Tài liệu Congress on technical advancement 2017 construction and forensic engineering

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Construction and Forensic Engineering Proceedings of the Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Duluth, Minnesota September 10–13, 2017 Edited by Jon E. Zufelt, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. CONGRESS ON TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENT 2017 CONSTRUCTION AND FORENSIC ENGINEERING PAPERS FROM SESSIONS OF THE FIRST CONGRESS ON TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENT September 10–13, 2017 Duluth, Minnesota SPONSORED BY Committee on Technical Advancement Aerospace Engineering Division Cold Regions Engineering Division Committee on Adaptation to a Changing Climate Energy Division Forensic Engineering Division Infrastructure Resilience Division Construction Institute Duluth Section of ASCE Utility Engineering and Surveying Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Jon E. Zufelt, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to [email protected] or by locating a title in ASCE's Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http://ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481035 Copyright © 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8103-5 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 iii Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The Congress on Technical Advancement was established to bring together several of the Divisions under the ASCE Board-level Committee on Technical Advancement (CTA) at a single venue. While some of the CTA Divisions hold regular small conferences, others do not have an established forum to present technical information to their constituents or the engineering community. One of the goals of the Congress is to provide greater opportunities for interaction and synergy among the activities of the Divisions and ASCE’s Institutes. This 1st Congress on Technical Advancement was held at the Duluth Entertainment and Convention Center in Duluth, Minnesota on September 10-13, 2017. This 1st Congress included the participation of and presentations by the Aerospace Engineering Division, Cold Regions Engineering Division, Committee on Adaptation to a Changing Climate, Energy Division, Forensic Engineering Division, Infrastructure Resilience Division, the Construction Institute (CI), and the Utilities Engineering and Surveying Institute (UESI), representing the combination of existing conference series as well as opportunities for new periodic technical symposia. The Congress was hosted by the Duluth Section of ASCE as they celebrated their 100th Anniversary with a special session and evening social event. The 2017 Congress on Technical Advancement included 3 days of presentations with daily plenary sessions followed by 6 parallel tracks of technical sessions providing a venue for over 160 presentations. The conference also included an Awards Luncheon highlighted by the presentation of the Harold R. Peyton Award for Cold Regions Engineering, the CANAM Civil Engineering Amity Award, the Charles Martin Duke Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Award and the Alfredo Ang Award on Risk Analysis and Management of Civil Infrastructure. Other recognitions during the Congress include the Eb Rice Lecture Award, the Best Journal of Cold Regions Engineering Paper Award, and the Best Cold Regions Conference Paper Award. An Opening Congress Reception, Duluth Section 100th Anniversary Session and Social Event, and Technical Tours provided additional opportunities for attendees to share ideas. This collection of 60 papers brings together the current state of knowledge on a variety of topic areas presented at the 2017 Congress on Technical Advancement and is separated into three EBooks. The first represents selected papers from the Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering. The second includes the papers on Infrastructure Resilience, Aerospace and Energy. The third EBook presents papers addressing Construction and Forensic Engineering. I would like to thank all of the volunteers and ASCE Staff who have made this 1st Congress on Technical Advancement and Proceedings possible. It could not have been done without all of the authors, reviewers, attendees, and Congress Committee members. Jon E. Zufelt, Ph.D., PE, D.WRE, F.ASCE Congress Chair and Proceedings Editor © ASCE Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Acknowledgments Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Congress Organizing Committee Jon Zufelt, Ph.D, P.E., CFM, D.WRE, F.ASCE James Anspach, P.G. (ret.), F.ASCE Ron Anthony, Aff.M.ASCE Hiba Baroud, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE Ana Boras, Ph.D, P.E., M.ASCE Martin Derby, A.M.ASCE Mike Drerup, P.E., M.ASCE Jim Harris, P.E., Ph.D, F.SEI, F.ASCE, NAE John Hinzmann, P.E., M.ASCE Jen Irish, Ph.D, P.E., D.CE, M.ASCE John Koppelman, A.M.ASCE Tom Krzewinski, P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE Bob Lisi, P.E., M.ASCE Juanyu "Jenny" Liu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE Pat McCormick, P.E., S.E., F.ASCE, F.SEI Nick Patterson, P.E., M.ASCE David Prusak, P.E., M.ASCE Ziad Salameh, P.E., M.ASCE J. "Greg" Soules, P.E., S.E., P.Eng, SECB, F.SEI, F.ASCE Amy Thorson, P.E., F.ASCE Nasim Uddin, P.E., F.ASCE Joel Ulring, P.E., M.ASCE ASCE Staff Susan Davis, A.M.ASCE Jon Esslinger, PE, F.ASCE, CAE Mark Gable Katerina Lachinova Shingai Marandure Amanda Rushing, Aff.M.ASCE Jay Snyder, Aff.M.ASCE Catherine Tehan, Aff.M.ASCE Drew Caracciolo © ASCE iv Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 v Proceedings Reviewers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Il-Sang Ahn Lorenzo Allievi Ron Anthony Navid Attary Bilal Ayyub Eugene Balter Heather Brooks Henry Burton ZhiQiang Chen Adrian Chowdhury Edwin Clarke Billy Connor Craig Davis An Deng Alicia Diaz de Leon Curt Edwards Jon Esslinger Caroline Field Madeleine Flint Chris Ford Warren French Subhrendu Gangopadhyay Rob Goldberg Scott Hamel John Henning Jiong Hu Baoshan Huang © ASCE Josh Huang Joshua Kardon Mehrshad Ketabdar John Koppelman Thomas Krzewinski David Lanning Spencer Lee Jenny Liu Hongyan Ma Rajib Mallik Tony Massari Roberts McMullin Ralph Moon Anthony Mullin Mark Musial LeAnne Napolillo Kevin Orban Sivan Parameswaran Tim Parker Robert Perkins Brian Phillips Chris Poland Allison Pyrch Craig Ruyle Bill Ryan Stephan Saboundjian Ziad Salameh Andrea Schokker Yasaman Shahtaheri Jim Sheahan Xiang Shu John Smith Ryan Solnosky Greg Soules Bucky Tart Scott Tezak Ganesh Thiagarajan Eric Thornley John Thornley Jeff Travis Nasim Uddin Joel Ulring Shane Underwood Cindy Voigt Dan Walker Haizhong Wang Chenglin Wu Gang Xu Zhaohui Yang Kent Yu John Zarling Chris Zawislak Weiguang Zhang Jon Zufelt Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 vi Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Building Information Modeling Assisted Project Delivery for LNG Storage Tanks .................................................................................................... 1 P. J. Carrato and B. Bruner The Thermal Expansion of Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete under Air-Dry and Saturated Conditions.......................................................................... 10 Fouad T. Al Rikabi, Shad M. Sargand, Husam H. Hussein, and Issam Khoury Feasibility of Construction Site 3D Model Utilization by Mobile Crane Operators ................................................................................................................... 22 Stephen J. Schoonmaker Evaluation of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Grout Performance under Longitudinal Shear ........................................................................................ 34 Husam H. Hussein, Shad M. Sargand, Fouad T. Al Rikabi, and Eric P. Steinberg Material Properties and Cost Analysis of Self Dynamic Concrete ...................... 45 A. Arun Kumar, C. Aravinth, and S. Pitchiah Raman An Approach in Study Behavior of Sand Dunes to Use as a Subgrade in Pave Road under Moving Loads ............................................................................. 53 Saad F. I. Al-Abdullah, Gandhi G. Sofia, and Zaman T. Teama Long Term Effect of Partially Replacing Cement by Waste Marble Slurry in Concrete .................................................................................................... 65 Manpreet Singh, Pankaj Lamba, Anshuman Srivastava, and Dipendu Bhunia End Zone Cracks for Skewed Pre-Tensioned Box Beam Concrete Girders ....... 77 Rana Mutashar, Shad Sargand, and Issam Khoury Using DSR and FTIR to Evaluate Asphalt Binder Extracted and Recovered from Asphalt Mixtures .......................................................................... 89 Dongdong Ge, Zhanping You, Siyu Chen, and Lingyun You Repair and Rehabilitation of Cracked Concrete Piers Using Post-Tensioned CFRP Rods: 8th Avenue Viaduct Case Study .......................... 106 Samir Mizyed, Kevin L. Rens, and Chengyu Li Asphalt Pavement Compaction Assessment Using Ground Penetrating Radar-Arrays .......................................................................................................... 118 Kyle Hoegh and Shongtao Dai © ASCE Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Slope Stabilization for Local Government Engineers in Minnesota .................. 127 Mitchell Nelson, David Saftner, and Carlos Carranza-Torres A Synopsis of Incident Site Documentation ......................................................... 139 Luis C. Flores Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Collapse of the Second Narrows Bridge during Construction ........................... 151 Larry Betuzzi Forensic Investigation of Early Failures with Unbonded Concrete Overlay on Interstate 90 in Ohio ........................................................................... 164 Junqing Zhu, Shad Sargand, and Roger Green The Role of Qualitative Analysis and Sampling for Building Envelope Forensic Investigations ........................................................................................... 175 Jason D. Gregorie and Alan J. Schweickhardt Distress of a Large Diameter Underground Reinforced Concrete Shaft .......... 184 Yazen A. Khasawneh, Aslam A. Al-Omari, and Abdulla A. Sharo © ASCE vii Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Building Information Modeling Assisted Project Delivery for LNG Storage Tanks P. J. Carrato1 and B. Bruner2 1 Bechtel Corporation, 12011 Sunset Hills Rd., Reston VA 20190. E-mail: [email protected] Commercial Metals Company, EI Group, 2001 Brittmoore Rd., Houston, TX 77043. E-mail: [email protected] Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 2 Abstract This paper describes how a 3D Building Information Models (BIM) assisted in expediting the construction process for LNG storage tanks being constructed on the Gulf Coast. The American Concrete Institute has provided a road map (Information Delivery Manual, IDM) for BIM application in concrete construction, which was used as a guide for delivering this project. Four phases of project delivery employed the BIM; pre-planning, rebar fabrication and delivery, developing pre-tied rebar cages, and collection of as-built information. Pre-planning engaged the full project team, including engineering, construction, rebar fabricators, and formwork suppliers. Extensive use of 4D modeling assisted in the planning effort. Computer numerical control (CNC) information for shop equipment and automated bundling and tagging information was extracted from the BIM by the rebar fabricator. Special details to facilitate the use of pre-tied rebar cages were included in the 3D model and drawings. Laser scans of the as-built structure were compared with the BIM for quality control. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Three large Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) storage tanks are being constructed on the Gulf Coast of Texas as part of a gas export facility. Each tank has full-containment LNG storage of 160,000 m3 and are designed for cryogenic service. The tanks have conventionally-reinforced base mats and domes with reinforced/post-tensioned cylinder walls; steel liners are provided on their inner surface. A specialty engineering design firm prepared traditional plans and specifications for the tanks. The general contractor and rebar fabricator opted to convert this two-dimensional information into full 3D models of the tanks. The goal of developing a BIM for the tanks was to allow for employing a number of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) techniques that would assist and enhance project delivery. MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND ATTRIBUTES There are many possible ways to deliver a project using BIM and VDC. For this project the general contractor also performed all the material procurement. As part of the procurement process a contract was developed with the reinforcing steel supplier to prepare the BIM for the LNG tanks. This contract was separate from and in addition to the contract to supply the reinforcing steel and appurtenances. The scope of services was to develop a complete model of the tanks including; concrete, rebar, rebar supports, post-tensioning tendons and anchorages, embedded instrumentation, liner plate, a representative portion of form work, and structural steel for the top-side structure. A brief description of the major element of the model highlighting unique aspect is provided. © ASCE 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Figure 1. Overall View of Project Phase 1 (first two tanks). Base Mat The base mat model consisted of concrete, rebar, post tensioning, foundation drains, embeds, and miscellaneous piping. In some cases, rebar support chairs and standees where included. All of these different scopes of work were modeled to detailing and fabrication standards within an 1/8” tolerance. Once the initial model was completed a net-meeting was held to track clashes and manage changes that occurred during the coordination effort. All clashes were tracked. Two classes of clash were defined; hard clashes that needed extra attention and design effort to obtain a solution, and soft clashes which meant there is a clash but it should not hinder construction in the field. Even though the soft clashes were considered to not hold up construction, the construction team was briefed on these locations so they could prepare a plan in the field, and have the solution ready when the project progressed to the known conflict. Figure 2. Base Mat Model. © ASCE 2 Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Cylinder Wall Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The models for the cylinder wall included, the concrete, bonded reinforcing, post-tensioning anchors and ducts, and embedded plates. The wall also included a structural steel stair tower. In addition to the permanent parts of the structure, formwork and construction access was also modeled. Figure 3. Post-tension Anchor in Cylinder Wall. Figure 4. Model of Formwork and Construction Access. Roof The roof is a dome like structure that is supported by structural steel. Nozzles and pedestals for the “top-side” mechanical components are located on the roof and were fully detailed and coordinated using the model. Rebar details required special model coordination at piping penetrations and embed locations. © ASCE 3 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Figure 5. Mechanical Components Included in Roof Model. PRE-PLANNING AND 4D MODELING Pre-planning of construction activities took advantage of the 3D model by interoperation with 4D software. 4D models focused on three applications; overall level four and five schedule, three-week look-ahead for work packaging, and animated ninety-day safety and risk roadmaps. Home office project planners used 4D modeling for the overall tank construction schedule development. This helped validate preliminary schedule information and produce a high quality initial schedule. Problems with scheduling logic were clearly identified. This also helped to form work-packages and finalize level four and five schedule. Figure 6. 4D Model Review by Field Supervision. © ASCE 4 Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The project team had been using a Microsoft Excel based three-week look-ahead tool. The team transitioned to a model based application that allowed for complete visual review during short term work planning meetings. This facilitated integrating Unmanned Ariel Vehicle (UAV) drone photos and enhanced collaboration. Model based three-week look-ahead planning put the superintendents directly “in the moment” and provided a better opportunity for important items to be brought up, that looking and reviewing a paper schedule would not have triggered. Model based planning included and animated ninety-day safety roadmap of key risks. This safety and risk review animation was shown each week at the beginning of the three-week lookahead short term work planning meeting. Viewing this animation triggered a very productive discussion and allowed for the supervision to see where they need to be continually focusing on the key risks. In addition to traditional scheduling activities to assist in planning a 3D print of the structure was also prepared from the model. This scaled model was also used in a variety of presentations from orientation of the craft on site up to the project owner. Figure 7. Portion of 3D Printed Model of Tank. REBAR FABRICATION AND DELIVERY Because of the size and number of construction areas on this large site, and the complexity of the tank portion of the LNG project, the procurement group employed a special “release/tracking system” for the rebar. Tagging of bundles of rebar delivered to the site were linked to the model. This facilitated detailed planning of rebar placements. © ASCE 5 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Figure 8. Bundle Tag Linked to Model. Rebar lap splice locations were coordinated with the concrete placement sequences. Rebar bundle deliveries were scheduled through the model to maximize truck loads. Placing drawings were extracted from the model to ensure all the coordination efforts of the construction team were properly captured and communicated. Once the rebar had been detailed and shop drawings submitted and approved for by engineering, the order was electronically-transmitted into the rebar fabricators receiving/tracking and distribution system. The fabricator was well-positioned to provide regular and special orders, with five facilities surrounding the project area. Integration of the 3D model with procurement and fabrication activities allowed for enhanced processing of large, special or rush orders. For instance, large orders of standard, straight 60-foot, 40-foot and special mill-sheared lengths were shipped directly from the mill to the job site. LNG tanks require the use of both standard and low temperature, cryogenic rebar. The cryogenic bar was only available from non-domestic suppliers. The 3D model was employed in the procurement process to coordinate delivery of this material to the domestic fabricator fabrication who then produced “module lift” assemblies. On a bi-weekly basis the fabricator extracted updated delivery list, by shipment codes including delivery dates, from the model and transmitted these to contractor for field readiness and procurement tracking. Due to limited lay-down space at the project site, rebar deliveries had to be sequenced to meet the rebar placers’ quantity needs – e.g., large rebar quantities initially for the base mat, followed by smaller, modularized deliveries for the wall lifts, and finally specialsequences for the tank roof-dome reinforcement. © ASCE 6 Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 PRE-TIED REBAR CAGES Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The cylinder wall was originally designed to be constructed using a “stick-built” approach of placing each bar one at a time in its permanent location. Based on the model review and subsequent comments from construction this approach was changed to maximize the use of preassembled rebar cages. Using the model, the construction team communicated their requirements for building wall assemblies to the detailer and fabricator. This required two main types of assemblies; typical wall sections, and post-tension anchor buttress assemblies. The figure below is the buttress assembly that was engineered based on the crane’s maximum lifted load. Wall assemblies were 15° segments of the cylinder which allowed for repetition of drawings and modular construction methods. This process was repeated for each of the 10 lifts of the wall. The embeds and post tensioning conduit were coordinated with each assembly so the conduit could be placed inside the assembly before it was set in the permanent location. Embeds were also tied loosely to the assemblies and then checked and tied into the permanent location once module was placed in its final location. Figure 9. Pre-Assembled Rebar Cage for Wall. AS-BUILT STRUCTURE Due to the tight tolerances required for the tank’s steel liner plate, it was taking many more jobhours to get them properly aligned than had been estimated. Surveyors in particular were tied up in the field while adjustments were being made. The surveyors also had to measure the plates several times prior to concrete placement. Additionally, there was the need to produce reports showing areas where the plates were out of tolerance. The reports were being produced in Microsoft Excel and the results were found to be confusing and difficult to interpret. These spreadsheets consisted of numbers with highlighted cells showing dimensions for out-oftolerance areas. Using this format, it was difficult to grasp just where these areas were located on the actual tank. © ASCE 7 Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. A laser scanning system, both hardware and software, was purchased to improve the performance of the survey team. Some of the features of the software that are key to its implementation are: • • • • automated detection of out of tolerance areas precise inspection tools comparison between as-built and as-designed data ability to produce both graphic and tabular reports Figure 10. Laser Scanning Equipment and Plot of Results. This system not only reduced the required number of surveying job-hours but also produced more usable results than the previous work process. The use of the laser scanning system allowed for rapid generation of color plot showing as-built dimensions for the liner plate. CONCLUSION Even though the original engineering design of these LNG tanks did not employ 3D BIM the overall project delivery greatly benefited from the use of this technology. The model of the tanks was extremely detailed including not only the concrete outline but also all rebar both bonded and post-tensioned, embedded plates, formwork and construction access, structural steel for stairs and roof, and associated mechanical components. Planning took advantage of 4D modeling and 3D printing. Fabrication and delivery was facilitated by extracting information from the model. Finally, the as built structure was digitally captured and compared with the as-designed facility for quality control purposes. This demonstrates the wide variety of applications of modeled information for a complex concrete structure. © ASCE 8 Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 REFERENCES ACI (2015). Information Delivery Manual for Cast-in-Place Concrete, ACI Report 131.1R-14, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Tekla Rebar, 3D modeling software, Tekla Structures, www.trimble.com SYNCHRO, 4D modeling software, Synchro Software Limited. www.synchroltd.com Trimble TX8 laser scanning system and, RealWorks laser scanning processing software, www.trimble.com © ASCE 9 Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 The Thermal Expansion of Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete under Air-Dry and Saturated Conditions Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Fouad T. Al Rikabi, S.M.ASCE1; Shad M. Sargand, M.ASCE2; Husam H. Hussein, S.M.ASCE3; and Issam Khoury, M.ASCE4 1 Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ohio Univ., Stocker Center, Athens, OH 45701. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Russ Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ohio Univ., Stocker Center, Athens, OH 45701. Email: [email protected] 3 Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ohio Univ., Stocker Center, Athens, OH 45701. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ohio Univ., Stocker Center, Athens, OH 45701. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Several studies have shown the use of synthetic fibers made of polypropylene (PP) and/or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in concrete mixes significantly enhances the mechanical properties of concrete such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity, which reduces the need for steel reinforcement. However, there are uncertainties regarding the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of synthetic fiber reinforced concrete since the CTE of PVA and PP fiber is about ten times the CTE of plain concrete. The objective of this study is to measure the CTE of concrete specimens reinforced with different dosages of PVA and PP fiber under air-dry and saturated conditions. Concrete disks reinforced with three dosages, 6, 7, and 9 kg/m3 of PVA and PP fiber were tested using the Ohio CTE device in air-dry and saturated conditions within temperature range of 10 to 60°C. The presence of synthetic fiber significantly increased the CTE of concrete by an amount proportional to the fiber dosage. Specimens reinforced with PVA fibers exhibited more increase in CTE than specimens reinforced with PP fiber under air-dry conditions. On the other hand, under saturated condition, specimens reinforced with PP fiber showed higher CTEs than specimens reinforced with PVA. Moreover, the CTE of fiberreinforced specimens under air-dry conditions was higher than under saturated conditions. The measured CTE values could be used in the design of synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete structures. Author keywords: Coefficient of thermal expansion, Fiber reinforced concrete, Absorption. © ASCE 10 Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown that the use of synthetic fibers, polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, in concrete mix significantly reduces the need for steel reinforcement in the concrete pipes. Also, synthetic fibers enhance the protective cover of steel reinforcement in the concrete pipes. These types of fibers improve the mechanical properties of concrete. Such properties are significantly influenced by fiber size, type, geometry, dispersion and volume fraction of fibers. Different dosages of fiber ranging from 2.4 to 10.7 kg/m3 has been utilized for the concrete pipes (Balaguru and Shah, 1992; Mehta and Monteiro, 2006; Kuder and shah, 2010; Çavdar, 2013 and 2014; Wilson and Abolmaali, 2014; de la Fuente et al, 2013). Although there is enhancement in the material properties, there is uncertainty about the coefficient of thermal expansion of fiber reinforced concrete. The PVA and PP fibers have a different coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) compared with conventional concrete material. The CTE of PP fibers ranges from 70×10-6/°C to 100×10-6/°C (Tripathi, 2002), while the CTE for PVA fibers ranges from 100×10-6/°C (Mark, 2009). On the other hand, the CTE of conventional concrete ranges from 8.5×10-6 °C to 11.7×10-6/°C (ACI-209R-92 (ACI, 2008)). Due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients between synthetic fibers and conventional concrete, the environmental factors may induce large thermal strain in the synthetic reinforced concrete. Also, the fiber reinforced concrete requires more consideration for the environmental factors (Buratti and Mazzotti, 2015). The most common environmental factors that concrete might experience are freeze-thaw cycles and daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature. Freeze-thaw cycles could lead to detrimental effects regarding the strength of concrete material such as flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. According to AASHTO (1989), fluctuation in the temperature of the concrete structure should be considered for design purposes. Temperature fluctuations may generate longitudinal and transverse stresses in the concrete structures. Such stresses may lead to increase the possibility of initiating cracks that could affect the long-term serviceability of the concrete superstructures. According to Choubane and Tia (1992), temperature distribution consists of three components: (a) uniform component causing concrete slab to expand or contract (b) linear component causing concrete slab to curl, and (c) nonlinear component induced from subtraction uniform temperature and linear temperature from total temperature. Thermal stresses resulted due to aforementioned temperature profiles are mainly proportional to the coefficient of thermal expansion variation. However, The CTE represents the weighted average of concrete constituents (ASSHTO 1989; ACI-209R-92 (ACI, 2008)). Therefore, no CTE values of fiber reinforced concrete have been introduced to show the effects of synthetic fiber. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION TEST METHODS Over past years, four different methods of measuring concrete CTE, ASTM C531-00 (ASTM, 2012), CRD-C 39-81 (CRD, 1981), AASHTO TP60-00 (2000), and FHWA-Protocol-P63 (Simpson et al., 2007), have been used. Each method has limitation regarding the applied temperature range, and the condition of the specimen test, oven-dry, saturated or air-dry. ASTM C531-00 (ASTM, 2012) requires oven dry procedure and temperature range from 23 to 99 °C to measure the concrete CTE. CRD-C 39-81 (CRD, 1981) requires temperature range from 4.4 to 60 °C and saturated condition of the tested specimen. AASHTO TP60-00 (2000), and FHWAProtocol-P63 (Simpson et al., 2007) specifies a saturated condition and temperature range from © ASCE 11 Congress on Technical Advancement 2017 12 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 10 to 49°C to measure the CTE. According to ACI 209R-92 (2008), the saturated concretes and oven-dry have a lower thermal coefficient than an air-dried concrete, and the thermal expansion values from saturated or oven-dry concrete specimens should be corrected for the expected degree of saturation. All these test methods adopt temperature ranges between 10 to 60°C. Therefore, it is significant to calculate coefficient of thermal expansion over this range. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polypropylene fiber (PP) fibers inclusion on the CTE of concrete material for four different dosages of each fiber type, 0, 6, 7, and 9 kg/m3. The CTEs were measured in air-dry and saturated conditions by applying temperature range of 10 to 60 using Ohio CTE device. Also, the effect of fiber inclusion on the water absorption of concrete was studied. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Material Properties The properties of synthetic fiber used in this study are listed in Table 1. It can be seen that the PP and PVA fiber have different physical properties such as length and diameter. Such physical properties affect bond area between concrete and fiber. Other properties such as tensile strength and Young modulus are found to be higher for PVA than PP. Also, PP and PVA fibers have a different value of thermal expansion from conventional concrete, which effects stress magnitude due to thermal changes. Three different dosages of PP and PVA fibers, which were 6 Kg/m3, 7 Kg/m3, and 9 3 Kg/m , were used in this research along with plain concrete. Fiber dosages were mixed with other concrete constituents using mix design listed in Table 2. Air entrainment was used in the mix design to produce 2.5% air content. Fly ash with 30 % of the cement weight was used in this mix design. North Carolina 78M stone was used as coarse aggregate. This type of aggregate is crushed granite with most pieces ranging between 9 to 12 mm long. The water cement ratio used in this experiment was 0.32. Table 1. Physical Properties of the Fiber Properties Polypropylene fiber (PP) Specific Gravity 0.91 Length(mm) 54 Diameter(μm) 806 Tensile Strength(N/mm2) 585 Young modulus(N/mm2) 4000 Chemical Resistance Excellent -6 Coefficient of thermal expansion (10 70 /°C) © ASCE Polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA) 1.3 31.75 660 800 23000 Excellent 4.4