Tài liệu Camnangluyenthidaihocnguvan 3

ciia Ho Chi Minh. Ve net nghia khac, chu "hong" con la bieu hi#n cua CUQC van dong tix bong to'i ra anh sang. Tho Ho Chi Minh bao gio cving vay, luon huong ve anh sang. Trong bai tho Tao giai, chu Hong ay cQng da tung xuat hi^n: Phuong Dong mau trang chuyen sang hong Bong to'i dem tan som sach khong Chii hong ay vai chii hong trong "Chieu toi" c6 ciing mot net nghia la chi anh sang, chi niem vui, su lac quan cua nguoi tu. Con duong each mang Viet Nam cung vay di t u trong dem truang no le, di trong chong gai de den voi con duong vinh quang. Dau tuong som som vang duong mQC, Chieu cua nha lao, cua van cai; Trong nguc gio day con toi mit, Anh hong trudc mat da bung soi. (Trich Nhat ky trong tu) 3. Nghe thuat: Thanh cong ciia bai tho chinh la yeu to c6 dien ket hop vol hi^n dai, su dung hinh anh tho gian di, mpc mac. Ngoai ra, thanh cong cua bai tho con la but phap ta canh ngu tinh, lay dong ta tinh, cac bien phap tu tir nhu: diep ngu vong, an du, but phap mieu ta thoi gian. III. T O N G KET: Tom lai, bai tho Chieu toi de lai trong long doc gia ve dep ve mQt buc tranh thien nhien vung son cuoc qua nhirng net ve vua c6 thi vua hi?n dai. Bai tho da lam nguoi dpc xiic dong truoc tinh cam nhan ai bao la ciia nguoi tii chien si cong san Ho Chi Minh du trong hoan canh tii day noi dat khach que nguoi nhung Nguoi van vuot len tren tat ca mpi su kho dau, doa day ve the xac de dua den cho nguoi doc nhung van tho tuyet biit. Xin dugc mugn bo'n cau tho ciia nha tho To Hiixi thay cho loi ket: Lai thuong noi dpa day than Bac M u o i bon trang te tai gong ciim Oi chan yeu, mat mo toe bac Ma tho bay canh hac ung dung *** LAITAN Ho C h i Minh ra: Phan tich bai tha "Lai Tan" ciia tac gia Ho Chi Minh. Hl/dNGDAN ^ MO" BAI: Phong each nghe thuat ciia tho Ho Chi Minh that da dang, phong phii ma thong nhat : Co tho trir tinh, tho t u su, t u trao, c6 ca tho cham biem, da kich. t«ju cuai cham biem ciia Nguoi that nhe nhang, gian di, d i dom ma v6 cung tham thuy sau cay. Bai "Lai Tan" la mot trong nhiing bai dac sac nhat cho net phong each ciia tho Bac. B. THAN BAI: 1. K h a i quat: Lai Tan la bai tho dugc sang tac trong khoang thoi gian boh thang dau Ho Chi Minh bj giam giii tai cac nha tu quoc dan Dang 6 Quang Tay - Trung Quoc. "Lai Tan" rut ra tu tap "NKTT" ciia Ho Chi Minh. Bai tho mang npi dung phe phan che dp nha tii va xa hoi Trung Quoc voi nghe thuat cham biem sac sao. 2. Noi dung a. Ba cau dau, la ba cau tu su noi ve hanh vi thuong thay 6 ba vien quan lai cai quan nha nguc Lai Tan: - O day, duong nhu Bac khong binh luan ma chi ke lai su vifc. Nhung ngam cho ki, chiing ta thay y nghia ciia loi tho that sau xa. Ba doi tugng ma Bac tap trung phe phan chii yeu la ba doi tugng tu thap den cao, nhiing ke cam quyen va quan ly true tiep trat tu an ninh dia phuong. Do la ke cam can nay •^Vc thyc thi phap luat, nhiing quan lai "guong mau" nhat trong viec v i pham phap luat. • Ban truang ngay ngay danh bac, canh truong an tien hoi 16 ciia pham '^han mot each trang trgn ; huyen truang thi "chong den lam cong viec" nhung 'hire chat "ngai dot den de hiit thuoc phien day. Do la mot su that trong cac ^"y?n duong Quang Tay duoi thai Tuang". Cau cuoi cung la mgt ket luan, mpt danh gia ve tinh trang ciia bp may "^'itrinhatu: ^ " Nguoi dgc cho dgi mgt su len an quyet liet hung hon. Nhung Ho Chi 'nh da khong lam nhu vay, ma ha mot cau eo ve dung dung, lanh liing: Troi dat Lai Tan van thai binh". Song don da kich doc dao bat nga ay, tham sau cay cung lai chinh la 6 cho day. Thi ra tinh trang thoi nat v6 trach 120 121 nhifm cua bon quan lai 6 Lai Tan la chuyfn binh thuong, tro thanh ban ch^| ciia bp may cai tri 6 day. - Cau ket, nha't la chii "thai binh" nhu an giau "mpt tieng cuoi khay" ^-^ mia mai c6 y nghia Igt tay ban cha't tho'i nat cua ca bp may nha nuoc 6 Lai Taf, Nha phe binh Hoang Trung Thong da nhan xet "6 dau danh giac thi cii dan|^ con cai trdi da't Lai Tan nay thi van thai binh nhu muon thua". IIL KET BAI: O mpt cho khac, Hoang Trung Thong con viet tiep: "mpt chii "thai binh' ma xau tao lai... bao nhieu vifc lam tren von la muon thuo ciia xa hpi Trung Quoc thoi Tuong Gioi Thach, ciia giai cap boc Ipt thong tri. Chi mpt chu ay xe toang tat ca su thai binh doi tra, nhung ma that su dai loan la 6 ben trong" (Bac Ho lam tho va tho ciia Bac). Nguon: Hocmai.vn TO AY TdHmi 1: Phan tich cai "Tot" tm tinh trong bai tho TU ay. Hoac phan tich bai tho Tit ay de lam ro su chuyen bien trong nhan thirc cua nguoi thanh nien Ian dau tien bat gap anh sang ciia Dang ciia ly tuong Cpng San. HI/6NG DAN CHI TIET I. M d BAI To Hihi la nha tho ciia ly tuong cpng san la la c6 dau ciia tho ca each mang Viet Nam. Tap tho Tu ay (1937 - 1946) c6 the coi la tap tho dau tay danh dau moi duyen dau ciia To Huu voi tho ca each mang. Tap tho c6 ba phan tuong ling voi nhung chang duong tranh dau ciia nha tho: Mau lua - Xieng xich Giai phong. Bai tho "Tu ay" dupe nSm 6 phan dau ciia tap tho la mpt trong nhung bai tho hay nha't ciia To Huu. Bai tho la cai Toi trir tinh tran day niem vui suong han hoan khi Ian dau tien giac ngp anh sang ciia Dang ciia ly tuong Cam xiic ay dupe nha tho ghi lai bang nhung van tho tu su tru tinh tran dav niem vui va anh sang: Tu ay trong toi bung nang ha ' 122 ' Khong ao com cu bat cii bo II. THAN BAI 1 Khai quat: Truoc khi den voi anh sang ciia each m^ng. To' Huu cung bao thanh nien khac cung thoi khong tim tha'y loi di cho minh. Do la liung thang ngay ma To Hiru da tung viet "Dau nhung ngay xua toi tha'y toi/ pan khoan di tim le yeu doi/ Van vo theo mai vong quanh quan/ Muon buoc jjian oi buoc chSng roi". Nhung roi anh sang eiia Dang nhu nguon sang di$u lam bung sang tam hon thi nhan: Tu v6 vpng, menh mong dem toi s. ^ .. Nguoi da den. Choi chang nang dpi Trong long toi. 6 i Dang than yeu Song lai roi. Hanh phiic bie't bao nhieu! Thang 7 nam 1938, To Huu dupe vinh du dung vao hang ngQ ciia Dang, phiit giay ay da thang hoa eupe doi nha tho. 2. N6i dung can phan tich: a. Bai tho md dau bSng khd tho diln ta niem vui suong, niem hanh phiic tpt dinh va sy say me khi bat gap li tuong Dang cua cai toi tre trung tran day nhi?t huyet. Dang nhu vang duong sang soi cupc doi thi nhan. Tu ay trong toi bimg nang ha Mat troi chan ly choi qua tim Hon toi la mpt vuon hoa la Rat dam huong va rpn tieng chim... Thang 7.1938, sau thoi gian hoat dpng trong phong trao thanh nien a Hue, To' Hmx vinh du dupe dung vao hang ngu ciia Dang. Vinh du va niem vui Ion ay la ca mpt niem han hoan. Tac gia khang dinh li tuong cpng san nhu mpt nguon sang moi lam bimg tinh, bung sang tam hon va tri tue nha tho. Hai chii Tir ay, khong chi c6 y nghla nhan manh mo'c thoi gian thang 7.1938 nha tho dw^c dung vao hang ngu ciia Dang ma eon con nhah manh mo'c son dang nhd tJ'ong tam hon ciia chang thanh nien mudi tam tuoi. Nha tho dien ta anh sang ciia Dang bang mpt hinh anh tho rat choi chang am nong do la hinh anh "bung nang ha". Tu "bung" chi anh sang phat ra dpt ngpt: bung sang, bung ngp, '^'^g tinh. Anh sang ay lam danh thiic mpt tam hon dang lac loi dan nha tho vupt qua u toi de vuon toi anh sang ciia ngay moi: Con Ion len, con tim Cach mang Anh Luu, anh Dieu day eon di • M? khong con nua, con eon Dang su Diu dat con khi chiia bie't gi. >v> 123 H i n h anh "mat t r a i chan l i choi qua t i m " la m p t h i n h anh dgc dao, bat ng, tao bao giau y nghia t h a m m i ma rat c h i n h xac, g g i cam. M a t t r o i la nguon sari;, rue rd, choi chang va d u y nhat dua lai su song cho m u o n loai. H i n h anh "mat t r o i chan l i " d i lien v o i n h o m t u "choi qua t i m " da dien ta d u g c n i e m v u i rat d 6 i thieng lieng, c6 cai g i do gan n h u "choang vang" (chu d u n g ciia Hoaj Thanh) va sue x u y e n thau k i d i ^ u , m a n h me cua l i t u o n g D a n g d o i v o i tinh V(^i q ^ ^ " c h u n g d o n g dao khap m o i mien da't nuoc. N h o m t u "de tinh trang •;" the hien tam h o n nha tho n h u m u o h trai rong v o i cuoc d o i rpng Ion, tao Icha nang d o n g cam sau xa v o i m p i canh ngo ciia n h u n g cupc d o i can lao. p - y la dieu khac bi?t v o i cac nha tho M o i d u o n g thoi, t r o n g k h i To Hi>u giac ngP ^^^^ ' " ^ " ^ ^' d u o n g l y t u o n g t h i cac nha t h o m o i lai dang dau buon v o i cai toi be nho, c6 d o n , chon chat niem dau t r o n g n h i r n g van tho bi cam, nhan thuc ciia t h i si. lyy- N h a n thuc m o i ciia T o H i r u ciing that khac xa v o i nhan vat H a D u {Thuoc H a i cau sau: , L 6 Tan), H a D u xa r o i quan c h i i n g nhan dan de roi 6 m n o i dau b i kich ciia H o n toi la m o t v u o n hoa la Rat d a m h u o n g va r o n tieng c h i m V o i b u t phap t r i i tinh, lang m a n ciing v o i h i n h anh so sanh c6 t i n h chat khSng d i n h (To H i i u d i i n g tix " l a " chu k h o n g d u n g t u " n h u " ) . Tac gia da bay to duoc n i e m hanh phiic v 6 bien, sue song k i d i ^ u cua tarn h o n m i n h trong b u o i dau den v o i l i t u o n g Dang. Cac t i n h t u chi m u c do n h u " d a m " , "rgn" da riguai each m a n g con To H u u lai biet d u n g ve nhan d a n lao kho va giac ngp trong hang ngu ay. Hai cau sau: "De h o n toi v o i bao hon k h o . . . m a n h k h o i d o i " k h a n g d i n h tinh cam hiru ai giai cap ciia To H i r u . T a m hon ciia t h i si t u day se nghieng ve phia "bao hon k h o " de cam thong, chia se, de ca nhan hoa vao tap the, tao nen mgt sue m a n h quan ehiing d o n g dao, v l dai. Sau nay, k h i da trai qua gan noi ho nha tho ve n i e m v u i suong v6 bien ciia chinh m i n h . H a n la truoc do, 40 nam d o i tho, d o i each mang. To HiJu ciing da viet: "Tat ca c i i n g t o i . T o i v o i t a m hon t h i sT la m o t k h u v u o n m u a dong canh kho, la lia t h i g i o day duoc gap muon n g u o i . C h i la mot. N e n ciing la v6 so!". That dang q u y biet bao tam hon go l i t u o n g each mang, b o n g choc tam hon do t r o thanh m o t k h u v u o n miia ha cao dep ay. xanh t u o i , ngap tran anh nang mat troi, nong nan, r p n ra tiehg c h i m ea va ngat ngao h u o n g she "rat d a m h u o n g va ron tiehg c h i m " . Ve dep ciia k h u v u o n tam h o n ay, d o i v o i T o H i f u , nha tho cpng san, con la ve d?p ciia sue song m o i cua mot hon tho moi: D a n g cho ta trai t i m giau K h o n g ao com, cii bat c i i bo... To' H i i u k h a n g d i n h su chuyen bien t i n h cam ciia m i n h . Tac gia t u nhan T h a n g l u n g ma buoc, ngang dau ma bay! (Bai ca xudn 61) b. K h o hai cua bai tho la kho tho bieu h i f n nhung nhan thiic, le song moi cua cai toi tru tinh: minh la m o t thanh v i e n than thie't rupt thjt trong dai gia d i n h quan ehiing bj ap buc, dau kho t r o n g xa h o i cii. Cac di?p t u " l a " ciing v o i cac tir "con", "em", 'anh" da k h a n g d j n h dieu do. So tir uoe 1^ "van" chi so l u p n g het sue dong dao. H p la kiep p h o i pha la chj vii em v o i noi b u o n than phan: , T o i buoc l o n g toi v o i m o i n g u o i ^ De t i n h trang trai khap t r a m n o i ,, Toi da la con ciia van nha La anh ciia van dau em nho N g u o i yeu n g u o i song de yeu nhau . thi nhan. L a s u hoa than ciia cai T o i vao cai ta chung ciia "kiep phoi pha": La e m ciia van kiep p h o i pha Co gi dep tren d o i h o n the «jj, c. Kho tho cuoi cving khep lai la sxf chuyen bien sau sic trong tinh cam ciia De h o n toi v o i bao hon kho Gan g u i nhau them m a n h kho'i d o i . Giac ngo l i t u o n g , giac ngo nhan thuc, le song d o i v o i n g u o i cpng san, truc^' het la giac ngo ve cho d u n g . N h a t h o chii dong, t u giac hoa "cai t o i " v o i "cai ta" c h u n g ciia m p i n g u o i , ty nguy^n d u n g t r o n g hang n g i i n h i i n g n g u o i kho. T u "buoc" the hien y thiic t u nguyen sau sac va quyet t a m cao dp ciia T^ ^^ Huu n g u y e n gin bo mat thie't, song chan hoa v o i " m p i n g u o i " , v o i " t r a m noi ' N a n g n h o con n a m t r o n g ciri lanh K h o n g chan, k h o n g n e m am k h o n g m a n Co biet chang trong nhii-ng g i o h i u q u a n h N o gpi ten nang tieng da khan La lao day t o v o i noi co cue than gia: N h u cai kiep an may N g o i an trong goc x6 Buon t h i u n h u eon cho A o rach chang ai may 124 , , Quan rach gia tuo't ca! Lanh thi nam chong queo Tro trui nhu con meo TUY£N NGON DOC LAP Khong CO vai tain ra! H6 Chi Minh (Lao day to) La CO gai giang ho tren song Huong voi bao noi nh\ic nhan cua kiep nguoi: Em d i voi chiec thuyen khong Khi mo v6 ben roi dong dam 6! Troi 6i, em biet khi mo Than em het nhuc giay v6 nam canh (Tieng hat song Huong) Chinh v i nhiing "nguoi anh" phai song "kiep phoi pha", nhiing nguoi "em"... "cu bat cu bo" ay ma nguoi thanh nien cpng san To H i m say me boat dpng each mang, va hp cung chinh la doi tuqmg sang tac chu yeu ciia nha tho To H u u . Khong phai ngau nhien ma tir day. To H i h i da bay to niem cam thong sau sac voi nhirng "em be mo coi", "em be ban dao", "chi vu em", "c6 gai • LCJIBINH . Dong chi Tmong Chinh nhan xet: "Vevan phong, each noi va each viei cua 0Chu tich CO nhimg net rat doc dao: noi dung khang khdi, tham thia di sau vao tinh ^irtt cua con nguoi, chinh phuc ca trai tim va khoi oe con ngu&i ta: hinh thiec sinh dong, g^^^ ^'"'^ ^^'^ ^^^^ . Ban "Tuyen ngon DQC lap" la kei qua cua bao nhieu mdu da do, bao nhien tinh da hi sinh ciia nhiing nguoi con anh diing ciia Viet Nam trong nha tii, trong trai tap trung, trong nhimg hai dao xa xdi, tren may chem, tren chien tru&ng. Ban "Tuyen ngon DQC lap" la kit qua ciia bao nhieu hy vong, gang siec va tin tuong cua hon hai mm trieu nhan dan Viet Nam" (Tran Dan Tien) giang ho", "lao day t o " . . . nhihig con nguoi ma tac gia cho do la "nhimg tu m 1: Ket thiic bin "Tuyen ngon DQC lap", Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da trjnh trpng tuyen bo ring: nhan khon nan cua ban ciing". 3. Nghe thuat the h i e n : Bai tho "Tie ay" la mpt bai tho sau sac ve noi "Nuac Viet Nam c6 quyen hucmg tu do va doc lap, va su that da thanh mot ttuoc tu do, doc lap. Todn the dan tQc Vi?t Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than vd luc luong, tinh mang vd cua cai de'giH vOng quyen tu do, dQc lap ay". dung, dpc dao ve ngh? thuat. Ngoi but tinh te^ diing hinh tuong tho tao bao, choi sang, giau khat vpng lang man bay bong, say me. Cau tho manh, cam xiic tho tran day. Nhac tho bien doi sinh dpng, ham ho, don dap say sua, loi cuon. Dva vao nhung hieu biet ve tac pham 'Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" anh (chi) Cac bi?n phap tu tir sir dung nhuan nhuyen nhu: diep tir, so sanh, an d u . . . tat hay phan tich doan van tren de lam sang t6 nhimg tu tirong Ion cua Nguoi. ca da lam nen mot bai tho hay va loi cuoh nguoi dpc. HI/6NG D A N CHI TIET IILKETBAI I.M6BAI Tom lai, bai tho "Tir ay" la mpt bai tho cua mpt cai toi tran day cam xiic. Do "Tuyen ngon doc lap" cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh la ang van chinh luan mau la cai Toi Ian dau dugc giac ngo ly tuong va nguy?n dem tat ca tinh than va tuoi tre cua minh phung su cho ly tuong cao ca ay. Bai tho con la mpt tuyen "Hrc, la ban khai sinh nuoc Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa, mo ra mpt ki nguyen ngon ngh^ thuat va mang dam phong each tho To Hiru. No xung dang la mot ^ tieng hat lac quan, yeu doi, dam say l i tuong, ngay nay van lam xiic dong hang tri^u trai tim dpc gia. l?p, t u do cua dan tpc. Ket thiic ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap", Chu tich Ho Chi nh da trinh trpng tuyen bo': "Nude Viet Nam c6 quyen huong tu do va doc lap, va su ^ thank mot nuoc tu do, doc lap. Toan the dan toe Viet Nam quyei dem toi ca tinh than lugng, tinh mang vd ciia cai de giii vimg quyen tu do, doc lap ay". Day la mpt loi bo danh thep va himg hon, da ket tinh mpt each sang ngoi nhimg tu ^ 8 nhan van va khat vpng dpc lap t v do cita dan tpc. THAN BAI (jjij"^* quat: "Tuyen ngon doc lap" la mpt van ki^n lieh sir c6 y nghia trpng ' ' ^ ban khai sinh nuoc Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa. La ket tinh cua chu 127 nghla yeu nude ciia khat v o n g t u do, hoa b i n h va t u chu. N g a y 2.9.1945, h{^: Chi M i n h da dpc ban tuyen n g o n nay truac hang van d o n g bao T h u do, m 6 k y nguyen m o i cho dan toe. 2. N o i d u n g p h a n t i c h : # phap va N h a t da gay ra nan doi nam A t Dau (1945) l a m cho " h o n hai tri^u dong bao ta b i chet d o i " . K h i N h a t dao chinh Phap, truoc k h i thua chay, bgn thuc dan phap "con nhan t a m giet not so dong tii chinh t r i d Yen Bai va Cao Bang". Tie'p do, N g u o i noi len n i e m ty hao manh li^t ve s u thang Igi ciia cugc Cach a. T r u o c het. Ho C h i i tich khang dinh: "Nude Viet Nam eo quyen huang tu m^ing thang Tam long troi 16 dat da l a m nen lich s i i nuoc nha. Cach mang thang va doe lap". K h a n g d i .h n h u vay v i do la dieu p h u h o p v 6 i dao l i va phap i, Xam b u n g no va thang Igi, "dan ta da lay lai nuoc Vi^t N a m t u tay Nhat, ehii dati Idiong phai t u tay Phap". N u o c Viet N a m Dan chii Cong hoa ra d o i k h i ba ke thu toe va m o i n g u o i "deu sinh ra c6 quyen b i n h dang, tao hoa da cho ho nhurig b} l?t do, b i that bai: "Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao D a i thoai v i " . C h i m g t cau quyen k h o n g ai c6 the xam p h a m dugc, t r o n g d o c6 q u y e n d u g c song, quyen thoi ma N g u o i da tong ke't dugc ca mgt qua trinh v u a n len ky vT ciia dan tgc Vi^t t u do va q u y e n m u u cau hanh phiic" ("Tuyen ngon Dpc l a p " n a m 1776 Boi v i dat n u o c va con n g u o i Viet N a m ciing n h u tat ca m o i quo'c gia, m o i cua f j a m : Ta da danh bai chii nghla thuc dan "Phap chay". Ta da dap tan xieng xich nuoc M y ) . M a t khac " N u o c Vi#t N a m c6 quyen h u a n g t u d o va doc l a p " boi Ig ciia Nhat " N h a t hang". Ta da lam sup do che do Phong kien ton tai hang ngan d o i " n g u o i ta sinh ra t u d o va b i n h dang ve quyen Igi, va phai l u o n l u o n dugc tu nay " V u a Bao Dai thoai v i " . D o la le phai, la su that lich s u khong ai ch6i cai dugc. do va b i n h dang ve q u y e n I g i " (Tuyen ngon N h a n q u y e n va D a n quyen cua Nhu vay, Dge Lap va T u D o la thanh qua dau tranh each mang ben bi, gan goc, Cach m a n g Phap n a m 1791). Cach lap luan m o dau cua Bac bang each lay hai lau dai eiia dan toe ta: " M o t dan toe da gan goc chong ach no 1? ciia Phap hon ban t u y e n ngon cua Phap va M y da tao ra tien de de k h a n g d i n h doe lap t u do 80 nam nay, m g t dan tgc da gan goc d u n g ve phe D o n g m i n h chong phat xit may cua Viet N a m la hoan toan p h u h g p v o i quyen b i n h dang quoc te. nam nay, dan toe d6 phai dugc t u do! Dan tgc do phai dugc dge lap!". Cach lap N h u n g cai hay ciia N g u o i la t u nhan quyen dugc dat ra t r o n g ban tuyen luan ay da lam "dep mat, dep l o n g " v o i cac nuoc D o n g m i n h dong thoi each lap ngon ciia Phap va M y , H o C h i i tjch da "suy rgng ra", n o i den quyen t u quyet lu^n do da cho thay thai do nhuc nha ciia thuc dan Phap k h i " p h a n bgi lai Dong m g i dan tgc- "Tat ca cac dan toe Iren the g i o i deu sinh ra b i n h dang, dan toe m i n h " ban nuoc ta hai Ian cho Nhat. nao cijng c6 q u y e n song, quyen sung suong va q u y e n t u do". Le phai ay N u o c Viet N a m D a n chii Cgng hoa ra d o i la m g t s u that Hch su, nen H o " k h o n g ai ehoi cai d u g c " , va v 6 cung thieng lieng. Co the n o i , sau h o n 80 nam Chii tich m o i t u y e n bo m o t each d a n h thep, h u n g hon: " T u y e n bo thoat l i han bi thuc dan Phap t h o n g t r i , l a i t u y e n bo " N u o c Viet N a m c6 q u y e n h u a n g tu quan he thuc dan v o i Phap, xoa b6 het n h i i n g hiep uoc m a Phap da k i ve nu6e do va dge l a p " bieu 16 n i e m t u hao dan toe va khat v o n g doc lap, t u d o cua V i f t N a m , xoa bo tat ca m g i dae quyen ciia Phap tren dat nuoc V i ^ t N a m " . dat nuoc va eon n g u o i Viet N a m . b. Cach mang thing T a m thanh cong, nuoc V i f t Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa ra Cach n o i "x6a b6 het", "xoa bo tat ca" la each n o i the hien s u d i i t khoat ehoi bo sy CO mat ciia n g u o i Phap tren dat nuoc ta. T u nay, nuoc ta la nuoc dge lap. doi "vd su that dd thdnh mot nuoc tu do, doc lap". Do la mpt s u that lich sii d. D Q C lap tu do la khat vgng, la y chi ciia dat nuoc va con nguoi V i ? t khong ai choi cai dugc. Truac k h i noi ve thang Igi cua Cach mang thang Tam, am, cua dan tgc V i ? t Nam. L o i tuyen bo vang len n h u mpt loi the thieng N g u o i da noi len nhi>ng kho dau mat mat cua dan toe ta bang dan chung danh ieng lam chan dpng long nguoi: "Toan the dan toe Viet Nam quyei dem tat ed thep, l i le sac ben, h u n g hon. H o Chii tich da vaeh tran n h i i n g tgi ac da man \'e inh than va luc luang, tinh mang va eiia cai de giit vitng quyen tu do, doc lap ay". chinh trj, ve k i n h te'ciia thuc dan Phap doi v o i dan toe ta trong suot 80 nam troi. i tuyen bo h i i n g hon, chae njch n h u m g t l o i the v a n g v g n g khap n i i i s6ng. Chung ap bue, boc lot dan ta den tan xuong hjy, "khien cho dan ta ngheo nan, y m t u "Toan the dan toe Viet N a m " da noi len sue m a n h dai doan ket, trieu thie'u then, nuoc ta xo xae, tieu dieu". Thuc dan Phap da tuoe doat Ur do, dim con n g u o i Viet N a m ket thanh m g t kho'i ma k h o n g m g t ke t h i i tan bao r\han dan ta vao m a u va nuoc mat trong dem t r u o n g no le: "Chiing lap ra nha tii nao CO the k h u a t phue dugc. nhieu hon t r u o n g hoc. C h i i n g thang tay chem giet n h u n g n g u o i yeu nuae thuong 'n^ng", "ciia c a i " da d u g c tap t r u n g t r o n g m g t cau ket xiet bao n i e m t u hao noi a i a ta. C h i i n g tam cae cuge k h a i nghla ciia ta trong n h i i n g be mau"... Chiing lam n g u o i dge r u n g r u n g xiic d o n g . thii tieu m o i quyen Igi kinh te'eiia dan tgc "cuop khong h a m mo, nguyen lieu; dp^' Cac yeu to n h u " t i n h t h a n " , " l u c l u g n g " , " t i n h L o i t u y e n bo ay ciia H o C h i i tjch cung la l o i canh cao n g h i e m khac d 6 i quyen i n giay bac; boc lot cong nhan ta tan nhan". M a n g tieng la bao hg ta nhung Voi thuc dan Phap dang a m m u u tai chiem Viet N a m m g t Ian r\\xa, d o n g thoi thye te " t r o n g v o n g 5 n a m (1940 -1945), chiing da ban nuoc ta hai Ian cho Nhat" keu ggi toan the d a n tgc Viet N a m s i n sang chien dau h i sinh cho dge lap, t u 19R 129 do cua To quo'c. Ba muai n5m khang chien chohg Phap va chong M y cua nhan dan ta da the hi#n mpt each hung hon 16i tuyen bo' m^nh me ay. Do la khat vQng, la y chi sat da ve dpc lap t\ do cua dan tpc ta, cua nhan dan ta. Mpt Ian nua, Nguai lai Tuyen bo': "Chiing ta tha hi sinh tat ca, chu nha't dinh khong chiu mat nuoc, nha't djnh khong chiu lam no 1§!" ("Ldi keu gpi Toan quo'c khang chien" -19.12.1946). Han nua the k i da troi qua, ke t u ngay Chu tich Ho Chi M i n h dpc "Tuyen ngon Doc lap". Nhiing chang duong lich su ve vang cua dan tpc ta da trai qua rat dang t u hao: Cach mang thang Tam - chien thang Di#n Bien oai hung Chien dich Ho Chi Minh toan thang - Non song lien mpt dai, Bac Nam sum hpp mpt nha... Do la chien thang tat yeu cua cupc chien tranh v^ quo'c v i dai cua mpt dan tpc Viet Nam be nho nhung c6 sue vuon len ky v i : Ta nhu thuo xua than Phu Dong Vut Ian len danh duoi giac A n Sue nhan dan khoe nhu ngua sat Chi cam hon ta ren thep thanh roi Lua chien dau ta phun vao mat Lii sat nhan cuop nuoc hai noi 2: Phan tich ngh# thuat lap Iu|n tai tinh ciia Ho Chi Minh trong tac HI/6NG DAN CHI TIET L M ^ B A I lio Chi M i n h khong chi bie't den la mpt vj lanh tu tai ba, k i f t xuat ciia dan tpc Viet Nam ma con dupe bie't den vai t u each la mpt nha van, nha tho Ion ciia the ky XX. Nguoi de lai nhieu tac pham Ian 6 nhieu the loai nhu truyf n, ky, tha ca, van chinh luan. Trong do "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la mpt ang van chinh luan mau muc, mpt nghf thuat lap luan tai tinh eo mpt khong hai trong lich su van hpc dan tpc. II. THAN B A I 1. K h a i quat: "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la mpt van ki|n lich sit c6 y nghia trpng dai, la ban khai sinh nuoc Viet Nam Dan chii Dong hoa. La ket tinh ciia chii nghia yeu nuac ciia khat vpng t u do, hoa binh va t u chii. Ngay 2.9.1945, Ho Chi Minh da dpc ban tuyen ngon nay truac hang van dong bao Thii do, ma ra ky nguyen moi cho dan tpc. Ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la ket qua ciia bao nhieu mau da do, bao nhieu tinh m f n h da hi sinh ciia nhiing nguoi con anh dung ciia Vi?t Nam trong nha tu, trong trai tap trung, trong nhirng hai dao xa 3. Nghe thuat: "Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" eo nghe thuat lap luan chat che, l i le xoi, tren may chem, tren chien truong. Ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la ket qua aia danh thep, bang chiing xae thuc, giau sue thuyet phuc. Ngon ngu vita chinh bao nhieu hy vpng, gang sue va tin tuong ciia hon hai muai t r i f u nhan dan xac vua gai cam. Gipng van linh boat. "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" ciia Bac da tro Vi?t Nam" (Iran Dan Tien) thanh mpt ang van chfnh luan mau muc noi tieng. Dang sau do la mpt tam tu tuong van hoa eiia Ho Chi Minh, Nguoi da tong ket dupe mpt each gian d\a Stic tich nhirng kinh nghi?m dau tranh ciia nhieu the ky gianh dpc lap dan tpc, dan quyen, nhan quyen ciia dan tpc ta va nhan loai. 2. Noi dung c h i n h a. Mo dau, Nguoi neu len co sd phap li va chinh nghia ciia ban Tuyen ngon: Nguoi trich dan hai ban tuyen ngon dpc lap ciia Phap va M y : Tuyen ngon Doc lap ciia M y (1776): "Tat ca moi nguoi deu sinh ra co quyen binh d^ng. Too hoa III. K E T B A I cho ho nhimg quyen khong ai co the xam pham duac; trong nhieng quyen ay, co quyen "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" xxing dang la mpt ang "thien c6 hiing van". No da ke iugc song, quyen sung sit&ng va quyen mini cau hanh phuc". Tuyen ngon Nhan tue truyen thong vinh quang ciia "Nam quoc son ha" va "Binh Ngo dai cdo". No la quyen va Dan quyen ciia Phap (1791) cCing da noi: "Nguoi ta sinh ra tu do va lai nuoc non cao ca va thieng lieng, the hi^n sau sac t u tuong vT dai: "Khong c6 ^wh dang ve quyen lai; va phdi luon ludn dugc tu do va binh dang ve quyen lai". Do gi quy hon dpc lap, t u do". Dpc doan van euoi ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap", chiing 'a nhi>ng le phai khong ai co the choi cai dupe. ta cang tham thia t u hao ve dpc lap, t\f do ma dan tpc ta da gianh dupe bang Vife trich dan nhu the mang lai mpt each lap luan co tinh chien thu^t sac xuang mau ciia bao the he, ciia bao anh hung l i f t sT da nga xuong cho chiing ta ''^n, kheo leo, khoa m i f n g do'i phuong. Do chinh la thanh cong ciia nghf thuat dupe t u do nhu ngay hom nay. Gay 6ng dap lung ong" dimg chinh lai le ciia ke thu de danh lai chiing. Cai hay o cho la: Bac mpt mat nhu ngpi khen, mpt mat lai ha b§ chiing. Ngoi ca '^hirng "16i bat hii ay" lam cho Phap va M y eung phai m i m g ro khi nghe tuyen %on ciia nuac minh lai ma dau cho mpt quoc gia khac. Nhung Bac da nhanh ^•^ong lam chiing be mat boi hai chu "the ma". Chi vai hai chii ay, Bac da ha be 131 c h i i n g k h o n g t h u a n g tiec. Bac da chi ro thuc dan Phap va de quoc M y xarn trong nhiJTig be mau. C h i i n g rang bupc d u luan, t h i h a n h c h i n h sach n g u lug-c Vi#t N a m la c h i n h chung da d a m dap len nhOng 16i bat h u ciia cha ong C h i i n g dung thuoc phi^n, r u p u con de l a m cho noi g i o n g ta suy nhupc. chiing, l a m vay ban la c6 nhan dao va chfnh nghla m a cha ong c h i i n g da dvmg Chua het, ve m a t k i n h te: c h i i n g boc Ipt d a n ta den tan x u o n g t i i y , k h i e n cho nen. M a t khac n g u a i dpc c6 the thay Bac da dat ba cupc Cach m ^ n g , ba nen doc j S n ta ngheo nan, thie'u thon, nuoc ta x o xac, tieu d i e u . C h i i n g c u o p k h o n g lap, ba ban T u y e n n g o n ngang hang nhau. KhSng d i n h t u the day t u hao ciia rupng mpt dan tpc dpc lap va c6 q u y e n de h u o n g t u do va dpc lap. D a y c h i n h la su kr cho dan ta, nhat la dan cay va dan buon, t r o nen ban cung. C h i i n g k h o n g cho thua va phat b u y ban T u y e n n g o n t h u hai ciia Viet N a m la " B i n h N g o Da, Cao" ciia N g u y e n T r a i . T r u o c do, N g u y e n Trai da t u n g viet " T u T r i f u D i n h Ly T r a n bao d o i xay nen dpc lap/ C i i n g H a n D u o n g T o n g N g u y e n m o i ben xung de m p t p h u o n g " . T u y nhien, each lap luan ciia N g u y e n Trai la d a n g d o i can x u n g hai ve m p t each ro rang, cu the, con H o C h i M i n h lai tao nen s u dang doi n g a m n h u n g m a n g t i n h hieu qua cao. T u vi^c trich dan tren Bac da di den mpt lap luan sang tao: Suy r p n g ra dieu do CO nghla la: "Tat ca cac dan tpc tren the g i d i deu sinh ra b i n h d i n g , dan tpc nao c i i n g c6 q u y e n song, quyen sung suong va q u y e n t u do". N h u vay, d u a tren hai ban t u y e n n g o n n o i ve quyen I p i ciia con n g u o i Bac da nang len thanh q u y e n I p i ciia dan tpc. N g h l a la ban T u y e n n g o n ciia Viet N a m con cao h o n ca hai ban T u y e n n g o n ciia Phap va M y . T o m lai, v o i l o i le sac ben, danh thep, N g u o i da xac lap co so p h a p l y ciia ban T u y e n n g o n , neu cao c h i n h nghla ciia ta. D a t ra v a n de cot yeu la dpc ISp dan tpc. D a y cung la co so de N g u o i vach tpi c h i i n g t r o n g phan tiep theo. "8"y^" C h i i n g dat ra hang t r a m t h i i thue v 6 l y , l a m cac nha t u san ta ngoc dau len. C h i i n g boc lot cong n h a n ta m p t each v 6 cung tan nhan. C( hai doan v a n tren, cai tai t i n h ciia H o C h i i t\ch la n g h § t h u a t lap l u a n : cau van lap ca'u triic, phep diep lien tuc " c h i i n g t u y e t doi... c h i i n g t h i hanh... chiing lap ra... c h i i n g t a m cac cupc k h o i nghla... c h i i n g d u n g thuoc p h i ^ n . . . chiing c u o p k h o n g . . . " tao nen m p t lien hoan l o i , to cao m a n h me, d a n h thep khien c h i i n g " k h o n g the cho'i cai" va t r o tay k h o n g k i p . M a t khac, Bac cung tranh t h i i q u a n t a m den giai cap t u san, cong nhan, n o n g d a n k h o i day t i n h doan ket h i h i ai g i a i cap. Dac bi?t t u t p i ac t r e n ciia thuc d a n bac d a n h thep ket an c h i i n g da gay ra cai chet t h a m t h u o n g cho h o n 2 t r i ^ u d o n g bao m i e n Bac vao n a n d o i n a m 1945. Phap k e cong "Bao h p " : bao hp nghia la bao v# n h u n g c h i i n g da k h o n g l a m dupe. Bac da to cao t p i ac ciia chiing: T p i ac t r o n g 5 n a m (1940 - 1945). T r o n g 5 nam c h i i n g da ban n u o c ta hai Ian cho Nhat. D o la m u a t h u n a m 1940, N h a t xam lang D o n g D u o n g de m o rpng can c i i danh D o n g m i n h . . . b p n thuc dan D i i n g n h u Che'Lan V i e n nhan d j n h "Cach lap luan ciia H o C h i M i n h ve phia ta Phap q u y goi d a u hang m o ciia nuoc ta rude Nh$t. N g a y 9 t h a n g 3 n a m 1945, g i o n g n h u m p t trai tao con ve phia ke t h u no g i o n g n h u m p t trai l u u dan nhet khi N h a t tuoc k h i g i d i ciia quan d p i Phap, b p n t h y c d a n Phap hoac la bo chgy, vao CO h p n g chiing. N u o t k h o n g v 6 ma khac ciing k h o n g ra". hoac la q u y g o i d a u hang. Bac vach tran thai dp nhuc nha ciia Phap: q u y g o i b. 6 luan diem tiep theo. H o C h i M i n h da neu len ca sd thvrc te ciia ban T u y e n ngon: Bac da neu len l y le va lap luan het siic thuyet p h y c ve m a t phap l y va thuc te n h a m bac bo l u a n d i § u ciia b p n de quoc thuc dan. De vach tran luan d i f u ve dau hang, bo chay... N h u vay la c h i i n g da phan b p i D o n g m i n h , k h o n g dap UTig lien m i n h c u n g Vi^t M i n h de chong Nhat, t h a m c h i thang tay k h i i n g bo', giet not t i l c h i n h t r j d Yen Bai, Cao Bang. D o la l o i k h a i t u d u t khoat cai s i i m?nh b i p b p m ciia t h y c dan Phap d o i v d i n u d e ta ngdt gan m p t the k i . cong lao " k h a i hoa" ciia Phap d o i v o i D o n g D u o n g , Bac da neu ro " N h i i n g c. T r o n g p h a n t i e p theo cua b a n t u y e n n g o n , N g u o i da n e u cao n h u n g tv hanh d p n g trai hSn v o i nhan dao va chinh n g h i a " cua c h i i n g t r o n g 80 n a m hao cua Cach m a n g V i ? t N a m : Ta l u o n d i i n g ve lap t r u o n g c h i n h nghla " D e m thong t r i nuoc ta ve hai p h u o n g dien: C h i n h t r i va K i n h te. dai nghia de thang h u n g tan/ Lay chi nhan de thay eudng bao". Viet N a m Phap ke cong " K h a i hoa", Bac vach tran tpi ac ciia c h i i n g ve c h i n h t r i : c h i i n g khoan h o n g v d i ke t h i i b i that the: g i i i p n g u d i Phap ehay qua bien g i d i , bao v? tuy?t d o i k h o n g cho nhan d a n ta m p t chiit h r do dan chii nao... C h i i n g t h i tai san va t i n h mang, eiia cai cho hp. L a y d i lay lai hai c h i i "Sif t h a t " n h a m hanh n h u n g luat phap da m a n . C h i i n g lap ba che dp khac nhau 6 T r u n g , N a m , ^han m a n h thang I p i to I d n ciia Cach m a n g ta k h i d u n g ve phe D o n g m i n h Bac de ngan can viec t h o n g nhat nuoc nha ciia ta, de ngan can dan tpc ta doan chong phat xit, d o n g t h d i Bac cung d i i t khoat bac b d sy cd m a t ciia Phap tren ket... C h i i n g lap ra nha t u n h i e u h o n t r u o n g hpc. C h i i n g thang tay chem giet et len roi lai xuong, xuong thap roi lai len cao, deo noi deo, doc tiep doc, fiong diit. Cau tho dupe tao thanh hai ve tieu doi: "Ngan thuoc len cao // sn thuoc xuo'ng", nhu bj be doi, dien ta con doe vai chieu cao, sau rpn ngpp: i n len cao chot vot, nhin xuong sau tham th3m. Hinh anh ay ta eung da timg St gap trong "Vpng L u Son Bpe Bo" ciia Ly Bach "Phi thien true ha tam thien Bch" (Nuoc bay thang xuo'ng ba ngan thuoc) hay nhirng hinh anh rimg rpn 3ang da trong tha cua Khuang Hiru Dung: 141 Day cao vol voi doc 6ng Manh Day am am thdc doKhong Ten Co sudi chan hum viea dedau J 5au chang duong dai hanh quan moi m#t, cac chien si c6 dip dimg - l?i 6 mpt ban lang c6 ten gpi rat doi yeu thuong - Mai Chau. Hai cau ''• doan tho, cam xuc boi hoi tha thiet nhu loi nhIn gui cua mpt khuc tam h* "h"' "^9* ni^m, vua bang khuang, vua tv hao: Nho di Tay Tien cam len khoi Co lum cay viit tuyet du&ng chim. Co canh doan quan di trong mua vira hung vT lai rat nen tho: "Nha ai Pha Ludng mm xa khai". Cau tha dugc det boi nhimg thanh bang lien tie'p, ggi ta su em diu, tuai mat ciia tam hon nhijng nguoi linh tre, trong gian kho van lac quan yeu doi. Nhip tho Cling cham lai, am dieu nhe nhang nhu phiit nghi chan hiem hoi ciia nguoi li'nh. Trong man mua rung, tam nhin cua nguoi chien binh Tay Tien van huong ve nhimg ban muong, nhiing mai nha dan hien lanh va yeu thuong. Tat ca nhat nhoa trong man mua rung day dac mang cai lang man ciia niii rung mien Tay vua c6 cai d i i doi hiem nguy nhung lai c6 cai trii tinh dang nho. Mai Chdu mua em tham nep xoi "Nho 6i!" t u cam than mang tinh cam dat dao, do la tie'ng long ciia cac hien sT Tay Tien. Cau tho dam da tinh quan dan. Nho la nho liic nguoi linh (Jung chan, dugc dong bao na'u com cho an "com len khoi". Nho miii huong "tham nep xoi" la nho huong vi niii rung Tay Bac, nho tinh nghia, nho tam long cao ca ciia dong bao than yeu. Che'Lan Vien cung ttmg vie't ve huong vi ctia tinh quan dan ay trong bai tho "Tieng hat con tau": Anh ndm tay em cudi mua chien dich Vat xoi nudi quan em giau giiea ritng c. Bon cau tho tiep theo, nha tho the hif n sy hi sinh bi trang cua nguoi linh tren ch|ng duong hanh quan day chong gai, kho khan nguy hiem: Guc len sung mil bo quen dai Chieu chieu oat linh thdc gam thet Dem dem muang Hich cop treu nguai Su d u doi ciia niii rung ciing vat kiet sue nguoi, Quang Dung khong he ne tranh hien thuc: "Anh ban dai dau khong buoc nvtal Guc len siing mu bo quen doi". Nguoi linh Tay Tien trong cuoc hanh quan gian kho ay da c6 nguoi nga xuong vi ki^t sue. "Dai dau" la gian kho nang mua, doi khat. "Khong buoc nxta" la kiet sue, khong the buoc tie'p. "Bo quen doi" la hi sinh. Cach noi giam noi tranh ve cai che't, vua xot xa vua ngao nghe: "khong buoc niia", roi "bo quen doi" cu nhu mot su binh tinh, su than nhien don nhan cai che't, xem cai che't nhe tua long hong. Coi che't ma nhu cae anh dang di vao gia'e ngii. Van tho noi den cai mat mat, hi sinh nhung khong chiit bi luy, tham thuong boi no da dup-c nang do boi doi canh eiia li tuong "Chien truong di chang tie'c doi xanh". De tang them su bi trang ciia su hi sinh, Quang Dung da diem to them biic tranh thien nhien Tay Bac bang nghf thuat di^n anh voi hai am thanh ghe rgn: "Chieu chieu oai linh thac gam thet/ Dem dem muong Hich egp treu nguoi". Cach noi "chieu chieu" roi lai "dem dem" ggi thoi gian khae nghi?t voi biet bao hiem nguy rinh rap. A m thanh thac gao hoang da "gam thet", roi "cop treu nguoi" ay da diem to vao biic tranh thien nhien Tay Bac von da hung vT, trang 1§ nay lai cang them bi an, hoang so. Do chinh la dac trung ciia chon ma thieng nuoc doc, lam son chuong khi. Tuy nhien, doan quan van tien buoc, nguoi noi nguoi, bang len phia truoc. Uy luc thien nhien nhu bi giam xuong va gia trj con nguoi nhu dugc nang cao han. 142 ,f;r =' Dat Tay Bac thdng ngdy khong c6 lich Anh ban dai dau khong buac niea Biea xoi dau con toa nh& miii huong Linh Tay Tien nay da "xa roi" nhung c6 bao gio quen "Bixa xoi dau con toa nho miii huong" ay? Hai tie'ng "miia em" la mot sang tao doc dao ve ngon ngii thi ca. "Mua em" c6 phai chang la de noi deh mua thie'u nu, voi ve dep e ap, duyen dang da de lai trong long nguoi linh tre bao niem thuong noi nho. Co le vi vay ma dieu tho tro nen uyen chuyen, mem mai, tinh tho tro nen am ap, tuoi vui. M g i kho khan gian kho nhu bi day lui ma thay vao do la niem lac quan va tinh tho dong day. 3. Tong ket nghe thuat: Doan tho de lai mot dau an dep de ve tho ca khang chien ma su thanh cong la ket hgp hai hoa giiia khuynh huong sii thi va cam hung lang man. Ben canh do con c6 cac yeu to nghe thuat: Sii dung nhieu ^ lay tao hinh, each su dyng thanh trac, diep tu, nhan hoa, doi lap...tat ca da t^o nen mot doan tho hay va giau gia tri. • III. KET BAI Tom lai, muoi bon cau tho tren day la phan nhung bai tho hay nhat vie't ve nguoi linh trong Biie tranh thien nhien hoanh trang, tren do can truong va lac quan, dang dan than vao mau ciia Giang Nam thay cho loi ket: dau bai Tay Tien, mgt trong chin nam khang chien chong noi bat len hinh anh chien si liia. Xin dugc mugn bon cau Tay Tien bien cuang ma lifa khoi Quan di lap lap dong cay rimg Va bdi tha ay, con nguai ay Van song mudn dai vai nui song. ^ ,it ' < „ ; i ; ; s* i i f . . i;!!?' 143 ©^2;Binh giang doan tho sau trong bai tha "Tay Tien" (Quang Dung) Doanh trai bieng len hoi dude, hoa Kia em xient do tu bao gio Khen len man dim ndng e ap Nhac ve Vien Chan xay hon tho , ,. Ngudi di Chdu Moc chieu suong ay Co thay hon lau neo ben bo Co nho dang ngttoi tren doc moc Troi ddng nuoc lit hoa dong dua H l / O N G D A N CHI TIET I. M6 BAI Quang Dung la nghe sT da tai: viet van, lam tho, ve tranh, soan nhac... nhung thanh cong nhat van la tho ca. Tho ciia Quang Dung la tieng long cua nguoi linh, dam chat linh nhung la linh tieu t u san nen cai lang man hao hoa luon dugc dat len hang dau. Bai tho "Tay Tien" c6 mot doan tho rat hay, da ket hop duoc chat lang man va chat hoi hoa von c6 trong tam hon Quang Diang: "Doanh trai hung len hoi duoc hoa Troi ddng nuoc lu hoa dong dua " II. T H A N BAI 1. K h a i quat: Tay Tien la mot phan hieu bp dpi dupe thanh lap dau nam 1947. Thanh phan chu yeu la thanh nien tri thiic Ha Npi. Nhiem vu ciia hp la pho'i hpp v6i bp dpi Lao bao ve bien gioi phia Tay. Nam 1948, Tay Tien giai the de thanh lap trung doan 52. Quang Dung ctang chuyen sang don vi khac. Sau khi roi don vj cu chua dupe bao lau Quang Ddng da sang tac bai tho nay. Doan tho ta dang phan tich la doan tho thu hai trong bai "Tay Tien". 2. N6i dung p h a n tich: a. Bon cau dau, nha tho mang den cho nguoi dpc khong khi tuoi vui cua dem lien hoan van nghf dam tinh quan dan. Khong khi dem hpi d day dupe Quang Dung diem to bang anh sang, am thanh va sac mau mang dau an ciia tam hon tre trung, lang man yeu doi: Doanh trai hung len hoi duoc hoa Kia em xiem do tu bao gia Khen ten man dieu ndng e dp Nhac veVien Chan xay hon tha "Doanh trai" la noi dong quan cua Tay Tien cQng la noi dang dien ra le hpi van hoa dam da tinh quan dan. Dong bao dan tpc da tu hpp ve day de sinh lioat va gop v u i v6i bp dpi. T u "Btrng len" trong "Doanh trai birng len hpi ^^^oc hoa" gpi cam giac arn ap, gpi niem v u i Ian toa. Dem rung nui thanh dem hpi- Ng*?" duoc mia, duoc lau thanh "duoc hoa" ("Duoc hoa" la hoa chuc - cay ^gh dot len trong phong cuoi, dem tan hon, tupng trung cho hanh phuc ciia uyen uong). 6 day, "duoc hoa" c6 y nghia la gpi khong khi am ciing gpi niem vui/ niem hanh phiic trong long cac chieh si . "Bimg" chi anh sang ciia duoc hoa, ciia lua trai, ciia khong khi nao nhiet, ciing con c6 nghia la tieng khen, tieng hat, tieng cuoi noi tung bung rpn ra. To' H u u khi nho ve Vi^t Bac cung fieng viet ve dem lien hoan sang bung trong ky ni^m: "Nha sao lap hoc ita ^ Dong khuya duoc sang nhieng gia lien hoan " Tu "Kia em" trong cau tho thu hai "Kia em xiem ao t u bao gio" the hi^n su ngac nhien, ngo ngang ciia linh Ha Thanh truoc ve dpp ciia c6 gai vung cao trong trang phuc "xiem ao" Ipng lay cung dang ve "e ap" rat thie'u nir. Ve dep ay khong phai la "doi mat nguoi Son Tay" ciia nguoi con gai que nha ma ve d?p tinh t u ciia nhihig c6 gai vung cao dang vao dp "mua em". Quang Diing phat hien ra ve dep dang yeu ay ciia c6 gai bang ca niem yeu, niem say me den cam phuc. Yeu say t u voc dang "e ap" den den trang phuc "xiem ao". Chinh trang phuc truyen thong dam da ban sac van hoa ciia cac thieu mx Tay Bac cang ton vinh len ve dep ciia hp. Quang Diing khong khoi than phuc den ngac nhien truoc ve dep ay. Em tro thanh hat nhan ciia biic tranh voi ve dep x i i la phuong xa. Nhirng thieu mx Muong, nhiing thieu n i i Thai, nhiing c6 gai Lao xinh dep, duyen dang "e ap", xuat hi^n trong bp xiem ao rue ro dang lam dam say tam hon nhiing chang linh tre. ^, Ngo ngang niia la tieng khen "man dieu". Khen la mot loai nhac cu ciia nguoi dan tpc mien niii Tay Bac con "man dieu" la mot dieu nhac "la" dac trung van hoa ciia nhiing con nguoi noi day. Khen dang len man dieu va dang |em cGng e ap, then thung theo tieng nhac. Va hoa vao tieng khen ngat ngay ay pa dif u miia Lam Vong quyen ru ciia nhirng c6 gai Lao da "xay hon tho" trong png cac chang linh tre. Chinh cai la ay lam dam say tam hon nhiing chang trai Tay Tien go'c Ha Npi hao hoa. Chinh trong khong khi ciia am nhac, v i i dieu %y da chap canh cho tam hon nhiing nguoi linh Tay Tien thang hoa, mpi moi ^?t nhu bi day liii, them vao do la long yeu doi, yeu mien dat la . Chinh v i the ^Pi cam giac moi met, mpi vat va deu tan bien. Thay vao do la niem lac quan, yeu doi nang buoc hp manh me hon tren con duong huong ve "Vien Chan xay hon tho". T u do, ta c6 the thay dupe rang cac chieh sT ciia chiing ta du trong J^hiiTig gio phiit v u i ve, thoai mai nhat thi tam hon ciia hp van luon huong ve l i ^ o n g each mang cao dep. - ^ 145 b. Bon cau sau Ik khung cinh chia tay tren nen song nu6c TSy B^c vvra thvc vua mpng hoang vang, Hnh l|ng, buon thi vi. Ca bon cau la cinh sac Tay BIc ggi dm giac menh mang, huyen ao: Ngu&i di Chau Mgc chieu sucmg ay Co thay hon lau neo ben ba Co nha dang ngubi tren doc moc Troi dong nude lii hoa dong dm. So voi bon cau tho tren la hinh anh khong khi dem le hpi tung bung hoa hop voi anh sang lung linh va tarn hon tre trung, yeu dai cua cac chien si Tay Tien thi bon dong tho tiep theo, Quang Dung dua nguoi doc den voi hinh anh cua con nguoi va niii rung Tay Bac trong mot buoi chieu suong: Nguffi di Chau Moc chieu sucmg ay Co thay hon lau neo hen ho Thoi gian chia tay la buoi chieu, khong gian chia tay la mpt khong gian bang lang khoi suong nhu trong coi mpng. Thien nhien Tay Bac hi^n len theo chieu huong nh? hoa. Cai d u dpi, khoc li^t cua "Ngan thuoc len cao ngan thuoc xuong" dup-c day liai d i va thay vao do la nhiing hinh anh nh^ nhang va tho mong. Hinh anh dau tien la hinh anh "chieu suong" cho ta thay net dac trung von c6 ciia nui rung noi day. Nhung suong 6 day khong phai la "suong lap", suong che hay suong phii ma la mot khong gian niii rung mo mang trong suong khoi. Mot buoi chieu c6 suong nui giang mac khap khong gian mo mo, ao ao. Khong gian ay dii tao nen noi buon man mac nhung v6 ciing thi v i . Co nguoi cho rang "Chieu suong ay" la chieu suong trong cai nhin hoai niem nen tat ca mo ao, nhat nhoa. Ch^ng biet c6 phai the hay khong nhung doc cau tho len ta thay no rat dac b i f t. Dai t u "ay" lam ro nghia hon cho t u "chieu suong" de nha'n manh rang day la mot buoi chieu suong rat dac bi^t, chieu suong trong noi nhd da thanh ky niem nen tinh nguoi ciang man mac, bang khuang! Doan tho dam mau sac hpi hpa. Cai thvc cua khi troi Tay Bac, cai mong cua khong khi bang lang suong khoi hi|n len nhu mpt mien c6 tich. Co le chat hoa sT ciia Quang Diing da an sau vao tho 6 doan nay. Net but phac thao ciia Quang Diing that la tai hoa. Chi mpt vai net chain pha vay ma cai hon ciia canh vat va con nguoi hi^n len that sinh dpng day sue cuon hut. Song nude hoang dai den nen tho. Bang thu phap nghe thuat nhan hoa, Quang Diing da cam nhan nhiing canh lau qua hai tir v6 ciing tinh te^ do la "hon lau"... gpi cam giac hoang vang, tinh lang, giau chat tho sau lang vira c6 chiit gi do thieng lieng phang pha't chiit tarn linh rimg nui. "Neo ben bo" c6 nghIa la: neo - loi di. "Neo ben bo" la nhin dau ciing thay menh mang hon lau. "Hon lau" - nhiing cay lau khong con v6 tri v6 giac ma c6 linh hon. Phai la mpt hon tho nhay cam, tinh te, tai hoa va lang man moi cam nhan dupe ve dep nen tho ay. Che Lan Vien ciing da timg thon thiic trudc ngan lau trang: 146 "Ngan lau clran trong nang Hon ciia miia thu ve Hon cua miia thu di Ngan lau xao xdc trang" (Che Lan Vien) IChong gian nen tho ay lam nen cho nguoi tho xuat hi^n: Giiia hinh anh thien nhien Tay BSc hien len day sue song va lang man thi hinh anh con nguoi noi day hi?n len mang mpt ve d?p khoe khoan, bat khua't, kien cuong: "Co nho dang nguoi tren doc mpc". Di?p ngii "c6 thay - c6 nho" luyeh lay nhu khac ch^m vao long nguoi mpt noi nho da diet, chay bong khon nguoi. Dpc mpc la mpt loai thuyen dupe lam t u than cay go Ion, dai. Dang nguoi tren dpc mpc 6 (Jay CO the la hinh anh mem mai, uyen chuyen aia nhiing c6 gai Thai, Meo dang dua cac chien sT vupt song. Ciing c6 the hieu la dang hinh kieu diing ciia cac chien si Tay Tien dang cheo cho'ng con thuyen vupt song, vupt thac d i i tien ve phia truoc. Tat ca nhiing hinh anh ay deu da de l^i trong long aia Quang Diing mpt hinh anh kho phai nhoa... Cau tho cuoi sir dung nghf thuat doi lap: "Troi dong nuoc l i i hoa dong dua". Do la su doi lap giiia cai d i i dpi ciia thien nhien "Troi dong nuac lii" voi cai mem mai, de thuong "hoa dong dua" da lam cho thien nhien hoa hop ciing voi xiic cam cua con nguoi. Tir lay "dong dua" dupe sir dyng ra't gpi. Khong phai canh hoa rirng troi noi dap denh tren dong nuoc l i i ma la "dong dua" theo gio. Co the hieu canh hoa rimg nhu ciing quyen luyen con nguoi. Canh hoa rirng nhu ban tay vay chao nguoi linh, tien nguoi linh vupt song di danh giac. Dang hoa ay hoa hpp voi dang nguoi tren dpc mpc lam nen mpt biic tieu hpa that lang man ma ciing that hao hiing. V|y moi hieu dupe each noi cua nguoi xua "Thi trung hiiu hpa" la nhu vay. 3. Tdng ket nghe thuat: Doan tho de lai mpt dau an dep de ve tho ca khang chien ma su thanh cong la ket hpp hai hoa giiia khuynh huong sir thi va cam hung lang man. Ben canh do con c6 cac yeu to'nghf thuat: Ngh^ thuat nhan hoa day sue gpi. Ngon ngir tho mpc mac, gian di, hon tho mang dam chat lang ''^^n, hao hoa. Nhiing tir ngii nhu "c6 nho", "c6 thay" luyeh lay, khac hpa them iioi nho luu luyeh, boi hoi. Tat ca da tao nen mpt doan tho hay va giau gia trj. III. K E T BAI Tom lai, tam cau tho cua kho hai da ve nen khung canh thien nhien, con •^gu-oi mien Tay voi ve dep m i 1§, tho mpng, trir tinh. Chat nhac, chat hoa, chat "^o mpng hoa quyf n chat che voi nhau trong doan tho tao nen mpt the gioi cua '^ai dep. Tirng net ve cua Quang Diing deu mem mai, tinh \e, uyen chuyen. Day 'a doan tho bpc Ip ro nhat su tai hoa, lang man ciia Quang Dung trong tong the bai tho. ^ 147 ^ 1 3 ; Binh giing do?n tho sau trong bai tho Jay Tien (Quang Dung) Tay Tien doan binh khong mgc toe Qudn xanh mau Id die oai hum Mdt trieng gid mong qua hien giai Dim mo Ha NQI dang kieu thorn Rdi rdc hien cuong mo vien xH Chien truang di chang tiec dbi xanh Ao bdo thay chieu anhvedai r~ Song Md gam len khuc dgc hdnh (NgUvdn 12, NXB Gido due 2011) HU'6NG D A N CHI TIET I. llai cau t h o m o dau gpi len ve dep b i trang. Dau tien do la cai bi t h u o n g ggi len ^ j^goai h i n h ciia n g u o i l i n h o m yeu, tieu t y y , dau trpc, da de xanh n h u m a u la. poan quan t r o n g that k i d i : " k h o n g moc toe", "quan xai^h m a u la". Theo l o i ke a i a Quang D i i n g , t h o i k y do bp d p i ta phai cao trpc dau de de dang trong sinh boat va (Janh giap khang Phap n h i i n g anh l i n h n h u vay eon gpi la anh "Ve "Ve trpc". Va nguyen do niia ma n g u o i linh Tay Tien dau trpc, da xanh la do hgu qua ciia n h i i n g thang ngay hanh quan vat va vi d o i va khat, la dau ah cua phung tran sot ret ac t i n h l a m toe r u n g khong mpe lai dupe, da de heo lia n h u tau la. N h i h i g con sot ret r i m g ac tinh ay khong ehi eo trong t h o Quang D i i n g ma con de lai dau ah trong t h o ea khang chien chong Phap noi chung: Toi vai anh biel tieng can an lanh .. So't run nguai vieng tran dam mo hoi M 6 BAI (Dong ehi - C h i n h H i i u ) Q u a n g D u n g la nha t h o a i a l i n h , da song m o t d o i l i n h oanh liet hao h u n g . Cugc dai gid bui pha xuang mau Co le c h i n h v i vay m a d o i l i n h da an sau vao d o i tho. "Tay T i e n " la bai t h o ciia Doi ret hao Ian xe thit da l i n h Viet ve l i n h nen k h i doc len ta da thay ngay chat hao h u n g b i t r a n g cua Khudn mat da tin mau tat henh n h i j n g chang trai "Thach Sanh cua the k y X X " : Dau con tuai nUa nhihig ngay hoa! Tay Tien doan binh khong mgc toe Long toi xao xuyen tinh thuang xdt Quan xanh mau la die oai hiim Muon viit hdi tho tham le nhod Mat trifng gid mong qua hien gicri Tang nhitng anh toi tieng rb mau Dim ma Ha Noi dang kieu thom Dem than xa xdc giie sanhd Rai rdc hien cuang mo vien sif (Len Cam Son - T h o i H i i u ) Chiih truang di chang tiec dai xanh Ben canh cai b i ta con thay cai hao h i m g : t h i i phap n g h ^ thuat d o i lap g i i i a Ao hao thay chieu anh vedat ngoai h i n h o m y e u va t a m h o n ben t r o n g da l a m nen k h i chat m a n h m e t r o n g Song Ma gam len khuc doc hanh the a i a n g u o i l i n h : " D o a n b i n h k h o n g mpe toe". Cau t h o ta cai ngang tang II. T H A N B A I cua n g u o i l i n h , lai n h u eo net d i i a vui, h o m h i n h : k h o n g can toe mpe. Lai c6 1. K h a i q u a t : Tay Tien la m o t p h a n hieu bo d o i d u g c t h a n h lap d a u n a m them " Q u a n xanh m a u l a " , t u o n g p h a n voi " d u oai h i i m " . Cach n o i ay cho 1947. T h a n h p h a n chu yeu la thanh nien t r i thuc H a N p i . N h i e m cua ho la thay n h i i n g n g u o i l i n h Tay Tien rat lac quan, yeu d o i , coi t h u a n g gian kho. p h o i h o p v a i bo d o i Lao bao ve bien g i o i phia Tay. N a m 1948, Tay Tien giai the Thuong l a m sao n h i i n g con n g u o i anh d u n g , nuoc da xanh va dau k h o n g mpe de t h a n h lap t r u n g d o a n 52. Q u a n g D i i n g cung chuyen sang d o n v i khac. Sau toe vi sot ret r i m g , the m a hp van quae thuoc hien ngang, x u n g t r a n d a n h giap k h i r o i d a n v i cia chua d u g c bao lau Q u a n g D i i n g da sang tac bai t h o nay. la ca " d i i oai h i i m " l a m cho giae Phap k i n h h o n bat via. M a t khac cai hao h i i n g D o a n t h o ta d a n g p h a n tich la do^n t h o t h u ba t r o n g bai Tay Tien. '^on hien len qua each d i m g tit H a n Vi?t " D o a n b i n h " . C h i i " d o a n b i n h " c h i i 2. N 6 i d u n g p h a n t i c h : a. G i u a n e n t h i e n n h i e n khac n g h i ^ t , h i n h a n h n g u d i l i n h h i e n l e n that b i t r a n g . Q u a n g D u n g da d u n g n h u n g h i n h a n h rat h i ? n t h u c de to d a m cai p h i t h u o n g ciia n g u t r i l i n h : Tay Tien doan hinh khong moc toe Quan xanh man Id die oai hiim khong p h a i la " d o a n q u a n " da gpi len dupe s\f m a n h me la t h u a n g ciia su ^^ng d i i n g , t r o n g do c6 d a n g dap cua " Q u a n di di^p diep t r i i n g t r i i n g " (Viet ac ~ To H i i n ) , ciia " T a m quan ti ho k h i t h o n n g u u " (Sue m a n h ba quan nuo't *''oi trau) t r o n g t h o Pham N g u Lao. Ba tir " d i i oai h i i m " gpi len d a n g ve oai P^Ong l a m li$t, oai ciia chiia son l a m . Qua do ta thay n g u a i l i n h Tay Tien van '^^nh me l a m c h i i t i n h h i n h , l a m chii n i i i r i m g , che'ngv m p i khac n g h i f t x u n g ^^anh, dap b a n g mpi gian k h o . b. Ben canh chat b i hung, doan tho con de l ? i dau an lang man cua nhung Tien. V i the cho nen cau t h o tiep theo dir d p i n h u m p t l o i the song n i i i : "Chieh chang trai H a N Q I mang tarn hon hao hoa: t n j o n g d i chang tiec d o i x a n h " . V a n t h o ay k h i e n ta n h o t o i h i n h anh n h i i n g Mat trimg gin mgng qua Men gi&i Dim ma Ha Noi dang kieu them xoi da b i m o d i t r u o c l i t u o n g quen m i n h v i To quoc ciia n g u o i l i n h Tay ' H a i c h u " M a t t r u n g " g g i nhieu lien t u o n g : " m a t t r i m g " la mat m o to nhin chai^g trai " c h u a trSng n p anh h u n g " t r o n g t h o C h i n h H u u : te , i < i Nha dem ra di, dat trai bo'c liea thang ve phia ke t h i i v o i chi k h i m a n h me the song chet v o i ke t h u . N h u n g doi Ca kinh thanh nghi ngiit chdy sau lung " m a t t r u n g " ay con " g u i m p n g qua bien g i o i " la d o i mat c6 t i n h , d o i mat thao Nhung chang trai chua trang ng anh hiing thuc n h o ve que h u o n g H a N o i ve m o t dang kieu t h o m t r o n g m p n g trong mo, Hon muai phuang phd't pha ca do tham V o i y nghla ay ta thay, n g u a i l i n h Tay Tien khong chi biet cam siing cam g u o m Rdch ta tai roi doi gidy van dam theo tieng goi ciia n o n song m a con rat hao hoa, giira bao nhieu gian kho, thie'u Bui truang chinh phaibac do hdo hoa... thon trai t i m hp v a n r u n g dpng, n h o n h u n g ve ve d?p ciia H a N p i : do c6 the la p h o ' d i , t r u o n g xua, n h i i n g con d u o n g m u a t h u thorn l u n g hoa sua... ^' ' •<*' - • ' ' Bon t u "chang tiec d o i x a n h " vang len khang khai, v u a g p i ve p h o n g tran hay chinh dong t h o i m a n g ve dep t h o i dai " Q u y e t t u cho to quoc q u y e t s i n h " . Biet bao xac h o n la n h o ve m o t " d a n g kieu t h o m " , bong dang cua n h i m g n g u o i ban gai xot t h u o n g va t u hao an chua t r o n g v a n t h o m a u l i i a ay. Q u a n g D u n g la m p t H a N p i , thanh lich, yeu kieu, d i e m 1^. Co m o t t h o i n g u o i ta hieu rang cau tho trong n h i i n g nha t h o dau tien ciia nen t h o ca khang chieh n o i rat cam d p n g ve nay m a n g m p n g tieu t u san qua nhieu l a m giam d i cha't chien dau. N h u n g thoi su h y sinh anh d i i n g ciia cac chieh si v 6 danh. H o n 20 n a m sau, n h i i n g t h i sT gian da c h i i n g m i n h rang do la m p t ve dep ciia tarn long l u o n h u o n g ve To quoc, thai chong M i m o i viet d u o c n h u n g van t h o cam d p n g n h u the: h u o n g ve T h u do. N g u o i l i n h dau a n a i bien cuong hay v i e n x u xa xoi n h u n g Ho da song vd chet long luc nao ciing h u o n g ve H a N p i , ve que h u o n g . C h i n h que h u o n g tang them Gian divdbinh cho hp sue m a n h de d i " L a y m a u no tra t h u nay". T h o ca khang chieh chohg phap ciing da khac hpa bao g u o n g mat noi n h o n h u the. D o la n o i n h o rupng d o n g "Ba n a m roi g u i lai mai leu tranh/ L u o n g cay dat do/ Tieng m o dem truong/ It nhieu n g u o i v p tre / M o n chan tren coi gao canh k h u y a " (Hong Nguyen). D o la n o i n h o "gieng nuoc goc da n h o n g u o i ra l i n h " . M o i g u o n g mat n o i n h o ay la l i n h n o n g dan hay l i n h thanh t h i t h i noi n h o ay ciing la noi n h o cua n h u n g tarn h o n l u o n h u o n g ve dat nuoc, to quoc, que h u o n g . l-a • tarn Khong ai nha mat dat ten Nhung ho da lam ra Dat nuac ("Dat n u o c " - N g u y e n Khoa D i e m ) " C h i e h t r u a n g " la b o m dan khoc liet la cai chet can ke la d i i d p i n g u y nan n h u n g sao a day cau t h o d i e m t i n h qua va c6 phan ngao d o i k h i n h k h i . H a i t u "chang tiec" v a n g len chac n i c h m a n g cai ve bat can, m a n g cai ve ngao nghe rat linh. " D o i x a n h " la t u o i tre, la cupc song n o n xanh m a n m a n . T u o i tre ai chang c. H a i cau tiep theo ngoi len ve d?p l i tuong ciia thoi dai: " Q u y e t tu cho To Quoc quyet s i n h " mang cho m i n h khat v p n g hanh phiic, t i n h yeu, ai chang m o n g cho m i n h dupe song v o i t u o i t h a n h xuan day hoa m p n g . The n h u n g n g u o i l i n h 6 day lai Rai rdc bien cuang mo vien xu "chang tiec" cho m i n h . Phai chang 6 hp, cai m a u anh h u n g ciia t h o i dai da Chien truong di chang tiec dai xanh ngam sau da i n d a m vao t r o n g t r i nao, vao d o n g m a u Lac H o n g m a y ngan Cau t h o "Rai rac bien c u o n g m o vien x u " toan tvr H a n V i ^ t g o i k h o n g k h i c6 lich s i i . H i e u l a m c h i i , biet l a m c h u n h i i n g con n g u o i ciia t h o i d a i anh k i n h : " b i e n c u o n g " , " v i e n x u " la n o i bien g i o i xa xoi, n a i heo h u t hoang lanh. f^iing, t r o n g hp chi c6 m p t d i e u t a m n i e m do la To Quoc - tieng g p i than t h u o n g N h a t h o n h i n thang vao s u khoc liet ciia chieh tranh, m i e u ta ve cai che't, k h o n g gan g i i i n h u l a i t h o Che L a n Vien: ne t r a n h hien thuc. N h i i n g n a m m o hoang lanh v 6 d a n h moc len dpc d u o n g Oi to quoc ta yeu nhu mau thit quan hanh n h u n g k h o n g l a m chun buoc chan Tay Tien. K h i m i e u Nhu me cha ta nhie va nhu chong ta n h i i n g n g u o i l i n h Tay Tien, n g o i b u t ciia Q u a n g D u n g k h o n g he n h a h c h i m n g u o i dpc Oi to quoc neu can ta chel vao cai b i t h u o n g , b i l u y . C a m h u n g cua ong m o i k h i c h i m vao cai b i t h u o n g lai , Cho moi ngoi nha, ngon nui, dong song dupe nang d o bang d o i canh cua l i t u o n g , ciia t i n h than lang m a n . C h i n h v i vay ma h i n h anh n h i i n g n a m m o chieh si rai rac n o i r u n g hoang bien g i o i xa ,^ , .. v> •j.j,, .i • i • Chet cho to quoc chinh la che't cho l i t u o n g . C o n quyet t a m nao cao q u y va Weng lieng h o n the'niia chang ? . 1C1 Ta chgt nho toi tich Kinh Kha sang dat Tan hanh thich b^o chiia Tan Thuy Hoang, ben ba song Djch chang dut ao ra di voi khau khi yeng hung trang sT; "Song D}ch u u gio thoi/ Trang si mpt d i khong tra ve". Vay la nguoi linh cu Ho khong chi mang ve d?p cua thoi d^i ma con mang mpt ve d^p c6 kinh duc^m mau hi$p sT xa xua. d. Hai cau tha cuoi, Quang Dung noi ve s\f hi sinh bi trang cua nhung nguoi linh: '-jf, len "khuc dpc hanh" khiic trang ca bi hung rue ro net su thi "Song Ma. gam khuc doc hanh". Tieng gam ay la khiic nhac bi trang, khiic nhac thieng tien jjua ngwc^i linh ve voi noi an nghi cuoi cung. 5i that cam dpng va kinh men biet bao nhCing nguoi anh hung ay, nhiing anh hting da 'i*^*^ tuong dai Vi?t Nam bat t u voi thai gian. thuang nho ta cang tham thia lai can dan thiet ta ciia Nguyen Khoa Diem: Em oi em Ao bao thay chieu anh vedat Dai nude Id mdu xuong cua minh Song Ma gam len khuc doc hanh Cach noi "ao bao thay chieu" la each noi bi trang hoa, trang 1$ hoa su hi sinh cua nguoi linh. Chiec chieu coi nhau rach kia da tung theo ho suo't chien truong, la vat bat l i than d i n g la tarn ao bao aia long thanh kinh dua nhirng nguoi con uu tii cua dan tQC ve voi dat m?. "Anh ve dat" la each noi giam, noi tranh di cai chet lam cau tho bi ma khong luy. Dat nuoe ta nam t h i n g ay con ngheo, cae anh nga xuong thi do dae quan trang khong chon theo ma lai de lai cho ban be. Nhiing nguoi ban cua hp lai m^c chinh chiec ao ciia dong dpi minh da nga xuong de tiep tuc chien dau va cong hieh. Ta chpt cam dpng truoc loi tho ciia Che'Lan Vien: Con nho anh con ngucri anh du kick ' Chiec do nau anh mac dim cong don Phdi biii gan bovdsanse t , , Phdi biii hoa than cho ddng hinh xu so Lam nin dai nude muon doi ' ' Vang! Thoi gian da di qua, bui thoi gian c6 the da day len nam thang nhung tinh than ciia mpt thoi dai thi con song mai toi muon doi. Gia t r i ciia Tay Tien chinh la 6 day! 3. Tdng ket nghe thuat: Thanh cong ciia doan tho noi rieng va bai tho noi chung chinh la viee nha t h d s u dung nhieu thii phap ngh^ thuat: phep tuong phan, doi lap gay ah tuong manh. Doi lap, tuong phan giiJa cai ngoai hinh om yeu, tieu tuy voi rinh than chien dau manh me 6 ben trong; su dung nhieu tu Han Vi?t gpi sac thai c6 kinh; bi?n phap tu t u nhan hoa, an du... ngon ngir su thi, lang man, hao hung. Chat tho mang dam dau ah ciia tri thue tieu t u san. Chiec do ndu suo't mot dai vd rdch III. K E T BAI Dim cum ciing anh cai lai cho con Tom lai, thanh cong ciia doan tha la nha tha da su dung nhieu t u Han Vi^t gpi Trong bai tho "Vieng ban" Hoang Lpc ciing da xiic dpng khi viet: sac thai c6 kinh, trang nghiem! Su dung nghe thuat doi lap, nhan hoa, noi giam noi dddy khong go vdn tranh. Lai tho ham sue vua dupm chat hi?n thue vua gpi chat hao hung, bi trang. Viii anh trong tarn chan But phap lang man va su thi da lam nen hinh tuong nguoi linh eu Ho trong chin Cua dong bao Cua ngan nam khang chien gian lao ma oai hiing lam lift. Nha phe binh Pham Xuan Tang toi ngdy so tdn. Nguyen noi: "Toy Tien" giong nhu mot viin ngoc. Ngoc cdng mai thi cdng sang, cdn Hp chet la ve voi m? nen cai chet cua hp da hoa thanh bat tu, cai chet da '«p lanh vd hap dan. Do Id mot bdi tho ky dieu vd co mot vi tri doc biet trong long cdng lam cho "Nhung cuoc doi da hoa nui song ta". Toi chpt nho toi cau tha cua nha nhiing... mot bdi tho Idm song day ca mot tning dodn, khiih dia danh Tay Tim truong ton ngoai cam Phan Thi Bich Hang sau khi tim dupe gan 400 ngoi mp Li^t si 6 ^ong lich sie vd ky uc moi nguoi". (Trich bao Van nghf quan dpi) Knac (Tay Nguyen): Nguoi hi sinh dai hoi sinh Mdu nguoi hoa ngoc lung linh giiea den 4: Phan tich hinh tupng nguoi linh Tay Tien trong bai "Tay Tien" juaQuang Dung. Vang! Cai chet cua hp, mau xuong ciia hp da gui ve dat m?, lam cho "la ca H I / 6 N G D A N CHI TIET each mang them do tham" (Ho Chi Minh) lam cho tinh than Vi^t Nam cang bat khuat kieu hiing. Thuang lam sao con song Ma, chung nhan ciia lich su, ban dong hanh ciia Tay Tien, cung nho dong 1^ cam thuang lay dpng ca dat troi, da 1C1 I. MO BAI Quang Dung la nghe si da tai: viet van, lam tho, ve tranh, soan nhac... •^utig thanh cong nhat van la tho ca. Cac tap tho tieu bieu ciia Quang Dung d u g c ban dpc biet den nhieu n h u " M a y dau 6", " M u a hoa gao", " T u y e n t^p jn^t ruTig thieng. C h i i n g cho biet k h o n g chi m i e n da't ma n g u o i l i n h da d i t h o v a n Q u a n g D u n g " . N h u n g ten t u o i cua Q u a n g D u n g c6 le da gan Hen v6i qua ma k h i "vira m o i dpc len thoi da thay m o n chan m o i go'i" (Tran Le Van), b. T r e n cai n e n t h i e n n h i e n h i e m tror, h o a n g v u , h u n g vi do, n g u o i l i n h bai t h o "Tay T i e n " . Bai t h o ra d o i vao n a m 1948 i n t r o n g tap " M a y dau 6" T i e n xuat h i ? n c u n g that oai p h o n g l a m l i ? t , d u d p i , p h i thuomg. bai t h o tieu bieu nha't cua t h a ca khang chien chong Phap. Bai t h o da xay dung t h a n h cong h i n h t u g n g n g u o i chien b i n h Tay Tien v u a b i t r a n g v u a lang man phi t h u o n g 6 s u gian kho ciing cue: an d o i , mac rach, b ^ n h tat, so't ret den hao hoa da de lai t r o n g l o n g ban dgc bao the h? nhiJTig t i n h cam d?p. xanh da, trpc toe "Tay Tien doan b i n h k h o n g mpc toe/ Q u a n xanh m a u la du oai II. T H A N BAI hiim"- H i " ^ 1, K h a i q u a t : Tay T i e n la m o t phan hi?u bp d p i dupe t h a n h lap dau nam g5't ret l a m cho than the ciia hp tieu tuy. T u y nhien, hp v a n giu dupe ve hao n g u o i l i n h dupe tac gia khac hpa that dpc dao va c6 phan k i la. 1947, thanh phan chu yeu la thanh nien t r i thuc H a N p i . N h i e m v u ciia hp la hiing- V o i b u t phap lang man, tac gia da nhah m a n h s\f t u o n g phan giiia ngoai pho'i h p p v a i bo d p i Lao bao v ^ bien g i o i phia Tay. N a m 1948, Tay T i e n giai the hjnh va n p i tam, giiia h i n h thiic c6 phan xanh xao tieu t u y v o i sue m a n h t i n h de thanh lap t r u n g doan 52. Q u a n g D i i n g ciing chuyen sang d o n v i khac. Sau than m a n h liet ben trong. " K h o n g mpc toe" la each noi ngang tang rat linh, horn k h i r o i d o n v i cu chua dupe bao lau Quang D u n g da sang tac bai t h o nay tai hinh v u i d i i a v o i k h o khan gian kho ciia m i n h . M a t khac cai hao h i i n g con hien m o t n g o i nha nho Phu L u u Chanh ben d o n g song Day. len qua each d i m g tir H a n V i ^ t "Doan b i n h " . Chir "doan b i n h " c h u k h o n g phai la doan quan da g p i len dupe sy m a n h me la t h u o n g cua s u h u n g d i i n g , trong do 2. N 6 i d u n g p h a n t i c h : C dang dap cua "Quan d i diep diep t r i i n g t r i m g " trong t h o T o ' H i h i , cua "Tam O a. N g u o i l i n h T a y T i e n l a n h u n g con n g u o i rat d o i hao hoa, hao h u n g . Deri quan t i ho k h i thon n g u u " (Sue marJi ba quan nuo't troi trau) t r o n g t h o Pham song, m o i t n r t m g c h i e n d a u cua n g u o i l i n h la d o i song p h i t h u c m g : N g i i Lao. Ba tir "dix oai h i i m " gpi len dang ve oai p h o n g l a m liet, oai cua ehiia N g u o i l i n h Tay Tien, qua cam h u n g lang m a n ciia Q u a n g D i i n g dupe xuat son lam. Qua do ta thay n g u o i linh Tay Tien van m a n h me l a m chu tinh hinh, h i f n tren cai boi canh hoang so, k i v i , du dpi, h i e m t r o m a c i i n g rat khoe d^p va lam chu n i i i r i m g , che n g u m p i khac nghi^t x u n g quanh, dap bang m p i gian kho. thi v i v o i d i i n u i cao, v u c tham, doc d u n g , thac g a m . . . cung v o i n h i m g con Do la n h i i n g con n g u o i p h i t h u o n g : tran day k h i phach anh h i m g chang m a y heo hut, suong lap, m u a xa k h o i , cpp treu n g u o i : nhirng d a m d u o n g dau v o i m p i thir thach gian truan: d o i ret, b?nh tat, r i r n g "Doc let! khuc khuyu doc tham tham thieng nuoe dpc, t h i i d i i . . . m a con c6 thai dp, t u the, k h i phach hien ngang Heo hut con may sung ngui trai truoc cai chet: Ngan thu&c len cao, ngan thuac xuong "Rdi rdc bien cucmg mo vien xie Nha ai Pha Ludng mua xa khai" Chien truang di chang tiec doi xanh" N h i j n g chi tiet, h i n h anh t h o ciia tac gia day an t u p n g . S u o n g day n h u lap Cau t h o "Rai rac bien c u o n g m o vien x u " sir d u n g nhieu tir H a n Viet g p i su ca doan quan, m u a nhieu den n o i l a m cho nhOng n g o i nha n h u t r o i b o n g benh C k i n h . N h i r n g tir n g i i n h u "bien c u o n g ", " v i e n x u " g p i len cai hoang lanh, O giiia bien k h o i " N h a ai Pha L u o n g m u a xa k h a i " . . . N h i e u cau t h o su dung bi t h u o n g . N h u n g cau t h o Q u a n g D i i n g m o i Ian nhan c h i m n g u o i dpc vao b i hang loat t h a n h trac: "doc", " k h i i c k h u y u " , " t h a m " . . . l a m hien len cai gap thuong t h i cau sau do c6 n h i ^ m v u nang tam h i n h anh len t h a n h b i trang. Cau ghenh, t h a m tham, khuc k h u y u , cheo leo ciia con d u o n g hanh quan. Tiep do la tho "Chien t r u o n g d i chang tiec d o i x a n h " da nang y thiie len t h a n h b i trang phep nhan hoa v o i ba chir d i i n g rat bao: "siing ngvri t r o i " g p i len dp cao chong boi cai p h u o n g cham song, triet l i song rat dep cua t u o i tre t h o i ay "Quyet tir mat cua n i i i non. H a i cau sau c6 s u p h o i thanh rat dpc dao. Cau tren nhieu cho to quoe quyet sinh". N g u o i l i n h Tay T i e n m a n g d a n g ve cua n h i r n g n g u o i thanh trac, do x u o n g gan n h u thang d u n g , cau t h o n h u b i be d o i gap xuong: " N g a n thuoc len cao, ngan thuoc x u o n g " , va cau t h o sau t h i toan t h a n h bang: • m h h i i n g kieu K i n h K h a sang Tan, n g u o i c h i n h p h u t h o i x u a m p t d i k h o n g t r o coi cai chet nhe tua l o n g hong: " N h a ai Pha L u o n g m u a xa k h o i " . Ta n h u h i n h d u n g dupe n g u o i l i n h dang leo "Gio hiu hiu he! Nucrc song Dick lanh te len n h i r n g "con may", m o t horn nao do, d i r n g chan ben doc n i i i p h o n g t a m mat n h i n ngang ra xa, thay nha ai do thap thoang an h i f n qua m p t k h o n g gian m i ' , Trang si mot di, khong tro ve" • mjt s u o n g m i l , m a y n i i i . N h i i n g dia d a n h n h u Sai Khao, M u o n g Lat, M u d n t ' C h i i nghia lang m a n c i i n g t h u o n g hay n o i ve n o i buon, cai chet vc?i y nghia H i c h , Pha L u o n g . . . rat xa la, l a m tang them ah t u p n g ve s u hoang so, k i vT, bi ^ieu hien cai dep v o i chat b i h i i n g . D o phai chien dau t r o n g hoan canh v 6 c i i n g 155 cam nang luyeu tTii ifni line Vmi - fnun uum niCM (Jeu i f ac liet, cue kho, cac chien si chet v i so't ret r u n g nhieu h o n la v i chien tran, va d a m t r o n g t a m h o n n g u o i l i n h de tao nen n h i r n g hue t r a n h vtra thyc, vtrampng: k h i chon cat, den ngay m a n h chieu che than cung k h o n g c6 n h u n g d i i vay, "Nguoi di Chdu Moc chieu sucmg ay h i n h t u g n g n g u o i l i n h t r o n g tho v a n phai d^p, p h a i sang, p h a i hao h u n g . Co Co thay hon lau neo hen ha n g u o i da nga x u o n g t r o n g t u the l a m li^t: Anh ban dai dau khong buac nm , "• Co nha dang nguoi tren doc moc Guc len sung mil bo quen dai '' Troi dong nuac lU hoa dong dm" -m,! > i ' '• ' ' N h u n g con n g u o i ay so'ng v 6 ciing gian kho n o i r t m g m i i , t h u o n g xuyen Co n g u o i l i n h da nga x u o n g t r o n g tieng nhac b i trang ciia m i i song: phai tie'p xiic v a i chet choc, h i sinh n h u n g d e m d e m hon m p n g ciia hp van bay "Ao bao thay chieu anh vedd't v o i nhirng c6 gai H a N p i dep m p t each thanh lich, d i u dang: Song Ma gam len khuc doc hanh" "Mat tritng giei mong qua bien giai Tieng g a m ciia song M a n h u m o t khiic "doc h a n h " tien d u a n g u o i chien sT Dem ma Ha Noi dang kieii thorn" d i ve l o n g da't me vTnh hang, goi len bie't bao tiec t h u o n g n g a m n g u i . D i e u do H a i chir " M a t t r u n g " g p i nhieu lien t u o n g : mat t r u n g la m a t m o to n h i n l a m cho cai chet cua n g u o i l i n h c6 b i ma k h o n g c6 l u y , v a n d^p va hao hung thAng ve phia ke t h u v o i chi k h i m a n h me the so'ng chet v o i ke t h u . N h u n g d o i bie't bao. Bai t h o "Tay T i e n " c6 m o t m a u sac b i trang rat doc dao la n h u vay. mat t r u n g ay con " g u i m p n g qua bien g i o i " la d o i mat c6 t i n h , d o i m a t thao c. Nguoi l i n h T a y T i e n con c6 mpt ve d?p khac: chat lang man, hao hoa thiic n h o ve que h u o n g H a N p i ve m p t dang kieu t h o m t r o n g m p n g t r o n g m o . boi hp la n h u n g chang trai tieu tu san dat H a thanh. Voi y nghla ay ta thay, n g u o i l i n h Tay Tien k h o n g chi bie't cam s i i n g cam g u o m N g u o i l i n h Tay tien k h o n g chi c6 ve dep lang m a n hao h u n g , m a con c6 mpt theo tie'ng gpi cua n o n song ma con rat hao hoa, giiia bao n h i e u gian kho, thie'u ve d^p dang yeu khac. D o la chat hao hoa, thanh lich, chat m o m p n g rat lang thon trai t i m hp v a n r u n g dong, n h o n h u n g ve ve dpp cua H a N p i : do c6 the la man. D o a n q u a n Tay Tien g o m hau het la n h i i n g n g u o i thanh nien H a thanh pho cii, t r u o n g xua, n h i i n g con d u o n g m u a t h u t h o m l u n g hoa siia... hay tai hoa, t r o n g do c6 Q u a n g D u n g . chinh xac h o n la n h o ve m p t "dang kieu t h o m " , b o n g d a n g ciia n h i i n g n g u o i Chat tai hoa ay bat rat nhay cam v d i n h i i n g h i n h anh dep de, nen tho, cai ban gai H a N p i yeu kieu, d i e m le. Co m p t t h o i n g u o i ta hieu rang cau t h o nay net t i n h te ciia canh va n g u o i , dac b i f t la n h u n g cai dep m a n g m a u sac x u la mang m p n g tieu t u san qua nhieu l a m g i a m d i chat chien da'u. N h u n g thoi p h u a n g xa. T u m o t con m u a r u n g ciing thanh cai n h i n t h o m p n g " N h a ai pha gian da c h u n g m i n h rang do la m p t ve dep ciia tam l o n g l u o n h u o n g ve To l u o n g m u a xa k h o i " . T u m p t loai hoa chon r u n g thieng n u o c dpc c i i n g thanh quo'c, h u o n g ve T h i i do. N g u o i l i n h dau 6 n o i bien c u o n g hay v i e n x i i xa x o i " M u o n g L a t hoa ve t r o n g d e m h o i " hay " T r o i d o n g nuoc lu hoa d o n g dua". T u nhung long liic nao ciing h u o n g ve H a N p i , ve que h u o n g . C h i n h que h u o n g m p t d e m h p i "duo'c hoa" n h u t r o n g m i e n c6 tich da xoa d i bao m o i met gian tang them cho hp sue m a n h de d i "Lay m a u no tra t h i i nay". t r u a n m a n g den bao cam xiic t u o i v u i den ngo ngang: T h o ca k h a n g chien cho'ng phap cGng da khac hpa bao g u o n g mat n o i nho "Doanh trai bimg len hoi duo'c hoa .nhu the. D o la n o i n h o r u p n g d o n g "Ba nam roi giii lai m a i leu tranh/ Luo'ng Kia em xiem do tu bao gia p y da't do/ Tie'ng m o d e m t r u o n g / I t nhieu n g u o i v p tre / M o n chan tren coi Khen len man dieu nang e op |gao canh k h u y a " ( H o n g N g u y e n ) . D o la n o i n h o "gieng n u o c goc da n h o n g u o i Nhac veVien Chan xay hon tho" »a l i n h " . M o i g u o n g mat n o i n h o ay la l i n h nong dan hay l i n h thanh t h i t h i n o i D e m h p i ay m a i la dau an dpp cua m p t hon t h o lang man. NhiSng tu n g u p h o ay cGng la n o i n h o ciia nhiing tam h o n l u o n h u o n g ve da't nuoc, to quo'c, t u o i v u i n h u t a m h o n " b u n g " len day sue song. A n h l i n h H a T h a n h hoa vao Rue h u o n g . d e m h p i , ngay ngat, d a m say b o i m p t k h i "khen m a n d i p u " da len, m p t k h i I 3. N g h e t h u a t : n g o n ngir s i i t h i hao h u n g ; biit phap lang m a n trii t i n h . Tir "nang e ap" t h i cho d i i c6 m o i m^t, 6'm dau n h u the'nao chang nixa t h i trong Han V i ^ t g p i sac thai c6 k i n h . Sii d u n g phep t u o n g phan, d o i lap. Cac bien l o n g n g u o i l i n h tre v a n rpn rang, t u o i v u i . phap t u t u n h a n hoa, so sanh, diep t u . G i p n g t h o hao sang, k h i phach n h u l o i D e h n h i j n g b o n g hoa " d o n g d u a " ra't t i n h t u ben d o n g nuoc l u , t u m p t Ian the song niii. s u o n g chieu m o ao den m p t dang hoa lau n i i i pha't pho, d o n so, g p i cam; tat ca 157 III. KET BAI Quang Dung da khac hpa mpt each kha day du chan dung tap the aia nguoi linh Tay Tien tir di^n mao den tam hon, khi phach anh hung, thai dp truac cai chet cung nhu ve hao hoa rat Ha Npi aia hp. Bai tho xung dang la n\pt tupng dai bang ngon ngu da bat tu hoa pham chat anh hung cua anh bp dpi cv Ho trong cupc khang chien cho'ng Phap rat doi gian kho va vui tuoi, hao hung: 1: Anh /Chj hay phan tich tam tr^ng ta - minh trong d o ^ tho sau ciia bai tho "Vi?t Bac": Minh vetninh c6 nha ta ? Mttai lam nam ay thiei tha man nong Minh veminh c6 nha khong ? Nhin cay nha niii nhin song nha nguon "Tdy Tien bien cuang mo khoi liea Quart di lap lap dong cay rimg Tieng ai tha thiet ben can ,i Bang khuang trong da ban chan buac di Va con nguai ay, bai tha ay *•^ Ao chdm dua buoi phan ly Van song mudn doi Cling niii song" Cam tay nhan biei noi gi ham nay... (Giang Nam) Hl/dNG DAN CHI TIET I.M6BAI T6Hmi To H i h i la nha tho aia ly tuong cpng san, la cd dau ciia nen tho ca each mang Vi?t Nam. Moi thoi ky lich sii d i qua. To H i m deu de lai dau ah rieng • L6I BINH VE T H O TO H C U "Tho To Hihi khong phai la mpt tro tieu khien ma la mpt khf cu dau tranh, mpt cong tac van dpng cua nguoi each mang. Nguoi To H i n i la mpt thi sT, mpt chien sT nhung chiing ta dung quen cot each cua no la thi sT". (Lai giai thieu tap Tha cm ToHihi, Van hoa Cuu quoc Viet Nam xuat ban, 1946) "To H u u khong to ve len nhan vat quan chiing nhung net son hao nhoang, gia tao. Tinh cam aia nhan vat tho anh bieu hifn len tir ban chat giai cap, tu doi song thuc. Nguoi bp dpi chiem mpt dia v i quan trpng trong tap tho Vi?t Bac, chinh la nguai nong dan ngheo kho". Hoang Trung Thong (Chang duang moi cua chung ta, 1961) f "Phong each dan tpc a To Hun the hien a cho tho anh giau chat nhae, anh nam rat viing cai am di^u, van di^u aia dan tpc. ... Tho anh la 16'i tho lay cai duang d i toan doi, lay cai hai toan tap, lay cai t i i toan bai la chinh..." . (CheLan Vien - Lai noi dau cho tuyen tap 1938 -1963 Cua To Him, Van hoc, 1964) "Tha aia chang thanh nien To H i i u khi ay t u trai tim vpt ra ciing nhu tho aia chiing toi, ciing lang man nhu the chiing toi, nhung la thii lang man khac, CO nhieu mau huyet han; tha chiing toi chi dap cho ma a i a trai, nhung tho To H i m thi moi c6 chia khoa: Cach mang, giai phong dan tpc, giai phong cho nguoi lao kho" (Xudn Dieu) - ToHihi vaichiing toi, 1975) "Mpt tieng noi yeu thuong luon luon chan hoa anh sang, t y no d i n g la anh sang, lai het siic linh hoat va uyen chuyen, moi liic mpt khac, moi noi mpt khac, ke ca nhirng liic chi la su im lang giiia cac dong tho. Phai chang day chinh la ban sac rieng ciia tha To H i r u " {Hdai Thanh - Chuyen tho, 1978) 158 mang dam hon tho t r i i tinh chinh tri: Tit ay, Viet Bac, Gio long, Ra tran, Mdu va hoa... Trong do, Vi^t Bac la dinh cao ciia tho To Hiju noi rieng va tho ca chong Phap noi chung. Bai tha dupe lam vao thang 10.1954, khi TW Dang va Chinh phii cung can bp chien s roi chien khu de ve tiep quan thii do Ha Npi. Lay cam T hung tir khong khi aia buoi chia tay lich sii ay. To H i i u da xiie dpng viet nen bai tho nay. Bai tha c6 hai nhan vat "Ta - Minh", trong buoi chia tay lich sir ay, hai nhan vat ay da de lai bao tam trang thiet tha boi hoi: "Minh veminh co nha ta? Cam tay nhau biel noi gi horn nay..." II. T H A N BAI 1. K h a i quat: Viet Bac la khu can eii dia khang chien dupe thanh lap tir n3m 1940, gom sau tinh viet tat la "Cao - Bac - Lang - Thai - Tuyen - Hd". N o i <*ay, can bp chien sT va nhan dan Viet Bac da co muoi lam nam gan bo keo son, "ghla tinh. Sau chien thang Difn Bien, Phap phai ky hiep djnh Gioneve tra lai Ha Npi. Nay can bp phai ve xuoi tiep tuc nhi^m vu each mang. Buoi chia tay ^/ biet bao ky ni^m cir iia ve xoan xuyt vao long khien nguai di ke 6 ray rut, V ''on chon khong yen. Cai dpc dao aia To H i m chinh la mupn the tho dan tpc, the tho luc bat de ta tinh cam each mang (tif xua toi nay luc bat von Id the tha de di vao long nguai bai dm dieu ngot ngdo von co cua no. Neii dung dedien ta tinh cam thi that khong gi hay bdng). Hay hon niia la vi^c tac gia van dung thanh cong 161 hat doi dap 159