Cuoi cung phai n o i den canh ong Phan oat n g u o i d i , khoc t h a m thiet roi nga
Cai chet ciia cy co to k h o n g chi l a m cho n g u o i t r o n g gia d i n h cu c6 H o r
v u i s u o n g ma con m a n g hanh phiic den cho n h u n g n g u o i ngoai gia d i n h . C a r ,
sat M i n d o va M i n Toa bong c6 vi^c l a m va c6 tien. Ban be cvia cy c6' c6 d i
khoe cac h u y c h u o n g "van tug-ng bpi t i n h " va d i i kieu rau ria n h u n g sun^
s u o n g nhat va cam d o n g nhat la d u g c n h i n thay Ian da trang thap tho tren I
Xuan. M i a m a i thay, d i i n g liic xot t h u o n g len den cao dp cung la liic ong
phan tranh t h i i thanh toan song phang so tien thue X u a n bang each " d i i i vao
tay no m o t cai giay bac n a m d o n g gap t u " .
e. G o p phan cho tieng cuoi day mia mai con phai ke den ngon n g u cua tac
ham: K h i ke chuyen, bao g i o V u T r p n g P h y n g cung c6 sy ket h o p n h u n g
canh tay va n g y c Tuyet. Gia d i n h , pho p h y a n g t u n g b i r n g h u y e n nao nhu
^gon t u trai n g u p c n h a u t r o n g m p t cau van de l a m bat len sy v 6 nghia ly ciia
ngay hoi. Bpn con chau v 6 tarn ai cGng sung suong thoa t h i c h . . . " N g u o i ta
cupc d o i . Chang han, tac gia gpi nha dam la "bay con chau chi hie'u chi nong
t u n g b u n g v u i ve d i d u a giay cao pho", goi p h u o n g ken, thue xe d a m m a . . .
rupt d e m chon cho chong cai xac chet ciia cy t o " . . . , hoac tac gia m i e y ta : "That
V o i n h u n g man thuan tren, dac bi^t la vi^c mieu ta t i m i n i e m hanh phiic cua
la mpt ng ke CO hpi.
6 m p t d i e m khac V u T r p n g P h y n g bat gap "Phai tre la 6", "cay T i i tan dien j
^ >
L 6 I B I N H VE N A M CAO
n g u o i " , ba V a n M i n h sot rypt, ong T y p n bye m i n h . . . M p i n g y a i dien len. H t "
" N a m Cao lanh ICing qua, keo mep len m o i n o dupe m p t n u c y o i kho nhpc
ra n g u o i ta sot r u p t k h o n g v i n g u o i chet ma v i cai xac chet ay sao k h o n g mm'
(•••) that ra m a t anh ta lanh n h u n g l o n g anh ta soi n o i " ( N h a n xet ciia nha van
chong d u p e chon de hp dupe h u o n g " H a n h phiic ciia m p t tang gia". M i a m a i
ToHoai)
thay cai gia d i n h ay.
M i a m a i thay n u a la canh cau T i i tan b i t m p i n g u o i p h a i d o n g kjch de chij
h i n h : n g u o i phai chong gay, gyc dau, n g u o i phai lau n u a c m a t . . . N e u coi doc?
trich la m p t tan b i hai kich thi m o i n g u o i la m p t vai he t r i n h dp.
"Con n g u o i N a m Cao m a n h khanh, t h u sinh, an n o i on ton nhieu k h i den
re, m o i liic lai do mat ma k i t h y c mang trong long m p t sy p h a n khang
•^anh l i ^ t " ( N g u y e n D i n h T h i )
" D u viet ve de tai nao, t r u y # n ciia N a m Cao cung
tlu- inen
m p t t u tuorig
chung: n o i ban khoan den dau d o n t m o c thuc trang con n g u o i b} h u y hoai
nhan p h a m do cupc song d o i ngheo day t6i"(?) " V i e t ve n g u o i t r i thuc tieu tt;
san ngheo, N a m Cao da m a n h dan phan tich va m o xe tat ca, k h o n g ne tranli
n h u Thach L a m ; k h o n g cue doan, phien d i f n n h u V u T r p n g Phung, ciing
k h o n g t h i v} hoa n h u N h a t L i n h , K h a i H u n g , n g o i b u t cua N a m Cao l u o n lu6n
t i n h tao d i i n g m u c " (Ha M i n h Diic)
"Tro n g cac trang truyen ciia N a m Cao, trang nao dang c6 n h u n g nhan \t
chinh hoac p h u dang doi dien v o l cai cho k i ^ t ciing v o l d o i song con n g u o i de r6j
t u do bat bupc n g u o i ta phai bpc Ip m i n h ra, t m o c het la tarn li, nhan each roi tiep
den sau ciing la cai noi dau khon nguoi cua con n g u o i " (Nguyen M i n h Chau)
cua nha van N a m Cao de lam sang to h i kich bi cu tuygt quyen lam nguoi.
^^^^ P*^^"
n g u o i ft nhieu nhan thuc dupe b i k i c h ciia chinh m i n h .
Chi pheo la m p t su i m lang den r p n n g u o i . Cay dSng h o n n i i a , dap lai tieng
chiii ciia C h i Pheo lai la " t i e n g cho cSn lao xao". C h i da b i d a n h bat ra k h o i cai
xa h p i loai n g u o i . Xa h p i m a d u song trong no C h i cung k h o n g con d u p e xem
la con n g u o i n i i a . Qua tieng c h u i ay, ta nhan ra b o n thai dp: Tha i d p ciia n g u o i
chi>i: han hpc, han t h i i ; thai d p n g u o i nghe: d u n g d u n g , k h i n h mi#t; thai d p
nha van: xot xa, t h u o n g cam; thai d p n g u o i dpc: to m o . . . Vay C h i Pheo la ai?
b . B i k i c h ciia m p t d u a con hoang b i bo r o i . Lat lai trang d o i ciia Chi, n g u o i
dpc khong sao cam dupe nuoc mat truoc m p t hoan canh dang t h u o n g . Ngay t u
inua dong suong trang. Roi C h i dupe dan lang nhat ve n u o i nahg. Tuoi tho ciia
anh song trong bat hanh, tiii cue "het lang thang d i 6 cho nha n g u o i nay lai d i 6
cho nha n g u o i khac, n a m hai tuoi thi lam canh dien cho nha Ba Kien". Day la
H l / d N G DAN CHI TIET
quang t h o i gian d?p nhat trong cupc d o i ciia Chi, b a i do la quang d o i l u o n g
thi?n, quang d o i tuoi tre nhieu m p n g d?p. C h i giau long t u trpng, biet ghet
I. M 6 B A I
la
cha de cua n h u n g tac p h a m ten tuoi : " C h i Pheo", "Lao H a c " , " D o i t h u a " .
t r o n g do " C h i Pheo" la kiet tac cua N a m Cao va cGng la kiet tac cua van hoc
hien thuc phe phan. T h o n g qua h i n h t u p n g nhan vat C h i Pheo va con duong
tha hoa cua n g u o i n o n g dan truoc Cach mang. N a m Cao da khac hpa thanh
cong tan b i k i c h b i c u tuyet quyen l a m n g u o i cua nhan vat C h i Pheo m a n g den
cho ban dpc bao n i e m xiic d p n g xot t h u o n g .
n. T H A N BAI
1 . Bi kich la g i ? Bi kich la su mau thuan giiia hien thuc d o i song va khat
v p n g ca nhan. H i ^ n thuc d o i song khong d i i dieu kien de ca nhan thuc hien
dupe khat v p n g cua m i n h dan den ca nhan r o i vao hoan canh b i dat (c6 the dan
den cai chet). Tr o ng van hpc Viet N a m ta da t u n g bat gap bi kich tinh yeu CIM
T h i i y Kieu, b i kjch nghe thuat ciia nha van H p , b i kich cua Wu N h u T o . . . nhunc
b i kich la l u n g nhat la b i kich " b i c u tuyet quyen lam n g u o i " cua C h i Pheo.
2. Nhung bieu hien cua bi kich:
a. B i kich ay ngay tu dau tac pham da h i ^ n len qua tieng chui ciia Ch'
Pheo. C h i Pheo xuat h i ^ n Ian dau tien truoc mat n g u o i dpc k h o n g phai banv;
x u o n g bang thit m a la bang tieng chui "han v u a d i v u a c h u i". D o la h i n h an'i
v u a quen v u a la. Q u e n v i do la tieng chui cua n h i r n g thang say r u p u . La v
han c h u i m a k h o n g c6 ai c h u i nhau v o i han, k h o n g ai lay l a m d i e u . C h i "chu'
troi, c h u i d o i , c h u i ca lang V u D a i , c h u i cha d u a nao k h o n g c h u i nhau v o i han
62
]ia
"ch^i Cling la m p t each de giao tiep n h u n g d o n dau thay da p lai tieng c h u i ciia
khi m o i ra d o i C h i da b i bo r o i ben canh chiec 16 gach cii giira m p t canh dong
J : P h a n tich h i n h tugng nhan v^t C h i Pheo trong tac pham ciing ten
N a m Cao la dai bieu u u t i i cua d o n g van hpc hien thuc phe phan. 6ng
d u a d i e t m ? nao da de ra than han". D o la m p t tieng c h u i vat va, dau d o n
nhung g i m a n g u o i ta cho la dang k h i n h . Bi con m y chii bat l a m dieu khong
chinh dang, C h i v u a lam vua r u n , thay nhvc h o n la thieh. C h i ciing n h u bao con
nguoi khac, anh cGng c6 uoc m o gian d j : "c6 m p t gia d i n h nho nho. Chong cuoe
muon cay thue, v p d?t vai. C h i i n g lai bo m p t con Ipn n u o i de l a m v o n liehg. Kha
gia thi mua d a m ba sao rapng lam". D o chinh la m p t uoc m o l u o n g t h i f n .
Nhung d o n dau thay, cai xa hpi bat l u o n g ay da bop chet cai uoc m o do ciia Chi
khi con t r u n g nuoc. M p t con ghen v u v o ciia lao cao gia Ba K i e n da day anh vao
canh tpi t i i . C h i n h nha t i i thuc dan da tiep tay cho lao cao gia bien C h i Pheo t u
mpt anh canh dien khoe m a nh thanh m p t ke l u u m a nh hoa, m p t ke tpi do.
c. B i k i c h tha hoa, l u u m a n h la con ducmg d a n d e n b i c\ t u y ^ t q u y e n l a m
ngttoi. N h a t i l thuc dan da v a m nat bp mat n g u o i ciia C h i , pha h i i y ca nhan
tmh d?p de. Sau bay tarn n a m ra t i i C h i k h o n g con la anh canh d i e n hien lanh
nhu dat n i i a . T r u o c mat n g u o i dpc la m p t ten l u u m a n h v o i m p t nhan h i n h
gorn ghiee "cai d a u t h i trpe 16c, cai mat t h i den ma lai rat cong cong, hai mat
guom g u o m t r o n g g o m chet... cai nguc phanh, day n h u n g net cham tro rong
Phupng v o i m p t o n g t u o n g cam chuy, ca hai canh tay c i i n g the". Ca cai nhan
tihh cung b i xa h p i tan hai. G i o day la C h i Pheo say, C h i Pheo v o i n h u n g tpi ac
^•"oi k h on g d u n g t h i i k h i h a n bong d u n g t r o thanh tay sai dac I v c cho lao cao
Ba Kien, quay ngupc lai Ipi ich ciia dan lang V i i D a i , d o i lap v o i nhan dan
0 dpng can lao. T u m p t n g u o i nong dan hien lanh l u o n g thi#n C h i t r o thanh
""^8 l u u m a n h "con q u y d i i ciia lang V u D a i " . D a n g b u o n thay, m o i ngay nao
63
c h i n h d a n lang V u D a i nuoi C h i I a n l e n trong v o n g tay yeu t h u o n g v$y m a nay
C h i da quay l u n g lai v o i c h i n h cai n o i ma han dupe yeu t h u o n g vk cho che. Tu
day C h i song b l n g ruQ'u v a m a u v a nuoc mat ciia biet bao n h i e u n g u d i dan
l u o n g t h i ^ n : "HSn da dap nat biet bao nhieu canh yen v u i , l a m chay m a u vg
nuoc m a t ciia biet bao nhieu n g u o i dan l u o n g t h i ^ n " . H a n l a m n h i i n g vi?c ay
t r o n g liic say " an t r o n g liic say, n g i i t r o n g liic say, t h i i c day van con say... dap
dau, rach mat, giet n g u o i t r o n g liic say de r o i say n u a say v 6 tan". C h u a bao
gio han t i n h de thay m i n h ton tai tren d o i b o i v i "nhiJTig con say ciia han tran
t u con nay sang can khac thanh n h i j n g con dai m e n h mang". N a m Cao da cho
n g u o i doc thay m o t thuc te dau long ve cuoc song ciia n h a n d a n ta t r u o c Cach
m a n g thang Tam. D o chinh la cupc song b i bop nghet uoc m o va khat VQng,
n g u o i n o n g dan ban cung hoa dan den l u u m a n h hoa. M p t cupc song t o i tam
k h o n g anh sang. N h a van xot t h u o n g cho nhan vat, cay dang va dau d o n cung
nhan vat. Day chinh la ve dep cua tam long nhan dao va yeu t h u o n g ciia nha
van d a n h cho n h u n g kie'p n g u o i n h u C h i Pheo.
d . Gap T h i N o va k h a o k h a t hoan l u o n g . N a m Cao k h o n g trach gian Chi
Pheo, ngoi b i i t ciia ong d a n h cho nhan vat van n o n g nan yeu t h u a n g . O n g phat
h i ^ n t r o n g chieu sau ciia n h a n vat la ban t i n h tot d^p, chi can c h i i t tinh thuong
cham khe vao la c6 the song day m a n h li?t, tha thie't. Sy xuat h i ^ n ciia nhan vat
Thj N o t r o n g tac p h a m c6 m p t y nghia that dac sac. Con n g u o i xau den "mn
che q u y h o n " , k y dieu thay, lai la n g u o n anh sang d u y nhat da r o i vao chon toi
tam ciia tam h o n C h i Pheo de thiic tinh, ggi day ban t i n h n g u o i n o i C h i Pheo,
ihhp sang m p t trai t i m da n g i i me qua bao ngay thang b i dap v u i , hat hui
C h i n h cupc t i n h ngan n g i i i v o i T h i N o trong m o t d e m trang da v6 t i n h thap len
ngon Ilia
CUQC
song trong Chi. Co nha phe b i n h da cho rang: T h i N o la m o t su
gia ma N a m Cao phai den de thiic tinh C h i Pheo. D o la sii gia ciia t i n h yeu
t h u a n g va tain long nhan d?o sau sac ciia nha van. N h u n g c6 le can phai nci
them, T h i N o k h o n g chi la vai tro sii gia ciia long nhan dao ma T h i con la mpt
" t h i e n s i i " ciia tinh yeu. Vj thien s i i nay khong c6 d o i canh thien than n h u n g co
d o i tay day ap t i n h n g u o i . Thien s i i ay n h u mpt n g p n gio, m p t ngpn l i i a thoi vao
tam hon ciia Chi. Ne'u la gio, gio se thoi bay lop tro tan dang vay quanh anh
Ne'u la Ilia, liia se dot chay l o p v6 quy dCf de tra ve cho anh m p t con n g u o i .
L a n dau tien t r o n g c u p c d o i C h i tinh day. Chat nhan ra n o i can leu aim thap
la anh nang ngoai kia rue r o biet bao, nghe dupe tieng c h i m hot ngoai kia vui
ve qua, tieng anh t h u y e n chai go m a i cheo d u o i ca tren song, tieng lao xao cu^
n g u o i d i chp ban v a i ve... N h i i n g am thanh ay ngay nao cha c6. N h u n g horn
nay C h i m a i nghe thay. Chao 6 i la b u o n ! A m thanh cupc song nay k h i e n ta lien
t u o n g den tieng sao ciia dem t i n h m i i a xuan t r o n g tac p h a m " V p chong A
64
^ h i i " - Tieng sao da lay d p n g tiem t h i i c xa xoi ciia M i , d a n h t h i i c t a m h o n M i ,
thu>c day ca m p t qua k h i i d?p t u o i . D o c h i n h la n h u n g chi tiet ngh# thuat dac
sac l a i " nen chat t h o cho tac p h a m . C h i n h cupc sorig da lay d p n g t r o n g tiem
thiic xa xoi ciia C h i . N o n h u con gio thoi t u n g d a m t r o tan n g u p i lanh, n h u
gipt n u o c n h o vao t a m h o n soi da, can kho l a m tan d i gia bang t a m h o n .
ficrn het, no l a m song day uac m o m p t t h o i trai tre: "c6 m p t gia d i n h nho nho.
Chong cuoc m u a n cay thue, v p d^t vai. C h i i n g lai bo m p t con I o n n u o i de l a m
vo'n lieng. K h a gia t h i m u a d a m ba sao r u p n g l a m " . Roi cung t r o n g cai p h i i t
giay t i n h tao ay, C h i Pheo da c6 d a n h o n bao gio het " N h i n phia t r u o c n g u o i
than chang c6/ N g o sau l u n g qua k h i i r p n ghe n g u o i " . H a n n h u da thay "tuoi
gia ciia han, d o i ret, 6'm dau va c6 dpc - cai nay con sp h o n d o i ret va 6'm dau".
phai chang C h i d a n g h o i han va an nan n h i i n g v i f c m a m i n h da lam? Chang
biet CO phai hay k h o n g ma C h i thay long b u o n m a n mac. Va neu n h u Thj N o
khong qua, chac la han da khoc d u p e mat.
Va r o i c h i n h ban tay an can ciia T h i N o ciing v o i t i n h yeu ciia t h i da k h o i
day trong C h i p h a n n g u a i . Bat chao hanh chinh la lieu thuo'c giai dpc gop phan
thiic t i n h p h a n n g u o i t r o n g con q u y d i i . Chao hanh da tay o d i m e n r u p u , gpt
riia n h i i n g t p i loi con n g u o i . Chao hanh c6 h u o n g v i dac biet qua, n h i i n g ke v6
nhan t i n h n h u cha con nha Ba Kien lam sao m a biet dupe. D o la h u o n g v i ciia
tinh n g u o i , h u o n g v i ciia t i n h yeu. K h i ma ca lang V u D a i k h o n g chap nhan
Chi la con n g u o i t h i T h i N o da giang r p n g v o n g tay de d o n lay anh. Va bat
chao hanh kia v 6 h i n h d u n g da suoi am cho trai t i m n g u p i lanh va m o dau cho
mpt m o i thien d u y e n . N h i n bat chao boc k h o i ma l o n g C h i Pheo xao xuyen
bang khuang. H a n an chao h a n h va lay l a m m a n n g u y e n v i v i n g o n ciia no. C h i
Pheo quen song v o i m p t k i e u d i n h nghia : M u o n c6 cai an han phai keu lang,
phai rach m a t an va, han phai thuc su hoa than vao con q u y d u . . . M o i mieng
an hang ngay ciia C h i deu c6 m a u va nuoc mat ciia n h u n g n g u o i dan l u o n g
thi^n lang V i i D a i . N h u n g horn nay cai triet ly song ay ciia C h i d u o n g n h u da
thay doi, n h i i n g gi han da t u n g c6 gio phan bpi lai han t r o n g h u o n g chao hanh
cua n g u o i dan ba xau n h u ma che quy h a n kia. H a n hieu rang n g u o i ta song
voi nhau k h o n g chi bang t p i ac ma con bang ca t i n h t h u o n g yeu n i i a . M a t han
lan dau tien u o n u 6 t . H o i chao hanh phang phat phuc sinh p h a n n g u o i trong
^ i - H a n c6 the song v o i n g u o i ta bang t i n h yeu, han nhen n h o m m p t m o uoc
cupc song b i n h di... H u o n g chao la h u o n g cupc d o i , h u o n g t i n h yeu ma t u
truoc den gio chua ai cho C h i ca... Bat chao hanh gian d i n h u n g bao nhan tinh
chiia, no g i i i chan C h i Pheo d u n g lai 6 bo ciia p h a n nguoi... N h i n T h i han
'^hw m u o n khoc, han cam d p n g va ngay t r o n g choc lat "Hin
cam thay long
*hanh tre con, han m u o n l a m n u n g v o i t h i n h u l a m nQng v o i mo...". D o la giay
phiit ma han nguoi nha't. Da hai Ian chi'nh Thi N o da phai tho't len: " O i sao ma
han hien!" roi " N h i i n g liic tinh tao han cuoi nghe that hien". Cam giac dugc
yeu thuong va cho che da lam Chi troi day mot tinh yeu cuoc song. Phan quy
tam thoi rii bo. Do la giay phiit Chi "them luong thi^n va khat khao lam hoa
vdi moi nguoi". Roi den khat vong hanh phuc vai Thi N o "Gia cu nhu the nay
mai thi thich nhi?... Hay la minh sang day 6 voi to mot nha cho vui". 6 i ! Phai
la loi ciia Chi Pheo do khong? Nghe sao ma hien lanh, c6 chiit gi ngo nghech,
hon nhien ma lai rat doi chan thanh. Loi cau hon khong tinh t i i nhu bao ko
khac nhung lai khien cho trai tim chung ta nghen ngao thuong cam. Tu mot
con qui du, nho Thi No, diing hon nho tinh thuong ciia Thi No, Chi thuc su
duoc tro lai lam nguoi, voi tat ca nhiing nang luc vo'n c6. Mot chiit tinh
thuong, du la tinh thuong ciia mot con nguoi do hoi, benh hoan, tho kech, xau
xi,... cijng du de lam song day ca mot ban tinh nguoi noi Chi Pheo. The moi
biet sue cam hoa ciia tinh thuong ky dieu biet nhuong nao!
e. Dinh diem ciia bi kich bi cu tuy^t quyen lam nguoi. Nhung, bi kich va
dau don thay, ro't cuoc thi ngay Thi No ciing khong the gan bo voi Chi Pheo.
Loi noi ciia ba c6 Thi No nhu mot gao nuoc lanh tat thSng vao mat Chi Pheo
lam tat ngiim ngon liia long vua duoc nhen len trong Chi. " A i lai dam dau di
lay mot thang khong cha khong me nhu cai thang Chi Pheo" da tro thanh djnh
kien khac nghiet lap mat loi ve ciia Chi. Canh ciia cuoc doi vua he mo thi ciing
ngay lap tuc dong sam lai truoc mat ciia anh. Do chinh la bi kich ciia mpt con
nguoi chet tren nguong cua tro ve voi cuoc song luong thien. Chiit hanh phuc
nho nhoi cuoi cung van khong den dugc voi Chi Pheo. Va that la khac nghiet,
khi ban tinh nguoi noi Chi Pheo trSi day, ciing la liic Chi Pheo hieu rang minh
khong con tro ve voi luong thien dugc niia. Canh ciia tro ve voi xa hoi luong
thi^n, xa hoi loai nguoi vua mo ra thi ciing la liic dong sam lai ngay truoc mat
Chi Pheo. Thi N o nhu tia sang loe len trong cuoc doi den toi ciia Chi Pheo vua
dii de soi len mot niem cam thong ciing la liic no tat ngam giua dem den cuoc
doi Chi. Noi xa hon, cai xa hgi thuc dan niia phong kien do da cuop di ciia Chi
quyen lam nguoi va vTnh vien khong tra lai. No da tieu hiiy va da be gay chiec
cau noi Chi voi cuoc doi.
Chi Pheo tim den rugu nhung rugu khong phai bao gio cung lam cho
nguoi ta say. Mot khi rugu khong con dii sue de lam lu mo l i t r i con nguoi thi
no se quay ngugc tro lai thuc tinh ly tri ay. Cang uong Chi cang tinh, cang tinh
cang nhan ra bi kich ciia cuoc doi minh. Chi dau don khi nghe "thoang thoang
miii chao hanh" roi Chi 6m mat khoc rung riic. Phan uat, Chi xach dao di, dinh
den nha Thj No. Trong y djnh, Chi djnh den nha dam chet con "khgm gia", con
"di N o " nhung su thiic tinh y thiic ve than phan va bi kjch da day chech huong
cii3
'^^^
thang nha Ba Kien. Hon ai het liic nay Chi hieu ra rang:
da l a i " cho minh phai mang lot quy, ke da lam minh ra nong noi kho'n ciing
xihy chinh la Ba Kien. Anh cang thain thia tgi ac ciia ke da cuop d i quyen lam
nguoi, cuop di ca nhan hinh va nhan tinh ciia minh. Chi Pheo den nha Ba Kien "
y/di W ^^'^^
"°
^^^'^
Tao mu on lam nguoi luong thien!
.
,s f '
quy^" lam nguoi:
, .j^nrr
A i cho tao luong thien!
£)o la nhiing cau hoi viit len day cay dang va khong loi giai dap. Cau hoi
chat chiia noi dau ciia mot con nguoi tharn thia dugc noi dau khon cung ciia bi
Icjch ca nhan. Cau hoi danh thang vao bg mat ciia xa hgi bat luong. Cau hoi
nhu ciia vao tam can nguoi dgc ve mot than phan con nguoi day dang cay
trong xa hgi cii. Luong thien c6 ngay trong moi con nguoi la di san tinh than
ciia moi nguoi. Tai sao phai di doi luong thien ? A, thi ra Chi da bj cai xa hgi
v6 nhan tinh ay cuop mat. Khon nan thay cho Chi, ngay ca cai quyen dugc lam
mgt con nguoi ciing bj xa hgi nguoi an thit nguoi ay bop nat. Va Chi Pheo
ciing da t u ket lieu cuoc doi minh sau khi ke't lieu cuoc doi ten cao gia Ba Kien.
Cai chet bi tham ciia Chi Pheo la loi ket tgi danh thep cai xa hgi v6 nhan dao, la
tieng keu ciiu ve quyen lam nguoi, cung la tieng ggi tham thie't cap bach ciia
nha van: Hay ciiu lay con nguoi! Hay yeu thuong con nguoi!
3. Danh gia chung ve noi dung va nghe thuat:
Ve npi dung, Tac pham Chi Pheo thong qua tan bi kjch bj cu tuy?t quyen
lam nguoi ciia nhan vat chinh, nha van da mang den nhiing gia trj nhan van
cao dep. Tac pham da len an, to cao tgi ac ciia che do thuc dan nua phong kien
da dan ap va boc lot nhan dan lao dong. Qua do nha van dong cam voi nhiing
noi kho dau, bj day doa va lang nhuc ciia nguoi nong dan. Dong thoi nha van
ciing kip thoi phat hien va tran trgng truoc ve dep tam hon ciia nhan vat va
Idiao khat thay doi thuc tai de mang den mgt cuoc song tot dep hon.
Ve ngh^ thu^t, Biit phap dien hinh hoa dat toi trinh do bac thay trong xay
dimg nhan vat. Nam Cao c6 bi^t tai trong vi^c mieu ta, phan tich tam ly nhan
Vat. Tac gia c6 kha nang trong vi^c mieu ta tam ly phiic tap ciia nhan vat, lam
cho nhan vat hien len truoc mat nguoi dgc rat song dong, c6 ca tinh dgc dao.
'^gh^ thuat tran thuat ke truyen linh hoat tu nhien phong tiing ma van nha't
Ruan, chat che, dao Ign trinh tir thoi gian, mach tu su c6 nhiing doan hoi tuong,
'ien tuong tat ngang, tuong nhu long leo ma thuc su rat t u nhien, hop ly, hap
dan. Ngon ngii ciia Nam Cao ciing dac bi^t t u nhien, sinh dong, sii dung khau
quan chiing mgt each triet de, mang hoi tho doi song, gigng van hoa doi
^ong. Ngon ngu ke chuyen vua la ngon ngii ciia tac gia, vua la ngon ngii ciia
•^han v£it, nhieu gigng di^u dan xen, tao nen mgt thii ngon ngii da thanh d^c sac.
L-wm imiij; myt^ii in
*'u d i n g sau n h u n g tam h o n t u 6 n g n h u u me, cSn coi ( C h i i n g m i n h bang ve
III. K E T B A I
" C h i Pheo" la rriQt k i f t tac bat h i i bod no chua d i m g t r o n g do la t u tucmg, tinh
cam Ion m a n g gia t r i nhan dao va hien thxfc sau sac ma n g u o i doc n i t ra dirge tu
nhiSng trang sach giau t i n h ngh§ thuat cua N a m Cao. Tac p h a m " C h i Pheo" maj
mai bat tvr, m a i m a i c6 kha nang danh thuc t r i tu? va k h o i day n h u n g t i n h earn
d?p de t r o n g tarn h o n n g u o i dQc m p i t h a i dai. Co m p t nha t h o da t u n g viet rang:
" N a m Cao m a t va C h i Pheo van song - Nao c6 dai chi m p t kiep n g u o i - N h a van
chet, nhan vat t u trang sach - V a n ngay ngay Ian 16c giira tran ai". Vang! Gan mgt
the k i qua, gia t r j n g h ^ thuat va y nghia t u t u o n g cua tac p h a m , v u p t qua gio bui
thoi gian, da c h u n g m i n h sue song m a n h me, bat h u a i a no.
2 . P h a n tich gia tri nhan dao ciia tac pham " C h i P h e o " ciia nha v a n
Nam Cao.
lpcuaChiPheo,ThiN6)
d Qua tan b i k i c h va so' phan b i t h a m a i a C h i Pheo, N a m Cao da eat len
tiehg 1^^"
'^^^
n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g t h i ^ n :
^^^^
Lam the nao de cho con n g u o i dupe song m p t cupe song xxing d a n g t r o n g cai
- h p i v u i dap nhan t i n h ay; hay tieu di?t hoan canh p h i n h a n tinh, hay l a m
cho hoan canh t r o nen nhan d^o h o n .
e Qua tan b i k i c h va so p h | n b i t h a m a i a C h i Pheo, N a m Cao da cat len
tiehg keu citu t h a m thiet va day phan uat cho n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g t h i ^ n :
Lam the nao de cho eon n g u o i dupe song m p t cupe song x u n g d a n g t r o n g cai
xa h p i v u i d a p nhan t i n h ay; hay tieu di?t hoan canh p h i n h a n t i n h , hay l a m
cho hoan canh t r o nen nhan dao h o n .
4. N g h e t h u a t : b i ^ t tai m i e u ta t a m l y nhan vat sac sao; n g o n n g u mpc
m^c, gian d i ; g i p n g v a n t i n h tao, sac lanh n h u n g t h a m d a m yeu t h u a n g . . .
CAC Y CAN DAT
1. T a c g i a , t a c p h a m :
-
LUYEN TAP
N a m Cao la dai bieu u u t u ciia d o n g van hoc hien thuc phe phan, mot
n g u o i n g h ^ sT suot cupc d o i tan t u y cho n h i i n g trang v a n sang n g a i chu nghta
nhan van. N h i e u tac p h a m cua o n g da t r o thanh d i n h cao sang gia ciia chu
nghTa nhan dao n h u : " C h i Pheo", " D o i t h u a " , "Lao H a c " . . .
-
" C h i Pheo" la m o t kiet tac ciia N a m Cao va ciing la kiet tac ciia trao l u u
De 1: Cam nhan ciia A n h / c h i ve nhan vat T h i N o trong tac p h a m " C h i Pheo"
ciia N a m Cao va nhan vat n g u o i v p nhat h-ong tac p h a m " V p nhat" ciia K i m Lan.
De 2: Phan tich dien bieh t a m trang nhan vat C h i Pheo ke h i ' k h i gap T h j N o
cho den ket thiic tac p h a m . Phat bieu gia t r i nhan dao a i a tac p h a m .
van hpc hien thuc phe phan.
Bin
2. K h a i n i e m : Gia t r i nhan dao la gia t r i co ban nhat ciia tac p h a m van hoc
chan chi'nh, d u o c tao nen bod n i e m cam thong sau sac d o i v o i n o i k h o dau ciia
Nam
THUA
Cao
con n g u o i , s u nang n i u , tran t r o n g n h i i n g net d?p t r o n g tam h o n con n g u o i ;
d o n g t h o i tac p h a m ciing da d i i n g ve phia cac nan n h a n m a len an n h u n g the
luc tan bao cha dap len hanh phiic, quyen song va p h a m gia ciia con n g u o i .
\. N h i m g b i e u h i e n c i k i g i a t r i n h a n dao t r o n g t a c
pha^
a. T u t u o n g nhan dao ciia N a m Cao 6 day truoc het d u o c bieu hien 6 cho
1 : Phan tich hai tan bi kich tinh than ciia Hp - nguoi tri thuc ngheo
trong xa hpi cu, tvr do chi ra tu tuong nhan dao sau s i c , moi
Hl/ONG DAN CHI TIET
da k h a m pha ra n o i k h o b i day doa, lang nhuc, bj c u t u y ^ t q u y e n l a m n g u o i
ciia n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g thien. N a m Cao bay to n i e m cam t h o n g sau sac v o i
noi kho va sy bat cong d o .
b. T u t u o n g n h a n dao ciia N a m Cao t r o n g tac p h a m "Chi Pheo" con the hien
qua thai d p len an gay gat n h u n g the l y c tan bao da gay nen tan b i k i c h dau
t h u a n g cho n g u o i lao d p n g (bpn thong t r i dpc ac; nha t u thuc dan; n h u n g
thanh kien, d i n h kien v6 nhan dao).
c. T u t u o n g nhan dao dac sic, dpc dao ciia N a m Cao 6 day con d u p e the
hi?n d thai d p t r a n t r p n g , nang n i u n h i r n g net d?p ciia n g u o i n o n g dan. Cao
h o n nua, nha v a n eon k h a m pha ra n h i i n g p h a m chat l u o n g t h i ^ n ciia hp an
cua
Nam Cao.
I.MOBAI
N a m Cao la m p t nha v a n h i f n t h y c I o n c6 t u t u o n g n h a n dgo sau sac, m a i
"^e va p h o n g p h i i . O n g a m hieu kha t u o n g tan cupe song a i a tang l a p t r i thuc
*ieu t u san ngheo. V i vay, viet ve tang l o p nay, o n g da k h a m pha ra n h i e u tan
^ ' i kjch tinh than c6 t a m ca t h a i dgi. M p t h'ong n h u n g b i k}ch do la n g u o i t r i
^hwc khao khat l a m m p t s u nghi?p tinh than cao ca de nang cao y nghia gia t r i
song eiia eon n g u o i n h u n g ket eye b i cupe song tan n h a n day vad kiep " D o i
**»^a". M u o n coi t r p n g va m u o n song theo n g u y e n tac tinh t h u a n g , n h u n g
- -
69
chinh m i n h lai v i p h a m le song cao d?p do. N h a n v$t H p t r o n g tac p h a m " D o i
.
pip xep hang d u d i d o i v i i ciia T u t h i H p khac hSn". V i p h a i k i e m dupe
t h u a " d u p e N a m Cao m i e u ta m o t each chan thuc, cam d o n g la h i ^ n than ciia
'"'hieu tien de n u o i song gia d i n h , thuoc thang cho v p con. H p k h o n g dupe viet
hai tan b i k i c h n o i tren. Qua do nha van da de lai gia t r i nhan dao sau sac.
^ 6t each than t r p n g , k h o n g the tuan theo yeu cau n g h i e m ngat ciia ngh^ thuat
II. T H A N BAI
han chinh ma p h a i viet m p t each v p i vang, cau tha, phai chay theo m p t t h u
1. G i a i t h i c h k h a i n i ^ m :
c h u o n g tam t h u o n g , v 6 v i , nhat nheo "quay loang t r o n g m p t t h u van
Bi kjch hieu theo nghia thong t h u o n g la noi dau kho trien m i e n ve t i n h than
huang bang p h ^ n g va qua u de d a i " . Q u a n d i e m ciia anh d i i n g dan l a m ! T u
k h o n g CO g i giai thoat duoc. N h u n g theo van hoc, b i k i c h chi xay ra k h i c6 s u
tudng
xung dpt giira khat vpng, hoai bao, ly tucmg chan chinh v o i thuc tai. Thuc t ^ chua
nhung gi ? A n h da ehp ra d o i n h i i n g sang tac n h u the nao ? D i e u d o chi co H p
d u dieu kien cho phep ca nhan thuc hi^n hoai bao, ly t u o n g ciia m i n h nen r o i vao
mdi hieu het dupe n o i dau ciia m i n h .
that bai, song trong dan vat, dau don, tham chi d i n den cai chet t h a m thuong.
'^"^ '
n h u n g , t r p n g sang tac ciia m i n h anh da viet
-
.
Chao 6i ! A n h da viet n h i i n g bai ma t h a m chi k h i dpc thay ten ciia m i n h
2. N6i d u n g bi k i c h tinh than c u a H6 the hien o- cac mat sau:
dudi bai viet, anh phai " d o m a t " xau ho. A n h gian Au wax c h i n h anh. A n h
a. La n g u o i yeu v a n c h u o t i g n h u n g H p l a i r o i vao b i k i c h t r o n g sir nghi^p.
khinh ghet nhiSng tac p h a m chi biet " g p i n h i i n g t i n h cam rat nhe rat n o n g bang
D o la s y tan v d giac m p n g van c h u o n g ma anh t u d n g n h u anh c6 tat ca t r o n g tay.
H p la m o t nha v a n c6 tai nang, c6 khat v p n g hoai bao I o n lao va l u o n g tarn
cao ca. A n h m u o n nang cao gia t r i d o i song ciia m i n h bang su sang tao nghe
thuat CO ich cho xa h p i . V o i H p , v a n c h u o n g la tren he't " d o i ret k h o n g c6 nghia
ly g i d o i v o i ga tre t u o i say me l y t u o n g . . . H a n m u o n v u n x o i tai nang cho
ngay cang nay n o " . T h a m chi H p q u y d o i van ciia m i n h h o n ca tien vang bac
van tren d o i . H p da n o i v o i T u se k h o n g bao gio chiu danh d o i cai dia v i cao
mpt t h i i van qua u bMng phang de d a i " ciia chinh m i n h . D u o n g n h u anh hoang
hot, anh ngae n h i e n trude n h i i n g bai viet ciia m i n h m d i ra d o i . A n h dan vat
ghe g d m . A n h t u thay xau h d va t u len an m i n h n h u m p t thang k h d h nan "Su
cau tha t r o n g bat e i i nghe g i c i i n g la m p t s u bat l u o n g , con s u cau tha t r o n g van
chuong t h i that la de t i e n " . HSn chinh la m p t ke bat l u o n g . . . la de t i $ n . . . la m p t
ke v d ich, m o t n g u o i t h u a . . . " . N h u n g van k h d n g the nao khac d u p e . . . H p tv
day d i i t dau kho m a i . ( H p cam thay m i n h p h a i sdhg cupc " D o i t h u a " ) . Va do
chinh la cai b i k i c h ciia anh - b i kich ciia m p t d d i viet v a n - b i k i c h ciia n g u d i
q u y ay. Ca d o i m i n h . H p phan dau cho m o t su nghi^p van c h u o n g chan chinh
hieu m i n h biet m i n h phai l a m g i va danh l u a b i i t thep n h i i n g dieu m i n h chang
CO ich cho m p i n g u o i b o i n h i r n g tac p h a m giau t i n h sang tao "biet dao sau,
he m u d h . Ta cam thay cai dau d o n k h i i n g khie'p t u chdh sau t h a m ciia t a m hon
k h a m pha, k h o i n h i i n g n g u o n chua ai k h o i va sang tao n h i i n g g i chua c6"...
va
anh. M p t cai g i d o b d n g choc sup do t r o n g anh. Day c h i n h la su sup do ciia m p t
H p cho rang, m p t nha v a n nhan dao la nha van biet m a n g vao tac p h a m ciia
khat v p n g d?p va chan chinh. Day la m p t nhan thiic d i i n g dan ciia n g u d i ngh?
m i n h m p t n o i d u n g nhan dao t h a m thia "Tac p h a m p h a i n g p i ca t i n h t h u o n g ,
sT chan chinh, khac v d i kien triic s u tai ba V i i N h u To t r o n g " V i n h b i f t C u u
long bac ai, su cong bang. N o lam cho n g u o i gan n g u o i h o n " . K h o n g n h i i n g
Triing D a i " . V u N h u To cd hoai bao I d n lao, cd khat v p n g hien dang cao ca
the^ H p con h i v p n g tac p h a m ciia m i n h se dat t o i d i n h cao v i n h quang "an giai
nhung lai k h d n g l i giai noi md'i quan h^ giiia n g h f thuat va cupc d d i . C o n H p ,
N o b e l va d j c h ra m p i t h i i tieng tren toan cau". N h u n g n h i r n g y n g h i ay k h o n g
ngudi n g h f sT ay dang t u nhan t h i i c dupe ve m i n h ve b i k i c h ciia m i n h n h u n g
c h i i n g to H p la con n g u o i hao danh ma da c h i i n g to anh la n g h ^ sT c6 hoai bao
khong CO each g i c i i u v a n . D a n h bat lue sdhg cupc " d d i t h u a " .
I o n lao, CO l y t u o n g cao dep. H p m u o n k h i n g d m h ca n h a n m i n h truoc cupc
b. Bi k i c h thii nhat con chat chua kho dau trong tam hon Hp thi Hp lai bi
d o i , mup'n cong hien tai nang tan d p cho xa h p i . D o la thai d p song k h o n g bang
•lay vao bi kich thu hai: bi kich t\ minh cha dap len le song tinh thucfng,
long v o i cupc sp'ng t a m t h u o n g v 6 danh, v 6 nghia "Tha m p t p h i i t h u y hoang
nhan each lam ngudi.
roi v u t tat/Con h o n b u o n le l o i suot t r a m n a m " .
N h u n g cupc song t r o n g cai xa h p i tan nhan m p t each "cho d e u " ay v o i
n h u n g lo toan vat v a n h hang ngay: " N o i d o i co cue d a n g g i o vuot/ C o m ao
H p CO trai t i m nhan ai bao la, anh da " c i i i x u d h g n o i dau ciia T u " , nhan T u
la v p ciia m i n h , nhan d u a con t r o n g b y n g Tir la con ciia m i n h , nhan m? ciia T u
la
ciia m i n h . A n h sdhg het m i n h v i v p cpn, v i gia d i n h . H p yeu Tir, m p t t i n h
k h o n g d i i a v o i khach t h o " (Xuan D i f u ) da pha v d giac m p n g d?p ciia H p .
g i n lien v d i t i n h t h u o n g v d ben b d v i H p nhan ra " T u rat yeu dud'i can cd
N h u n g d u a con ciia H p da ra d o i " d i i a nay chua k i p Ion len t h i d i i a khac da
chd che". V d i cac eon. H p la n g u d i cha tot. M d i liic d i xa ve anh chay nhao
v p i chui ra, ma d i i a nao cCing nhieu d^n nhieu sai, quay rue suot ngay va
q u a n h n a m uo'ng t h u o c " . N o i n h u nha phe b i n h Le D a t " T u k h i n h i j n g d u a con
70
6 m lay cac con, h d n h i t ehiing, " m a t ang ang n u d e " . N h u n g giac m p n g van
^huong da sup d d tan tanh keo theo su syp do ciia m p t nhan each.
71
Hp coi trpng va muoh song theo nguyen tic tinh thucng. Neu khong c6 tinh
thuang, con nguoi chi la con vat bi sai khien bai long t y ai. Trong ccm khunj^
khoang, be tSc muoh dupe giai thoat. Hp da nghi den cau noi ciia mpt nha triet
hpc sac m u i phat xit: 'Thai biet ac, biet tan nhan de song cho manh me" nhung
roi Hp da phan doi lai triet ly, sue manh do de di theo triet ly song tinh thuorig
day nhan ban ciia minh: "Ke manh khong phai la ke dam len vai ke khae de
thoa man long ich ki. Ke manh chinh la ke giiip do ke khae tren doi vai minh"
N h u vay doi voi Hp (cung la vai Nam Cao), tinh thuong yeu, long nhan ai la
tieu ehuan cao nhat quyet dinh t u each lam nguai.
Nhung oai am thay. Hp lai vi pham le song cao d?p ay. Ruau da lam Hp thay
doi tinh net. Sau moi con say la hanh ha vp eon, doi vai Hp dua nao cung dang
"v^t mpt nhat cho chet ea". De roi sau moi Ian tinh lai. Hp an nan, sam hoi, tu
dau dan, tv dan vat minh nhu mpt thang khon nan. Cao diem do la ket thuc
truy^n. Bao nhieu dau dan, bao nhieu hoi han don nen lai a Hp de roi bat len
thanh tieng khoc. Tieng khoe nuc no, tieng khoc bat ra nhu qua ehanh nguoi tn
bop manh eua Hp cho ta thay su hoi han va dau kho len den tpt cung ciia nguoi
tri thuc tieu t u san ngheo eo nhan each. Gipt nude mat ay da nang da Hp, thanh
Ipe tam hon anh, giiip anh dung viing tren ba vue thkm ciia sy tha hoa. Hp noi
trong nude mat " A n h . . . anh chi la mpt thang khon nan" nhung ta thua hieu
rang chang eo mpt thang khon nan nao lai c6 the rod nuoe mat dupe nhu anh.
c. Qua hai tan bi kich tinh than day dau don ciia Hp, Nam Cao da mang
den tu tuong nhan dao sau sic:
Nha van da phat hi^n va phan tich sau sac tan bi kich tinh than ciia Ho,
Nam Cao da to' cao cai xa hpi day dpa con nguai trong su ngheo doi, v u i dap
nhiing uae ma lam chet mon doi song tinh than, le song, nhan each cao d?p
ciia con nguai. Vai " D o i thua". Nam Cao da dong tinh vai khat vpng duac
cong hien dupe sang tao ciia nguoi nghf sT chan chinh. Qua tan bi kjch tinh
than ciia nhan vat Hp, Nam Cao the hif n khat vpng ciia con nguai vuon toi
mpt cupe song c6 ich, eo y nghia, dupe phat huy cao dp kha nang tiem tang
chiia dung trong moi eon nguoi. Nam Cao benh vyc con nguoi, dat niem tin
vao eon nguai va len an hoan canh xa hpi tan nhan da day con nguoi vao
nhirng bi kich vo mpng ("Dai thua", "Song mon") hoac vao nhimg trang thai
phi nhan tinh ("Chi Pheo"), t u do viit len tieng keu khan thiet: "Hay tieu diet
hoan canh xa hpi den toi, bat cong, phi nhan tinh duang thai" thi mai cham
diit dupe nhCmg bi kich dau ddn noi tren.
3. Nghe thuat x^y d u n g n h a n v&t:
Khae hpa nhan vat day ah tupng bang nghf thuat mieu ta, phan tich tarn h
nhan vat sau sac, khi nha van mieu ta trye tiep, khi de cho nhan vat dpc thoai
npi tam.
72
^g't cau truy?n khong theo trinh t y thoi gian, khong c6 tinh huong gay can
' loi
''^"^ nhirng mach npi tam cua nhan vat, liic la nhiing y
h" ciia nhan vat Tu, liic la dong tam tuong ciia Hp... Do do, truyfn vua hi^n
vua tm tinh, triet l i , nhan vat Hp vua la nhan vat ciia cupe song, vita
van tinh tao, sac lanh nhung van triu nang cam xiic va suy tuong, tieu
bieu cho phong each van chuong Nam Cao.
III. K E T
BAI
o^''^' •
Tom
tac pham " D d i thira" thong qua bi kich nha van Hp da mang den
tu tudng nhan dao tham duom trong sang tac ciia Nam Cao. 6 day, mpt mat
nha van ke thua t u tuong nhan dao truyen thong, mat khae lai eo them nhimg
net sau sac, mdi me. Nam Cao xiing dang la nha van hi^n thuc xuat sac, nha
nhan dao chii nghia Ion.
^ 1 2. Phan tich gia tri nhan dao ciia tac pham "Doi thua" (Nam Cao).
(Sdch gido khoa Ngit van 11- Nang cao, NXB Gido due 2012)
I. M 6 B A I
Nam Cao la mpt nha nhan dao Idn, mpt cay biit xuat sac ciia van hpc hien
thyc phe phan trude nam 1945. Nha nhan dao ay da de lai cho ddi nhiing tac
pham that su cd "tam long Idn" nhu "Ddi thua", "Chi Pheo". Trong do, "Ddi thua"
thuc su da de lai dau ah ciia Nam Cao ve gia tri nhan dao sau sac va mdi me.
II. T H A N B A I
1. K h a i quat: Gia tri nhan dao la gia tri ca ban ciia mpt tac pham van hpc
dua tren niem cam thuong sau sac ciia nha van doi vdi so phan nhan vat. Nha
van tu long thuong ngudi ma len an to cao nhirng the lue da eha dap len
quyen song ciia eon ngudi. Cung t u long nhan dao, nha van cung phat hien va
"goi ca nhiing pham chat tot dep ciia con ngudi va keu gpi giai phdng ca nhan
ra khoi nhiing khd dau va bat hanh. Truy?n ngan "Ddi thira" ra ddi nam 1943,
la tac pham phan anh sau sac va ro net ve cupe song ciia nhirng ngudi tri thiic
tieu t u san ngheo d nude ta trong boi canh dat nude bi ngoai bang giay xeo.
Tac pham da gay tieng vang Idn va thuc su trd thanh "tieng keu dau khd kia
thoat ra t u nhiing kiep lam than". Nam Cao da phan anh mpt each ro net va
chan thuc nhung bi kich Idn ciia ngudi tri thuc duong thdi va eat tieng keu euu
tliam thiet ddi quyen song cho hp.
2. T r o n g tac p h & n "Doi thua", Nam Cao da xay d u n g t h a n h cdng
tri P i : " ; n dao s^u s^c ay.
, , ,,
a. Bieu hi#n t h u nhat cua gia tri nhan dao la nha van xot xa thuang carii
truac nhtmg noi k h d dau ciia nha van Hp k h i syp do giac mpng van chuong
va bi kich tinh thuong.
vu phU'
^^^^
^9
"^^^ '^"^
C h i n h anh
k h o n g hieu tai sao anh ve d u p c den nha. A n h chi biet anh da t i n h d^y
"^""rfgiu-ang nha m i n h k h i tay chan ra r a i . M e n r u p u "chet t i e t " ay c h i n h la cai
N a m Cao da xot t h u a n g va d o n g cam truac bi kich t i n h than cua nhan vat
"^^c tiep l a i "
^^^^
^^^^
'^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ '^^P
"8"'^'
lanh tan t u y ciia m i n h k h o n g biet bao nhieu Ian n i i a ma ke. A n h chi mat
H p , m o t nha van - m o t t r i thuc gii>a " c o n dau be" ciia cuoc d o i , giua m o t xa
h o i "cho d e u " (Via T r p n g Phung) - N h a van ay g i i i d u a c p h a m gia cua m i n h , y
thuc d u o c " t h i e n chuc" cao ca cua m i n h vay ma danh bo tay bat luc. Co the
n o i , b i k i c h d a u tien t r o n g tan bi kich t i n h than ciia cuoc d a i H p la b i kich v{.
n h i r n g giac m p n g van chuang. A n h m o uoc den m o t ngay anh se viet dupc
m o t tac p h a m Ion chung cho ca loai n g u a i . N o de cap den nhCrng van de buc
xiic ciia ca xa h p i cua ca nhan loai. N o noi dupe n h i j n g cai Ion lao, m a n h me
v u a dau d o n vira phah k h o i , no ca t u n g long t h u a n g t i n h bac ai, s u cong binh.
N o l a m cho n g u a i gan n g u a i h o n " . Va nhat d j n h anh se giat giai N o b e l !
The n h u n g , t r o n g sang tac ciia m i n h anh da viet n h i i n g gi? A n h da cho ra doi
n h u n g sang tac n h u the'nao ? Chao 6i! A n h da viet n h i i n g bai ma t h a m chi khi
dpc thay ten ciia m i n h d u a l bai viet, anh phai " d o m a t " xau ho. A n h gian du voi
chinh anh. A n h k h i n h ghet n h i i n g tac pham chi biet " g p i n h i i n g t i n h cam rat nhe
rat nong bang m o t t h u van qua u bang phMng de d a i " ciia chinh m i n h . A n h dan
vat ghe g o m , anh len an chinh m i n h "Su cau tha trong bat c u nghe g i d i n g la mot
su bat l u o n g , con su cau tha trong van chuong thi that la de tien".
ma quat m i n g : "Ca con m? m a y niia cung dang vat chet". A n h da l a m tat
, ^-'j ca t r o n g say. Sao ma tai hai qua ! A n h da v i p h a m le song ciia m i n h , v i
ugrn cai tot dep - cai phan " n g u o i " v 6 ciing cao d ? p t u o n g con d u p c an l i i b a i
anh da g i i i t r o n g le song t i n h t h u o n g ciia m i n h . A i ngo, cupc song van k h o n g
cho phep anh thuc hien dieu do. The ma nay, chinh cai le song ay anh c i i n g cha
dap not- Le song t i n h t h u a n g la cai dupc anh de cao nhat ma anh con v i p h a m
thi chang con g i n i i a ca. Bi k i c h nay ciia anh, Ian h o n gap b p i b i k i c h kia b o i le
song t i n h t h u o n g , cho d u a ciia bao gia t r i nhan p h a m khac sup do. Viet ve noi
dau nay. N a m Cao d u o n g n h u cung dang t h o n t h i i c c i i n g n h a n vat.
b. Bieu h i ? n t h u hai ciia gia tri nhan dao trong tac pham " D o i thvra' la
tieng noi ciia nha van len an to cao the l ^ c da gay ra noi dau cho nha van Hp,
day Hp den bo vuc ciia s u tha hoa, ciia bi kich k h u n g khiep. Bi k j c h ay c6
nguyen n h a n sau xa c h i n h tir xa h p i d u o n g t h o i . C h i n h xa h p i ay da day anh
phai lo " c o m ao gao t i e n " . N6i lo sinh ke da khien anh phai tir bo giac m p n g
van chuang. Va c h i n h n h i i n g that v p n g ay da khien anh cha dap len le song
tinh t h u o n g cua m i n h . N g u y e n n h a n ay c6 le anh k h o n g hieu d u p c - nguyen
C h i n h n o i lo ve tien bac da bupc anh phai viet n h i i n g bai trai v o i l u a n g tarn
nhan ciia xa h p i thuc d a n niea p h o n g kien - n g u y e n n h a n ma ngay ay n g u o i ta
va trach n h i e m . T r o n g dau anh l u o n quay cuong v o i nhiJng t i n h toan ve gia ca
da nhan ra. A n h chua t i m d u p c l o i thoat cho s u be tac. D o la cai be tac ciia t h o i
sinh hoat, ve b i i a an hang hang... t h i dau con cho cho van c h u a n g n i i a . A n h
dai ma anh d a n g song.
phai viet that n h a n h , that nhieu de n g u a i vp, dan con va c h i n h anh k h o i chet
d o i . Gia n h u anh c i i bo d i i t cai m p n g van c h u o n g t h i chac d o i anh chang khon
d o n den the ! N h v m g anh can n g h l t o i tac p h a m ciia anh - cac tac p h a m cho
toan n h a n loai nen anh lai cang dau d a n , cang kho dau. Chao 6i ! " D a u don
thay cho n h u n g kie'p song m u o n cat canh bay cao n h u n g lai b i ao cam g h i sat
da't" (Song m o n ) . D o chinh la bi kjch ciia cuoc d a i viet v a n ciia anh - b i kich
ciia n h i i n g giac m p n g van c h u o n g chinh la 6 cho do !
c. Bieu h i ? n thii ba ciia gia tri nhan dao trong tac pham " D o i thira' do
chinh la nha van phat h i ? n va tran trpng nang n i u ve d?p tarn hon ciia nha
van Hp.
H p la nha van chan chinh. A n h la nha van rat c6 y t h i i c ve nghe nghiep.
A n h me van, say v a n va c6 giac m p n g d ? p , m p t ngay nao do, anh se viet dupc
nipt tac p h a m m a se " l a m m o het tat ca cac tac p h a m ra c i i n g t h o i " . D o la tac
pham "ca n g p i t i n h t h u a n g , l o n g bac ai, s u cong b i n h . N o l a m n g u o i gan n g u o i
Bi kich dau tien ciia cupc d o i nha van H p va do cung la n g u y e n n h a n cho bi
hon". Tac p h a m do phai dat giai Nobel. D o la cuon tieu thuyet v i dai t r o n g d a i
kich t h i i hai - b i k i c h ciia m p t con n g u o i . Giac m p n g v a n c h u o n g syp do qua
Viet van ciia anh. N o se l a m rang danh cho anh, cho nen v a n h p c n u a c nha. D o
n h u n g bai viet au. The n h u n g H p van con chiit an l i i . D o c h i n h la cupc song, su
qua la uoc m o c h i n h dang ! K h o n g phai n g u o i ngh? si nao c i i n g khao khat n h u
t o n tai ciia v p con anh. Qua la m p t sai lam k h i anh ket luan: n g u y e n n h a n tritx
k h i b u o c vao con d u o n g van c h u o n g day k h o ai. N h a v a n phai biet xay
tiep cho s u sup do cac giac m p n g van c h u o n g chinh la v p anh va d a n con nheo
^oc m o dep, va khat v p n g ciia H p la khat v p n g m a n h me nhat va dep nhat. H p
nhoc kia. That v p n g t r o n g van chuang, b u o n chan t r o n g k h o n g k h i gia d i n h da
^ac d i n h d i i n g con d u o n g cho m i n h - xac d i n h t u t u o n g cho m i n h .
k h i e n anh t i m n i e m v u i t r o n g m e n r u p u . Va r u p u - ke " l a m do mat va den
danh d u " da d u a H p thanh ke v i p h a m n g u y e n tac t i n h t h u a n g . A n h t r o thanh
74
H p len an t h i i v a n c h u o n g re tien, h a i hpt, de dai. T h i i v a n c h u a n g "cau
"bat l u a n g " . H p yeu cau v a n c h u o n g phai sang tao, b a i "van c h u o n g chi
75
dung n?p nhung nguoi biet dao sau, biet tim toi, khai nhung nguon chua
khoi va sang tao nhung gi chua c6". Ho day hoai bao ve gia'c ma chinh phuc
dinh cao. Anh la nha van chan chinh.
Khong chi vay. Nam Cao con phat hien ra Ho la con nguoi giau long nhan
ai. Chinh trong Idi khang dinh ve tac pham trong tuong lai ciia minh, anh da
noi: tac pham c6 gia tri la tac pham "ca tung long tuong, tinh bac ai, sy cong
binh". Trong van chuong, anh muon ca ngpi tinh thuong va trong cupc doi
thuc, tinh thuang la tat ca. Chinh vi le song tinh thuong aia minh, anh da don
Tu, giiip T u thoat khoi nhimg tiii nhuc khi mot minh tra troi voi dua con
khong cha. Nhirng giot nuoc mat ciia T u va ciia ba m? gia ciia T u da khieh anh
xiic dpng. Ho muon khoc cho den khi "bao nhieu xuong thit cu tan ra thanh
nuoc mat" nhung gap anh, tinh thuong cua anh da toa rang den giup hp thoat
khoi nhung dan dau. Mpt nguoi dam bo cai doi bay nhay ciia tuoi xanh de
nuoi nang vp con chang la nguai diing cam lam sao ! Chinh tinh thuong - le
song tinh thuang da khien anh lam vi^c ay. Anh cao dep biet duang nao!
d. Bieu h i | n cuoi cung ciia gia tri nhan dao la niem tin ciia Nam Cao vao
kha nang \vtan day ciia nhan vat. Cuoi tac pham la hinh anh Hp 6m t u vao
long. Bao nhieu dau don, bao nhieu hoi han don nen lai a Hp de roi bat len
thanh tieng khoc. Tieng "khoc nuc nb, tieng khoc bat ra nhu qua chanh nguai ta bop
mqnh" cua Hp cho ta thay su hoi han va dau kho len den tot cung ciia nguai tri
thuc tieu t u san ngheo c6 nhan each. Gipt nuoc mat ay da nang do Hp, thanli
Ipc tam hon anh, giiip anh dung vimg tren bo vuc thSm ciia su tha hoa. Chac
chan dang sau nhCrng gipt nuoc mat ay la su "tro ve" cua nha van Hp.
3. D a n h gia chung: T u tuong nhan dao moi me ciia Nam Cao the hien d
viec nha van biet de cao nhirng khat vpng dep ciia nguoi t r i thiic, da biet thong
cam vai nhirng noi kho ciia hp. Nhirng " t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao"
ay da la dang quy, dang tran trpng bie't bao ! Dpc dao, moi me chinh la a long
thuang nguoi - tinh nguai nong dupm bao la dang sau lo'i viet van tuong nhu
dung dung lanh dam. Duong nhu nhung day dirt trong cupc doi ong - cupc
dai van sT kho ai - da nhap vao nhijug suy t u ciia Hp, da nhap vao tan bi kich
tinh than ciia Hp. Co nguoi noi. Hp chinh la hinh anh ciia nha van Nam Cao
thoi ki truac Cach mang.
Co the t u tin ma noi rang vdi "Doi thira". Nam Cao da bpc 16 dupe t u tuong
nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia minh khi vie't nhung dong bi kich ve Hp. Kinh
nghi^m va von s6ng da cho ong viet nhirng dieu c6 sue rung dpng, lay chuyen
long nguoi den thel Do chinh la nha t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia
nha van Nam Cao. Nhan dao 6 sir ca ngpi khat vpng d?p de ciia Hp, nhan dao
a su cam th6ng sau sac voi nguoi tri thuc... Va viet len dupe nhirng dong nhu
the Cling la nho cai nhan dao "moi me" dpc dao ciia Nam Cao.
Qua bi kich nay ciia Hp, Nam Cao da boc 16 duoc su cam thong, tran trpng
o kiep ng^^'i
trong cupc doi nay. Va phai chang t u tuong ay da ke
^^'^ dveQC ciia cha 6ng long nhan dao truyen thong. Nha van khong "phan anh
phan anh" ma sau nhirng cau chir tuong nhu lanh dam, tho a chinh la mpt
^ i i tim nhiet thanh, s6i noi - mpt trai tim ciia tinh nghia.
=j
III. K E T B A I
Tom lai, t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia Nam Cao da khieh cho nhan
vat du qua bao thang tram van dung virng voi tu each mpt con nguoi chan chinh.
LUYEN TAP:
E)e ra: Cam nhan ciia anh/chi ve gipt nuoc mat ciia Chi Pheo va ciia nha
van Hp.
ViNH BIET C U U TRUNG DAI
Nguyen Huy Tuo-ng
'su.
Loi binh ve Nguyen Huy Tuong va vd kich "Vii Nhu To".
Nha phe binh Pham Xuan Nguyen danh gia y thuc lich su ciia Nguyen Huy
Tuong va nhan dinh: "Thanh tuu Ion nhat va cao nhat ciia Nguyen Huy Tuong
6 v6 kich lich su "VQ N h u T6" da khang dinh y thiic lich sii ciia 6ng de cho
nguoi tiep nhan lich su van con mai thao thirc". Tu mpt su kien lich sii xay ra 6
the ky XVI, duoi thoi vua Le Tuong Due, Nguyen Huy Tuong da sang tao nen
va kich "Via N h u To". Lay de tai lich su nhung kh6ng nham muc dich lam sii
ma qua do, nha van xay dung dupe bi kich ciia mpt nguoi ngh§ si giiia khat
vong va hien thuc xa hoi. Via N h u To la mpt kien triic su thien tai, khao khat
muon xay dung mpt cong trinh kien true vi dai, tuyet m l cho non song. De c6 the
hien thuc hoa khat vpng ciia minh. Via N h u To nghe theo lai khuyen ciia Dan
Thiem - mpt cung n i i cung mang nhiong khat vpng nghe thuat Ion lao nhu Via muon uy quyen va tien bac ciia hon quan Le Tuong Due de xay dung "Ciiu
Trung dai". Chinh dieu do da day Vu N h u To - nguoi von luon tran tro ve cupc
song ciia nguoi dan - vao bi kich di ngupc lai quyen Ipi ciia nhan dan, bi hp coi
"con yeu con quy hai dan hai nuoc". Cuoi cung, Ciiu Trung dai bi d6't va Via
^ h u To t u dpng di ra phap truong nhan cai chet tren bi kich ciia chinh minh.
Theo Pham Xuan Nguyen, cau hoi ma Nguyen Huy Tuong nhac lai den hai
^an cuoi vo kich "Vu N h u T6": "Chang biet Via N h u T6 phai hay nhirng ke giet
Nhu T6 phai" cho den nay van chua mat tinh thoi dai. Do van con la mpt
hoi can nhirng cau tra loi ciia nhieu the'he tiep no'i.
(Hoi thao nhan 100 nam ngay sink cm Nguyen Huy Tuang (1912 -2012)
77
1: Phan t i c h tan b i k i c h cua V u N h u T o t r o n g doan t r i c h " V i n h b i ^ t
C m i T r u n g D a i " - N g u y e n H u y Tucmg.
Hl/ONG DAN
I.M6BAI
'T-^g
k h o n g nghe v i t u t i n m i n h " q u a n g m i n h chinh d a i " , " k h o n g l a m g i nen
va hi v g n g 6 chu t u o n g A n Hoa H a u .
T i n h h i n h cang liic cang n g u y kich. Le T u o n g D u e b i giet; d a i than, hoang
ji^u cung nix cua y ciang va lay; D a n T h i e m bj bat, . K i n h thanh dien dao.
in
" V u N h u T o " la v 6 k i c h Hch s u c6 q u i m o hoanh t r a n g xuat sSc cua Nguyen
j^hi quan k h o i loan d o t C u u Triang D a i thanh tro. Via N h u To m o i t i n h ngg.
Chang trc* ^''9''
^'"^
T r i i n g D a i roi b i n h than ra p h a p t r u o n g .
H u y T u o n g va ciia nen kich noi V i ^ t N a m h i ^ n dai. Tac p h a m duQC sang tac
2, N p i d u n g p h a n t i c h
vao n a m 1941, d u a tren m o t s u k i ^ n Uch s u xay ra 6 k i n h t h a n h T h a n g Long
a. B i k i c h la g i ? Theo tir d i e n van hgc, b i kjch la m a u t h u a n giira khat v g n g ,
vao thai hau Le. Tac p h a m g o m V h o i . Doan trich " V i n h biet C u u T r u n g Dai"
hoai bao, l i t u o n g cua ca nhan v o i thuc tai. Thuc tai chua d i i dieu kien cho ca
la h o i V, h o i cuoi ciia v 6 kich. T r o n g doan trich d u o c hpc, gay an t u g n g sau sac
nhan thuc hien khat v g n g , ly t u o n g ciia m i n h nen r o i vao that bai, t h a m chi
nha't t r o n g l o n g n g u o i dpc la nhan vat V u N h u To c i m g b i kich cua n g u o i nghe
dan den cai chet t h a m t h u o n g . H i e u theo nghla t h o n g t h u o n g la n o i dau k h o
sTthientai.
..
v6 xe dai dSng k h o n g eo each nao giai thoat. T r o n g "VTnh b i ^ t ciru T r i i n g D a i " ,
n.THANBAI
Vil N h u To la n g u o i nghe sT thien tai c6 l y t u o n g cao dep n h u n g lam vao canh
1. K h a i q u a t : V u N h u To la m o t nhan vat c6 that da t u n g d u o c " D a i Viet
ngp khong giai quyet dugc m o t each d u n g dan van de sang tao nghe thuat cho
su k y toan t h u " g h i chep rat ti m i : "Truoc day. Via N h u To m o t n g u o i tho 6
ai va de lam gi nghla la k h o n g giai quyet duge mo'i quan he phue tap giira
C a m Giang, xep n h u n g thanh nua l a m thanh kieu m a u cung d i e n I o n t r a m noc,
nghe thuat va d o i song cuoi eiing r o i vao bi kjch dau d o n .
dang len nha vua; nha vua bang long phong cho N h u To l a m do doc d u n g
b . T r o n g v 6 k i c h V i i N h u T o h i ^ n l e n la m o t k i e n true s u t h i e n t a i , la h i f n
t r o n g n o m viec d u n g h o n t r a m noc cung dien Ion c6 gac, lai k h o i cong lam
than ciia n i e m k h a o k h a t say me sang tao cai d?p: "la n g u o i ngan nam de c6
C u u triang dai. " ( K h a m D j n h Viet Su Thong G i a m C u o n g M u c C h i n h Bien,
mot.... CO the sai khien gaeh da n h u vien t u o n g cam quan, c6 the xay lau dai
q u y e n 26). T u y nhien, C u u T r i i n g D a i da l a m "Dan c h i i n g dau k h o , b i n h linh
cao ca, noc v o n may ma k h o n g he t i n h sai m o t vien gaeh n h o . . . chi vay b u t la
met nhoc. Q u a n n a m p h i i dap thanh chua xong dug-c, den day lai c6 l ^ n h bat
chim hoa da hien tren m a n h lua than t i n h bien hoa n h u canh hoa cong". D a n
cac nha m o n a t r o n g ngoai k i n h thanh phai lam, tap h o p n h a u lay ho, khieng
Thiem ciang da tirng n o i : "Tai kia k h o n g nen de uong. O n g ma eo menh he nao
da't. Vua hang ngay bat than n g u choi cac noi, cho nao v u a y t h i t h u o n g cho
thi nuoc ta k h o n g con ai de to d i e m nua",
bai vang, bai bac. Co cho da lam xong lai phai lam lai, sua d o i xay dap lai, he't
ciia tac gia ta thay Via N h u To la m g t nghe sT Ian m a n g t r o n g m i n h nhan each
nam nay qua nam khac, lien mien k h o n g d u t . Quan l i n h dap thanh mac chung
cao dep, m g t nghe sT eo hoai bao Ion lao, eo ly t u o n g n g h ^ thuat cao ca. Khat
djch le den m o t phan m u 6 i . " ( D a i Viet su ky toan t h u . Ban ky thuc luc, Quyen
vong nghe thuat ciia ong I o n lao h o n bao gio he't, ong m u o n xay d u n g m g t toa
XV, K y N h a Le, T u o n g D u e De). Sau do, T r j n h D u y San p h a n nghjch, day
lau dai vT dai "ben n h u trang sao" de cho " d a n ta n g h i n thu con hanh d i e n " .
" d i r n g de p h i tai t r o i " . Qua vai lai
b i n h , V i j N h u To bj t h g t h u y e n giet chet, xac quang ngoai cho, bj m o i nguoi
^•6 la mgt cong t r i n h kien true vT dai, tuyet m l , to d i e m cho non song da't nuoc:
k h i n h k h i n h o n u o c bot. T u y nhien, bi kich do cua h g V i l la s u oan khuat bai
n fAfll T"^>l i l
mo '
H a i tay chin m o n g b a m vao d a i "
'
Xuan D i e u da ke't lai biic tranh m u a xuan bang m p t cau t h a day gpi cam
Nay day la a i a canh to p h a pha't
Thang gieng n g o n n h u m p t cap m o i gan". Day la m p t each so sanh day gpi
Ciia yen anh nay day khiic t i n h si
cam, CO m p t c h i i t nhuc cam. Thang gieng t h a n h tan, d i e m le, day anh sang,
'•
Va nay day anh sang chop hang m i
"^au sSc, a m t h a n h va h u a n g thorn t r o thanh "cap m o i g a n " rat " n g o n , n g p t "
^
M o i b u o i som, than V u i hang go ciia
cua n g u a i t i n h n h a n . M u a xuan la m u a d^p nhat t r o n g n a m . T u o i tre la tuoi
•'
Thang gieng ngon n h u m p t cap m o i g a n "
'^^P nhat ciia d a i n g u o i . Va chac chan ve ngpt ngao ciia n g u a i thieu n i i la ba
Bay cau t h a tren la m p t buoc t r a n h thien nhien m u a xuan d u o c ve nen bang
•^oi chin m p n g kia.
m p t h o n t h o c6 " C a p mat xanh n o n bie'c r o n " . Canh vat dang vao dp thanh tan,
O day, t r o n g su so sanh giiia thien nhien va con n g u a i , Xuan D i f u da mang
d i e m 1?. Buc t r a n h h p i t u day d i i h u o n g t h a m , anh sang va m a u sac, a m thanh
"^^n cho n g u a i dpc m p t quan n i f m n g h f thuat ve con n g u o i rat m a i me. Tho ca
urirt
t
"Xuan dang toi, nghia la xuan dang qua
Mau d i thoi! miia chua nga chieu hom"
90
II. T H A N B A I
1 K h a i quat: Bai tha "Vpi vang" nam trong tap "Tho Tho", xuat ban
. 1938 la bai tho tieu bieu cua tap tho noi rieng, cua hon tha Xuan Di^u noi
^
g "Vpi vang" la mpt trong nhung bai tho tieu bieu cua Xuan Di^u. Bai tho
^ " hi?ri tap trung so truong ciia Xuan Di?u trong vi^c bpc Ip cai toi va each
- nhan thien nhien, sy song. Ca bai tho the h i | n mpt nhan sir\ quan mang
^' nghia nhan ban sau sac. Doan tha ta phan tich nam 6 phan giua ciia bai tho
^Vpi vang". 6 doan nay thi si tap trung the hi?n quan ni?m ve thai gian.
Thai gian trong thi ca trung dai la "thai gian tuan hoan", nghia la thai gian
(jugc hinh dung nhu mpt vong tron lien tue tai dien, het mpt vong lai quay ve
diem xuat phat, cu tro di roi tro lai mai mai. Ma da la vong tuan hoan thi thai
Ich^c, thai doan c6 ra d i thi cQng quay tro ve. Quan ni?m "thai gian tuan hoan"
xua't phat t u eai nhin tinh c6 phan sieu hinh, lay sinh m^nh v i i tru de lam
thuoc do thai gian.
Cach thuc trinh bay ciia Xuan Di^u la "chong doi", "tranh cai" lai quan
ni?m xua; dong thai bpc bach quan niem ciia minh bang mpt cam xiic soi noi
cuong nhi?t, nghia la mpt dang y thuc triet hpc da tham nhuan cam xiic. Doan
tho (tu cau 14 den cau 24, c6 the den cau 28) vai giong tranh luan, bien bac,
nhip di?u soi noi, khan truong va nhiing cau tho day m l cam ve canh sac thien
nhien da chua dung cam nhan ve thoi gian ciia thi si. Xuan Dieu da phii dinh
true tie'p quan ni$m "thoi gian tuan hoan" bang mpt cau that dut khoat: "Noi
lam chi rang xuan van tuan hoan".
r
Nhu vay, Xuan Dieu lua chpn cho minh mpt quan niem khac "thai gian
tuyen tinh". Nghia la thoi gian dugc hinh dung nhu mot dong chay xuoi chieu,
mpt di khong tro lai. V i the moi khoanh khac troi qua la mat di vinh vien. Cho
nen tam trang nhan vat tru tinh moi c6 thoang noi buon va noi hoai nghi.
2. Noi dung c a n p h a n tich, c a m nhan:
a. Quan nif m "thai gian tuyen tinh" ciia Xuan Dif u xuat phat tir cai nhin
dgng:
,. ui,^
"Xuan duong tai nghia la xuan duong qua
ru;., •
Xuan con non nghia la xuan se gia"
Xuan Dieu nhin cuoc dai bang con mat "xanh non biec ron" nhung ciing
^ o n g tranh khoi nhirng hoai nghi, mat mat. Dieu thi si sg nhat la tuoi tre qua
tuoi gia mau toi bai thoi gian la tuyen tinh nen thoi gian nhu mpt dong
^hay ma moi mpt khoanh khac qua la mat di vInh vien. Cach dimg cap t u doi
•^P trong hai cau tho "Toi - qua", "non - gia" da cho nguoi dpc thay ditgc six
nhan rat doi tinh te'ciia thi nhan ve buoc d i ciia thai gian. Thai gian nhu
^^»^g chay khong ngung nghi. Cai ta dang c6 cung la cai ta dang mat, trong
^i?n tai da CO qua k h u va he mo tuong lai.
'
91
b. Xuan Di?u lay sinh m#nh ca the ciia minh lam thuac do thdi gian. Tij^
la lay quy then gian h m i han ctia cupc din m i n h (sinh m#nh ca the) ra de (J^
dem thoi gian trong v u try. Tham chi t h i si lay quang ngSn nhat, giau y
nghia nhat trong sinh m fnh ciia con ngutri la tuoi tre de lam thu6c do:
"Ma xuan het nghia la toi cung mat
Long toi rpng nhung lupng troi cu chat
Khong cho dai tuoi tre ciia nhan gian
'
Noi lam chi rang xuan van tuan hoan
Neu tuoi tre chang hai Ian tham lai
Con troi dat nhung chang con toi mai
Nen bang khuang toi tiec ca dat troi "
Chu "Xuan" dup-c di$p d i di$p lai ca nam den sau Ian (trong ba cau dau da
CO toi nam Ian). "Xuan" ay vua la xuan cua dat troi vua la "xuan" ciia cupc doi
ciia tuoi tre. M o i Ian nhac lai la moi Ian ta bat gap cai ngam ngiii ciia thi
nhan
Xuan ciia thien nhien thi con mai ma "xuan" ciia doi nguoi da "het" thi "toi
cung mat". D i i long yeu c6 "rpng" den bao nhieu thi "lupng t r o i " v i n cu chat.
Nen "tuoi tre nhan gian" khong the " d a i " them mai. 6 day, he thong t u ngii,
hinh anh, dupe dat trong the tuong phan doi lap cao dp (toi - qua, non - gia,
rpng - chat, xuan tuan hoan, - tuoi tre chSng hai Ian, con - chJing con) de lam
noi bat tam trang nuoi tiec thoi gian, cupc dai. V i i try c6 the vinh vien, mua
xuan roi ciing tuan hoan nhung tuoi xuan ciia con nguoi chi c6 mpt Ian, da qua
la qua mai. Cho nen Xuan Di^u da nong nhif t phii dinh:
"Noi lam chi rang xuan van tuan hoan,
Neu tuoi tre chSng hai Ian tham l a i ! "
Thuoc do thai gian ciia thi sT la tuoi tre. Tuoi tre mpt di khong tro lai "ching
hai Ian thSm l a i " thi lam chi c6 s\f tuan hoan ! Trong cai menh mong ciia dat
troi, cai v6 tan ciia thoi gian, syt c6 mat ciia con nguoi that la ngan ngiii, h u u
han. NghT ve tinh han che ciia kiep nguoi, Xuan Di?u da dem den mpt noi
ngam ngui that moi me:
"Con troi da't, nhung chMng con toi mai
Nen bang khuang toi tiec ca dat troi"
Dpc hai cau tha, ta cam nghe rat ro tieng tho dai bat luc ciia thi nhan. Ta
nghe ro ca cai bang khuang, nuoi tiec ciia nha tha pha vao dat troi. Duong nhu
truoc mat nguoi dpc la ca mpt troi tiec nuoi. Tam trang ay ciia Xuan D i f u t
cung bat gap trong bai tho "Giyc gia":
"Doi troi chay long ta khong vinh vien
Vira xjch goi chan mpng vang tan bien
Dung nhan xe dpng sac d?p tan tanh
Vang son dang Ipng lay buoi chieu xanh
Vua ngoanh lai ca lau chieu da va"
phai chang vi qua yeu men tuoi tre ma t u su nuoi tiec ay, thi nhan da "thiic
n giac quan" de song "toan tam, toan y, song toan hon" ma "say", "thau",
^ j ^ . ^ " "can" cho ky het nhung huong nong ciia tuoi tre ?
< . •
»
,
,
c Cam nhan ve thai gian cua Xuan Di|u la cam nhan day tinh mat mat.
I^oi khoanh khac troi qua la mpt s v mat mat Ian lao. S\f tan phai khong chi
ieti "khap song niii" ma con d ttmg ca the. Va thoi gian troi di se khien cho
cii nhan sic thien nhien di^u ky nay buoc vao dp tan phai. Mpt sy tan phai
khong the nao tranh khoi:
" M u i thang nam deu ram v i chia phoi
KhSp song niii van than tham tien bi^t"
Day la hai cau tho the hien rat ro each cam nhan tinh vi ve thoi gian ciia
Xuan Dieu. Cam nhan ay khong chi bang thi giac ma con cam nhan bang ca
khiiu giac " m u i thang nam", ca vi giac " v i chia phoi". Moi khoanh khac dang
roi bo hien tai de tro thanh qua khii dupe hinh dung nhu mpt cupc chia lia.
Khoanh khac nao cung la mpt chia lia, mpt mat mat. Va dong thoi gian dupe
nhin nhu mpt chuoi v6 tan ciia nhirng mat mat, chia phoi. Cho nen, thai gian
tham dam huong v i ciia su chia lia. Day len do day khap khong gian la loi than
tho tien b i f t "khap song niii van than tham tien bi?t". No la lai tha than ciia
van vat, la khong gian dang tien bi^t thoi gian, ma sau xa hon la moi su v?it
thoi gian dang ngam ngiii tien biet mpt phan doi ciia chinh no.
Nhung phan dai ciia sinh m f nh ca the dang ra di khong the nao cuong lai,
no tao nen su troi chay khong ngung, tao nen su phoi pha, phai tan eiia tung
cathe:
"Con gio xinh thi thao trong la biec
y
Phai chang hon v i noi phai bay di?
^...
Chim rpn rang bong dut tieng reo thi
?
.
•
Phai chang so dp phai tan s5p sua?"
Gio dua trong la khong phai la nhung am thanh ciia thien nhien tuoi vui
mua xuan, ma la loi "thi thao" ve noi hon gian, buon thuong. Gio phai chia
v6i cay la ma bay d i ; chim choc tren cay dang ca hat rpn rang chao xuan
^^^g ngimg bat, v i chiing buon tiec cho miia xuan sap troi qua. The la chSng
^^^^S gi Xuan Di?u ma ca van vat trong thien nhien cung thiic nhan ve cai quy
•^?t nghi^t nga, cai mpt di khong bao gio tro lai ciia thai gian ay. Co phai vay
Xuan Di^u dua ra mpt quyet dinh hpp l i cho minh va cho tat ca mpi nguoi
^oi khong cho nang ha moi hoai xuan".
'•'•>' ' ' '
93
0S 3: Phan tich dojan cuoi bai tho Voi vang - Xuan Di^u.
d. Ket thiic doan tho la mpt tieng thot:
"Chang bao gid 6i! chang bao gio nua
Mau di thoi miia chua nga chieu horn"
Thi sT bong thot len lai than. Tiec nuoi, lo lang va chpt tinh v i "miia chua
nga chieu horn", nghia la van con tre trung, chua gia. Len duong! Phai vgj
vang, phai hoi ha "Mau d i thoi". Cau cam than voi each ngat nhip bien hoa
lam noi bat noi long vua lo lang ban khoan vua luo'ng cuo'ng tiec re, bang
khuang. The day, khong the "bupc gio", khong the "tat nang", ciing khong the
cam giu dupe thoi gian, thi chi c6 each thuc te nhat la chay dua voi thoi gian, la
phai tranh thii song. Xua kia, Nguyen Trai viet trong chum "Tho tiec canh":
"Xuan xanh chua de hai phen lai
.,>j| ,
t
11 • ; Thay canh cang them tiec thieu nien".
Nhung van tho cua Nguyen Trai giiip ta cam nhan sac di?u t r u tinh trong
"Vpi vang" ve mau thoi gian, ve sac thoi gian, ve tuoi tre. Cung qua do de hieu
them ve long ham song den nhif t cuong ciia nha tho "moi nhat trong cac nha
tho moi".
Cach cam nhan ve thoi gian nhu vay xet den cung la xuat phat t u y thuc sau
xa ve gia tri cua su song ca the. Moi khoanh khac trong doi moi nguoi deu v6
cung quy gia, chinh v i mpt khi da mat di la vTnh vien mat di! Quan ni?m ay
khien cho con nguoi bie't quy tung giay phiit ciia doi minh. Va nguoi ta biet
lam cho moi khoanh khac cua doi minh can phai tran day y nghia. Co nhu the
moi la biet song. Day la co so sau xa cua thai dp song "Vpi vang".
R6 rang toan bp quan ni^m, thai dp ve "thoi gian tuyen tinh" phai song
"Vpi vang" cho cupc doi tuy ngan ngui nhung tran day y nghia, da the hi?n rat
tich cue, rat dang tran trpng cua t u tuong Xuan D i | u .
3. T d n g ket n g h § thuat: Sir dyng phep dif p ngu, dif p cau true; gipng
difu tha soi noi nhung khong tao dupe niem vui v i khong che gia'u syt nuoi
tiec, xot xa, hon doi (noi lam chi, neu, tiec...); H§ thong tir ngu, hinh anh dupe
dat trong the tuong phan doi lap cao dp. Tat ca da tao nen mpt doan tha hay
va giau y nghia mang dam dau an Xuan Dif u.
III. KET BAI:
Tom lai, doan tho the hifn tarn trang nuo'i tiec thoi gian va cupc doi cua
mpt nha tho von khao khat song, song manh lift het minh. Qua doan tho,
nguoi dpc them tran trpng quan niem nhan sinh moi me, tich eye, cam xuc
chan thanh cua mpt tam hon ngh$ si luon chay bong niem yeu cupc song. Noi
nhu Giao Su Nguyen Dang Manh: "Day la tieng noi cua mpt tarn hon yeu doi,
yeu song den cuong nhi^t. Nhung dang sau nhiing tinh cam ay, eo mpt quan
ni$m nhan sinh moi me chua thay trong tho ca truyen thong".
. •
Ca sv song moi bat dau mon mon
Ta muon riet may dua va gio Ivtgn
Ta muon say canh buom voi tinh yeu
Ta muon thau trong mpt cai hon nhieu
Va non nuoc, va cay, va c6 rang
" ' *''
Cho chenh choang mui thorn, cho da day anh sang
Cho no ne thanh sic ciia thai tuoi
- Hoi xuan hong, ta muon can vao ngtfoi!
HI/6NG DAN CHI TIET
f l i t ' vu
e. Danh gia chung ve quan ni^m thoi gian:
aA
Ta muon 6m
I.M6BAI
Xuan Di^u la nha tho ciia tinh yeu va tuoi tre la "ong hoang cua thi ca tinh
yeu". Truoc each mang Xuan Dif u noi tieng voi hai tap Tho tha va Gui huong
cho gio. Chinh hai tap tho ay da dua ten tuoi ciia Xuan Di^u tra thanh "Nha
tha moi nhat trong cac nha tho moi". Bai tho "Vpi vang" nam trong tap "Tho
tho" la bai tho rat tieu bieu cho phong each tho aia Xuan Di^u. Tac pham de
lai dau an ve npi dung va ngh^ thuat dae sac ma tieu bieu la doan tha sau day:
Ta muon 6m
, ^
Hoi xuan hong, ta muon can vao nguoi!
II. T H A N B A I
1. K h a i quat: Bai tha "Vpi vang" nam trong tap "Tha tho", xua't ban nam
1938, la bai tho tieu bieu ciia tap tho noi rieng, ciia hon tho xuan Di§u noi
chung. Ca bai tho the hifn mpt nhan sinh quan mang y nghia nhan ban sau
sac. Thien duong la 6 ngay tren mat da't chiing ta voi biet bao dieu hap dan va
quyen rii. V i vay, hay yeu men, hay gan bo va song het minh voi cupc song
*hyc tai day tuoi vui nay. No bpc Ip niem ham song, khat song, tan huong den
^0 bien va tuypt dich aia thi nhan. No lam ta nha tai cau tho trong bai tho " H u
ciia nha tho:
Toi ke dua rang bau mat troi
Ke dung trai tim triu mau dat
^
"
Hai tay chin mong bam vao doi
^ ph§n trgj,
'"h
' '
jj^j ^Yio, thi si luan giai cho nguoi dpc thay dupe tao hoa c6
" a con nguoi de mai mai huong lac thii a cho'n tran gian nay dau. Doi
^
ngan ngiii, tuoi xuan c6 han va thoi gian troi di vinh vien khong tro lai.
u w i i i iiung
•wyTi
V i vay t h i n h a n "giuc gia" c h i i n g ta phai "nhanh len", "vQi v a n g l e n " de tan
h u o n g b i i a ti^c cua t r a n gian k h i m a "mua chua nga chieu horn", k h i m a x u l n
j5rig nguc tre t r u n g ay " m p t cai hon n h i e u " . M u o n t h u het vao h o n n h u a
bay '^^
" E m a i e m t i n h n o n sap gia r o i "
Co le c h i n h v i vay m a t h i nhan da khep lai bai t h o bang m o t do?n tho
m a n g sac m a u ai an m a n h H^t. 6 do ta thay d u g c s u v 6 vap, d a m say rat dgj
Xuan Dieu.
n h u y d o i cho den say "chenh choang" h i i t cho da cho day anh sang,
/'Cho no ne thanh sac ciia t h a i t u o i " m o i lao dao bay d i .
Cau tho:
;"Cho chenh choang m u i t h o m , cho da day anh sang . t i
Cho no ne thanh sac ciia t h o i t u o i "
2. N 6 i d u n g p h a n t i c h :
a. D o a n tha m d dau bang ba chu " T a muon 6 m " n h u phoi bay ra het sit
ham ho va cuong nhi^t ciia Xuan D i ? u voi cupc song tran the: T r u d c do nha
t h o x u n g " t o i " v o i uoc m u o n tao bao "tat nang, buoc g i o " n h u n g 6 doan tho
cuoi nay cai t o i ay da hoa thanh cai ta chung de tan h u o n g het n h u n g huong
sac cua cuoc d o i . N g a y lien do la cau tho the hi§n cai t u o i n o n cua "Ca cuoc
song m o i bat d a u m o n m a n " . " M a n m o n " la tvr lay rat g g i cam va giau y nghia
dien ta. N o g o i cam giac s u vat, cay coi dang 6 do n o n m u a t , t u o i tot day sue
song " T h a n g gieng n g o n n h u m p t cap m o i gan", k h i e n cho t h i n h a n tran len
bao khao khat:
E)iep t u "cho" v o i n h i p d p tang tien nhan m a n h
A t ' : i>i j?!
cac cap d p khat v p n g
huang thu dat den d p thoa thue, sung man, t r p n ven. X u a n D i ^ u m u o n tan
huong cupc song cho den " n o ne", "chenh choang", " d a d a y " . T r o n g n i e m cam
hiing o dp cao nhat, X u a n D i ^ u nhan ra cupc d o i , m i i a xuan n h u m p t cai g i quy
nhat, trpn ven n h u m p t trai d o i do hong, chin m p n g , t h o m ngat, ngpt ngao,
xuan hong, de cho nha tho tan h u o n g t r o n g n i e m khao khat cao d p .
Tha Xuan D i e u c6 dac t r u n g la su v 6 vap, cuong nhiet, m a n h bao. M o i m p t
Ian khao khat "Ta m u o n " t h i lai d i lien v o i m p t d p n g tir chi trang thai yeu
duong m 6 i liic m p t m a n h me, nong nan hon " 6 m - s u song" - "riet - may dua,
gio l u p n " - "say - canh b u o m , t i n h y e u " - "thau - cai h o n nhieu", de cuoi cung la
"Ta 6 m bo canh tay ta lam ran
mpt tieng keu ciia su cuong nhi^t, d a m say the h i ^ n n i e m y e u d o i , khat song
L a m day da quart q u y t ca v u a n xuan
chua t u n g c6 t r o n g t h o ca Viet N a m " H o i xuan hong, ta m u o n can vao n g u o i ! " .
Khong muon di, mai mai 6 v u o n tran
Day chinh la d i n h d i e m ciia s u khao khat chay bong ciia nha tho.
Chan hoa re de h i i t m i i a d u o i dat"
D u o i n g o i b i i t ciia X u a n D i ? u va trong anh mat "xanh non", "biec r o n " ciia
(Thanh nien)
b. V a dang sau khao khat " 6 m ca s u song mon motn" ay la n h i m g cau tho
manh bao, gap gap, gi\ic gia tran day noi yeu:
thi si, m i i a xuan hien len ro ret va s6hg d p n g n h u c6 h i n h c6 dang, c6 h o n c6
sac "Xuan h o n g " . M i i a xuan n h u m 6 i , n h u ma ciia m p t n g u o i thieu nix tre
trung, tran tre n h u a song va dep x i n h , t r i n h nguyen dang rao rue yeu d u o n g ,
Ta m u o n riet may d u a va gio l u g n
hay n h u m p t qua chin ngpt t h o m t r o n g v u o n " T h a n g gieng n g o n n h u m p t cap
Ta m u o n say canh b u o m v o i t i n h yeu
gan". D u n g t r u a c cai hap dan ciia m i i a xuan, cupc song, t h i sT h i n h n h u
Ta m u o n thau t r o n g m p t cai h o n n h i e u
khong nen n o i long yeu da d i den m p t c i i chi ciing that dang y e u :
Va n o n nuoc, va cay, va c6 rang
"Ta m u o n can vao n g u o i !"
Cho chenh choang m u i t h a m , cho da day anh sang
n ^
l u p n " , m u o n d a m say v o i "canh b u o m t i n h y e u " , m u o n g o m het
g'ng dat dao " V a n o n nuoc, va cay, va c6 r a n g " . De roi, chang n h u con ong
" M a u d i thoi m u a chua nga chieu horn
;,
^^'a
,
dang non, xuan chua gia:
Va b a i :
, ^uong nhiet cua nha tho. T h i nhan n h u m u o n 6 m het vao l o n g m i n h " m a y
Co le t r o n g cac bai tho ciia Xuan Dieu truoc Cach m a n g t h i day la n h i r n g
Cho no ne thanh sac ciia t h o i t u o i
\'an tho X u a n D i e u nhat. V i m o i cau, m o i chir deu m a n g h o i t h o nong nan,
M p t doan t h o ngan m a c6 t o i bo'n, n a m t u "ta m u o n " d u p e lap d i , lap lai n h u
n h i p d i ^ u h o i ha, n h u h o i t h o gap gap ciia t h i nhan. C h u n g to X u a n D i f u nong
*^3m say, h a m song ciia " m p t nha tho m o i nhat t r o n g cac nha t h o m a i " .
3. D a n h g i a c h u n g v e n o i d u n g v a n g h e t h u a t :
nhi?t den r o i rit, cuong quyt, n h u m u o n cung liic giang tay 6 m het ca via t r u , ca
n p i d u n g , doan t h o n o i rieng va bai t h o n o i c h u n g da the hien cai t 6 i ca
cupc d o i , m i i a xuan vao l o n g m i n h . Song n h u the v o i X u a n D i e u m o i thuc la
J^han day say me, rao rue. Xuan D i e u da bpc 16 m p t cai t o i tran day s u them
s6'ng, m a i d i den tan c i m g cua n i e m hanh phuc d u p e s6'ng. D i $ p ngu
"Ta
dupe song, d u p e tan h u o n g m p t each cuong nhi?t n h i i n g thanh sac ciia
m u o n " n h u y nghia ciia no da n o i len dupe cai h a m m u o n khat t h e m d e n han'
^^9c d o i . T h i si n h u m u o n giang r p n g ca d 6 i tay, ca l o n g nguc ciia m i n h de d o n
OA...
.
.
97
a. Cam n h | n n i e m k h a t k h a o t ^ n h u 6 n g sijr song:
n h i i n m u a x u a n ciia t i n h yeu, ciia t u o i tre. N o i khat t h e m ay la xuat phat t u rriot
q u a n n i # m n h a n sinh tien bp, tich eye cua Xuan D i ^ u t r u o c
CUQC
d a i : Mau
c h u v p i v a n g len v d i c h u / E m a i e m t i n h non da gia r o i (Due Da).
.
Cai t o i b a m riet, say sua tan h u o n g ve d?p ciia s y song t r a n the; the i i i ^ n
quan n i ? m m o i m e ve cai d?p, m i i a xuan, t u o i tre va t i n h y e u .
V e ngh§ thuat, t h a n h cong ciia doan t h o chinh la n h o v a o m p t so' yeu to
.
4
Cai t o i n h a n thue d u p e s u t r o i chay eiia t h a i gian v a s y ngan n g i i i ciia
ngh$ t h u a t : d i ^ p n g u "Ta m u o n " dugc lap d i l ^ p lai n h i e u I a n ; s u d u n g dorig
Ide'p n g u o i ; d o d o p h a i song c6 y nghla, tran t r p n g h i n g giay p h i i t ciia cupc d o i
tvr m a n h : thau, riet, say, h o n , can; gipng di?u say m e ; n h i p d i ^ u gap gap,
b i n g t a m the'song v p i vang, cuong q u y t .
chuyen d o i the t h o l i n h ho^t; t u n g i i tao bgo the hien cai t o i t r a n day cam xuc
cua tac gia.
Cai t o i d u p e the hi?n bod s u ket h p p g i i i a cam xiic trir t i n h va triet luan,
hinh anh t h o dpc dap, m o i la; n g p n n g i i t h o t u nhien, sinh d p n g ; the t h a t y do;
III. K E T BAI
Tom
.
ca'u triie cau t h o l i n h hoat; g i p n g d i e u gap gap, spi np'i,...
doan t h a ta vfra p h a n tich a tren la m p t doan t h o h a y nha't trong
b. B i n h l u a n ve cac y k i e n :
bai t h o V p i vang. D o a n t h o da g i i i p ta h i n h d u n g d u o c tarn h o n X u a n Dieu,
-
m o t cai t o i yeu d o i , giau xiic cam, m o t n h a n sinh quan tien bp ve cupc d o i . Voi
n h u n g g i the hi?n 6 tren, X u a n D i ^ u rat x u n g dang v o i d a n h h i $ u : " N h a tho
mod nha't t r o n g cac nha t h o mod" (Hoai Thanh).
Bac b o y k i e n cho r i n g do Id tieng noi cua cai toi vi ki tieu cue
+
toi, xem m p i tiehg n p i ciia cai t p i d e u la tieu cue, d p n g nha't s y h u o n g t h u
chinh dang eiia con n g u o i v o i 16'i song ca n h a n chii nghia.
+
4: N h a n d i n h ve niem khat khao tan hirong s\ song trong bai tha
Voi Vang cua Xuan D i ? u , tvmg c6 y kien cho r i n g : "do Id tiehg noi cua cai
dia chii nghia h u o n g lac.
-
nhtrng y kien tren.
+
1. Vai n6t ve tac gia va tac pham:
X u a n D i ^ u la n h a t h o Ion ciia p h o n g trao T h o m o i ; h o n t h o l u o n khat
khao giao cam v o i dod va tan h u o n g s u song; p h o n g each t h a m a i me, dpc dao,
giau sue sang tao, c h i u anh h u o n g sau sac ciia van hpc h i f n dai p h u o n g Tay.
khao tan h u o n g s y song ciia cai t o i 6 bai t h o Voi vdng, x e m d o la bieu h i f n
manh l i ^ t eiia cai t o i ca n h a n tich eye.
+
ciia cpn nguod, dac biet la tang l o p thanh liien.
Vgi vang la m p t tac p h a m dac sac, rat tieu bieu chp p h o n g each t h a Xuan
DAYTHONVIDA
s u song ciia cai t o i tac gia.
H a n Mac T u
2. Giai thich y kien:
Cai toi la bieu h i f n cao d p ciia y thue ca nhan, xuat h i ^ n k h i con n g u o i co
n h u cau d u p e la c h i n h m i n h .
-
Cai toi vi ki tieu cue la cai toi nha't nha't chi v i m i n h , de cao m i n h m p t each
cue doan, bat chap tat ea. Cai toi ca nhan tich cue la cai t o i v o i n h i i n g khat vpng
nhan ban c h i n h dang, h u o n g t o i n h i i n g gia t r i song tot dep, lanh m a n h .
3. Cam nhan niem khat khao tan huong six s6ng trong V6i van^
va binh luan ve hai y kien:
98
O t h a i dai T h o m o i , khat khao tan h u o n g s y so'ng ciia cai t o i ay da c6
anh h u a n g tich eye sau sac den y thiie ca nhan, l o n g y e u d a i , y e u cupc sp'ng
D i e u truoe Cach m a n g thang Tam; the hi?n sau sac n i e m khat khao tan huong
-
Y k i e n xuat phat t u q u a n d i e m d i i n g d a n coi t r p n g q u y e n sp'ng chinh
dang eiia eon n g u o i ca nhan, v i the da nhan ra t i n h n h a n ban t r o n g n i e m khat
D A N BAI
-
K h a n g d i n h s y d i i n g din ciia y k i e n : do Id tiehg noi cua cai toi ca nhan
tich cue
Tvr ckm nhan ciia m i n h ve niem khat khao do, anh/chj hay b i n h luan
-
The hien d i n h k i e n hep h o i d o i v o i y t h i i c t r a n q u i b a n t h a n eiia eon
nguoi, d o n g nha't vi?c tan h u o n g s y song lanh m a n h , ti'ch cue v o i I6i song gap
toi vi ki tieu cue". L a i c6 y kien khang dinh: "do Id tiehg noi cua cai toi ca
nhan tich cue".
Y kien xuat phat t i i quan d i e m cu, qua cpi t r p n g cai ta m a cpi nh? cai
*
L O I B I N H V E H A N M A C TU" V A T H O
-
T r u o c k h o n g eo ai, sau k h o n g c6 ai, H a n Mac T i i n h u m p t n g o i sao choi
^o?t qua bau t r o i V i ^ t N a m v o i cai d u o i choi 16a rye r o eiia m i n h "
"
"Toi x i n h i i a h ? n vod cac n g u o i rang, m a i sau, n h i i n g cai t a m t h u o n g ,
'^Vc thuoc kia se bien tan di, va con lai ciia cai t h o i k y nay, chiit g i dang ke d o
' ^ H a n M a c T i i " (Nha tho C h e L a n Vien)
- Xem thêm -
.PDF 
30 
677 
148 
