Tài liệu Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 2 )

TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI MÔN LỊCH SỬ iiong trao each mang 1936 - 1939 la cupc dien tap Ian thu hai chuan bj cho each m a n g de pha hoai each mang, lua bjt quan chving, chia re hang n g u con, each mang thang T a m 1945 nhan va M a t tran dan tpc t h o n g nhat, pha hoai n h i i n g to ehuc va hogt dorij jsjeii n h u p h o n g trao each m a n g 1930 -1931 da tao ra n h i i n g n h a n to'ca ban cua D a n g C p n g san. C h i i n g d u a ra khau l ^ n h k h o n g p h u h o p , dan p h o n g tra,, ^am bao cho t h i n g I p i Cach mang thang Tam t h i p h o n g trao 1936 - 1939 lai den that bai. C h u n g ho hao "lam each m a n g v 6 san" de d o i lap v o l chu truorip tiep boi bo va phat trien n h u n g nhan to d o len m p t b u o c m o i cao h o n . "chohg phat xit chong chien tranh", lap "Doan thanh nien cong san" thay cho T h o n g qua p h o n g trao nay. D a n g da d u p e t r u o n g thanh t h e m ve t u t u o n g "Doan thanh nien dan c h i i " , lap " H g i cuu te" thay cho " H o i Cuxi te'binh dan" v.v to chuc. N e n tang t u t u o n g ciia D a n g la chii nghia Mae - L e n i n cang ngay D a n g Cpng san D o n g D u o n g da dau tranh kien quye't v o i bpn toro'tkit. Cupc cang them tham nhuan t r o n g t u t u o n g , hanh d p n g ciia cac dang v i e n cpng san dau tranh d o da g i u p q u a n c h i i n g nhan ro bp mat that cua b p n tarotkit, kip thoj Sn sau, toa r p n g t r o n g cac tang lop nhan dan. D a n g da xay d u n g va phat ngan chan am m u u pha hoai cua chung. tri^'n dupe m p t d p i n g u can bp c6 nang luc va giau k i n h n g h i e m , d o n g t h o i 4. K e t qua va y n g h i a va b a i hpc k i n h n g h i ^ m cua p h o n g trao phat trien them cae to chuc eo so, tang c u o n g m o l day lien he v o i q u a n c h i i n g . * Kei qua: Qua phong trao, nghe thuat chi dao chien lupc each m a n g ciia D a n g , t r i n h d p Cupc van d p n g dan chu 1936 -1939 la m p t p h o n g trao quan c h u n g r p n g Ion, giae ngp ciia dang v i e n va u y t i n ciia Dang nang len m p t buoc ro ret. CO to chuc, d u a i s u lanh dao cua D a n g Cpng san D o n g D u o n g . Bang sue m a n h doan ket cua quan chung, da bupc c h i n h q u y e n ciia thuc dan phai n h u o n g bp m p t so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve dan sinh, d a n chii. Qua p h o n g trao, q u a n c h i i n g dupe giae m p t ve c h i n h t r j , da t h a m gia MSt tran dan tpc t h o n g nhat, t r o thanh luc l u p n g chinh trj h u n g hau cua each mang; can bp d u p e tap h o p thanh d p i n g u d o n g dao va t r u o n g t h a n h . * Y nghia: Cupc van d p n g dan chu 1936 - 1939 la m p t p h o n g trao q u a n c h i i n g r p n g Ion, CO to chuc, d u a i s u lanh dao ciia D a n g Cpng san D o n g D u o n g . Bang sue m a n h doan ket ciia quan c h i i n g , da bupc c h i n h q u y e n ciia thuc dan p h a i n h u o n g bp m p t so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve d a n sinh, dan chii. Qua p h o n g trao, quan c h i i n g dupe giae m p t ve c h i n h t r j , da t h a m gia Mat tran dan tpc t h o n g nhat, t r o thanh luc l u p n g chinh trj h u n g hau ciia each mang can bp d u o c tap h o p thanh d p i n g i i d o n g dao va t r u o n g thanh. C u n g v o i s u t r u o n g thanh ciia Dang, luc l u p n g each m a n g c u n g Ion m a n h khong n g u n g . Qua t h u c tien dau tranh. D a n g da xay d u n g m p t d p i quan chinh trj hiing hau g o m hang trieu n g u o i a ca thanh t h j va n o n g t h o n , tap h p p trong mpt mat tran dan tpc thong nhat r p n g rai. C u n g qua dau tranh ma quan c h i i n g each m a n g d u p e toi l u y ^ n va t h u thach day dan. Phong trao each m a n g 1936 -1939 con de lai nhieu bai hpe k i n h n g h i f m q u y gia cho giai doan each m a n g sau. D o la bai hpe ve to chuc, tap h o p quan c h i i n g dau tranh; Bai hpe ve su d u n g hinh thuc va p h u o n g phap dau tranh phong p h i i . Phong trao each m a n g 1936 -1939 da chuan bj nhiiTig dieu kien can thie't de dua D a n g va quan c h i i n g each mang buoc vao t h o i k i dau tranh true tiep gianh chinh q u y e n . V i vay, day la cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai chuan bj cho Cach m a n g thang T a m 1945. 6. D|c diem ve h i n h thuc dau tranh, nhi^m vy chinh tri, h i n h thuc to chuc quan chiing, mat tran trong thai k i 1936 * Bai hoc kinh nghiem: T r o n g qua t r i n h dau tranh, D a n g Cpng san D o n g D u o n g tich l i i y dupe n h i e u bai hpe k i n h n g h i e m : Ve h i n h t h i i c dau tranh: Dau tranh cong khai, h p p phap, ban cong khai, ban '^Vp phap, bat h p p phap va b i mat. Day la thoi k i s u d u n g h i n h thiie dau tranh phong p h i i nhat. C h i i ye'u la dau tranh chinh t r j . Bai hpe ve xay d u n g M a t tran thong nhat. Bai hpe ve to chuc, lanh dao quan c h i i n g dau tranh cong khai, h p p phap. Ve n h i ^ m v u chinh t r j : C h o n g bpn phan d p n g thupe dja va tay sai d o i cac luyen ty do, dan chu, c o m ao, hoa b i n h . Bai hpe ve dau tranh t u t u o n g trong npi bp Dang va v o i dang p h a i c h i n h trj phan dpng. D o n g t h o i . D a n g thay d u p e n h i r n g han che ciia m i n h t r o n g cong tac mat tran, van de dan tpc... Co the n o i , p h o n g trao dan chii 1936 - 1939 n h u cupc d i e n tap, chuan b| cho cupc Tong k h o i nghia thang Tam sau nay. -1939 Ve hinh thuc to chuc quan chiing: Tap hpp quan chiing trong M a t tran, da loi ^ lye l u p n g chinh trj ciia quan chiing hang trieu n g u o i d u n g ve phia each mang. I Ve cong tac M a t tran: T r u o c tien thanh lap M a t tran nhan dan thong nhat d e ' D o n g D u o n g den 3 - 1938 d o i thanh M a t tran dan chii D o n g D u o n g p h u h p p v o i mue tieu d a u tranh. 7. So sanh t h a i k i each mging n a m 1930 - 1931 v a i t h a i k i n a m 1936 - 1939 1930 Npi dung -1931 1936 phai -1939 la t h y c N 3 m 1937, c6 400 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan. Tieu bieu la cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan xe l u a N a m D o n g D u o n g ngay 9 - 7 - 1937 va m o than V a n g va bpn Khong p h o n g kien tay sal ciia Phap n o i c h u n g m a la bpj^ De Ke t h u quoc Phap da^ phan d p n g thupc dja va tay Phap D a n h ngay 28 - 9 - 1937. 15 cupc dau tranh ciia n o n g dan d o i g i a m to, g i a m tuc... Tieu t h u o n g 6 H a N p i , H a i Phong, cac thanh p h o va t h j xa khac bai t h j , d o i g i a m thue'chp, thue hang. sai cua c h i i n g . N a m 1938, c6 131 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan. T u y so l u p n g cupc dau C h o n g de quoc Phap de C h o n g phat xit, chong chie'ji gianh tpc, tranh, chong b p n p h a n dprig de va tay sai ciia c h i i n g de doj g i a n h r u p n g dat cho d a n t u do, dan c h u , c o m ao, hoa cay. binh. te Lao d p n g , n h i e u cupc to chiic m i t t i n h dupe cong khai 6 H a N p i , Sai G o n va C h i thanh lap H p i phan M a t t r a n t h o n g nhat nhan n h i e u n o i khac, da t h u h i i t d o n g dao quan c h i i n g t h a m gia. de n h i m g chua hoat dpng. dan phan de D o n g Duong, N a m 1939, p h o n g trao d a u tranh t r o n g 3 thang d a u n a m b i g i a m siit. Tir sau d o i thanh M a t tr$n Dan thang 4 p h o n g trao len dan va dat t o i d i n h cao vao thang 6. Phong trao tap chii D o n g D u o n g . t r u n g 6 n h u n g t r u n g t a m cong n g h i ^ p I o n n h u H a N p i , H a i Phong, Sai Gon, Bi mat, bat h p p phap, bao H p p phap, cong khai, ban Chp Lon... d p n g vu trang. cong k h a i . The hi$n vai tro lanh dao Tap ciia D a n g . Thuc hi?n lien l u p n g c h i n h t r j ciia m i n h cong nong. Nhi?m vy c h i i n g d o n g dao. Su dyng dpc lap dan chong M a t tran Hinh thiic phuong va phap phong kien t r a n h g i a m so v o i n a m truoc, n h u n g chat l u p n g cao h o n bieu h i f n 6 t r i n h d p dja p h u o n g . Dgc bi?t la cupc dau tranh ngay 1 - 5 - 1938. Lan dau tien, t r o n g ngay Quoc * Sit dung hinh thiec dau tranh phong phu: dau t r a n h Ket qua dat d u p e giac ngp ciia quan c h i i n g , k h a u h i ^ u dau tranh, s u lien ket d a u t r a n h g i i i a cac L p i d y n g kha nMng dau t r a n h cong khai, h p p phap, ban cong k h a i , ban h p p hpp dupe mpt luc phap nen p h o n g trao d a n chii 1936 - 1939 s i i d y n g nhieu h i n h t h i i c dau tranh quan phong phii: V a n d p n g , to chiic quan c h i i n g h p i hpp, thao ra ban " d a n n g u y ^ n " g u i den n h i e u h i n h t h i i c d a u tranh p h a i doan ciia Phap sang d i e u tra t i n h h i n h D o n g D u o n g . La cupc dien tap dau tien phong phii. cho La cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai M i t t i n h , bieu t i n h d o i cac q u y e n dan sinh, dan c h i i . cho Cach m a n g thang Tarn. D a u t r a n h tren l l n h v y c n g h i t r u o n g , ITnh v u c bao chi. Cach mang Tarn n a m 1945. N h ^ n xet thang Bai cong, bai t h j , bai khoa ciia cong nhan va cac tang l o p lao d p n g khac. So v o i t h o i k i 1930 - 1931, chii t r u o n g sach lupc, chie'n I I I . P H O N G T R A O G I A I P H O N G D A N T Q C 1939 l u p c va h i n h t h i i c dau tranh t r o n g t h o i k i 1936 - 1939 c6 -1945 11. T i n h h i n h c h i n h trj, k i n h te - xa h p i nude ta t r o n g n h u n g n a m 1939 -1945 net khac nhau. Dac bi?t la s u thanh lap M a t t r ^ n nhan a. Tinh hinh chinh trj: d a n de doan ket cac l y c l u p n g dan c h i i , chong Phap doi N g a y 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i hai b u n g no. N g a y 3 - 9 -1939, cac q u y e n t y do, dan chii, c o m ao, hoa b i n h . Phap va A n h t u y e n chien v o i D i i c . Sau k h i t h a m chien, C h i n h p h i i Phap t h y c 8. Phong trao dan chu 1936 - 1939 thu hut dupe dupe dong dko c i c tang W hi^n c h i n h sach t h i i d j c h d o i v o i cac l y c l u p n g tien bp t r o n g n u o c va p h o n g nhan dan tham gia va s u d y n g hinh thue dau tranh phong p h u trao each m a n g 6 cac thupc dja. * Phong trao thu hut dugc dong dao cac tang lap nhan dan: i Sau thang cuol n a m 1936, c6 361 cupc dau tranh, t r o n g d o c6 236 cupc t r a n h ciia cong n h a n . Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ngay 2 3 - 1 1 H o n Gai, C a m Pha, M o n g D u o n g . . . d o i tang l u o n g 25%. ciia cong n h ^ T h a n g 6 - 1940, Phap d a u hang Due. 6 D o n g D u o n g , c h i n h q u y e n m o i ciia Phap t h y c hi?n m p t logt c h i n h sach v o vet sue n g u o i , sue ciia eiia V i ^ t N a m doc vao cupc chien t r a n h C u o l thang 9 - 1940, quan N h a t v u p t bien g i o i Vi?t - T r u n g vao m i e n B^c Vi?t Nam. Q u a n Phap n h a n h chong dau hang. Phat x i t N h a t g i i i n g u y e n bp 62 63 Oin chii v u n va n h o b j thiet hai va b j pha san v i chien t r a n h , do phai npp may t h o n g t r j ciia thuc dan Phap, d u n g no d e b o c Ipt k i n h t e p h u c v u cho n h u cau chien t r a n h va dan ap p h o n g trao each mang. Viet N a m bj dat d u a i ach thoc ta, chju thuc cao. l^hfmg him chuyen do ciia tinh hinh thegidi va trong nude dat ra cho Dang ta phai t h o n g trj ciia N h a t - Phap. 6 Viet N a m liic nay k h o n g chi c6 n h i r n g dang phai than Phap ma ca n h u n g dang phai than N h a t , n h u D a i Viet, Phuc Quoc... Thang 6 - 1 9 4 1 , Due tan cong Lien X6. Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan Lien X6 nam bat kjp thai tmh hinh c6 ddnh gia chinh xac, dera duang lot dau tranh phii hap. 2. N h u n g c h u y e n b i e n cua tinh h i n h the g i o i t r o n g n h i i t i g n a m d a u cuQC Chien t r a n h the g i o i t h u h a i . H g i n g h j T r u n g u o n g D a n g t h a n g 11 -1939 a. Nhihtg chuyen bien cua tinh hinh the giai trong cuoc chien tranh v$ quoc da c6 v u manh me phong trao each mang Vi?t N a m . N g a y 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai b i i n g no. N g a y 3 - 9 - 1939, b. Tinh hinh chinh tri, kinh te- xa hoi: * Kinh te: phap tuyen chien v o i Due. Sau k h i t h a m chien, C h i n h p h i i Phap thi^c h i f n T h y c d a n Phap t h i hanh c h i n h sach " K i n h te chi h u y " . C h i i n g tang m u c thue chinh sach thu d i c h d o i v o i cac luc l u p n g tien bp t r o n g n u o c va p h o n g trao cia, dat them m u c thue m o i . . . d o n g t h o i lam sa thai b o t cong nhan, vien chue, each m a n g a cac thupe dja. giam tien l u o n g , tang g i o lam... C h u n g k i e m soat gat gao san xuat va phan pho'i, an d j n h gia ca... K h i N h a t va D o n g D u o n g , Phap buoc phai de cho N h a t s u d u n g p h u o n g Thang 6 - 1940, Phap d a u hang Due. 6 D o n g D u o n g , c h i n h q u y e n m a i ciia Phap t h y c hien m o t loat c h i n h sach v a vet sue n g u a i , sue eiia ciia V i ^ t N a m doc vao ciipe chien tranh. t i ^ n giao t h o n g k i e m soat he thong d u a n g sk va cac tau bien. N h a t con bat c h i n h quyen thuc d a n Phap hMng n a m nop cho c h i i n g khoan tien Ion. Q u a n N h a t eon c u a p r u p n g dat ciia n o n g dan, bMt n o n g dan n h o lua, ngo de Thang 6 - 1941, D u e tan cong Lien X6. Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan L i e n X6 trong eupc chien t r a n h v? quoc da eo via m a n h me p h o n g trao each m a n g Vi^t N a m . N h t i n g bien chuyen d o ciia t i n h h i n h the g i o i va t r o n g n u o c dat ra cho Dang t r o n g day, thau dau phuc v u cho n h u cau chien tranh. N h a t yeu cau c h i n h q u y e n thuc dan Phap xua't cang cac n g u y e n lieu, chien luge sang N h a t v o i gia re so v o i gia ciia t h i t r u o n g t h e g i d i n h u than, sat, cao ta phai n a m b i t k i p t h a i t i n h h i n h c6 danh gia chinh xac, de ra d u o n g 161 dau tranh phix h o p . b. Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang thang 11 su, xi m a n g v.v... -1939 M o t so cong ti ciia N h a t dau t u vao n h i i n g nganh p h u c v u cho n h u cau Thnng 11 -1939, H p i n g h i Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u a n g D a n g trieu tap tai Ba quan s u n h u khai thac manggan, sat 6 Thai N g u y e n , p h o t phat 6 Lao Cai, c r o m Diem (Hoe M o n - Gia D j n h ) do Tong b i t h u N g u y e n V a n C u c h i i t r i . Sau k h i 6 T h a n h Hoa. phan tich t i n h chat eiia eupc Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai, n h a n d i n h ve t i n h *Xahgi: hinh the g i a i va D o n g D u o n g , H p i n g h i xac d i n h m u c tieu chien lupc t r u d c Chinh sach v o vet boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat da day nhan dan ta toi cho ciing cue. mat ciia each m a n g D o n g D u o n g la danh do de quoc va tay sai, giai p h o n g cac H a u qua la cuoi nam 1944 den nam 1945 eo toi 2 tri^u dong bao ta ehet d o i . Tat ca cac giai cap, tang l o p xa h o i 6 n u o c ta, t r u bpn tay sai de quoc, dai dja chu t u san mai ban, deu bi anh h u o n g boi chinh sach boc lot ciia Phap - N h a t . C o n g nhan bj boc Ipt nang nem phai l a m viec t u 10 den 12 gio/ngay, tien l u a n g g i a m , gia ca sinh hoat dat do. N o n g dan phai chju suu cao, thue nang, phai d i l i n h , d i p h u , b i euong buc nho Ilia t r o n g day, thau d a u . Tieu t u san t r i thuc, vien chue m a t vi^e lam hoac bj giam l u o n g ; tieu t h u o n g ban e'hang, nhieu tieu chii phai n g u n g san xuat. T u san dan tpc vira bj chinh sach " K i n h t e c h i h u y " l a m cho pha san, vita hi thi?t hai ve sue m u a eiia nhan dan giam siit. 64 dm L tpc D o n g D u o n g , l a m cho D o n g D u o n g hoan toan dpe lap. H p i n g h j c h i i t r u o n g tarn gac khau h i ^ u each m a n g r u p n g dat va de ra k h a u hi^u tjeh t h u r u p n g dat ciia d e q u o e va dja chii phan bpi q u y e n I p i ciia dan tpc, chong to cao, lai nang. K h a u hi#u lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, b i n h ,i4upc thay the bSng k h a u hi?u lap c h i n h quyen dan chii epng hoa. li' Ve p h u o n g p h a p each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh d o i dan sinh, dan chii sang dau t r a n h d a n h do c h i n h q u y e n ciia de quoc va tay sai; t u hoat d p n g h p p phap, nua h p p phap sang ho?t d p n g b i mat, bat h p p phap. , j, ; D a n g chii c h u a n g t h a n h lap M a t tran t h o n g nhat d a n tpc phan de D o n g D u o n g thay cho M a t t r a n d a n chii D o n g D u o n g . Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang Ian thdng 11 — 1939 "ddnh dau buac chuyen huang quan trgng vechi dqo chien luge", thehien su nhqy ben vechinh tri vd nang luc sang tqo cua Dang. 3. Van de nhi?m v\ va Ivrc lug^ng each mang duqrc giai quyet trong Cuong Ilnh chinh t r i dau tien ciia Dang, trong Luan cuoiig chinh t r i thang 10 - 1930 va trong H p i nghj Trung uo«g Dang thang 11 -1939 * Van denhi^m vu each mang: - Trong Cuang Itnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang: Nguyen A i Quoc chii trucmg dat nhi^m vy giai phong dan toe len tren nhi?m vy giai phong giai cap. Cuong llnh neu ro: Nhi?m vu ciia each mang Vi?t Nam la danh do de quoc Phap, bpn phong kien va phan each mang lam cho nuoc Vi?t Nam dpc lap, tu do. - Trong Hpi nghi Trung uang Dang thdng 11 - 1939: Xac dinh luc lupng each mang la toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam. Hpi nghj chii truong thanh lap M|it tran thong nhat dan tpc Phan de Dong Duong de tap hpp mpi lupng ciia dan tpc vao nhi^m vu chii yeu la chong chien tranh de quoc va ach thong tri phat xit thupe dia. r. N h u vay, ve luc lupng each mang, so voi Cuang llnh chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang va chii truong ciia Hpi nghj Trung uang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong cung mSc sai lam do la: danh gia khong diing kha nang each mang ciia tang \cfp tieu t u san, kha nang chong dequoc va phong kien 6 miic dp nhat dinh ciia giai cap t u san dan tpc, kha nang loi keo mot bp phan trung, tieu dja chii tham gia mat tran dan tpc thong nhat chong dequoc va tay sai. 4. Nguyen nhan, dien bien, nguyen nhan that bai, y nghia lich su ciia K h o i nghia Bhc Son, K h o i nghia Nam K i va Binh bien Do Luong. - Trong Luan cuang chinh tri thdng 10 -1930: * Cuoc khai nghia Bac San (27-9- Xac djnh nhi^m vy danh phong kien truoc danh de quoc sau. Luan cucmg -Nguyen nhan: neu ro: Nhi^m vy ciia each mang la danh do phong kien va danh do de quoc, hai nhi?m vy nay c6 quan h$ voi nhau. - Trong Hoi nghi Trung ucmg Dang thdng 11- 1939: Truoc nhirng bien doi ciia tinh hinh the' gioi va trong nuoc, nhat la khi Chien tranh the giai Ian thii hai bung no, thuc dan Phap tang cuang dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan Dong Duong, roi sau do, Nhat nhay vao Dong Duong cau ket voi Phap dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta. Tmh hinh do. Dang ta trif u tap Hpi nghj thang 11 - 1939, chii truong giuong cao ngpn ca giai phong dan tpc, d|t rthi^m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thie't. 1940) Ngay 22 - 9 - 1940, quan Nhat vupt qua bien gioi Vi^t - Trung, danh chiem Lang Son, nem bom Hai Phong, do bp len Do San 6 Lang Son, quan Phap bj ton that nang ne. So Ion quan Phap dau hang, so con l^i riit chay ve Thai Nguyen qua duong Bae San. - Dien bien: Dem ngay 27 - 9 - 1940, nhan dan Bae Son duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang bp dja phuong da noi day danh quan Phap, chiem don Mo Nhai. Ngyy quyen 6 Bac Son tan ra. Nhan dan lam chii chau Ij va cac viing Ian can. Dpi du kich BMc Son dupe thanh lap. Tuy Phap va Nhat mau thuan vai nhau, nhung deu hoang sp truoc lyc N h u v^y, so voi Cuong llnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang va chii tnrang ciia Hpi lupng each mang, da nhanh chong cau ket lai. May hom sau Nhat tha t u binh nghj Trung uang Dang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong chinh trj thang 10 - 1030 Phap va cho quan Phap tro lai dong cac don bo't 6 Lang Son. Thye dan Phap con han che do la: chua neu dupe mau thuan chii yeu eiia xa hpi Dong Duong, tien hanh khiing bo phong trao each mang Bac San. Chiing dot pha lang ban, khong dua ngpn ca dan tpc len hang dau ma nang ve dau tranh giai cap va don lang, tap trung dan, bat giet nhung nguoi tham gia khoi nghia. each mang rupng dat. * Van de luc lugng each mang: - Trong Cucmg llnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang: Xac djnh luc lupng each mang la cong nhan, nong dan, tieu t u san, t r i thuc. Doi voi phii nong, trung tieu dja chii va tu ban thi Ipi dung hoae trung lap, dong thai phai lien h? vai cac dan tpc bj ap biie va v6 san the gioi. - Trong Luan cucmg chinh tri thdng 10 -1930: Xac djnh lye lupng each mang la giai cap v6 san va nong dan. 66 - y nghia vd bai hoc kinh nghiem cua khai nghia Bdc San: No ma dau cho phong trao dau tranh giai phong dan tpc sau khi c6 chii truong ehuyen huong dau tranh eiia Dang. Khai nghia BSc San giiip Dang ta nit ra nhirng bai hpc quy bau ve khoi nghia vii trang, chpn thai co, quyet tam gianh thSng Ipi. * CMOCkhai nghia Nam Ki(23-ll-1940) - Nguyen nhan: Thang 11 - 1940, xay ra cupc xung dpt giiia thye dan Phap va Xiem (Thai Lan). Chinh quyen thye dan Phap bit thanh nien Vi?t Nam va Cao Mien d i 67 lam bia d o dan. N h a n dan N a m K i va b i n h l i n h dau tranh k h o n g d u a l i n h ra m | t tran T r o n g boi canh do, X u uy N a m K i chuan bj phat d o n g nhan d a n k h a i nghia va cu dai bieu ra Bac x i n chi thj cua T r u n g u o n g . Cty TNHH MTVP^'H Khang Vift - Y nghia cua ba su kien tren: N o i len l o n g yeu n u o c nong nan, the hi§n t i n h than d a u t r a n h bat khuat v i (Jpc lap t v do ciia dan tpc ta. Giang m o t d o n chi t u vao thuc Phap, canh cao n g h i e m khac phat xit N h a t .-,Dien bien: Cupc k h o i nghia no ra vao d e m rang sang 23 - 11 - 1940. K h o i nghia b i i n g no t u m i e n D o n g den m i e n Tay N a m Bp; Bien Hoa, Gia D i n h , C h p L a n , Tan A n , Ben Tre, Tra V i n h , Can Tho, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, \ Tho, V i n h v u a m o i dat chan len dat n u o c ta. " D o la nhCrng tien sung bao h i ^ u ciia cupc k h o i nghia toan quoc". De Igi cho each m a n g nhieu bai hpc k i n h n g h i e m q u i gia, nhat bai hpc ve L o n g . C h i n h q u y e n each m a n g da thanh lap 6 nhieu n o i . T u t r o n g k h o i nghia, t h o i CO k h o i nghia. Rieng k h o i nghia Bac Son de lai cho each m a n g d p i d u kich lan dau tien xuat h i ^ n c6 do sao vang. Bac Son, k h o i nghia N a m K i de lai cho each m a n g la co do sao vang n a m canh, D o ke hoach bj Ip, thuc dan Phap da kjp t h o i d o i pho. C h u n g cho m a y bay n e m b o m tan sat nhan dan n h i r n g v u n g noi day, bat nhieu n g u d i . N h u vay, t r o n g t h o i gian 3 thang, 3 cupc noi day n o i tie'p no ra a 3 m i e n dat L u c l u p n g nghia quan con lai phai r i i t ve D o n g Thap va U M i n h de cung co lyc lupng. u o i , n h u n g " D o la n h i i n g tien siing bao hieu cho cupc k h o i nghia toan quoc, Cupc k h o i nghia N a m K i c h u n g to t i n h than yeu n u o c ciia cac tang l o p nhan dan V i ^ t N a m , san sang d u n g len chie'u dau chong q u a n t h u . * Cmc binh bien Do Luffng (13-1- 941) nhan: T r o n g k h i t h y c dan Phap k h i i n g bo du d p i nhCrng n g u o i t h a m gia k h o i nghia N a m K i , tai m i e n T r u n g n h i r n g b i n h l i n h n g u o i Viet t r o n g q u a n d p i Phap da l a m b i n h bien, chong lai vi^c Phap d u a b i n h l i n h n g u o i V i ^ t sang Lao d a n h nhau v o i quan Thai L a n . - Dien bien: N g a y 13 - 1 - 1 9 4 1 , b i n h l i n h d o n C h p Rang ( N g h ^ A n ) d u o i s u chi h u y a i a D p i C u n g ( N g u y e n V a n Cung) da n o i day. Toi h o m do, hp da d a n h chiem d o n D o L u o n g r o i len 6 to tien ve V i n h de p h o i h p p v d i b i n h l i n h 6 day chiem thanh. N h u n g ke hogch k h o n g thuc h i ^ n dupe. Q u a n Phap da k j p thoi d o i pho. H o r n sau, loan bp b i n h l i n h tham gia noi day b i bat. N g a y 11 - 2 - 1941, D p i C u n g bj sa vao tay giac N g a y 24 - 4 - 1941, t h y c dan Phap x u ban D p i C u n g cung 10 d o n g chi ciia ong. N h i e u n g u o i khac bj ket an k h o sai d u a d i day. - Y nghia: The h i ^ n t i n h than yeu nuoc va y thuc dan tpc cua b i n h l i n h n g u o i V i ^ t t r o n g q u a n d p i Phap. - Nguyen nhan that bqi: Cupc k h o i nghia Bac Son, N a m K i va cupc b i n h bien D o L u a n g cuol cung b j that bai, d o thuc d a n Phap luc do con m ^ n h , k h o i nghia no ra chua chin m u o i , chua d u n g t h o i co. 68 nuoc, d o n h i e u tang l o p nhan dan va b i n h l i n h t h a m gia da neu cao t i n h than bat khuat ciia d a n tpc. Cac cupc noi day da that bai v i dieu k i f n chua chin - y nghia: - Nguyen sau nay t r o thanh Quoc k i - m p t bieu t u p n g thieng lieng ciia dat nuoc. la buoc dau d a u tranh bang v u luc ciia cac dan tpc D o n g D u o n g " . . T i n h h i n h the g i o i , t r o n g n u o c n h u n g n a m 1940 - 1941. H p i n g h i l a n t h u 8 an C h a p h a n h T r u n g u o n g (5 - 1941). Tarn q u a n t r p n g ciia H p i n g h i T r u n g ig I a n t h u 8. a. Tinh hinh the gioi, trong * nuoc Thegiai: Chien tranh the g i o i lan t h u hai da buoc sang nam t h i i ba, sau k h i chiem han Ion chau A u , phat xit D u e chuan bj tan cong Lien X6, N h a t m o r p n g xam upc T r u n g Quoc, chuan bj chien tranh Thai Binh D u o n g . * Trong nuac: N h a t nhay vao D o n g D u o n g , Phap dau hang Nhat, N h a t lan t u n g b u o c de ien D o n g D u o n g thanh thupc dja va can c i i chien tranh ciia c h i i n g . N h a n d a n n g D u o n g phai chju hai tang ap biic, boc lot ciia Phap - N h a t , m a u thuan lira cac dan tpc D o n g D u o n g v o i d e q u o c , phat x i t Phap - N h a t phat trien gay t, van m ? n h cac d a n tpc D o n g D u o n g nguy v o n g h o n bao g i o het. N h a n dan D o n g D u o n g ngay cang each m a n g hoa, nhieu cupc d a u tranh da - ra, tieu bieu la cupc k h o i nghia Bac Son (9 -1940) N a m K i (11 -1940) va cupc i n h bien D o L u o n g (1 -1941). Truoc tinh h i n h the gioi va trong nuoc ngay cang khan truong, ngay 28 - 1 -1941 g u y e n A i Quoc ve nuoc va trieu tap H p i n g h i T r u n g u o n g D a n g lan t h u V I I I , ipp tir ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941 t ^ i PSc Bo (Cao Bang) chu t r u o n g d?t n h i ^ m V giai p h o n g d a n tpc len tren het. ' Cty TNHH MTVP'/V' < Kh.ing b. Hgi nghi Idn thu 8 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong (5 - 1941) 6, C h i i truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc cua D a n g tvr H p i nghi Trung N g a y 28 - 1 - 1941, N g u y e n A i Quo'c ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang. ifong thang 11 - 1939 den Hpi nghi Trung uong 8 (5 - 1941). V a i tro cua Ho Sau mQt t h a i gian chuan bj, N g u o i trieu tap va chu t r i H o i n g h i T r u n g u o n g C h i M i n h trong vi^c hoan chinh chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien Ian t h u 8 tai Pac Bo (Ha Q u a n g - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941. N g h j Iif^^c cua D a n g va chuan bi tien toi khoi nghia vii trang gianh chinh quyen. quyet H p i n g h i neu ro: N h i e m v u chu yeu truoc m a t ciia each m a n g la giai p h o n g d a n tpc. T a m gac khau hi^u each m a n g r u o n g da't, neu khau hieu g i a m to, g i a m tue, chia lai r u p n g dat cong, tien t o i thue hien n g u o i cay c6 r u o n g . C h u t r u o n g thanh lap C h i n h p h u nhan dan. Thay ten cac H p i Phan de thanh H p i C u u quoc, thanh lap Vi?t N a m doc lap d o n g m i n h gpi tat la Viet M i n h thay cho M a t tran t h o n g nhat dan toe phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g va g i i i p d o vi^c lap m a t tran 6 cac nude Lao, Campuchia. Xae d j n h h i n h thai cupe k h o i nghla o nuoc ta la d i t u k h o i nghTa t u n g phan tien len t o n g k h o i nghla va ket luan: chuan bj k h o i nghla v u t r a n g la n h i ^ m v u t r u n g tam cua toan D a n g , toan dan trong giai doan h i ^ n tai. C h i n h thuc d u p e bau ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g m o i , bau T r u o n g C h i n h l a m T o n g Bi t h u . H p i n g h j Ian t h u 8 cua Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g da hoan c h i n h chu t r u o n g c h u y e n h u o n g dau t r a n h d u p e de ra t u h p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6 (11 - 1939), n h a m giai quyet mue tieu so 1 cua each m a n g la doe lap dan tpc va de ra nhieu ehti t r u o n g sang tao thue h i | n mue tieu ay. H p i nghj T r u n g Ian t h u 8 c6 y nghla Ijch su to I o n - da hoan c h i n h vi^c chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien lupc each m a n g eiia D a n g de ra t u H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h i i 6 (11 - 1939). K i e n quyet g i u o n g cao h o n nixa n g p n c6 giai p h o n g dan tpc, dat n h i ^ m v u giai p h o n g dan tpc len hang dau va cap thiet h o n bao g i o het. Giai quyet d i i n g d i n m o i quan h f gii>a hai n h i ? m v y chien lupc chohg de quo'c va p h o n g kien. De ra p h u o n g phap each m a n g cu the: tich cue chuain bj l y c l u p n g de k h o i nghla v u trang gianh chinh quyen, d i t u k h o i nghla t i m g p h a n tien len T o n g k h o i nghla. c. Tam quan trgng cua Hgi nghi Trung uong Idn thii 8 Dpng vien toan Dang, toan dan tich cue chuan bj tien toi Cach mang thang Tam. V o i chu t r u o n g eiia H p i nghj. M a t tran Viet M i n h ra d o i , qua d o D a n g xay d u n g d u p e k h o i doan ket toan dan v i i n g chac. Tiep do luc l u p n g v u trang Ian l u p t ra d o i , can c u dia each m a n g thanh lap, p h o n g trao dau tranh phat trien m a n h me chuan b i tien t o i T o n g k h o i nghla trong toan quoc. a. Chu truong chuyen huong chi dao chien luge: Truoc n h i j n g bien chuyen eiia tinh h i n h the gioi va trong nuoc, thang 11 -1939, Dang h p p H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6, de ra ehii t r u o n g : t »v'tf H p i nghj xae d i n h m u c tieu chien lupc truoc mat ciia each m a n g D o n g D u o n g la d a n h do de quo'c va tay sai, giai p h o n g cac dan tpc D o n g D u o n g , lam cho D o n g D u o n g hoan toan doe lap. H p i n g h i chii t r u o n g tam gac khau hieu each m a n g r u o n g da't va de ra khau hi?u tjch t h u r u p n g da't cua de'quoc va dja chu phan bpi q u y e n Ipi cua dan tpc, cho'ng to cao, lai nang. K h a u hieu lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, b i n h dupe thay the'bang khau hi^u lap c h i n h quyen d a n chii cong hoa. • '' '' Ve p h u o n g p h a p each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh d o i dan sinh, dan chii sang da'u tranh d a n h do chinh quyen ciia de'quoc va tay sai; t u boat d p n g h p p phap, niia h p p phap sang hoat d p n g b i mat, bat h p p phap. D a n g ehii c h u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de D o n g D u o n g thay cho M a t tran dan chii D o n g D u o n g . Nghi quyei Hoi nghi Trung uong Dang Ian thang 11- 1939 "danh dau buac chuyen hu&ng quan trgng vechi dao chien luge", the hien su nhqy ben ve chinh tri va nang luc sang tqo cua Dang. N g a y 2 8 - 1 - 1941, N g u y e n A i Quoc ve nude t r y c tiep lanh dao each m^ng. Sau m p t t h d i gian chuan bj, N g u o i tri^u tap va ehii trj H p i n g h i T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 tai P i e Bd (Ha Q u a n g - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1 9 4 1 . N g h j quyet H p i nghj neu ro: N h i f m v u chii yeu trude mSt ciia each m a n g la giai p h d n g dan tpc. T a m gac khau hieu each m a n g r u p n g da't, neu khau hi^u g i a m to, g i a m tiic, chia lai r u p n g da't cong, tien t d i thuc hien n g u o i cay cd r u p n g . Chii t r u o n g thanh lap C h i n h p h i i nhan dan. Thay ten cac H p i Phan de thanh H p i C i i u quo'c, thanh lap Viet N a m doe lap d o n g m i n h gpi tat la Vi^t M i n h thay cho M a t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g va g i i i p d o vi^c lap mat tran d cac nude Lao, Campuchia. Xae d j n h h i n h thai cupe k h d i nghTa d nude ta la d i t u k h d i nghla t u n g phan Hen len tong k h d i nghTa va ket luan: chuan bj k h d i nghTa v u t r a n g la n h i ? m vy t r u n g tam ciia toan Dang, toan dan t r o n g giai dogn hi?n tai. Cty TNHHMn-PVV'i Kh.in.^i ViSt_ C h i n h thuc d u o c bau ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g i r a n g m o i , b a u T r u o n g O nhieu t i n h m i e n Bac, m g t so t i n h m i e n T r u n g , 6 H a N g i , H a i Phong hau C h i n h l a m T o n g Bi t h u . Hoi nghi Ian thu 8 cua Ban Chap hanh Trung he't cac Hoi phdn ^e'chuyen thanh Hoi Cuu quoc d o n g t h o i n h i e u h g i c u u quoc uvng Dang da hocin chinh chu o i d i d u g c thanh lap. truang chuyen hif&ng dau tranh dugc dim tit hoi nghi Trung imng Ian thie 6 - 11 . T r o n g k h i chu t r g n g t d i cong nhan va nong d a n . D a n g con t r a n h t h u tap h g p 1939, nhhm gidi quyei muc tieu sol cua each mqng la doc lap dan toe va dera nhieu rgng rai cac tang I d p khac n h u sinh vien, hgc sinh, t r i thuc, t u san d a n tgc vao chu trucmg sang tqo thuc hien muc tieu ay. mat tran c u u nude. N a m 1943, D a n g d u a ra ban Decimng Van hod Viet Nam , b. Vai trd cua Ho Chi Minh: v$n d g n g t h a n h lap Hoi van hod citu quoc Viet Nam v a Dang dan chu Viet Nam Sau 30 n a m b o n ba 6 hai ngoai, den ngay 28 - 1 - 1941 N g u y e n Ai Q u o c ve d u n g t r o n g M a t tran Viet M i n h . D a n g cung tang c u d n g cong tac v a n d g n g b i n h n u o c true tiep lanh dao each mang. N g u o i da to chuc va chii t r i H p i nghi l i n h n g u d i Viet t r o n g quan d g i Phap, n h i i n g ngoai k i e u d D o n g D u o n g chdng T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 tai P5c P6 (Cao B^ng) t u ngay 10 den 1 9 - 5 - 1 9 4 1 . phat xit. Tai H o i n g h j nay, N g u y e n A i Quoc da chu t r u o n g hoan c h i n h chuyen * Xay dung luc lugng vu trang: h u o n g chi dao chien luge d u g c de ra t r o n g H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6 (11- C l i n g v d i viec xay d u n g luc l u g n g chinh t r j , cong tac xay d u n g luc l u g n g v u 1939). H g i n g h i dat van de giai p h o n g dan tgc len hang dau va cap thiet hon trang each m a n g d u g c D a n g dac biet coi t r g n g . bao g i o he't. Sau cugc k h o i nghia Bac Son that bai, m g t b g phan luc l u g n g k h d i nghia v u Q u y e t d i n h t h a n h lap M a t tran Viet M i n h de chuan b j tien t d i T o n g k h o i trang chuyen sang xay d u n g thanh n h i r n g d g i d u k i c h hoat d g n g d n h i i n g c u nghia gianh c h i n h q u y e n t r o n g toan quoc. dja BMc Son - V i i N h a i . Q u y e t d j n h xiic tien cong tac chuan bi k h o i nghia v u trang. Coi d o la n h i f m Budc sang n a m 1941, n h i r n g d g i d u kich Bac Son I d n m a n h len va t h o n g v u t r u n g tam ciia D a n g t r o n g giai doan h i ^ n tai. nhat lai t h a n h Trung dgi cuu quoc quan / (14 - 2 - 1941). C u u quoc q u a n phat N h u vay, den H g i n g h i T r u n g u o n g D a n g Ian t h u 8 da chuan b j xong vc d g n g chien t r a n h d u k i c h t r o n g 8 thang (tir thang 7 - 1941 den thang 2 - 1942) d u o n g l o i de tien t o i T o n g k h o i nghia gianh chinh q u y e n t r o n g Cach m a n g de d o i p h d v d i s u vay quet ciia dich, sau d o phan tan thanh n h i e u b g phan de thang T a m 1945. N g u y e n A i Quoc - H o C h i M i n h la n g u o i true tiep chii t r i va chan c h i n h luc l u g n g , gay d u n g co so chinh t r j t r o n g q u a n c h i i n g tai cac t i n h quyet d j n h nhOng van de co ban cua hgi n g h j . Thai N g u y e n , T u y e n Q u a n g , L a n g Son. N g a y 15 - 9 - 1 9 4 1 , Trung doi citu quoc II Sau H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941), N g u e n A i Q u o c - H o C h i ra d o i M i n h tiep tuc chuan b j de tien t d i Tong k h o i nghia thang T a m 1945. * Xay dieng can cu dja: Ra chi thj t h a n h lap D g i V i ^ t N a m tuyen t r u y e n giai p h o n g quan (22 - 12 - C o n g tac xay d u n g can c u dja each mang cung d u g c D a n g q u a n t a m . V i i n g 1944). T o chuc xay d u n g can c u dja each mang, ban d a u la can c u Cao BSng, B5c Son - V i i N h a i d u g c xay d u n g thanh can c u dia each m a n g . den thang 6 - 1945, thanh lap K h u giai p h o n g Vi?t B3c. N a m 1942, N g u o i d i N a m 1941, sau k h i ve nude, N g u y e n A i Quoc chgn Cao Bang de xay d y n g T r u n g Q u o c lien tiep tranh t h i i s u u n g hg cua cac luc l u g n g d o n g m i n h . can c u dja d u a tren co sd luc l u g n g chinh trj d u g c to chuc v a phat trien. D o la 7, Cong cupc chuan b i k h o i nghia a i a Dang t u sau H g i n g h i T r u n g u o n g 8 (5 -1941) hai t r u n g t a m can c u d j a d u a tren co sd luc l u g n g c h i n h t r i d u g c to chuc va * Xay dung luc lugng chinh tri: M g t t r o n g nhi>ng n h i ^ m v y cap bach cua D a n g la v a n d g n g q u a n c h i i n g phat trien. D o la hai t r u n g tam can c u dia dau tien cua each m a n g nude ta. ' .« T u d a u n a m 1943, cugc chien tranh the g i d i chuyen bien cd Igi cho each t h a m gia V i ^ t M i n h . Cao Bang la n o i t h i diem cugc van d g n g xay d u n g cac Hoi mang. H o n g q u a n L i e n X6 chuyen sang phan cong q u a n D u e , s u that bai cua ci'fu quoc t r o n g m a t tran V i ^ t M i n h . Den nam 1942, khap cac chau a Cao B5ng chii nghia phat xit da r d rang. T i n h h i n h d o d o i hoi D a n g ta day m a n h h o n nira deu CO h g i c u u quoc, t r o n g d o c6 ba chau "hoan toan". Tiep do, U y ban Vi?t cong tac chuan b i cho cugc k h d i nghia gianh chinh q u y e n . M i n h t i n h Cao Bang va U y ban V i f t M i n h l a m t h o i lien t i n h Cao - Bac - L ? n g d u g c t h a n h lap. T u ngay 25 den 28 - 2 -1943, Ban T h u d n g v u T r u n g u o n g D a n g h g p d V o n g ( D o n g A n h - Phiic Yen). H g i nghj da vach ra m g t k e h o ^ c h cy the ve cong i^c chuan b j toan d i ^ n cho cugc k h d i nghia vu trang T^i cac t i n h v u n g n i i i phi'a Bac cong cupc chuan bi k h o i nghia dien ra khan b. Dien bien khai nghia tieng phan: t r u a n g . O can c u Bac San - V u N h a i , C u u quoc quan hoat d p n g m a n h , tuyen O k h u can c u dja Cao - Bac - Lang, Viet N a m tuyen t r u y e n giai p h o n g quan t r u y e n v u trang, gay d u n g co so chinh t r j , m a rgng k h u can c u . T r o n g qua va C u u quoc quan p h o i h p p v o i luc l u p n g chinh t r i cua quan c h u n g giai p h o n g t r i n h do, Trung doi cuu quae III ra d o i (25 - 2 -1944). O can c u Cao Bang, n h u n g hang loat, chau, h u y e n . Tai nhCrng n o i nay, chinh q u y e n nhan dan d u p e thanh d p i t u ve v u trang, d o i d u k i c h d u g c thanh lap. N a m 1943, Ban Vi?t M i n h lien t i n h Cao - Bac - L a n g lap ra 19 ban "xung phong Nam tien" de lien lac v o i can c u d|a Bac Son - V i i N h a i va phat trien luc l u o n g x u o n g cac t i n h m i e n x u o i N g a y 7 - 5 - 1944, T o n g bq> Viet M i n h ra chi thj cho cac cap "Siea soqn khai nghia" va keu goi nhan dan "S^m vu khi duoi thii chung". N g a y 22 - 12 - 1944, theo chu tich H o C h i M i n h , Doi Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan dugc thanh lap. Sau k h i ra d o i , d p i da danh thang lien tiep d hai tran 6 Phay Khat va N a N g a n (Cao Bang). Can c u Cao - Bac - Lang du••i^•>i.^;l''':^^:VT:')••'h:;>>;i;^;' J '' '' M;);;!?:.,:;;,*; flhan, n o n g d a n cac t i n h Gia D i n h , Bien Hoa, T h i i D a u M g t , M I T h o keo ve thanh pho'. Q u a n e h i i n g chiem So mat t h a m . So Canh sat, N h a ga, B u u d i ^ n , f j h a m a y di?n... va g i a n h c h i n h quyen. K h o i nghia t h a n g Igi 6 ba thanh pho l o n da tac d g n g q u y e t d i n h den cac dia jyhu'ong t r o n g ca nuoe. N h i e u n o i t u r u n g n i i i , n o n g t h o n t u t h a n h t h i n o i tie'p 0hau k h o i nghia. D o n g N a i T h u g n g va H a Tien la n h i i n g dia p h u o n g gianh i n h q u y e n m u g n nhat vao ngay 28 - 8. Den giij-a thang 8 - 1945, k h i the each mang sue soi t r o n g ca nuoe. Ttr ngay ^ Nhu vqy, trit may thi xa do luc luang cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc Tieang Gidi Thqch 14 - 8, m p t so cap bo D a n g va to chuc Viet M i n h t u y ehua n h a n d u g c lenh tong tay sai chiem dong tie truac (Mong cdi, Hd Giang, Lao Cai, Lai Chdu, Vtnh Yen), k h o i nghia d o t h o n g t i n lien lac kho khan, n h u n g da can c u vao t i n h h i n h cu tong khai nghia gianh dugc thang Igi trcn ca nuac trong vdng nua thdng, tie the cua dia p h u o n g va van d u n g chi thj "Nhqt-Phdp ban nhau va hank dong cua 14 den ngay 28 - 8-1945. chiing ta" da phat dong nhan dan khoi nghia 6 nhieu xa, huyen thuoc cac tinh d i a u }' c. Y nghia lich su: tho song Hong, Thanh Hoa, Ngh§ A n , Ha Tinh, Thua Thien - Hue^ Khanh Hoa... Cach m a n g thang T a m "ma ra mot biwc ngoqt Ian trong lich sit dan tgc ta". N o Chieu 16 - 8 - 1945 theo lenh cua U y ban k h o i nghia, m o t d o n v j giai p h o n g pha tan xieng xich n o le cua thuc dan Phap h o n 80 n a m , ach t h o n g t r i ciia q u a n d o V 6 N g u y e n Giap chi h u y , xuat phat t u Tan Trao tien ve t h j xa Thai at x i t N h a t gan 5 n a m , lat nhao ngai v a n g p h o n g k i e n n g u t n ngot chuc the Nguyen. a nuoe ta, lap nen nude V i f t N a m D a n chu Cgng hoa - N h a nude do n h a n N g a y 18 - 8 - 1945, n h a n dan Bac Giang, H a i D u o n g , H a T i n h , Q u a n g N a m lao d g n g l a m chii. gianh d u g c c h i n h q u y e n o t i n h I j . I, T h a n g Igi ciia Cach m a n g thang T a m d a n h dau b u o c p h a t trien nhay v g t *dHaN6i: Chieu 1 7 - 8 q u a n c h u n g n o i , ngoai thanh to chuc m i t t i n h 6 N h a hat L o n , sau d o xep t h a n h d p i ngCi, d i t u N h a hat L o n qua cac t r u n g tarn, h o v a n g cac k h a u h i ^ u : :"Ung ho Viet Minh", "Dd ddo bit nhin", "Viet Nam doc lap"... U y ban k h o i nghia quyet d j n h k h o i nghia gianh chinh quyen vao ngay 19 - 8 -1945. N g a y 18 - 8, ca d o sao vang xuat hi?n tren cac thanh p h o ' c h i n h cua H a N o i . N g a y 1 9 - 8 , hang chuc van nhan dan noi ngoai t h a n h xuo'ng d u d n g bieu d u o n g luc l u g n g . Q u a n c h u n g each m a n g c6 s u ho t r g ciia cac d p i t u v? chien d a u , Ian l u g t chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia djch: Phu K h a m sai Bac Bg, So "cua each m a n g Vi?t N a m , m o dau k i n g u y e n m o i cua dan tgc: k i n g u y e n doe l ^ p , t u do; k i nguyen nhan dan lao dgng nam quyen, l a m ehii dat nuoe, lam ehii vgn m ^ n h dan tgc; k i nguyen giai phong dan tgc gan lien v o i giai phong xa hgi. Thang I g i ciia Cach m a n g thang T a m da gop p h a n chien thang ehii nghia phat xit t r o n g Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai, da chgc t h i i n g k h a u ye'u nhat t r o n g h? t h o n g thugc dia eiia ehii nghia de'quoc, gop p h a n l a m suy ye'u c h i i n g , co v u m g n h m e cac dan tgc thugc dja dau tranh t u giai p h o n g , "co anh h u o n g t r y c tie'p va rat to l o n den hai dan tgc ban la M i e n va Lao". d. Nguyen nhan thang Iqti: Canh sat T r u n g u o n g . So B u u dien. So Bao an binh... T o i 19 - 8, cugc k h o i nghia g i a n h c h i n h q u y e n 6 H a N o i thang I g i . *dHue: N g a y 20 - 8, U y ban k h o i nghia t i n h d u g c thanh lap. U y ban q u y e t d j n h g i a n h c h i n h q u y e n vao ngay 23 - 8. H a n g chuc van n h a n d a n n o i , ngoai thanh keo ve thj u y chiem cac cong so, chinh quyen ve tay n h a n dan. Chieu 30 - 8, t r u o c cugc m i t t i n h l o n co hang van quan c h i i n g t h a m gia, v u a Bao D a i t u y e n bo thoai v j . * Tqi Sai Gdn: ' ' ' X u uy N a m K i quyet d j n h k h o i nghia 6 Sai Gon va cac t i n h vao ngay 25 - 8. Sang 25 - 8, cac d o n v j " X u n g p h o n g cong doan:", T h a n h nien tien p h o n g " cong - Nguyen nhan khdch quan: , Chien thang D o n g m i n h t r o n g cugc chien tranh chong b g n phat xit, dac b i ^ t chien thang phat x i t D u e va b g n quan p h i ^ n N h a t Ban ciia H o n g quan L i e n Xo da CO vCi t i n h than, c i i n g co n i e m t i n cho nhan dan ta t r o n g s u n g h i ^ p dau tranh giai p h o n g d a n tgc, tao t h o i co de nhan dan ta d u n g len T o n g k h o i nghia. - Nguyen nhan chu quan: ('(" D a n tgc ta v o n co t r u y e n t h o n g yeu nuoe n o n g nan, t u n g trai qua n h u n g piQc da'u t r a n h k i e n cuong, bat k h u a t cho doe lap t u d o . V i vay, k h i D a n g ing san D o n g D u o n g va MSt tran Vi$t M i n h phat cao co e i i u nuoe t h i toan d a n n h a t te d u n g len e i i u nuoe, c u u nha. .'C,'.^'':::^;'; 77 Cach mang thang T a m do Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g va H o C h i Minh Bai hoc ve s y linh hoat ket hpp dau tranh chinh trj voi da'u tranh via trang, lanh dao, da de ra duong loi chien luoc, chu truong chi dao chien lug-c va sach ket hpp voi chien tranh du kich, da'u tranh chinh tri va khoi nghia tung phan, lu<7c diing din d y a tren co so li luan Mac - Lenin duoc van d y n g sang t^io vao Idioi nghia 6 nong thon va thanh thj tien toi Tong khoi nghia. hoan canh Viet N a m . De gianh thing Igi Cach mang thang Tarn, Dang ta co qua trinh chuain bj trong suot 15 nam, qua cac phong trao each mang 1930 -1931, 1936 - 1939 thoai trao each mang nam 1932 - 1935, da due riit nhiing bai hoc kinh nghi^m thanh cong va that bai, dac bi^t la qua trinh xay dung luc lugng chinh tn, luc lugng v u trang, can c u dja trong thoi ki van dong giai phong dan tgc 1939 -1945. Trong nhi>ng ngay khoi nghia, toan Dang, toan dan nhat tri, dong long, khong so hi sinh, gian kho, quyet tam gianh dpc lap tu do. C a c cap bp Dang va Bai hpc ve vi?c ket hpp giiia da'u tranh va xay d y n g de ngay eang v&ng manh ve to chiic, tu tuong chinh trj. 3, Nuoc V i ? t N a m D a n chii Cpng hoa ra doi. N p i dung co ban ciia Tuyen ngon \f>QC lap ngay 2 - 9 -1945. Ngay 25 - 8 -1945, Chii tieh H o C h i Minh eung vai Trung uong Dang va U y lan dan tpc giai phong Vi^t N a m tu Tan Trao ve den H a Npi. Theo de nghj ciia H o C h i Minh, U y ban dan tpc giai phong Vi^t N a m cai to chop thoi C O phat dong quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen. thanh Chinh phu lam thai nuac Vict Nam Dan chu Cong hoa. Trong nhimg ngay quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen. Ijch sii nay. H o C h i Minh soan thao ban Tuj/Sn ngon Doc lap, chuan bj cho mpi Trong cac nguyen nhan tren phai thay rang, nguyen nhan chii quan dong mg vi^c Chinh phii lam thai ra mat quoc dan. vai tro quyet djnh, nguyen nhan khach quan chi co tac dung d u a Cach mang Ngay 2 - 9 -1945, tai quang truang Ba Dinh (Ha Npi) truoc cupc mit tinh Ion thang Tam nhanh chong gianh dupe thang Ipi va it do mau. Trong cac nguyen ciia hang chuc van nhan dan thii d6 va cac viing lan can, C h u tjch Ho C h i nhan chii quan do thi nguyen nhan ve vai tro lanh dao cua Dang va ciia Ho C h i Minh la nguyen nhan quyet djnh nhat. Dang va H o C h i Minh da de ra duong 161 each mang diing dSn, sang tao phu hap vai dieu kien lich s u Viet N a m trong cupe da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc va giai phong giai cap, ket hpp giira dpe lap dan tpc va chu nghia xa hpi. Voi duong 161 each mang do. Dang ta va Ho C h i Minh lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh trong 15 nam, qua cae Ian dien tap (1930 - 1931) (1936 - 1939) (1939 - Minh thay mat Chinh phii lam thoi dpc ban Tui/en ngon Doc lap, trjnh trpng tuyen b6'vai quoc dan va the gioi: Nuac Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa thanh lap. Noi dung cua ban Tuyen ngon Dpc lap: Khang djnh quyen thieng lieng bat kha xam pham ciia cac dan tpc: "Tat ca mpi nguoi deu sinh ra co quyen binh dSng, tao hoa cho hp co quyen dupe song, dupe ty do va m u u eau hanh phiic". 1945). Dae bi?t, khi Nh^t dao chinh Phap (9 - 3 - 1945), Dang ta va H o C h i KhSng djnh quyen ty do, dpc lap ciia dan tpc ta tren hai phuong di^n: phap Minh phat dong cao trao khang Nhat euu nuac, lam tien de cho tong khoi li va thyc tien: "Nuoc Vi^t N a m co quyen dupe huong ty do dpe lap, va s y th^t nghia. V a khi thoi co xuat hifn. Dang ta va H o C h i Minh da nhanh chong chop da tro thanh mpt nuoc ty do dpc lap". thoi co phat dong tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong toan quoc, dua Cach mang thang T a m den thang Ipi cu6i ciing. e. Bai hgc kinh nghiem: Bai hoc ve van dung sang tao chii nghia Mac - Lenin vao thyc tien Vi^t Nam, nam bat dupe tinh hinh the giai va each mang trong nuoc de thay doi chu truang chii dao chien lupe cho phu hpp. Bai hpc ve vi^c giai quyet diing dan giua nhi^m v y dan tpc va dan chii, de cao van de dan tpc, dat nhi?m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau. Bai hpc ve tap hpp, to chiie doan ket lye lupng each mang trong Mat tran dan tpc th6'ng nhat rpng rai, tren co so lien minh cong n6ng, tao nen sue manh toan dan, phan hoa va e6 lap cao dp ke thii roi tien len danh bgi chiing. 78 Khang djnh thanh qua ciia Cach mang thang Tam, ban Tuyen ng6n neu ro: "Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao Dai thoai vi. Dan ta danh do cae xieng xich thyc dan gan 100 nam nay de xay dyng nen nuoc Vi^t Nam dpc lap. Dan ta danh do che dp quan chii may muoi the ki ma lap nen che dp dan chii cpng hoa" Cuol ban tuyen ng6n. Ho C h i Minh thay mat nhan dan Vi?t N a m khSng djnh y chi sat da ciia nhan dan Vi^t N a m quyet giii viJng nen ty do dpc lap vua gianh dupe: "Toan the dan tpc Vi^t N a m quyet dem tat ca tinh than va lye lupng, tinh mang va ciia cai de giir vihig quyen ty do dpc lap ay". Ngay 2 - 9 - 1 9 4 5 , mai mai di vao lich sir Vi^t N a m la mpt trong nhCing ngay hpi lan nha't, ve vang nhat ciia dan tpc. 79 Bai hQc ve thyc hif n lien minh cong - nong: Trong qua trinh dien ra Cach mgng thang Tam, lye luong each mang hang hai va dong dao nha't la cong nhan va nong dan, nhung nguoi gop phan viet nen trang su vang cua Cach m^ng thang Tam. Mat tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong. Van dpng, to chiic va loi keo cac giai cap, tang lop va ton giao vao mat tran de dau tranh chong chii nghia de quo'c va phat xit Phap Nhat lam cho Dong Duong hoan toan dpc lap. Mat tran Vi?t Lien hi^p he't thay cac gidi - Tap hpp dong dao quan Minh dong bao yeu nude, khong chiing, hinh thanh nen lyc phan ngheo. lupng chinh trj each mang Thanh lap cac doan the ciiu dong dao dudi sy lanh d^o quo'c de van dpng quan ciia Dang, dpng vien dupe chiing sue manh eiia ca dan tpc, Bai hpc ve su dung bao lyc de gianh chinh quyen: Cach mang thang Tam di tir dau tranh chinh tri den khoi nghia vu trang de gianh chinh quyen trong toan quo'c, trong do khoi nghia vu trang giCr vai tro quyet djnh. Bai hgc ve xay dung chinh quyen nha nude: khi Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh thay mat Dang va Chinh phu dpc Tuyen ngon dpc lap, tuyen bo'khai sinh nuoc Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa. Bai hpc ve cong tac mat tran: De tien toi Cach mang thang Tam, Dang ta da cho xay dung m|it tran nham doan ket cac luc luong yeu nuac chong ke thu cua dan tpc va chuan bj cho thSng Ipi cua Cach mang thang Tam. Do la Mat tran biet dau giau tranh mang. dan tpc thong nhat phan de Dong Duong (1939) va Mat tran Vi?t Minh (1941). - Van dung bai hgc kinh nghiem tif phong trao dan chu 1936 va CO l$p ke thii. -1939: - Tren co so phat trien cac doan the ciiu quoc trong m^ing thang Tam no ra va gianh thang Ipi, ben canh lyc lupng vu trang con c6 Mat tran de hinh thanh va lyc lypng chinh trj ciia quan chiing da chuan bi san sang, khi c6 l^nh Tong phat trien lyc lypng vu khoi nghia la hp nhat te vung day. trang, chuan Bai hpc ve su dung hinh thuc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii: Cach thuc va phuong dau tranh phong phii nhu vu trang khoi nghia, mit tinh, bieu tinh, tuan hanh,... de danh chiehi cac try so aia dich, giai tan chinh quyen djch. 6. Cac hinh thuc to chiic m|t tr|n dan tpc thong nhat tir nam 1930 den nam 1945. Vai tro ciia tung m|t tr^n Van dpng quan chiing tham Tgp hpp dong dao quan nhat nhan dan gia vao m^t tran de tranh chiing phan de Doi-^g chong phat xit va bpn phan dau tranh doi cac quyen Duong. dpng cac dan sinh, dan chii. Giao dye quyen t y do dan chii, com va giac ngp quan chiing hang tri^u nguoi doi thanh M 3 t ' ao hoa binh. hieu dypc chii truong ciia tr|in Dang, san sang tham gia dan chu Dong Duong. 82 nam 1945. 7. Chii truomg xay d y n g mat tran thong nhat do H p i ngh; Ian t h u 6 (11 -1939) va H p i nghj Ian t h u 8 (5 -1941) ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong. Ho?t dpng cua M | t tr|n Vi?t M i n h doi v o i thSng Ipi ciia Cach m^ng thang Tam 1945 De gianh dpc lap, phai tap hpp rpng rai lyc lupng dan tpc, xay dyng mat Vai tro M^t tran thong thang 3 - 1938, tien tdi a. Chu truong xay dung mat tran: H i n h thuc to chuc thupc dia doi bj Tong khdi nghia thang Tam mgng thang Tam la cupc each m^ng bao lyc, 6 do ket hpp dypc nhieu hinh Den thye hi^n chinh sach d^i doan ket dan tpc, phan hoa Bai hpc ve tap hpp luc lupng chinh trj cua dong dao quan chung: Cach Ten m|t tr|n each Tap hpp quan chiing dau tranh cho'ng de quo'c Phap phat xit Nhat. To chiic cac cupc khoi nghia vu trang chuan bj cho thdi ki dau tranh mdi. dau tranh each mang. trgin dan tpc thong nhat. Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thii 6 (11 - 1939) da chii truong thanh lap M$t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de'Dong Duong. M5t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong doan ket rpng rai cac tang Idp, cac giai cap, cac dan tpc, ke ca ca nhan yeu nude d Dong Duong, chia mui nhpn vao ke thii chii yeu trude m3t la chii nghia de'quoc - phat xit Phap i,Nh^t, gianh dpc lap dan tpc cho cac nude Dong Duong. Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thii 8 (5 - 1941) dudi sy chii t r i ciia Nguyen A i ioc chii truong giai quyet van de dan tpc, tap hpp lyc lupng, xay dyng mat | r | n thong nhat dan tpc cho timg nude d Dong Duong. 6 Vi?t Nam Dang ta lanh IgpVi^t Nam dpc lap dong minh (gpi tit la M | t trgn Vi?t Minh). 83 T^TNMH MTV mVH Khang Vifit M a t t r a n Vi%t M i n h lien hi^p het thay cac g i a i d o n g bao yeu nuac, k h o n g p h a n bi^i giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, k h o n g p h a n bi^t ton giao va x u h u o n g c h i n h tri/ dang cung n h a u m u u CUQC b. Ho fit dqtig cua Mat tran Vi?t dan tpc giai p h o n g va sinh t o n . Minh: Qua t r i n h chuan bj cua M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h de tien t a i g i a n h thang Igi trong Cach m a n g thang Tarn * Xay dimg luc luang chinh tri: Tai B^c Son - V u N h a i : Luc l u g n g d u kich thong nhat thanh C u u quoc quan va phat d p n g chieh tranh d u ki'ch trong 8 thang (hj- thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 -1942) sau d o p h a n tan thanh nhieu bp phan de gay co so t r o n g quan c h i i n g . Tai C^o B5ng: Cao B3ng la n o i t h i d i e m xay d u n g cac h o i c u u quoc trong D e n Cach m a n g thang Tarn, M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h da phat trien rgng khap, va d o n g vai tro quan t r g n g t r o n g k h o i nghia gianh chinh q u y e n . 8. N h u n g d i e m c h u n g va n h u n g net khac n h a u cua cac t h a i k i each m a n g tir 1930 d e n 1945 a. NhUng diem chung: E)eu khMng d i n h vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang trong thuc tien dau tranh each mang. E)eu tap hgp va toi luyen quan chung dau tranh, nhat la quan chiing cong - nong. D e u la n h i j n g cuge dien tap tren con d u o n g d i t o i thang I g i cua Cach m a n g thang T a m 1945. Deu de lai n h u n g bai hoc k i n h n g h i ^ m quy gia cho t h o i k i each m a n g sau. M a t tran Vi?t M i n h . Den n a m 1942 khip 9 Chau deu c6 H g i c u u quoc, U y ban b. Nhung diem Vi^t M i n h t i n h Cao Bang va U y ban Viet M i n h lien t i n h Cao - Bac - L a n g lap ra T h o i k i 1930 - 1931: N o i bat ve vai tro cua lien m i n h cong nong; h i n h thuc 19 ban x u n g p h o n g " N a m t i e n " de phat trien l y c l u g n g each m a n g x u o n g cac tinh mieri xuoi. 6 cac n o i khac: D a n g tranh t h i i tap h g p nhan dan vao M a t tran c u u quoc, n a m 1943 dxia ra "Ban de c u o n g van hoa Vi?t N a m " va v a n d p n g thanh lap " H p i van hoa c u u quoc Viet N a m " . * Xay dvng can cit dia each mang: T h a n g 8 - 1942, hai can c u Bac Son - V u N h a i va Cao Bang noi lien nhau. L y e l u g n g each m a n g phat trien trong k h u v y c rgng I o n Cao Bang, B i c Can, L a n g Son/ H a Giang, Thai N g u y e n , Tuyen Quang. Den t h a n g 6 - 1945, k h u giai p h o n g Vi?t Bac ra d o i , la h i n h anh thu nho ciia m g t nuoC V i ^ t N a m m o i . * Xay dvng luc lugng vu trang va chuan bj khai nghia vu trang: N g a y 7 - 5 - 1944, T o n g bp Vi?t M i n h ra C h i thj "Sua soan k h o i n g h i a " va keu ggi n h a n d a n "sam sua vCi k h i d u o i t h u e h u n g " . K h o n g k h i chuan bj k h o i nghia sue soi t r o n g can cu. N g a y 22 - 12 - 1944, theo C h i thj ciia H o Chi M i n h , d g i V i ^ t N a m tuyen t r u y e n giai p h o n g quan duge thanh lap va hai ngay sau da ha d o n Phay Khat N a Ngan, N g a y 9 - 3 - 1945, N h a t dao chinh Phap, tiep theo C h i thj " N h a t Phap ban nhau va hanh d p n g ciia ehiing t a " cua Dang, M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h ra l^nh keu gpi d o n g bao toan quoc day m a n h Cao trao khang N h a t c u u nuoc. Thang 5 - 1945, sap nhap " V i ^ t N a m t u y e n t r u y e n giai p h o n g q u a n " v o l " C u u quo'c q u a n " thanh " V i ? t N a m giai p h o n g q u a n " . HA rieng: nha nuoc ciia dan, d o dan, v i dan d o la X6 vie't N g h $ - T i n h theo k i e u N g a . T h a i k i 1932 - 1935: N o i bat ve sy v i i n g vang ciia D a n g trude c h i n h sach k h i i n g bo'da m a n ciia de quoc. T h o i k i 1936 - 1939: N o i bat v a i v i f c ket h g p cac p h u o n g phap dau tranh, t$p h g p va xay d u n g d g i quan chinh t r i h i i n g hau ciia quan ehiing. T h a i k i 1939 -1945: N o i bat v o i vi#c g i u o n g cao ngpn c6 giai p h o n g dan tpc; t?ip h g p lye l u g n g quan ehiing rgng rai trong mat tran dan tgc t h o n g nhat dau tranh d a n h d u o i quan x a m luge; to chuc lye l u g n g v u trang ket h g p v a i lye l u g n g c h i n h t r j noi day gianh c h i n h quyen. T r o n g n h u n g d i e m ehung va d i e m rieng d o t h i d i e m ehung la rat quan trpng v i d u t r o n g t h o i k i nao eCing deu chju sy lanh dao t h o n g nhat cua Dang. So d l CO nhij-ng d i e m rieng la d o hoan eanh Hch sir ciia m o i t h a i k i khac nhau. ^ 9) N h u n g d i e u k i ^ n d u a Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m t h a n g I g i a) Vedieu kien chu ' quan (•1)''";'.;' * Co su Idnh dao cua Dang Cgng sdn Vi?t Nam Cach m a n g n u a c ta d o D a n g Cong san V i ^ t N a m lanh dao. T u n a m 1930, D a n g ta da g i a n h q u y e n d u y nhat lanh dao each m a n g n u a c ta. D a n g phai trai qua dau tranh ren l u y e n m o i c i i n g co duge q u y e n lanh d^o d o va d u a Cach m a n g thang T a m den thSng I g i . T h u a ke k i n h n g h i ^ m chong ngoai xam hang ngan n a m ciia to tien ta de l?i va k i n h n g h i ? m ciia gan m g t t r a m n a m chong Phap ciia cac bac tien boi, Cach m a n g thang T a m la ket qua ciia m u o i l a m n a m dau tranh ciia nhan d a n ta d u o i sy lanh dao ciia D a n g , d o la ket qua ciia ba cuge dien tap Ion: CuQC d i e n tap Ian t h u nha't (1930 - 1931) ma d i n h cao la X6 viet Ngh§ - TTnh: t r o n g p h o n g trao nay. D a n g ta da g i u o n g cao ngpn c6 dan tgc va dan chu, xay d y n g dup'c k h o i lien m i n h cong- n o n g v i m g chic, g i a n h h i n d u p e q u y e n lanh dao each m a n g V i ^ t N a m . T r o n g cao trao X6 viet N g h ^ - T i n h , D a n g ta da hpc dupe ngh$ thuat d p n g vien va to chuc quan c h i i n g tir n h i i n g n h o m n h o tien len m p t p h o n g trao r p n g Ion t h u h u t hang chuc van n g u o i , ket h o p chat che phong trao cong nhan v o i p h o n g trao nong dan, sir d u n g each m a n g bao luc gianh ehinh q u y e n a m p t so v i i n g n o n g t h o n thupc hai t i n h N g h ^ A n v a H a T i n h , de m u d i l a m n a m sau c6 the k h o i nghia gianh chi'nh quyen t r o n g ca nuoe. Cupc van d p n g dan chii 1936 - 1939: day la cupc d i e n tap Ian t h u hai chuan bj cho each m a n g thang T a m thang I p i . Cupc van d p n g d o d o D a n g ta to chuc va lanh dao da tap d u p t cho hang trieu quan c h i i n g dau tranh chong b p n phan d p n g thupc dja, d o i t u d o dan chii, d o i cai thien dan sinh, chong chii nghla phat xit, chong chien tranh, bao v ^ hoa b i n h . D a n g ta chii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran dan chu D o n g D u o n g de tap h p p r p n g rai luc l u p n g each m a n g . D a n g ta * Thuc hien khoi lien minh cong - nong vitng chdc: Giai cap cong nhan, n o n g dan V i ^ t N a m chie'm so d o n g t r o n g n h a n dan, la nhirng n g u o i b i ap buc, boc lot nang ne nha't, v i vay, hp la giai cap hang hai 'each m a n g nha't, cong - nong la chii luc ciia each m a n g . N g a y tir k h i m o i t h a n h lap. D a n g ta da xac d i n h cong - n o n g la goe ciia each mang, la lue l u p n g tien p h o n g va hang hai nha't ciia each m a n g . T r o n g p h o n g trao each m a n g 1930 - 1931, cong - n o n g da v u n g ra m p t sue ingnh p h i t h u o n g , giang m p t d o n nang ne vao b p n thuc d a n , p h o n g kieh. Trong cupc v a n d p n g dan chii 1936 - 1939, D a n g ta tap h p p d u p e m p t lye l u p n g ehinh t r i q u a n ehiing hang t r i ^ u n g u o i , t r o n g d o d o n g dao va hang hai ^ha't van la cong n h a n va n o n g dan. T r o n g Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945, cong nhan, n o n g dan da lien m i n h chat che va hang hai t h a m gia each mang, cho nen da l o i cuon d u p e toan dan noi day tong k h o i nghia gianh ehinh quyen trong ca nuoe, 6 n o n g t h o n va thanh t h j . Thuc hi§n d u p e k h o i lien m i n h cong n o n g v i r n g chae. D a n g ta da c i m g co' eon chu t r u o n g sir d u n g nhieu h i n h thirc va p h u o n g phap dau tranh p h o n g dupe quyen lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, ciia D a n g t r o n g each m a n g . Day p h i i . N h o do, u y t i n ciia D a n g ngay cang nang cao. "a m p t dieu v 6 c i m g quan t r p n g , v i quyen lanh dao d o d u p e c i i n g eo' t h i Caeh Trai qua hai cupc dien tap do, p h o n g trao each m a n g d o D a n g ta lanh dao da dupe chuan b j ve ehinh t r j , t u t u o n g va to chuc 6 ca thanh thj va n o n g thon; m a n g thang T a m m o i gianh d u p e thang Ipi, c h i n h q u y e n m o i ve tay nhan dan. * Cong tdc xay dung Mat tran doan kit toan dan: n h a n dan ta da trai qua dau tranh khong h p p phap va h p p phap. D a n g ta da K h i Chien t r a n h the gioi t h u hai b i i n g no, thuc dan Phap tang c u o n g dan r i i t ra d u p e n h i r n g bai hpc k i n h n g h i ^ m tir hai cupc d i e n tap d o de lanh dao ap, boc Ipt n h a n dan D o n g D u o n g , van m e n h cae d a n tpc D o n g D u o n g bj de each m a n g thang T a m thang I p i . do? n g h i e m t r p n g . De gianh doe lap, phai tap h p p r p n g rai lue l u p n g dan tpc, Cupc van d p n g giai p h o n g dan tpc 1939 - 1945 la cupc d i e n tap t h i i ba tryc tiep d a n den thang Ipi Caeh m a n g thang Tam n a m 1945. T r o n g t h o i gian ay. D a n g ta da de ra d u o n g 16'i each mang dan toe dan chii n h a n dan, giai quyet d u n g dan m o i q u a n h$ giira hai n h i ^ m v u chong de quo'c va p h o n g kie'n, g i u o n g cao n g p n co dan toe, tap h p p d u p e toan dan doan ket d u o i la c6 cua M a t tran Viet M i n h de dau tranh chong de quoe Phap va phat x i t N h a t c i i n g tay sai cua c h u n g . Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh t h e ' g i o i thir hai b i m g no, tinh h i n h CO k h o k h a n cho each m a n g . Dang ta b i n h tinh va k j p t h o i chuyen t r p n g tam cong tac ve n o n g thon, dua vao nong thon xay d u n g can c u dia each mang, t r o n g k h i do van chii t r p n g p h o n g trao 6 thanh t h j , ket h p p chat ehe p h o n g trao thanh thj v o i n o n g t h o n ; ket h p p v i f e xay d u n g luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j v o i xay dvmg Ivc l u p n g v u trang; n a m t h o i co, thue h i ^ n k h o i nghla t i r n g phan, gianh xay d u n g mat tran dan tpc thong nha't. H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6 (11 -1939) a chii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong nha't dan toe phan de'Dong D u o n g . M a t tran t h o n g nha't dan tpc phan de D o n g D u o n g doan ket r p n g rai cae *ng l o p , cae giai cap, cae dan tpc, ke ca ca nhan yeu nude 6 D o n g D u o n g , chla i i i i n h p n vao ke t h i i ehii yeu truoe mat la ehu ngia de'quoe - phat xit Phap Jh^t, gianh doe lap dan tpc cho cae nuoe D o n g D u o n g . Den H p i n g h j T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941) d u o i sy chu t r i cua N g u y e n A i Quoe ehu t r u o n g giai quyet van de dan toe, tap h p p lue l u p n g , xay d y n g ^t tran t h o n g nha't d a n tpc cho tirng nuoc 6 D o n g D u o n g . 6 Viet N a m , D a n g b thanh l a p V i ^ t N a m doc lap d o n g m i n h (gpi tat la M a t tran Vi?t M i n h ) . M a t tran V i e t M i n h lien hiep he't thay cae g i o i d o n g bao yeu nuoc, k h o n g ^han bi?t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, k h o n g phan bi?t ton giao va xu h u o n g h i n h t r j , dang c i i n g nhau m u u eupe dan tpc giai p h o n g va sinh ton. M a t tran ehinh q u y e n 6 dia p h u o n g , tien len tong k h o i nghla, g i a n h ehinh q u y e n t r o n g V i ^ t M i n h co v a i tro to Ion trong viee chuan bj va lanh dao Cach m a n g thang ca nuoc. T a m n a m 1945 thang I p i . " '' " * Co luc luang vu trang do Dang xdy dung va lanh dao du kich khoi nghia tung phan, thanh lap cac can cu dja each mang va thie't lap Cupc da'u tranh gianh chinh quyen a mpt nuac bi de quoc thong trj nhu chinh quyen each mang 6 nhieu dja phuong t u sau ngay 9 thang 3 nam 1945. nuoc ta nhat dinh phai qua con duong bao luc each mang. De lam tron sii Chinh nhi>ng t h i n g Igi do da lam tien de eho Cach mang thang Tam. Sau nua, m^nh lanh dao each mang Vi^t Nam di den thang Igi, ma thang loi quye't djnh nho CO lue lugng vu trang va nua via trang ke't hgp voi luc lugng chinh tri, la gianh dup-c chinh quyen. Dang ta luon cham lo xay dung lue lugng chinh tri nhan dan ta da hang hai, quye't tam noi day trong ca nuoc, lat do chinh quyen cua quan chiing va tren co so phat trien luc lugng chinh tri ma xay dung luc cua Nhat va tay sai, thanh lap chinh quyen nhan dan. lugng vu tranh nhan dan duoi nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau. Trong euge van dgng giai phong dan tgc (1939 - 1945), Dang ta coi trgng van de ehuan bi khoi nghia vu trang la nhiem vu trung tam ciia toan Dang, i h. Dim ki^ khdch quan: Chien tranh the'gidi thu hai la euge chien tranh giCra luc lugng dan chii va lyc lugng phat xit. Cugc chien tranh nay ke't thiic bang thang Igi eiia lue lugng toan quan va toan dan ta. Co khoi nghia vu trang moi gianh dugc chinh quyen. dan chii va su that bai tham hai ciia chii nghia phat xit, tao dieu ki^n v6 cung Muon tien hanh khoi nghia vu trang phai co luc lugng. M g i hoat dgng ciia thuan Igi cho phong trao giai phong dan toe the gioi. Cach mang giai phong Dang trong thoi ki do deu nham muc dich chuan bi luc lugng chinh trj va ly^c tgc ciia nhan dan Vi?t Nam la mot bg phan ciia lyc lugng dan chii chong lugng vu trang de Hen toi khoi nghia vu trang gianh chinh quyen. Dang ta hat xit tren the'gidi. cung nhan thuc ro r3ng gianh chinh quyen moi chi la buoc dau ciia each m?ng; Trong cugc Chien tranh the gioi thu hai, bgn Nhat, Phap la ke thii cu the, sau khi gianh dugc chinh quyen phai bao ve eho duge chinh quyen each mang. itruoe mat ciia nhan dan ta, ty lam cho nhau suy nhuge bang euge dao chinh Do do, phai cham lo xay dung va phat trien luc lugng vu trang nhan dan de ciia Nhat ngay 9 thang 3 nam 1945. Duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang, nhan dan ta tien hanh khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen va de chien da'u bao v^ chinh quyen triet de Igi dung mau thuan Nhat - Phap de noi day tung phan, tien toi tong each mang sau khi khoi nghia da thang Igi. khoi nghia. Khi quan dong minh danh bai phat xit Nhat vao ngay 14 - 8 - 1945 Ngay sau khi euge khoi nghia Bae Son bj that bai. Dang ta da quye't djnh duy tri lue lugng vu trang nhan dan do euge khoi nghia do de lai, roi t u nhiS-ng da tao ra thoi co ngan nam eo mgt cho nhan dan ta noi day tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong ea nuoc mgt each nhanh chong va it do mau. dgi du kich Bae Son, Dang ta da xay dung Viet Nam Cuu quoc quan, sau do lai ThSng Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 la sy ke't hgp chat che thanh lap Vi?t Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan, va tho'ng nhat Vi?t Nam nhCrng dieu ki?n chii quan va khaeh quan. Trong nhiing dieu hifn do, dieu Ciiu quoc quan voi Vi?t Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan thanh Vi^t Nam kif n ehii quan giii vai tro quye't dinh. giai phong quan (thang 4 - 1945). Ben canh luc lugng vu trang noi tren la tien 10) T i n h chat ciia Cach mang thang Tam than eua cua quan dgi chinh quy do Trung uong Dang to chuc va lanh dao. Cach mang thang Tam no ra va gianh dugc thang Igi vao thoi dai ma ngi Dang ta da nhieu Ian chi thi eho cac cap tuy hoan canh ma to chuc luc lugng dung chii ye'u la sy qua do t u chii nghia tu ban len ehii nghia xa hoi tren pham vij trang nhan dan duoi nhieu hinh thuc trong ca nuoc nhu dgi du kich, dgi vi toan the gioi, mo dau bSng Cach mang xa hoi ehii nghia thang Muoi Nga. bi?t dgng, t u v f euu quoc, tu v^ chien da'u, to xung phong vu trang... No no ra trong liic chien tranh the gioi thu hai sap ke't thiie, trong liie quan Truoe va trong Cach mang thang Tam, ta chua xay dung dugc quan dgi Dong minh dang Chien thSng phat xit Nhat, sau khi da thang phat xit Due va chinh quy Ion manh, song da co nhieu don vj du kich va nhat la hang chuc van Italia. Thoi dai va hoan canh lich su da de lai eho Cach mang thang Tam lyc lugng t u v^ cuu quoc, tu v^ chien da'u... Do la luc lugng vii trang ciia quan nhi>ng da'u an sau sic. Nhung dieu quan trgng la phai tim tinh chat ciia Cach chiing da dong vai tro v6 ciing quan trgng trong thoi ki chuan bj khoi nghia va mang thang Tam ngay trong dieu ki^n cy the eua Vi#t Nam liic euge each trong cugc Tong khoi nghia thang Tam nam 1945. mang do dugc tien hanh. N h u vay, nho co luc lugng vii trang nhan dan, cho nen moi co cugc khoi Nuoc Viet Nam von la mgt nuoc thuge dja nira phong kien, eho nen each nghia Bac Son va khoi nghia Nam Ki; moi co tam thang chien tranh du kich 6 mang nuoc ta co hai nhi?m vy la chong de quoc va chong phong kien de gianh Dinh Ca - Trang xa (Thai Nguyen); moi co cac cugc di?t Nhat, t r u gian, nhat la dgc lap dan tgc, thuc hi?n khau hi?u "nguoi cay co rugng" va nhung quyen cac cugc bieu tinh Ion pha kho thoc, giai quye't nan doi; moi co cac cugc danh 89 Cty TNHH MTV nWH Khang Yl^ dan chii thyc sy cua nhan dan. Hai nhi^m vu chien \UQC do quan h§ khSng khit vai nhau. coi do la nhi^m vy trung tam ciia toan dan, phai tap hpp tat ca mpi luc lupng Lye luQng each mang nuoc ta bao gom bon giai cap trong nhan dan: giai cap cong nhan, giai cap nong dan, giai cap tieu t u san va giai cap t u san dan tpc, duoi su lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, dua tren co so lien minh cong nong. trong xa hpi nuoc ta la mau thuan giiia chii nghia de quoc voi dan tpc ta va Dang ta goi each mang do nhan dan ta tien hanh duoi su lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, cho'ng de quoc va phong kien la cugc each mang dan tge dan ehii nhan dan. Khi Chien tranh thegioi thu hai biing no, do tha'm nhuan chu nghia Mae Lenin va tieh luy dupe kinh nghi^m cua nhieu nam dau tranh. Dang ta da yeu nuoc de thuc hi^n cho ky dupe. Nuoc ta la mpt nuoc thupe dia va nua phong kien, hai mau thuan co ban iriau thuan giiia giai cap phong kien dia chii voi nhan dan ma chii yeu la nong dan; trong hai mau thuan do, mau thuan giua chii nghia dequoc voi dan tpc ta phai dupe coi la mau thuan chii yeu nhat. Do do, each mang Vi^t Nam la each m^ng dan tpc dan chii, co hai nhiem vy co ban: nhiem vy phan de va nhi^m vu phan phong. Giira hai nhi^m vy do, nhi^m vy phan de'phai dupe coi la nhi^m vy chii yeu. chuyen huong diing dan ve chi dao chien lupc, giuong cao ngon co giai phong Tu nam 1930, Dang ta da phan tieh hai mau thuan co ban trong xa hpi nuoc dan tpc. Chinh nho su chuyen huong do, cho nen dang ta da doan ket dupe ta, da neu len hai nhi^m vu co ban ciia each mang Vi^t Nam, do do da phat toan dan chong bpn de quoc va be lu phong kien tay sai eiia ehiing, bao dam dpng dupe phong trao each mang sau rpng. Nhung mai den nhiing nam 1939 - cho thang Ipi each mang. Vi vay, tinh chat giai phong dan tpc la tinh chat noi 1941, nhi^m vy giai phong dan tpc moi dupe nhan thiic mpt each ro rang la h^t cua Cach mang thang Tam. nhi?m vu chii yeu hon het. Hon niia, do phan tich diing dan nhung bien Ben canh tinh chat do, Cach mang thang Tam lai co tinh cha't dan chii. Cach mang thang Tam da dap tan bp may bu nhin cua vua quan phong kien, lap nen ude Viet Nam Dan chu cong hoa. chuyen Ion ve tinh hinh the giai va trong nuoc liic bay gio. Dang da dat nhi^m Ve tinh chat chien lupc, Cach mang thang Tam thupe loai each mang dan ;pn CO giai phong dan tpc, dat nhi?m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va chii t u san (kieu moi), vi duoi su lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, each mang do nham myc tieu xoa bo mpi hinh thuc ap biic va boc Ipt phong kien o nuoc ta, bao dam cho nuoc ta xay dung mot nen kinh tedpe lap, tu chu. Dong thai, Cach mang thang Tam eung chinh la cupc each mang giai phong dan tpc, vi no xoa bo ach thong trj eiia dequoc ben ngoai, gianh doe lap cho dan tpc. Cach mang dan chii t u va each mang giai phong dan tpc a nuoc ta ket hpp thanh each mang dan tpc dan chii nhan dan. So di co su ket hpp nhu the vi each mang nuoc ta do giai cap cong nhan lanh dao. Tinh chat giai phong dan tpc va dan chii nhan dan eiia Cach mang thang Tam rat ro. Song vi tinh chat noi bat eiia Cach mang thang Tam la giai phong dan tpc, cho nen, ta eCing co the noi Cach mang thang Tam la mpt cupc each mang giai phong dan tpc, mpt buoc quyet dinh, mpt bp phan khang khit eiia toan bp each mang dan tpc dan chii nhan dan. 11) T h i n g Iqi cua Cach mang thang Tam la thang cua chuyen huong chi dao chien IUQC va thang Ipi cua vi^c chuyen hinh thuc dau tranh a) Thang lai cua vice chuyen huong chi dao chien luge Tong khoi nghla thang Tam gianh dupe thang Ipi, truoc het la do su chi dao chien lapc diing dSn ciia Trung uong Dang trong van de giai phong dan tpc. vy giai phong dan tpc thanh mpt nhi^m vu can kip ciia toan dan. Hpi nghi Trung uong thang 11 - 1939, Dang ta da chii truong giuong cao i'p thiet. Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thu 8 (5 - 1941) da hoan chinh su chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc ciia Dang, dinh ra cuong ITnh eu the ve each mang giai phong dan tpc. Hpi nghj chii truong giuong cao hon nua ngpn co giai phong dan tpc, dat n h i f m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thiet hon bao gio het. De tap trung het thay cho nhiem vy giai phong dan tpc. Dang ta chii truong tam gac khau hi^u each mang rupng dat, thay bang giam to tuc, tjch thu rupng dat ciia dequoc Vi^t gian phan quoc chia cho nong dan; dong thai quyet djnh thanh lap Mat tran Vi?t Minh. Nho xac djnh diing dan nhiem vy each mang nhu vay, nen chi trong thoi gian ngSn, Mat tran Vi^t Minh da tap hpp dupe luc lupng each mang ciia dong dao quan ehiing de chuan bj tieh tdi khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen. Nghj quyet ciia Hpi nghj Trung uong Dang Ian thii 8 la mpt ehuang ITnh cy the da co tac dyng quyet djnh doi voi thMng Ipi Cach mang thang Tam. , • h) Thang lai cua viec chuyen hinh thicc dau tranh Tong khoi nghia thang Tam thang Ipi vi trong khi de ra su chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc each mang, Trung uong Dang da kjp thoi de ra su chuyen huong ve hinh thiic dau tranh, dat ra van de chuan bj khoi nghia vu trang. I) Cac Nghi quyet ciia D a n g trong thai k i 1939 - C h u y e n tir dau tranh chinh t r i len k h o i nghla v i j trang, dau t r a n h v i j trang la mot chuyen h u o n g rat Ion, d o i hoi ca m p t qua t r i n h chuan b i . Ne'u noi rang k h o i nghia V I J trang la m o t ngh$ thuat, t h i m o t noi d u n g chu ye'u cua nghe thuat d o la p h a i bie't lanh dao sir chuyen h u o n g ve h i n h thuc dau tranh cho 1945 Tac d v n g doi v a i phat Nghi quyet N g h j quyet ; Npi dung - Dat n h i e m v u giai p h o n g dan Danh tpc len hang d a u . h u o n g d i i n g dan ve chi H p i nghj thich h ^ p v a i t i n h h i n h c h i n h t r i tirng liic, phai bie't giO v i i n g m o i q u a n h{" Trung uong d i i n g dan giua h i n h thuc dau tranh chinh t r j va h i n h t h u c dau t r a n h vu trang 11 - 1939 (rong t u n g t h o i k i , liic dau t h i dau tranh chinh trj van la chii ye'u, dau tranh vCi - Neu khau "Chinh phii trien cua each mang h i ^ u thanh Cpng hoa lap dan dao dau chien ngpn - T h a n h lap M a t tran thong nhat quan t r p n g ngang nhau, roi tie'n len t h o i k i dau tranh v u trang chie'm v j t r j chii chuyen lupc each mang, d o la g i u o n g cao chii". trang chi la p h u t r o , dan dan dau tranh chinh trj v a dau tranh v u trang t r o nei su C O giai phong dan tpc. d a n tpc phan de'Dong D u o n g . ye'u. Su chi dao d i i n g dan cong tac chuan bj k h o i nghla via trang p h a i bao dan; N g h j quyet cho luc l u g n g each m a n g phat trien m p t each vCrng chMc va k j p t h o i cho den H p i nghj - Dat n h i e m v u giai p h o n g dan Hoan chinh chi chuyen tpc len hang dau va cap thie't huong h o n bao g i o he't. l u p c t u H p i nghj thang - T h a n h lap M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h . 11-1939. Chuan bj duong c h i i n g nira, n g u p c lai, ne'u k h o n g c6 p h o n g trao chinh t r j sau r p n g ciia quan - C h u a n bj k h o i nghla v i j tranh 16'i c h u n g each m a n g t h i k h o n g the c6 k h o i nghla t h i n g l o i . g i a n h c h i n h quyen. thang T a m - Thay khau h i ^ u " D a n h d u o i Tao tien de cho phat k h o i nghia thang Tam k h i t h o i C O k h o i nghla chin m u o i . K h o n g phai n o i den chuan b i k h o i nghla v u Trung uong trang, chuan bj k h o i nghla, la k h o n g coi t r p n g p h o n g trao c h i n h t r i cua quan Ian 8 ( 5 - 1 9 4 1 ) C h i thj Tren co so luc l u g n g chinh t r j phat trien. D a n g xay d u n g luc l u p n g v i i trang each m a n g : sau k h i cuoc k h o i nghia Bac Son that bai. D a n g ta chu t r u o n g d u y " N h a t - Phap xit Phap - N h a t " hang khau hieu " D a n h d u o i phat xit t r i d p i d u kich Bac Son va sau d o thanh lap d p i d u kich Thai N g u y e n . Ve sau, ban nhau d p i d u kich Bac Son h p p nhat v o i d p i d u kich Thai N g u y e n thanh d p i C u u va h a n h d p n g - Phat d p n g cao (12-3-1945) Cach chien mang 1945. Tong t h i n g Ipi. Nhat". cua c h i i n g t a " cho dao N h a t cuu nuoc. quo'c quan. Vao cuoi n a m 1941, H o C h i M i n h xay d u n g m p t d p i t u v$ chien dau a Cao L a n h dao k j p t h a i , n a m H p i nghj k h o i nghla trong ca nuoc, gianh t h a i ca k h i luc l u p n g toan quoc t h a n h lap d p i Viet N a m t u y e n t r u y e n giai p h o n g quan. Ba ngay sau k h i thanh Thang 4 - 1945, D a n g t r i ^ u tap H p i nghj Q u a n s u Bac K i . H p i n g h j quyet khang - Q u y e t d j n h phat d p n g tong chinh da d u p e chuan b j , bao N g h j quyet Bang de bao v ^ can c u each m a n g . N g a y 22 - 12 - 1944, H o C h i M i n h ra C h i thj lap. D p i da d a n h thMng djch 6 Phay Khat va N a N g a n (Cao Bang). trao quyen truoc khi Dong d j n h t h a n h lap U y ban quan s u Bac K i de chi h u y cac l u c l u p n g v i i trang 6 m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g . d a m cho t h i n g Ipi ciia - T h a n h lap U y ban k h o i nghla. (13 den 15-8-1945) Cach m a n g thang Tam. m i e n Bac. H p i n g h i cQng quyet d j n h h p p nhat hai d p i V i ^ t N a m t u y e n t r u y e n 13. C h i i truong cua D a n g qua cac thai k i each mang de dua den t h i n g Igi giai p h o n g q u a n va C u u quoc quan thanh V i | t N a m giai p h o n g quan. D'Sy la Cach mang thang T a m nam l u p n g vu trang t r y c tiep tie'n hanh Tong k h o i nghla v u trang t r o n g Cach m ^ n g thang T a m n a m 1945. Thai ki 1945 C h u truang ctia D a n g Hoan canh lich s u T r o n g t h u c te^ t u sau ngay N h a t dao chinh Phap (9 - 3 - 1945), cong cupc - Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh - H p i nghj T W the g i a i t h i i hai b i i n g no, Phap 1)1939 - 1 9 4 1 thang 11 - 1939 Dang chii chuan b i de tie'n toi k h o i nghla v u trang trong ca n u o c da b u o c vao m p t t h o i k i ra sue dan ap boc Ipt nhan dan t r u o n g dat va'n de giai m o i ma dac d i e m la cao trao khang N h a t c u u nuoc len m a n h k h a p n o i , k h o i D o n g D u o n g . Thang 9 - p h o n g dan tpc len hang nghla t u n g phan, chien tranh d u kich cue bp dupe phat d p n g , c h i n h quyen N h a t nhay each m a n g dja p h u o n g d u p e thanh lap, can c u dja k h a n g N h a t d u p e xay d u n g . dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta. - Thanh D e n k h i N h a t bj D o n g m i n h d a n h bai. D a n g ta chop lay t h o i ca phat d p n g - N h a n dan Dong D u o n g chju thong canh m p t c6 p h a n de'Dong D u o n g . T o n g k h o i nghia g i a n h chinh quyen t r o n g toan quoc bang cupc d a u t r a n h viJ .trang ket h p p v o i dau tranh c h i n h t r j . vao D o n g hai 1940, Duong trong, mau dau. lap M a t tran nhat dan tpc thuan dan tpc cang them gay gat. Ita.., 93 2) 5 - 1941 den 9-3-1945 3) 9 - 3 den 13 1945 1945 8 - - Thang 6 - 1941, Lien X6 tham chien, tinh chat chien tranh the giai thay doi. - Thang 1 - 1941, Nguyen A i Quoc ve nude true tie'p lanh dao each mang. - Nhat - Phap ca'u ket vol nhau dan ap, boc lot nhan dan ta. - Hoi nghi TW Dang Ian thu 8 (5 - 1941) chu truong giuong cao hon nvia ngpn c6 giai phong dan tgc. - Thanh lap Mat tran Vi^t Minh. - Chu truong khoi nghla vii trang de danh Phap, duoi Nhat. - Ngay 9 - 3 - 1945, Nhat dao chinh Phap doc chiem Dong Duong. Ke thu cua nhan dan Dong Duong liic nay la Nhat. - De ra chi thi "Nhat Phap ban nhau va hanh dong cua chiing ta". - Thang 5 - 1945, Due dau hang Dong minh khong dieu kien. - Thang 8 - 1945, Nhat lien tie'p bi that bai a Thai Binh Duong. 4) 13 - 8 - 1945 den 2 - 9 - 1 9 4 5 - Hong quan Lien X6 danh bai doi quan Quan Dong cua Nhat. - Ngay 14 - 8 - 1945, Nhat dau hang Dong minh khong dieu kien. Bon Nhat va tay sai cua chung 6 Dong Duong hoang mang cue dp. Quan Dong minh chua vao Dong Duong. Nhan dan ta da chuan bi san sang. - Phat dpng mpt cao trao khang Nhat cuu nuoc. - Day manh dau tranh via trang, lap Uy ban quan su BacKi(4-1945). - Thanh lap khu giai phong Vi?t BSc (6 - 1945). - Tri^u tap Hpi nghi toan quoc t u 14 den 15 - 8 1945 chu truong tien hanh khoi nghia. - Dai hpi quoc dan Tan Trao t u ngay 16 den 17 8 - 1945 thong qua L^nh tong khoi nghia. - Thanh lap Uy ban dan tQc giai phong Vi?t Nam. - Thoi CO ngan nam c6 mot cho dan tpc ta da den. Cm 2. Nhung bai hpc nit ra tie phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 la gi? Phan tich mpt bai hoc Ion c6 tac dpng den cac phong trao each mang sau nay ve van de dan tpc va giai cap. Cdu 3. Vi sao phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 la cupe dien tap dau hen chuan bj cho thSng Igi aia Cach mang thang Tam 1945. Cdu 4. Van de dan tQC va giai cap dupe giai quyet trong phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 nhu the nao? Cdu 5. Noi dung co ban eiia Lu^n cuong chinh trj thang 10 - 1930 aia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong. iSu diem va han che aia Luan cuong la gi? Nhiing han che do dupe khac phuc nhu the nao trong tien trinh each mang Vi^t Nam t u nam 1930 den nam 1945. Cdu 6. Neu nhiing sy ki^n tieu bieu evia phong trao each mang 1930 -1935. Phan tich mpt sy ki?n tieu bieu nhat the hi^n rich chat triet de aia phong trao. Cdu 7. V i ^ xae djnh lye lye lupng each mang dupe trinh bay trong Cuong linh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang va trong Luan cuong thang 10 -1930 nhu the'nao? Cdu 8. V i sao X6 viet N g h | - Tinh la dinh cao ciia phong trao each m^ng 1930-1931? Cau 9. Lap bang so sanh phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 voi phong trao each m9ng 1936 - 1939 theo cac npi dung: Hoan canh Ijch su; lye lupng tham gia; mye tieu; hinh thiic dau tranh; ket qua va y nghia lich su. Cdu 10. Neu nhiing net noi bat nhat ciia phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 va 1936 -1939. Cac bai hpc kinh nghi^m dupe nit ra t u hai phong trao nay. Cdu 11. Phan tich nhiing diem chung va nhiing net rieng aia phong trao Cach mgng 1930 -1931 va 1936 -1939. Cdu 12. Sy chuyen huong chi dao chien lupe va sach lupe trong cupc van dpng dan chii 1936 -1939 dupe the hi^n nhu the nao? Sy chuyen huong do c6 gi mau thuan voi Cuong linh chinh trj dau tien aia Dang khong? V i sao? i Cdu 13. Phong trao dan chii 1936 -1939 c6 mang tinh dan tpc hay khong? Vi sao? Cdu 14. Vi sao thang 5 nam 1941 Dang ta va lanh tu Nguyen A i Quoc thanh lap Mat tran Vi?t Minh? Vai h-6 aia Mat tran Vift Minh doi voi thang Ipi aia each n n ^ g thang Tam n3m 1945. Cdu 15. Cong cupc chuan bj khoi nghia aia Dang tie sau Hpi ngh} Trung uong 8 (5 -1941) da dien ra nhu the'nao? cAu Hdi O N TI?IP Cau 1. Chiing minh rang phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 dien ra voi quy mo rpng khap, mang tinh chat each mang trift de va str dung hinh thiie dau tranh quyet Ii#t. Cdu 16. Phan tich chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupe aia Dang tu Hpi ngh} Trung uong thang 11 - 1939 den Hpi nghi Trung uong 8 (5 - 1941). Vai tro ciia H o Chi Minh trong vi?c hoan chinh chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc cua Dang va chuan bj tien toi khoi nghia vu h'ang gianh chinh quyen. 95 Cdu 17. Trinh bay nhung net chinh cua cao trao khang Nhat ciiu nuoc t u thang 3 -1945 den thang 8 - 1945. Vi sao Cao trao khang Nhat cuu nuac da tao tien de thuc day thai ca Tong khai nghia thang Tarn nhanh chong chin muoi. Cdu 18. Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945 c6 phai la C U Q C each mang bao luc kh6ng?Visao? M " Cdu 19. Hay trinh bay va phan tich nhDng net dpc dao trong Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945. Cdu 20. Cac giai doan phat trien ciia each mang Vi^t Nam trong nhiing nam 1930 -1945. Y nghla ciia moi giai doan dol voi thMng Ipi eiia Cach mang thang Tarn. Cdu 21. Cong tac Mat tran dan toe thong nhat duoe Dang ta xay dyng tix nam 1930 den nam 1945 nhu the nao? Cdu 22. Hay neu va phan tieh de lam sang to: tien trinh phat trien ciia Cach mg.ng thang Tam la di tu khoi nghla hing phan den Tong khai nghla. Cdu 23. Neu nhiing Nghj quyet ciia Dang trong giai doan each mang 1930 1945. Phan tieh mpt Nghj quyet eo tac dung den vi?c van dpng Cach mang thang Tam 1945. Cdu 24. Chu truong ve ehie'n lupc, sach luac cua Dang trong giai doan each mang 1930 -1945. Cdu 25. Phan tich cac dieu kien ra dai cua Mat tran Dan ehii Dong Duong, Mat t r ^ Dan tQC thong nhat phan de'Dong Duong va Mat tran Vi^t Minh. Cdu 26. T u nam 1930 den 1945, Dang ta da giai quyet nhiem vu phan de va phan phong nhu the nao? Phan tich su sang tao cua Dang trong vi^c giai quyet hai nhi?m vu do. Cdu 27. Hay chung minh r^ng, thang Igi cua Cach mang thang Tam 1945 la thang l(7i cua qua trinh chuan bj lau dai ket hpp vai chop lay thai co van dong C/iuy^n dS 3: V I £ T NAM T U 1945 DfiN NAM 1954 I , VIET N A M SAU CACH M A N G T H A N G T A M TU" SAU NGAY 2 - 9 - 1945 PEN TRU'OC NGAY 19 - 1 2 -1945 1, Tinh hinh nude ta sau Cach m^ng thang Tam a. Thudn Igi: Nhan dan da gianh quyen lam chii, buoe dau dupe huang do, nen rat phah khai, gan bo voi che dp. Cach mang nuac ta eo Dang lanh dao day dan kinh nghi?m, c6 lanh hi sang suot la Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh. Tren the'giai, h$ thong xa hpi chii nghla dang hinh thanh, phong trao giai phong dan toe dan cao 6 nhieu nuoc thupc dja va phy thupe, phong trao dau tranh vi hoa binh, dan chii phat hien 6 rihieu nuac tu ban. ^ h. Kho khdtu B - Ve doi ngoai: Quan dpi cac nuac Dong minh, dual danh nghTa giai giap quan da lu lupt keo vao nuac ta. Tir vi tuyen 16 tro ra BSc eo 20 van quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc dong 6 Ha Npi va hau he't cac tinh. Chiing keo theo bpn tay chan t u j|i(!3ic to ehiic phan dong nhu Vif t Nam Quoc dan dang (Vi^t Quoc), Vi?t Nam each 'in^ng dong minh hpi (Vi#t each). Tir vT tuyeh 16 tr6 vao Nam quan dpi Anh tra ||topn mpt so quan Phap nham quay tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta. Lpi dyng tinh hinh do phan dpng ngoc dau day lam tay sai cho Phap, cho'ng pha each mang. - Ve dol npi: Chinh quyen each m^ng vtra mod thanh lap, chua dupe ciing co; : Ivrpng vCi trang con non yeu. Nen kinh te'nuoc ta von da lac hau, lai bj chien tranh tan pha nang ne. Hau qua 1 doi cuol nam 1944 dau nam 1945 chua dupe khMc phyc. Nan lyt Ian, lam v6 \ tinh Bae Bp, roi han han keo dai lam cho niia tong niia lam cho niia tong so quan chiing da'u tranh. Cdu 28. Lap bang so sanh cac su kien Hch su trong giai doan 1930 -1945 theo yeu |Upng dat khong trong cay dupe. Nhieu xi nghi^p eon n5m trong tay tu ban Phap. cau sau day: Npi dung tSng vpt, dai song nhan dan gap nhieu kho khan. kc CO so eong nghifp ciia ta chua phye hoi san xuat. Hang hoa khan hiem, gia ca 1930 -1931 1936 -1939 1939 -1945 Chu truong cua Dang Ve tai chinh, ngan sach Nha nuoc liic nay hau nhu trong rong. Chinh quyen Nhi^m vu each mang each mang lai chua nam dupe Ngan hang Dong Duong. Trong liic do, quan Trung Hinh thuc dau tranh Hoa Dan quoc tung ra thj truong cac lo^ii cac lo?d tien ciia Trung Quoc da mat gia, Khau hi|u da'u tranh • Ket qua Bai hpc kinh nghif m Cdu 29. Trong Cach mang thang Tam 1945, Dang ta da van dung nhung bai hpc kinh nghi?m gi tu phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 va phong trao dan chu 1936 -1939? Cdu 30. Phan tich tinh chat ciia Cach mgng thang Tam nam 1945. OA lam cho nen tai chinh nuac ta them roi loan. Ve v3n hoa, di san van hoa lac hau do che dp thyc dan phong kien de lai he't sue nang ne, han 90% dan so'khong biet chii. Kho khan Ion nhat dua nude ta dung truoc tinh the "ngan can treo spi toe" la 1*6 khan ve dol ngo^ii. NghTa la phai dol pho voi cac the lye cua Trung Hoa Dan "luoc 6 mien Bac va ciia Phap 6 mien Nam. 3Si dirdri^ Hr>0 Ljch 5u 12 - Ths. Truon^ Ni^pc Thai tham gia phong trao xoa nan m u chu. Trong vong m p t nam, t u ngay 8 - 9 - 1945 2. G i a i quyet n h u n g k h o k h a n sau Cach mang thang Tarn n a m 1945. K e t qua va (Jen ngay 8 - 9 - 1946, tren toan quoc da to chuc gan 76.000 lap hpc, xoa m i l c h i i y nghia cho han 2,5 tri^u n g u a i . - G i a i quyet k h o k h a n ve c h i n h t r i , quan sy: T r u a n g hpc cac cap pho thong va dai hpc sam dupe khai giang nham dao tao Ngay 6 - 1 - 1946, to chuc bau vao Quoc hpi v o l 333 d ^ i bieu khap Bac - T n i n g - nhxiTig cong dan va can bp trung thanh, c6 nang lye phung sy To quoc. N p i d u n g va N a m , t u g n g t r u n g cho khoi doan ket toan dan. Ngay 2 - 3 - 1946, tai phien hpp phuong phap giao due buac dau dupe doi m d i theo tinh than dan tpc - dan chu. dau tien tai H a N o i , Quoc hoi thong qua danh sach Chinh phu lien hiep khdng chien - Giai quyet k h o k h a n ve t h i i trong giac n g o a i : do Chu tjch H o C h i M i n h d u n g dau va lap ra Ban die thdo Mien phdp. Ban hien phap Thye hi^n sach lupc hoa hoan v d i quan T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc. dau tien cua nude Vi?t N a m Dan chu Cgng hoa dup-c Quoc hpi thong qua ngay 9 - N h u p n g cho cac D a n g V i ^ t Quoc, V i ^ t each tay sal ciia T r u n g Hoa D a n quoc 11 -1946. Luc l u g n g v u trang duoc xay d u n g . Viet Nam giai phong quan, thanh lap 70 ghe trong quoc hpi khong bau cir, 4 ghe Bp t r u o n g trong Chinh p h i i lien hi^p thang 5 -1945, duoc chah chinh va doi thanh Ve quoc doan (9 - 1945). Ngay 22 - 5 - chinh thuc. 1945, Ve quoc doan duoc d o i thanh Quan d p i Quoc gia V i ^ t N a m . Cuoi nam 1945, Nhan n h u p n g cho T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc mpt so quyen Ipi ve k i n h te^ n h u ciing lyc l u g n g dan quan, t y v | tang len hang chyc van nguoi, c6 mat hau het cac thon cap mpt phan l u o n g thye, thye pham, p h u a n g tien giao thong van tai, cho phep xa, d u o n g pho^ x i nghiep tren khap ca nuac. diing tien T r u n g Quoc tren thj truang. - G i d i quyet k h o k h a n ve k i n h te - tai c h i n h : Doi v o i to chuc phan each mang, tay sai a i a T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc ( V i f t quoc, De giai quyet nan doi, Chinh p h u each mang lam thai de ra nhieu b i ^ n phap Vi?t each). Chinh quyen each mang d y a vao quan chiing, kien quyet vach tran a m cap thoi va lau dai: m u u va hanh d p n g chia re, pha hoai cua chiing. N h u n g ke pha hoai c6 d u bang B i f n phap cap thai: Chii tich H o Chi M i n h keu go! nhan dan ca nuoc "Nhte&ng com. se do". Nghe lai Chii tich H o Chi M i n h , tren khap ca nuac, nhan dan ta lap "HU chung thi bj t r i m g t r i theo phap luat. Chinh p h u con ban hai\ m p t so sac l?nh gao dm doi" to chuc "Ngay dong tdm", khong dung gao, ngo, khoai, san... na'u r u p u . nham trah ap bpn phan each mang. Nhimg bien phdp sach luge nhan nhugng tren day dd han checdc hoqt dong chong pha B i f n phap lau dai: tang gia san xuat la bi?n phap hang dau va c6 h'nh chat lau dai. C h i i tich H o C h i M i n h keu gpi "Tang gia san xuat! Tang san xuat n-^ay! Tang san cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc vd tay sai, Idm thai bqi dm mint Idt do chinh quyen each mang xuat nual". H u o n g u n g lai keu gpi C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , phong trao thi dua tang ciia quan chiing. gia san xuat day len khap ca nuac. D u a l khau hi?u "khdng mot tac dai bo hoang". • T h y e h i ^ n sach lupc hoa hoan v o l Phap: Giai cap cong nhan, bp d p i , can bp, vien chuc nha nuoc, t r i thuc, hpc sinh, cac cong Ngay 3 - 3 -1946, Ban T h u o n g v u Trung uong Dang hpp, do H o C h i M i n h chu thuong... t y n g u y ^ n to chuc thanh t i m g doan, t i m g dpi ve nong thon, g i i i p nong tri, da ehpn giai phap "hoa de tien". Chieu 6 - 3 -1946, tai Ha N p i , C h u tich H o C h i dan khai hoang, phuc hoa, dap de phong l y t . M i n h thay mat Chinh p h u Viet N a m Dan chu cong hoa k i v o i G. Xanhtani - N h a n h i j n g bi?n phap tich eye tren day, san xuat nong nghiep nhanh chong di?n Chinh p h i i Phap - ban Hiep dinh So bo. V&i npi d u n g : dupe phuc hoi, nan d o i bj day l u i mpt budc. Chinh phu Phap cong nhan nude V i ^ t N a m Dan chu Cpng hoa la m p t quoc gia De khae phuc tinh trang trong rong ve ngan sach, Chinh phu keu gpi tinh than tv do, CO chinh p h u rieng, nghj v i f n rieng, quan d p i rieng, tai chinh rieng, va la t u n g u y f n dong gop ciia nhan dan ca nuac. H u a n g u n g cupc van dpng xay d u n g thanh vien Lien bang D o n g D u o n g , nam trong khoi Lien hiep Phap. "Quy doc lap", phong trao "Tuan le vdng" do Chinh p h i i phat dpng, nhan dan ta Chinh p h i i Viet N a m Dan chii Cpng hoa thoa thuan cho 15000 quan Phap vao hang hai d o n g gop tien, a i a , vang, bac u n g hp nen dpc lap cua To quoc. N g a y ttiien Bac thay quan T r u n g Hoa Dan quoc lam nhi?m v u giai phap quan Nhat, so' 23 - 1 - 1946, C h i n h p h u ra sac l?nh p h a t h a n h tien V i ^ t N a m va d e n ngay 23 - 11 - 1946, Quoc hpi quyet d i n h cho l u u hanh tien V i f t N a m trong ca nuoc thay cho tien D o n g D u o n g cua Phap truac day. - G i a i quyet k h o k h a n ve van hoa - gjao d y e Ngay 8 - 9 -1945, C h i i tich H o Chi M i n h k i sac l?nh thanh lap Nha binh dan hoc xm, la CO quan chuyen lo vi^c chong "giac dot", va keu gpi nhan dan trong ca nuoc quan nay se dong d nhiung dja diem quy d j n h va n i t dan trong thai han 5 nam. I H a i ben n g i m g m p i cupc xung dpt d mien N a m va giir nguyen quan d p i cua »unh tai v j t r i cii, tao khong k h i thuan Ipi cho d i den cupc d a m phan chinh thuc Ian cac van de ngoai giao a i a Vi?t N a m , che'dp t u a n g lai a i a D o n g D u o n g , quyen jloi k i n h t e v a van hoa a i a n g u d i Phap d V i ^ t N a m .