Tài liệu Critical Analysis And Reasoning Skills Review

® MCAT Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents 1. MCAT® Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Review 1. Cover 1. Title Page 2. Table of Contents 3. The Kaplan MCAT Review Team 4. About the MCAT 5. How This Book Was Created 6. Using This Book 2. Chapter 1: About CARS 1. About CARS 2. Introduction 3. 1.1 The CARS Section 4. 1.2 Passages 5. 1.3 Question Categories 6. Conclusion 7. Concept and Strategy Summary 3. Chapter 2: Analyzing Rhetoric 1. Analyzing Rhetoric 2. Introduction 3. 2.1 What Is Rhetoric? 4. 2.2 Key Components of Rhetoric 5. 2.3 Rhetorical Analysis 6. Conclusion 7. Concept and Strategy Summary 4. Chapter 3: Keywords 1. Keywords 2. Introduction 3. 3.1 Reading Strategically with Keywords 4. 3.2 Relation Keywords 5. 6. 7. 8. 5. 3.3 Author Keywords 6. 3.4 Logic Keywords 7. Conclusion 8. Concept and Strategy Summary Chapter 4: Outlining the Passage 1. Outlining the Passage 2. Introduction 3. 4.1 The Kaplan Method for CARS Passages 4. 4.2 Reverse-Engineering the Author’s Outline 5. 4.3 Practicing the Strategy 6. Conclusion 7. Concept and Strategy Summary Chapter 5: Dissecting Arguments 1. Dissecting Arguments 2. Introduction 3. 5.1 Domains of Discourse 4. 5.2 Concepts: The Basic Elements of Logic 5. 5.3 Claims: The Bearers of Truth Value 6. 5.4 Arguments: Conclusions and Evidence 7. Conclusion 8. Concept and Strategy Summary Chapter 6: Formal Logic 1. Formal Logic 2. Introduction 3. 6.1 The Logic of Conditionals 4. 6.2 Applications of Conditionals 5. 6.3 Analogical Reasoning 6. Conclusion 7. Concept and Strategy Summary Chapter 7: Understanding Passages 1. Understanding Passages 2. Introduction 3. 7.1 Varieties of Passages 4. 7.2 Support in Passages 9. 10. 11. 12. 5. 7.3 Anticipating Questions 6. Conclusion 7. Concept and Strategy Summary Chapter 8: Question and Answer Strategy 1. Question and Answer Strategy 2. Introduction 3. 8.1 Kaplan Method for CARS Questions 4. 8.2 Wrong Answer Pathologies 5. 8.3 Signs of a Healthy Answer 6. Conclusion 7. Concept and Strategy Summary Chapter 9: Question Types I: Foundations of Comprehension Questions 1. Question Types I: Foundations of Comprehension Questions 2. Introduction 3. 9.1 Main Idea Questions 4. 9.2 Detail Questions 5. 9.3 Function Questions 6. 9.4 Definition-in-Context Questions 7. Conclusion 8. Concept and Strategy Summary Chapter 10: Question Types II: Reasoning Within the Text Questions 1. Question Types II: Reasoning Within the Text Questions 2. Introduction 3. 10.1 Inference Questions 4. 10.2 Strengthen–Weaken (Within the Passage) Questions 5. 10.3 Other Reasoning Within the Text Questions 6. Conclusion 7. Concept and Strategy Summary Chapter 11: Question Types III: Reasoning Beyond the Text Questions 1. Question Types III: Reasoning Beyond the Text Questions 2. Introduction 3. 11.1 Apply Questions 4. 11.2 Strengthen–Weaken (Beyond the Passage) Questions 5. 11.3 Other Reasoning Beyond the Text Questions 6. Conclusion 7. Concept and Strategy Summary 13. Chapter 12: Effective Review of CARS 1. Effective Review of CARS 2. Introduction 3. 12.1 Learning from Your Mistakes 4. 12.2 Thinking Like the Testmaker: Post-Phrasing 5. 12.3 Improving Your Timing 6. 12.4 Building Endurance 7. 12.5 Enhancing Your Vocabulary 8. Conclusion 9. Concept and Strategy Summary 14. About This Book 1. Copyright Information 2. Special Offer for Kaplan Students The Kaplan MCAT Review Team Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Editor-in-Chief M. Dominic Eggert Kaplan MCAT Faculty Kimberly Sinnott, MA Kaplan MCAT Faculty MCAT faculty reviewers Elmar R. Aliyev; James Burns; Jonathan Cornfield; Alisha Maureen Crowley; Nikolai Dorofeev, MD; Benjamin Downer, MS; Colin Doyle; Marilyn Engle; Eleni M. Eren; Raef Ali Fadel; Tyra Hall-Pogar, PhD; Scott Huff; Samer T. Ismail; Elizabeth A. Kudlaty; Kelly Kyker-Snowman, MS; Ningfei Li; John P. Mahon; Matthew A. Meier; Nainika Nanda; Caroline Nkemdilim Opene; Kaitlyn E. Prenger; Uneeb Qureshi; Derek Rusnak, MA; Kristen L. Russell, ME; Bela G. Starkman, PhD; Michael Paul Tomani, MS; Nicholas M. White; Kerranna Williamson, MBA; Allison Ann Wilkes, MS; and Tony Yu Thanks to Kim Bowers; Tim Eich; Samantha Fallon; Owen Farcy; Dan Frey; Robin Garmise; Rita Garthaffner; Joanna Graham; Adam Grey; Allison Harm; Beth Hoffberg; Aaron Lemon-Strauss; Keith Lubeley; Diane McGarvey; Petros Minasi; John Polstein; Deeangelee PooranKublall, MD, MPH; Rochelle Rothstein, MD; Larry Rudman; Sylvia Tidwell Scheuring; Carly Schnur; Karin Tucker; Lee Weiss; and the countless others who made this project possible. About the MCAT The structure of the four sections of the MCAT is shown below. Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Time Format 95 minutes 59 questions 10 passages 44 questions are passage-based, and 15 are discrete (stand-alone) questions. Score between 118 and 132 What It Biochemistry: 25% Tests Biology: 5% General Chemistry: 30% Organic Chemistry: 15% Physics: 25% Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS) Time Format 90 minutes 53 questions 9 passages All questions are passage-based. There are no discrete (stand-alone) questions. Score between 118 and 132 What It Disciplines: Humanities: 50% Tests Social Sciences: 50% Skills: Foundations of Comprehension: 30% Reasoning Within the Text: 30% Reasoning Beyond the Text: 40% Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems Time Format 95 minutes 59 questions 10 passages 44 questions are passage-based, and 15 are discrete (stand-alone) questions. Score between 118 and 132 What It Biochemistry: 25% Tests Biology: 65% General Chemistry: 5% Organic Chemistry: 5% Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior Time Format 95 minutes 59 questions 10 passages 44 questions are passage-based, and 15 are discrete (stand-alone) questions. Score between 118 and 132 What It Biology: 5% Tests Psychology: 65% Sociology: 30% Total Testing 375 minutes (6 hours, 15 minutes) Time Questions 230 Score 472 to 528 The MCAT also tests four Scientific Inquiry and Reasoning Skills (SIRS): 1. Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles (35% of questions) 2. Scientific Reasoning and Problem-Solving (45% of questions) 3. Reasoning About the Design and Execution of Research (10% of questions) 4. Data-Based and Statistical Reasoning (10% of questions) The MCAT is a computer-based test (CBT) and is offered at Prometric centers during almost every month of the year. There are optional breaks between each section, and there is a lunch break between the second and third section of the exam. Register online for the MCAT at www.aamc.org/mcat . For further questions, contact the MCAT team at the Association of American Medical Colleges: MCAT Resource Center Association of American Medical Colleges (202) 828-0690 www.aamc.org/mcat [email protected] How This Book Was Created The Kaplan MCAT Review project began in November 2012 shortly after the release of the Preview Guide for the MCAT 2015 Exam, 2nd edition. Through thorough analysis by our staff psychometricians, we were able to analyze the relative yield of the different topics on the MCAT, and we began constructing tables of contents for the books of the Kaplan MCAT Review series. Writing of the books began in April 2013. A dedicated staff of 19 writers, 7 editors, and 32 proofreaders worked over 5000 combined hours to produce these books. The format of the books was heavily influenced by weekly meetings with Kaplan’s learning-science team. These books were submitted for publication in July 2014. For any updates after this date, please visit www.kaplanmcat.com . The information presented in these books covers everything listed on the official MCAT content lists—nothing more, nothing less. Every topic in these lists is covered in the same level of detail as is common to the undergraduate and postbaccalaureate classes that are considered prerequisites for the MCAT. Note that your premedical classes may cover topics not discussed in these books, or they may go into more depth than these books do. Additional exposure to science content is never a bad thing, but recognize that all of the content knowledge you are expected to have walking in on Test Day is covered in these books. If you have any questions about the content presented here, email [email protected] . For other questions not related to content, email [email protected] . Each book has been vetted through at least six rounds of review. To that end, the information presented is these books is true and accurate to the best of our knowledge. Still, your feedback helps us improve our prep materials. Please notify us of any inaccuracies or errors in the books by sending an email to [email protected] . Using This Book Kaplan MCAT Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Review, along with the other six books in the Kaplan MCAT Review series, brings the Kaplan classroom experience to you—right in your home, at your convenience. This book offers the same Kaplan content review, strategies, and practice that make Kaplan the #1 choice for MCAT prep. After all, twice as many doctors prepared with Kaplan for the MCAT than with any other course. This book is designed to help you review the Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills section of the MCAT. It represents one of the content review resources available to you. Additional review is available in your Online Center, including more practice questions and full-length practice exams. Register for your Online Center at kaptest.com/booksonline . Unlike the other books in this MCAT series, there is no content to review for the Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills section. The questions are written in such a way that they do not presume any prior fund of knowledge. In other words, all the support that is needed to answer the questions correctly is found in the corresponding passages. SIDEBARS The following is a guide to the five types of sidebars you’ll find in Kaplan MCAT Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Review: Bridge: These sidebars create connections between science topics that appear in multiple chapters throughout the Kaplan MCAT Review series. Key Concept: These sidebars draw attention to the most important takeaways in a given topic, and they sometimes offer synopses or overviews of complex information. If you understand nothing else, make sure you grasp the Key Concepts for any given subject. MCAT Expertise: These sidebars point out how information may be tested on the MCAT or offer key strategy points and test-taking tips that you should apply on Test Day. Real World: These sidebars illustrate how a concept in the text relates to the practice of medicine or the world at large. While this is not information you need to know for Test Day, many of the topics in Real World sidebars are excellent examples of how a concept may appear in a passage or question on the MCAT. In this end, this is your book, so write in the margins, draw diagrams, highlight the key points—do whatever is necessary to help you get that higher score. We look forward to working with you as you achieve your dreams and become the doctor you deserve to be! In This Chapter 1.1 1.2 1.3 The CARS Section Passages Question Categories Foundations of Comprehension Reasoning Within the Text Reasoning Beyond the Text Concept and Strategy Summary