accountants by chief accountant. However, there is a large proportion about construction joint stock companies which have not performed strict analysis and check of any arising accounting tasks and assignments in order to assign the accountants for solutions. - In accounting data processing: There are 100% construction joint stock companies that use accounting software independent from other departments and divisions and other subordinate units, in which 53 of 90 (58.9%) construction joint stock companies have purchased programmed accounting software; 37 of 90 (41.1%) construction joint stock companies have hired developer to develop an accounting software for their purpose; and no company can develop an accounting software on their own. Some of the companies believed that such accounting software might not provide functions required by the administrators. Tools for accounting data processing: Some of the construction have applied methods of encryption, measure, account and forms of operation to build accounting information system. Methods of encryption of accounting objects Each of the construction joint stock companies may apply different methods of encryption, such as encryption of sequence of code by space, encryption of descriptor code and hierarchical code. The coder used to manage 14 accounting objects in the accounting software is dependent from accounting software of other departments and divisions. Tools for accounting data processing in financial accounting Methods of measure: One of the methods to be put in great consideration is costing of construction/work items. There are 100% (90 of 90) construction joint stock companies which have sorted expenses by operational functions. At the end of accounting period, distributed expenses may be made under different criteria. There are 35 of 90 (38.9%) companies which relied on revenue, 35 of 90 companies (35.6%) which relied on expenses of direct raw material, and 23 of 90 companies (25.5%) which relied on distribution rate. Particularly, distributed expenses of machinery in construction/work items may be made based on actual shifts at the end of a month. There are 100% construction joint stock companies which did not make distributed expenses on credit interest, bonds for each construction/work item. Some of the companies has not paid much attention to provisions and temporary credit spread at the date of financial statement. Account and account books Most of account list types, which were designed by the developers, are mostly ledger account. However, a ledger account may not have enough capability in accounting data processing for a financial statement, so that a secondary account or third-level account is necessary. Detailed account books and general books in financial accounting may be designed by the developer or accountants under the forms, which were promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, without amendment or modification. Tools for accounting data processing in management accounting Accounting data processing for purpose of planning Define expense standards: There are 100% construction joint stock companies which have defined their expense standards for direct raw material, direct labor and utilization of machinery; such standards have complied with regulations of the Government and entities view of the companies. On the other hand, there are some certain expenses not defined by some of the companies. There are 100% construction joint stock companies which have not defined internal expenses. Define budget standards: Estimate of expenditure is set up to define bid price and production planning made by subordinate units. To define bid price, aside from other expenses, the companies may find out the dutiable income rate and actual process specifications, etc. Revenue budget: It may be defined based on production planning, regulations in civil works contracts, work acceptance and managerial effectiveness in current year specified in financial statement. At the beginning of a year, the construction joint stock companies may set up planning for business funding. Perform older accounting data processing for demand from the administrators: In order to perform accounting data processing for purpose of management, the construction joint stock companies may apply methods of 15 measure, account and detailed account books. However, expense classification and costing of construction/work items have just proceeded to accounting data processing in financial accounting. But the methods of measure may apply not only in value but also in kind mostly. The construction joint stock companies have made opening of account and account books, which are more detailed than those in financial accounting. Perform accounting data processing for purpose of control function: However, the control of accounting entities implemented by the construction joint stock companies has just been proceeded to obtained figures in comparison with figures specified in a planning. Particularly, the construction joint stock companies have just performed control of amount of raw material, labor and machinery in reality in comparison with those assessed in respect to direct raw material expenses, direct labor and expenses for utilization of machinery. Control of raw material in a construction site may only performed at the end of a month. Perform accounting data processing for purpose of making decisions in respect to economy: There are 100% owners of the companies saying that the accounting information is only useful in defining bid price, lump-sum payment to the construction teams, factories, or labor with a certain rate, decision on selection of subcontractors or raw material suppliers, etc. - In actual state of providing accounting information, there are 100% (90 of 90) construction joint stock companies saying that they have classified accounting information to provide to the certain users. But such classification has just been defined by default without official document. The construction joint stock companies have classified accounting information to provide to tax authorities, Banks, and for purpose of management and business operation. Tools for providing accounting information Provide the users out of a company with accounting information: The construction joint stock companies may provide accounting information not only with tax authorities and banks, but also with the investors. The accounting information may be provided via financial statement, policy statement and announcement of exception report. The construction joint stock companies may comply with accounting standards and prevailing system of accounts in displaying accounting information in a financial statement. Through survey, there are 50% construction joint stock companies which have formed four types of financial statement. Content in most of financial statements is complied with regulations of the Government. Notes to the financial statement may be more flexible without adding necessary criteria for a financial statement. Provide the users in a company with accounting information: The construction joint stock companies have formed reports for providing accounting information for purpose of management. The types of report may vary from other companies. Control of accounting information system: Through survey, the construction joint stock companies have made a good control on input data 16 before input activity, and data comparison with people concerned, and output data. However, some of the companies have not made a good control on modification, adjustment, permission of access, adding and printing reports. Storage of accounting data and information: There are 100% (90 of 90) construction joint stock companies saying that they have sorted accounting data and information by date of storage. The construction joint stock companies have applied various methods of storage to accounting data and information. 3.2.2. Research into efficiency of an accounting information system operated by the construction joint stock companies in Vietnam In survey form, this thesis’ survey has only applied to top men and personnel of 90 construction joint stock companies by giving 210 questionnaires to 90 construction joint stock companies in the Central Highlands, in which 210 questionnaires have been collected with 206 (98.1%) qualified questionnaires. Survey findings and comments on rating of level of satisfaction of the users in the construction joint stock companies in Vietnam Survey findings of level of satisfaction of the users: According to the survey findings, the satisfaction of top men, departments and functional divisions over accounting information system is not high, with a scale of 3.11 to 3.39 in average. According to investigation findings of research assumptions by applying Cronbach’s Alpha, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Pearson Correlation Analysis and Analysis of Multi-variable Linear Regression, the five assumptions from H1 to H5 that set up for rating of level of satisfaction of the users are totally accepted without being rejected. The findings have shown that such five factors, which have created a positive effect on satisfaction of the users, is totally appropriate to theoretical research and research in reality performed by previous authors. Therefore, five factors that should be considered during research into completion of accounting information system: Quality of accounting information, awareness of helpfulness of accounting information system, quality of service, quality of system and accountants’ qualities. The standardized recursive equation is as follows: US = 0,393*QA + 0,311*PU + 0,123*IQ + 0,111*SQ + 0,012*SVQ 3.3. Rating of actual state of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam 3.3.1. Actual state of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam Based on actual state of accounting information systems operated by construction joint stock companies in Vietnam, the thesis has summarized the following research findings: Content of input data: Most of administrators in the construction joint stock companies have not made a clear definition of accounting information and control of such information, for purpose of making decisions in respect to economy. 17 Input data collection: There is a large proportion of the construction joint stock companies which have not formed chart of relationship with functions, process, and description of process in connection with each of business activities. There are 100% construction joint stock companies which have not used accounting software integrated into management software, causing delivery of accounting records to be delayed. Tools for collection of accounting data have not been rated good. Accounting data processing - Targets of accounting data processing: There is a high proportion of accountants in the construction joint stock companies who have not defined target of accounting data processing in connection with some of accounting entities. There are 100% construction joint stock companies which have not make an official written targets of accounting data processing. - Personnel participating in accounting data processing: Most of the construction joint stock companies have not put permission of adding, viewing, and printing accounting information in consideration. Moreover, the interaction between departments and divisions have not been high. - In methods of accounting data processing: most of accounting software run by the construction joint stock companies have not met demand from the users. - Tools for accounting data processing + The encryption has not applied to accounting entities as most of the companies have not had profound knowledge of what necessity to encryption of such accounting entities is. The encryption process has not made a profound study into the essence of accounting entities. The build of list of accounting entities to be encrypted has not been created by cooperation of the relevant departments and divisions. + Tools for accounting data processing in financial accounting: In methods of measure, most of the construction joint stock companies have put a less consideration on provision. Accounting of some expenses have not complied with the regulations. The construction joint stock companies have not made some of accounts and account books under criteria of financial statement. + Tools for accounting data processing in management accounting Accounting data processing for purpose of planning: The construction joint stock companies have not defined a good standard for production expenses. The estimate of expenditure applied to direct raw material, direct labor and utilization of machinery is affected by defined expense standard as it may not follow closely to the reality, causing a decrease in significance of estimate of expenditure. Some of the construction joint stock companies have less considered the planning for material reserves; budget for credit interest and administration expenses as such budget has just been estimated in percentage. Accounting data processing for purpose of accounting matters: Classification of expenses has just performed through levels of business 18 operation, and distribution of expenses has just implemented in traditional way. The build of list of accounts and indexes is heavily relied on style of finance accounting as it has paid less attention to managerial accounting reports. The accounting data processing for purpose of control has not been performed strictly. The shortcomings in accounting data processing for purpose of making decisions in respect to economy has been found, as it has not suggested solutions for calculation, and recording on reports, and providing a clear interpretation for each solution to help the administrators make decisions in respect to economy. Provide accounting information With regard to providing accounting information in financial accounting, accounting information in financial statement has not been flexibly displayed, as one of the contents, which effect how accounting information is displayed in financial statement, is provision. The prepaid expenses before distributed expenses have not been considered by the companies. In regard to accounting information in management accounting, the quantity of managerial accounting reports has not been sufficient to meet demand from the administrators. Using Excel to form an accounting report may lessen the accuracy and date of accounting information; it may also affect accounting information processed by accounting software or Excel or stored in documents that have not been synchronized. Control of quality of accounting information system: In regard to control of accounting information system, most of the construction joint stock companies have not integrated such control into purpose of management. 3.3.2. Rating of efficiency of an accounting information system operated by the construction joint stock companies in Vietnam First, it may be seen that there are four main reasons that brought about the shortcomings arising from actual state of accounting information systems causing quality of accounting information to be low. Second, through model inspection, it may show a clearer view of five factors that make an impact on satisfaction of the users, and show the levels of impact resulted by such factors so as to establish foundation for suggesting solutions that help surmount in order of preference thence improve accounting information systems. CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3 In this chapter, the thesis has elucidated actual state of accounting information systems operated by the construction joint stock companies in Vietnam by giving five details. Simultaneously, it has also studied satisfaction of the users, and found out the factors that make impact on satisfaction of the users in the construction joint stock companies. Those shortcomings found out by this thesis is the foundation to suggest solutions that help improve accounting information systems.