VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
NGUYEN THI THANH LOAN
TODAY’S BUDDHIST PILGRIMAGE IN
PERFUME PAGODA
Field of study: Cultural studies
Code: 9.22.90.40
A SUMMARY OF CULTURAL STUDIES DISSERTATION
Ha Noi – 2019
The work was completed at:
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Instructor : Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham
Argument 1: Prof. Bùi Quang Thanh
Argument 2: Assoc. Prof. Le Quy Duc
Argument 3: Assoc. Prof. Dang Hoai Thu
The dissertation will be defended in front of The Academy-level
Thesis Council at the Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Institute of
Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi.
At hồi giờ phút, ngày tháng, 2019
More information about this dissertation can be found at:
- The library of Academy of Social Sciences
- Viet Nam National Library
INTRODUCTION
1. The urgency of the subject
Five years ago, Huong1, a close friend of mine asked me to make a
pilgrimage to Yen Tu and Perfume Pagoda with a Buddhist Pilgrimage
group from Ha Noi (HN) called An Lac. I agreed to go along to this area for
closer observation of this pilgrimage group behavior. Currently, An Lac has
10 groups and the number of pilgrims is up to 3000 people from all walks
of life: one group of civil servants and officials, one of entrepreneurs, one
of retired people, one of Dharma assembly from Hai Tan Pagoda… Every
year, members of these gro together go on a pilgrimage to Yen Tu, Dau
Pagoda… They especially go to Perfume Pagoda twice a year. After 5
years being a member of the An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage group, handling
the differences in age, gender, occupation, social status, I have made a lot of
friends. I have followed the Buddhists and those who love Buddhism to go
on pilgrimage in many different places such as Yen Tu, Tay Thien….. I
stopped at Huong Pagoda and chose this place as the research area for my
thesis. During the pilgrimage, in addition to being a member of the An Lac
Buddhist pilgrimage group, I also joined many other pilgrimage groups
such as Buddhist pilgrimage, The Compassion Flower, Happiness and so on
to Huong pagoda to worship, practice rituals and study about this cultural
practice. At the present, through the pilgrimages to Huong Pagoda, I realize
that there are many pilgrims from everywhere, but most of them come in
groups / teams. They simultaneously combine religious and tourism
experience organized by a travel agency or by a Buddhist monk or nun of a
certain temple, or a medium. Pilgrims often come in groups of 5, 10, 500,
even up to thousands of people, with at regular intervals, usually 2-3
1
From now on, the real names of interviewed subjects will be guaranteed
anonymity.
1
consecutive years. They even make a pilgrimage every 10 to 20 consecutive
years, not only to worship but also to study Buddhist philosophy by
themselves. Year after year, many pilgrims invited more friends and
relatives to join the pilgrimage for 1 to 3 days. Compared to the past,
pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda now takes place more often, on a larger scale
and this therefore raises many research issues such as connecting and
maintaining social networks, boosting business network and relationships.
Buddhist pilgrimage in contemporary society is an interesting cultural
phenomenon that conveys many social messages.
In the past, while pilgrimage to a sacred place was simply an
activity of going to pagodas, performing rituals, or just going out, Buddhist
pilgrimage in today’s social context is posing scientific and practical
problems as it not only satisfies the needs of religious beliefs, but also
provides ways of making a living, creating communitas to establish and
maintain socialism. Because of such scientific and practical reasons, we
conducted The thesis of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Perfume Pagoda to find
out how Buddhist pilgrimage groups to this Pagoda are formed and
connected, how it helps pilgrims connect to social networks, and how they
use these networks to do business and to discover what we can understand
about contemporary cultural and social life through Buddhist pilgrimage.
2. Research purposes and mission
2.1. Research purposes
Through the case study of An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage group, the
thesis aims to find out about the change of religious practice. On that basis,
the thesis contributes to the discussion on religious pilgrimage in
connection with ways of connecting, creating, maintaining and using social
networking to do business among pilgrimage groups in today’s world.
2.2. Research questions
The thesis raises three main research questions:
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Firstly: How are the Buddhist pilgrimage groups to Perfume pagoda
formed and connected?
Secondly: How Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda helps pilgrims
connect with social networks and how do they apply these networks in their
business?
Thirdly: Through Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume Pagoda, what do we
understand about contemporary cultural and social life?
2.3. Research mission
To achieve this goal, the thesis sets out the following tasks:
- Give a brief overview of the domestic and foreign research works on
Buddhist pilgrimage and identify the research problems of the thesis.
- Clarify the theoretical basis of Buddhist pilgrimage, define the concept
of pilgrimage, Buddhist pilgrimage, spiritual beliefs, sacred space, social
capital, communitas, social networks, etc.
- Identify Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda in the present day in
terms of both pilgrims and pilgrimage sites.
- Learn about the Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda in terms of
connecting, maintaining social networks and how pilgrims use these
social networks.
- Discuss some of the raised issues regarding the modern Buddhist
pilgrimage - a cultural practice associated with economic, political,
cultural and social dynamics in the lives of contemporary people.
3. Subject and scope of the study
3.1. Study subject:
The study subject of the thesis is the Buddhist pilgrimage
phenomenon to Perfume pagoda (My Duc, Hanoi), observing the behavior
of An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage group in Hanoi.
3.2. The scope of the study:
+ Content: The thesis focuses on identifying the formation,
organizational structure and activities of Buddhist pilgrimage groups to the
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Perfume pagoda through observation on the An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage
delegation in Hanoi, thereby learning about the ways to establish, maintain
social networks and the application of these networks in real life.
+ Area: The thesis researches into Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume
pagoda through pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda by An Lac Buddhist
pilgrimage group in Hanoi.
+Time: The thesis will place emphasis on analyzing pilgrimage
practice at Perfume pagoda in the past 5 years because of the formation and
rapid development of Buddhist pilgrimage delegations in Perfume pagoda.
4. Research methods
Regarding specific methods, I have used three main ones:
- Methods of collecting and interpreting empirical materials: the inclusion of
documents, research papers that were printed, published and are being stored in
libraries. These materials help us to have a more general, systematic view of
religious matters, religious practices, and today’s Buddhist pilgrimage.
- Field survey, together with observation and in-depth interview: The PhD
student has conducted many field surveys and travelled with An Lac pilgrimage
groups as well as a number of other pilgrimage groups.
+ Attendance and observation: The PhD student joined, observed,
experienced the pilgrimage journey of An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage group
such as eating meals together, sharing happiness and sadness, performing
rituals, thus having an opportunity to witness many relationships created by
the trade, job hunting as well as job recommendation of pilgrims.
+ In-depth interview: During the process of joining and experiencing
An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage, the PhD student interviewed the following
subjects:
* Rev. Thich Minh Ha: the person who created, maintained and
organized the pilgrimage activities of the An Lac pilgrimage group
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* Pilgrims: We interviewed 100 pilgrims (representatives of 5 groups
in the delegation) of different ages and occupations from the An Lac Buddhist
pilgrimage group.
* The disciples: We interviewed 5 people, often young people who
followed to offer assistance and support for each pilgrimage .
* The Monks and Nuns: We interviewed 5 people in this group; the
most interviewed person was Master Thich Minh Hien, the abbot of Huong
pagoda, and some other monks of the pilgrimage places.
* The officials and the locals doing service at Perfume pagoda: For
this group, we interviewed 10 people from different backgrounds, ranging from
cardres who are responsible for relics management of Perfume pagoda to those
doing catering services and so on.
- Statistical methods
Based on the existing data, I relist the statistics on the subjects, age, forms
of travelling (individually or in groups) of pilgrims.
5. Thesis contribution to the current state of science
- The thesis contributes to the study of Buddhist pilgrimage as an emerging
religious practice in the context of contemporary Vietnamese society.
- The thesis adds a new approach to Buddhist pilgrimage which
functions as social networks and facilitates the process of economic activity
of the organizers and pilgrims.
- The findings of the thesis can be used as a reference for those who
carry out researches into religious beliefs, tourism - economy, and for those
who are in charge of the religious beliefs, culture as well as policy making
and religious activities.
6. Theoretical and practical meanings of the thesis
6.1. Theoretical meaning of the thesis
- Based on the cultural anthropological approach, the thesis
contributes to the identification of the Buddhist pilgrimage phenomenon at
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Perfume pagoda in the context of contemporary society; along with the
analysis of social networking and business transaction aspects of the
pilgrimage.
- The thesis adds more arguments on the role of Buddhist practice as
social and economic connectivity in today’s society.
6.2. Practical meaning of the thesis
- The findings of the thesis can serve as a reference for those who
teach or research into culture, religious beliefs and community service.
- The results of the thesis can act as good references for those who are
in charge of policy making and cultural management. The thesis may suggest
new approaches for religious officials, abbots and abbesses in religious
practices of pagodas, Buddhist churches and religious activities in the present
society.
7. Format of the thesis
In addition to the introduction, conclusions, references, appendices,
the thesis is structured into the following 5 chapters:
Chapter 1: An overview of research situation, theoretical basis and
research area
Chapter 2: Identification of the current Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume
pagoda
Chapter 3: Buddhist Pilgrimage to Perfume Pagoda: social networking
aspects
Chapter 4: Buddhist Pilgrimage to Perfume Pagoda: Economic aspect
Chapter 5: Buddhist pilgrimage in contemporary social life and the raised
issues
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Chapter 1
AN OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION,
THEORETICAL BASIS AND RESEARCH AREA
1.1. Overview of the research situation
1.1.1. Studies of pilgrimage and religious pilgrimage
Many foreign anthropologists have studied pilgrimage centers destinations for pilgrims, people's attitudes, pilgrims' gender, political
context, and the connection between tourism and pilgrimage .… as follows:
Jill Dubisch, Pilgrimage, gender, and politics at a Greek island shrine
(1995) [117], Nigel D. Morpeth, Religious Tourism and pilgrimage
festivals management An International Perspective (2008) [118];
Badone, Ellen
and Sharon R. Roseman,
“Approaches to the
Anthropology of Pilgrimage and Tourism” in: Intersecting Journeys:
The Anthropology of Pilgrimage and Tourism (2004) [112]. Another
particular example is the author Philip Taylor (2004) in the work
Goddess on the rise - Pilgrimage and popular religion in Vietnam [The
development of popular worship and goddess pilgrimage in Vietnam]
(2004) [122] mentioned the relationship between religion/ religious
practice and economic conditions through pilgrimage to Ba Chua Xu
temple.
In the study of Victor and Edith Turner (1978), Image and
Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspective and of
Reader, Ian. 1993. “Introduction” in: Pilgrimage in Popular Culture,
pilgrimage is unstructured and believed to create social order and
temporarily connect social structure.
1.1.2. Studies of Buddhist pilgrimage
Studies of Buddhist beliefs
There have been numerous domestic studies on Buddhism,
Buddhist philosophy, human beliefs in Buddhism, Buddhist pilgrimages
such as: Thich Thanh Tu, The sorrowless Flowers (2006) [78], Zen Master
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Tinh Van, Buddhism and Society (2014) [97], His Holiness the Gyalwang
Drukpa, Everyday Enlightenment (2016) [101], Nguyen Lang, Vietnamese
Buddhist history (1994) [50].
Besides, studies on Buddhist pilgrimages also include Buddhism
Pilgrimage by Chan Khoan San (2011) [11], Buddhist Pilgrimage by Phạm
Kim Khánh (1997) [48] recorded the journey of Buddhist pilgrim groups to
India. The eagerness of Buddhists when making a pilgrimage to Buddhist
sacred spaces after Renovation period of Vietnam was mentioned in the
study
called
Buddhist
Pilgrimage
and
Religious
Resurgence
in
Contemporary Viet Nam by Dao The Duc (2008) [22] which referred to the
revival and the return of Buddhist pilgrims in the north of Vietnam, based
on the research conducted at Yen Tu..
Study on the sacredness and the meaning of Perfume Pagoda in
pilgrimage
The beauty of scenery and the sacredness of Buddhism have been
depicted in a myriad of studies and articles, but these studies mainly placed
emphasis on the history of Huong Son. The typical projects are The
spiritual culture by Nguyen Dac Duy (editor) (2008) [20]; Huong Tich
Pagoda, Landscape and Beliefs of Pham Duc Hieu (2013) [41]; The praise
of Huong Son Quan Am by Son Nam (2012) [54]; Perfume Pagoda today
of Thich Vien Thanh (1996) [71]; Thich Thanh Hien, (Avalokiteśvara
Bodhisattva) (2013) [38]; Son Nam, The praise of Huong Son Quan Am
(2012) [54]…
1.1.3. The evaluation of published studies
The above-mentioned studies have not clarified the purpose of
pilgrimage, pilgrims and the role of pilgrimage in the current social life.
The thesis aims to display different dimensions of the connection in the
activities of a Buddhist pilgrimage group to Perfume Pagoda to learn about
the creation and the maintenance of current social network..
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1.2. Rationale
1.2.1. Concept
+ Spiritual belief, sacred space
In this thesis, the author considered sacred spaces as the places
where spiritual activities and ritual practices take place, thus creating the
sympathy between people who have shared religious beliefs..
Another example is Pham Quynh Phuong in an article called The
study of sacred spaces (A field study on the relics of Tran Hung Dao in
Vietnam). In the article, the author also says that a sacred space cannot
become a specific place if it is not associated with the meaning that people
give it [60]. In this thesis, the author believes that the "sacred" space is not
only a place where pilgrims come because of their spiritual beliefs, but also
a place where the Buddhists rituals and practices that people experienced
and practiced have been performed.
+ Pilgrimage and Buddhist pilgrimage
According to Oxford Reference English Dictionary (1996), “pilgrim”
is someone who journeys to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion,
while “Pilgrimage” is a special journey made by a pilgrim.
Victor Turner takes a very different view of pilgrimage, he places great
emphasis on Rite de passage in the pilgrimage process and considers
pilgrimage as an institutional form or "symbol", "anti-structure". Accordingly,
Turner’s view on communitas in pilgrimage is a factor that takes people out
of the normal social structure, regardless of the structure's constraints;
everything is completely voluntary. Its liminality lasts longer than of the
liminal of initiation ceremony, creating new mundane and communitas
gateways. (1973) [126; pg.204].
According to Thich Duc Truong in his article "Spiritual pilgrimage the Dharma Road", Buddhist pilgrimage is the ritual of burning incense and
marching around the tower and the temple, and worshiping the Buddha,
Bodhisattva ...... This is the original meaning of the word "pilgrimage", but
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later, the connotation of "pilgrimage" is much more extended, even now
pilgrimage is sometimes equated with cultural tourism, especially the trips
to historical and religious relics (2017) [81]. In the theoretical framework of
this thesis, Buddhist pilgrimage is understood as follows: Buddhist
pilgrimage is a journey to the sacred places of Buddhism to worship, learn
about Buddhist philosophy and ritual practices by oneself. Buddhist
pilgrimage is the connection of people who have the shared Buddha belief
and desire to practice that belief. From here, social networks, social
relationships, and many practices of economic and religious exchange have
been formed and maintained.
+ Communitas
According to Victor Turner communitas is a characteristic of
interaction, even a direct sharing between specific and explicit personalities,
arising in all subjects, situations and circumstances (V.Turner 1978) [124;
pg.250].
+ Social networks
According to the author Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham, “Social
network is a social structure formed by individuals (or organizations)
linked by interdependence through relationships such as friendships,
kinships, belief relationships, knowledge relationships, etc. and the sharing
of interests, finances, social issues, etc” [12; pg.6]. The author Nguyen Giao
once said that “Social network is a model of connecting social relationships
of individuals, groups and collectives.” [28; pg.33].
+ Social capital
From a political perspective, Fukuyama Francis has studied social
relations through social capital in terms of economics in the article: “Social
capital and civil society” (1999) [115]. He believes that social capital stems
from the cultural components of modern society and is based on the
foundation of social trust through the process of connecting members of a
group or community organization.
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1.2.2. Approach to theoretical basis of the thesis
In my thesis, I was interested in the communitas in pilgrimage process of
Victor Turner as this exerts influence on pilgrimage studies. Also, with
social network as a theoretical approach, I am also keen on the communitas
in the work called Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture:
Anthropological Perspective (1978) [124]. I support Victor Turner’s
basis on Mars’s theory of confict and social stability, together with the
functionalism of Durkhiem, believing that pilgrimage performs the
function of connecting social relationships and can create the new ones.
Victor Turner also places emphasis on how experience and ritual
practices in Christian culture can resolve conflicts, antinomy to maintain
social stability. The similar patterns have been seen in Buddhist
pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda, and Victor Turner’s viewpoint will be
applied in the research into the connection within social networks in
Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda….. With functionism, Emile
Durkheim also believes that religion and ritual practices can maintain
and stablize the society. Emile Durkheim compares the cultural and
social integration ability of religion with Emile Durkheim compared the
ability of religion to integrate culture and society with the glue that
binds people through religious ritual activities, enhancing solidarity. The
PhD student also applied this view to consider expanding social
relations in the Buddhist pilgrimage of Perfume Pagoda.
The views mentioned above are the premise, basis and foundation
for PhD students to apply in the study of Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume
Pagoda. The thesis will identify the phenomenon of Buddhist pilgrimage to
Perfume pagoda as a cultural phenomenon emerging in contemporary
society with political, economic, social - spiritual dynamics..
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1.3. Perfume Pagoda - A sacred space for today’s Buddhsit
Pilgrimage
1.3.1. Geographical location and history of formation
1.3.1.1. Geographical location
Perfume Pagoda is about 70 km southwest of Hanoi with a total
natural area of 8,328 hectares. It was ranked as a National Heritage site by
the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism on April 8, 1962, one of the 14
special national heritage sites recognized by the Prime Minister. The
historical relics of Huong Tich pagoda consists of temples, pagodas and
cave-pagodas scattered in the villages of Yen Vi, Đuc Khe, Hoi Xa, Tien
Mai and Phu Yen in My Duc district.
1.3.1.2. The history of formation
According to History of the Party Committee and the people of
Huong Son Commune, Huong Son Commune is one of 22 communes and
towns of My Duc district in the southernmost water region, bordering 4
districts (of 3 provinces) namely My Duc, Ung Hoa (Hanoi); Kim Bang (Ha
Nam) and Lac Thuy (Hoa Binh).
1.3.2. Perfume Pagoda, a sacred space for pilgrims
1.3.2.1. The sanctity of Huong pagoda in landscapes and legends
Perfume Pagoda relics complex includes 20 pagodas, temples and
caves with extraordinary beauty, making it different and imbued with
Buddha culture, where "Sky of the Buddha" is known everywhere with the
name: "The most amazing cave of the South ”[55; p.5]. This has in turn
attracted a multitude of pilgrims to come here.
1.3.2.2. The sacredness of Perfume pagoda in the Buddhist vestiges
Perfume Pagoda, widely known as the ashram of Bodhisattva
Avalokiteshvara The tale of Bodhisattva in Perfume pagoda is a story about
the Goddess Ba written in Southern characters. Every year, thousands of
pilgrims flock to this place to sightsee and take part in the festival.
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1.3.2.3. The imprints of the Abbots
In this day and age, Perfume pagoda annually attracts a lot of
pilgrimage groups to worship because one of the special factors that could
build faith in the pilgrims to Perfume pagoda is the Dharma names of
different Buddhist Abbots and Abbesses, and now is Venerable Thich Minh
Hien. It is the reputation, the academic ability and the ritual practices of the
Abbots and Abbesses of Perfume pagoda that have spread the spirituality
among the people. That’s why this has become a place that people eagerly
go on a pilgrimage and attend festival at different times of the year, but
Perfume pagoda witnesses the biggest number of visitors whenever spring
comes.
Conclusion of chapter 1
Through the overview of studies on pilgrimage, Buddhist
pilgrimage, Perfume pagoda of many domestic and foreign scholars, it can
be seen that this content has been approached from many different angles.
From the clarification of conceptual systems in the thesis such as sacred
space, pilgrimage, communitas, social capital, social media and related
theoretical background, the thesis has employed the views of Victor Turner
and Emile Durkheim to highlight the elements and dimensions of social
networks.
Chapter 2
THE RECOGNITION OF THE BUDDHIST PILGRIMAGE TO
PERFUME PAGODA IN THE PRESENT DAY
2.1. Overview of Buddhist pilgrimage groups to Perfume Pagoda
today
Currently, many pagodas, organizations and individuals connect with
each other by joining large-scale and organized groups, teams, associations,
arranged by voluntary Abbots and Abbesses of some pagodas for the
members to visit faraway pagodas, or to make a pilgrimage to a sacred
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space. The places that has attracted a great number of pilgrimage groups to
worship and practice rituals are Yen Tu, Dau Pagoda and especially Perfume
Pagoda … Perfume pagoda is one of the places that welcome many groups,
groups and individuals who come to practice rituals, sightsee and study
Buddhism every year. Most of the pilgrimage groups which include a large
number of participants are led by the Monks or the Nuns. This team leader
has a great role to play throughout the pilgrimage; they always teach
Buddhism, propagation of the Dharma, based on the Buddhist philosophy
and practice rituals. At Perfume pagoda, the members of pilgrimage groups
are ranging from at least about 20 to more than 3 thousand members. The
appearance of many pilgrimage groups and many people participating in the
pilgrimage is attributable to their connection via social media such as zalo,
facebook, through word-of-mouth recommendations of their friends or the
Buddhists, etc. Buddhist pilgrimages have been created and connected
based on the needs of spiritual culture, ritual practices, participating in
festivals, voluntary activities, economic exchange and so forth. These are
the factors that create the bond between organizers and pilgrims.
2.2. An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage group, Hanoi
2.2.1. The formation
An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage group is one of the groups that make a
pilgrimage to Perfume Pagoda twice a year, and this is also the group I most
participated. An Lac group of Hai Tan pagoda, led by Venerable Thich
Minh Ha, the Abbot of Hai Tan pagoda, has been established and
maintained from 2012 to the present. It has been almost 10 years since the
establishment of An Lac Pligrimage group; at first the group had about 200
members but now the number of members is nearly 3,000, divided into 10
groups, each team has a leader. Currently, the organizer of An Lac Buddhist
pilgrimage is Venerable Thich Minh Ha, the leader and also the person with
the most important role in the delegation. The delegation is divided into
many groups; group 1 and 4 are mostly business people, group 2 and 3 are
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mostly civil servants and officials, group 5 and 6 are mostly young people
like high school students, newly graduated students, university student
volunteers, group 7 is mainly old people (mostly retired cadres), group 8, 9, 10
are mainly Buddhists in the ashram of Hai Tan pagoda.
2.2.2. Subjects and the capacity of pilgrims in An Lac Pilgrimage group
today
An Lac Buddhist pilgrimage group has attracted a number of
participants; the group initially had only a few dozens of Buddhists who
followed Venerable Thich Minh Ha to practice rituals, but now the figure is
up to over 3,000 members. When conducting a survey into An Lac
pilgrimage group, the PhD student got to know more members, many of
whom had their own special abilities such as the ability to chant Buddhist
scriptures, practice rituals, conduct feng shui consultation, identify good
days, bad days and so on.
2.3. The purpose of pilgrims to Perfume Pagoda today
2.3.1. Spiritual belief
Perfume pagoda is a folk name, or Huong Son, is a religious and
cultural complex in Vietnam, including many Buddhist pagodas, temples of
god, temples of agricultural gods, hills, caves, forests, streams, pagoda
towers, etc. The stories of the sacredness are passed down in the form of
natural sculptures such as the symbols of Rice Mortar, Euryale Amazonica,
Cocoon, Pig Stable, Pistia Pond, Gold Tree, Silver Tree, the Nine Dragons to
satisfy people's wishes. Pilgrims come here to pray for good luck,
pregnancy, or good health for themselves and their families.
2.3.2. Sightseeing and studying Buddhist philosophy
One of the reasons why many pilgrims come to Perfume pagoda is
to show respect to the prestige, to be good at ritual practices, and to acquire
knowledge of the Buddhist philosophy passed down by the Abbots here.
The Abbots and Abbesses in this area have successfully built a trust in these
pilgrims. At Perfume Pagoda, with knowledge of Buddhism and Dharma,
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the Masters share with Buddhists and in many cases they solve human
problems, spiritual health and mental health.
Conclusion of Chapter 2
All of the activities, direct participation in the pilgrimage could
serve as a proof, providing the thesis with practical evidence to recognize
the Buddhist Pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda in today's hectic, fast-paced
life. This chapter identifies the formation, connection and purpose of
Buddhist pilgrimage through the specific case of An Lac Buddhist
pilgrimage. In addition to the description of the formation of Buddhist
pilgrimage groups, Chapter 2 also mentions the history, perspective, and
attraction of the sacred space of the Huong pagoda, giving Huong Pagoda a
unique cultural space; with the connection between Buddhism and
indigenous beliefs, it is now becoming a pilgrimage center.
Chapter 3
THE BUDDHIST PILGRIMAGE TO PERFUME PAGODA:
THE SOCIAL NETWORK CONNECTION
3.1. Maintain and connect social relationships
3.1.1. Maintain and cement family relationships
When partaking in the actual pilgrimage with An Lac Group, the
PhD student also witnessed the presence of many pilgrims who joined their
loved ones because they wanted to accompany their spouse/ children/
siblings to places of spiritual life like Perfume pagoda. Thanks to
pilgrimage, the old social relationships are strengthened, the new ones are
established, and conflicts within the structural relationships of the family
are resolved.
3.1.2. Expanding social relations - finding friends and business partners
When the pilgrimage group was established, there were only a few
members, but the number of people joining the Buddhist pilgrimage An
Lac group now reaches nearly 3,000 people. This could be attributable to
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the "bridging" relationships through prestige and equality, thereby
satisfying spiritual life and meeting the needs of many people. The
expansion of social relations - looking for business partners is also evident
when the pilgrims develop their friendship to business coopration.
3.2. Buddhist Pilgrimage to Perfume Pagoda: Communitas helps
maintain the network of pilgrims
3.2.1. Communitas in the pilgrimage experience
Eeach person has a different life situation, work, career, social
status, but when participating in pilgrimage, they follow the schedule,
arrive on time, make contribution and share financial burden, practice
rituals and experience spiritual tourism on a voluntary basis. The image
of pilgrims walking and chanting "The mantra of Amitabha Buddha",
mingled with the incense smell, the temple bell sound make the pilgrims
suddenly feel a sense of joy and excitement.
3.2.2.1. The ceremony praying for peace at beginning of the year
Those who make pilgrimage to Buddhist sacred spaces practice
prayer rituals for various purposes. The farmers expect good rain, good
wind, business people hope to make big profit and win many new contracts,
students pray for good grades and a desirable job after graduating, officials
wish to get promoted. However, they mostly pray for peace and good
health.
The releasing ritual on Yen stream
Pilgrims practice rituals together with the belief that peace and
good luck will come to themselves and their families.
Buddhist offerings at Thien Tru pagoda
On practicing the rituals, the Master wears robes and offer incense,
including incense, lamps, candles and fruits. After makings the offerings to
the Buddha, he instructed the Buddhists to open the bible and chant the
sutras together. Thousands of pilgrims, regardless of their position and
social status, sit and chant the sutras after the Master. They also strike the
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wooden bell to create the harmony and then companionship in the space of
Thien Tru pagoda (Ngoai pagoda) in Perfume pagoda.
Conclusion of Chapter 3
The activities of the pilgrimage process are linked not only by
religious beliefs but by the communitas among pilgrims, creating emotional
harmony. From the perspective of social networks, the Buddhist pilgrimage
group is a typical community that is closely connected through three typical
relationships: destiny, communitas, and symbiosis. The whole chapter 3
highlights the nature and characteristics of these 3 forms of association,
creating a solid and reliable foundation for each participant.
Chapter 4
THE BUDDHIST PILGRIMAGE TO PERFUME PAGODA:
THE ECONOMIC ASPECT
4.1. Buddhist pilgrimage to Perfume pagoda and its economic
functions
One of the reasons for maintaining the social network of pilgrims is
that Buddhist pilgrimages have economic function which can be easily
observed in the development of religious services, income generation,
savings and merit making.
4.1.1. Buddhist pilgrimage: The driving force for spiritual services
Pilgrimage attracts and connects people from different walks of life
who come not only to attend the retreat courses but also to visit, worship,
retreat, practice rituals and address personal spiritual needs. The economic
exchange activities of the pilgrims in the delegation took place as a form
of buying – selling in the "market", but buying – selling in the form of
spiritual "market". In addition to the needs of visiting pagodas,
practicing rituals, making friends, trading, ect., the pilgrims also want to
deal with personal spiritual needs like identifying specific feng shui
areas, identifying good days for construction of home and so on, and this
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