Tài liệu Bào chế thuốc đông dược

BAO CHE DONG Dll tl C NHA XUAT BAN Y HQ C TS. Hoang Minh Chung bénh va chit a b(nh co nhiéu hi(u qua, dé ap dpng, it ton kérri nhit: ditdng sinh, xoa bop, chain cttu, thuoc Nam v.v„ , cdn du'dc pho bien rong rat cho nhan dan dé t phong benh, th chit a b(nh thutc hi(n dif pc tinh chdt diJ phong ciia nén y hpc cach mang. Can phai tain cho m pi ngii’‹i’i, nh I la can bo y té thay ro eit cdn thiét, en fch lpi cua vi(ec xay ding nen y hpc Viet Nam két hcip y hpc hiej n d:yr vfii y h pc co truyén. Nhat la trong diéu ki(n hi(en nay dang phai td ng citcl ng ph ijc vu euic khoé tuyén cong dong, tuyé n cu »a vb vung sau, vung xa, doi hoi ngii’‹i’i thay thuoc phfii co nhiéu c:ich diéu tr], phong benh tich cfc, dun gian, co hieu qua. Vfii mpc dich pho bien r(ong rat trong quan chiing nhan dan, n3ng cao kién thffc doi vfii céc thdy thuoc, de cong tae dao tai can bp Y hpc co truyén, tap thé can bo giang d:jy va can bo khoa hpc cite Khoa Y hpc co truyén Trciclng Oai hpc Y Ha Noi da to chftc bién soan 30 giao trinh tuyén truyé n vd giting day vé y hpc co truyén, trong do co phan DUpc hoc y hpc co truyé n bao gom: — Ph an Diing ditclc. — Phan thuoc Nam. — Pharr cac bai thuoc, — Pharr bao ché dong dif clc. — Cach sit dung thuoc y hpc co truyén... Dé hpc sinh, sinh vién, hpc vién, va nhft ng can bo nganh y té n dm dit‹1c tinh uang va tac hung chung cua c:ic vJ thuoc, ph if nng phap bfio che va guy ché thufic doc cpu a y hpc co truyén; nhfi ducic ten, I:ic dung, Ktng dung firm sang cac vi thu c chia theo ting 1otyi titc dung, d c bie) t lit cfc vi thuoc co trong uncle, cac v] thuoc co tae dung chfia b(nh tot vfi thriving dfing nhd t. Khfing nrift ng v y can nam dna c cach cau tao vi1 sit bién ho:i cui a tftng biti thuoc, céc dang thuoc hay g p, tire dung chung va céch cdu tao t’ifng loai bhi thuoc, nhfi ditcic mpt so c$c ngfi nity dong dao tain nong cot thi cac ngh] quyet cua Oang, céc chi thJ cua Chinh phii mtii diidc thi;c hi(n nghiém chinh va sling tao. Tai 1i(u Hi biin lan nay dii dupc " a cchhffllaa vh bo sung nhit ng khfi ng khfii con thiéu sot. Chung tfii rfit mong st tharn gia gép cua cac luring y, c:ie thay thuoc y hpc co truyén, c:ic dong nghi(p, céc anh chi em hpc sinh, sinh vién, h pc vié n sau dat hinh dao tae vé y hpc co truyén dong gop y hpc kién cho chung tfii dé tai lieu ngfiy cdng hodn chinh, gé›p ph8n cao chilt lifpng trong cling tae dao tao cho tolln nganh. Khoa Y hpc cc truyén Trifling Dat hpc Y Hit Npi 4 E . Thuoc tan PhniiZl. C:ich biro ché céc v'i thufic A giao 31 33 A nguy' 34 Ba da( ti 34 Ba kich 3s Ba tit nhan 36 Bac hit 37 Bach bien d(au 37 Bach bo 38 Bach ca) p Bach chi 39 39 B:ych ciidng t3m 40 B:jch dong nil 41 Bach gioi tit 42 B:ich hdp 42 B:ych Item 43 Bach linh 44 Bach mao can 46 Bach phan 46 Bach qua 47 Bach I t lé 47 Cam toai Can tdt 60 Cao bfin 61 62 64 Cao ban long Cao hfi cot Cao khi Cao lu‹ing khu‹ing Cao quy ban Cap gi‹1i Cat citn C:it canh Cét aam Cau ddng 61 66 67 68 T0 71 72 72 73 Céu ky ti'i Cdu tich Chi tit Chi xéc Chi thiJc 74 Chu aa 78 Cot tofii bfi 79 Cu mach 79 75 75 76 77 Chic hoa DJa long 80 81 H D;ia phu tii o Dinh hildng ii Do trpng n Doc hoat g Chi tire xéc Ha kh‹i thao Hit thii o Hat rna Hai ski Hai siim H$i tao Hanh nhiin md H u phiic Ho phach Ho tiéu Hole hiidng Hoiii s‹i» b é H o ii n g c ti m H oang ky 92 Hoiing lién 93 Hoang nan 93 Ho$ng tinh 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 100 101 102 102 103 104 105 105 106 107 108 1o 9 11 0 7 Ké noi kim 2 23 Kha tit 24 Khiém thutc 24 Khién nguu 2 Kho sém 26 Khoiin df›ng hoa 2T Khi1‹1ng 28 Ké huyet dting Khii‹ing hoat Kim anh tit 1 Kim ngan hoa Kinh gioi 1 2 Lién nhpc 1 Cfi cdn Lo hoi Lfii hoang 34 3 6 Long cot Long ddm thao Long nao Long nhiin Ma hoang M3 tién M(oc téc Moc thong Mfit du‹ic Nam tinh Nga truf it Ngai di(ep Ngfi cfing Ngfi thu Ngpc true Ngfi boi tui Ngfi gia bi Ngfi linh chi Ngif tinh thao Ngu vJ tu Ngifu bd ng tft Ngiiu holing Nguu tfit Nha dam tit Nhfin s3m 138 138 139 140 N h 3 n t r a n Nhan trung bach Nhfi hitnn g Nhuc thung dung 152 153 154 154 i55 156 157 158 159 159 160 161 162 163 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 170 9 Phfi binh S‹in thii 182 183 184 185 185 187 188 189 190 191 191 190 198 S0n tra 194 Sit qufin tit 195 195 196 197 198 198 199 200 201 Php tit Qua lau nhiin Quan chiing Qué Quy Sa nhan Sa s:irn Sai dtit Sfii he Sinh d]a has dau erm Tain thug Tain that Tim di Tan giao Tang bach bl Tang di(p Tang ky Minh Tang phiéu tiéu Thanh dgi Thao quit Thiém th’ir Thién hoa ph$n Thién ma Thién mon dong Thién nién kien Tho phuc linh Tho cao ly sam Thfi ty tiJ Thi:‹i×$ nhi th Thuci ng scin Thuc dia Thao fi Thuyen tho:ii Tién ho 211 212 213 216 216 217 218 219 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 T6 moc Toan phu hoa Toan yét Trdc ba di9p Tr ch ta Trfi m hitting Trtin bi XL X:y can Xa hiid ng Xa sang tit Xich thucic 226 227 228 228 229 230 231 241 243 244 246 246 247 248 249 Xich tiéu 2 dtlu Xuyén 2 khung Xuyén sdn giép Xuyén tiéu Y di nhan Ché co right a ID dung cong phu thay doi hinh dang, tf nh chtit Noi chung, bao ché la cong viec bién doi tinh thién nhién (thién tinh) ciia ducic 1i(u thanh nhiing v|t thuoc dé phong va tr) b(nh. Trong tieng Vi(et thitdng diing danh tit thuoc chin dot nghia vfii tlanh tit thuoc song, chi2 chin c6 dii nghia cua hat chit bao ché. Tai 1i(u xua dé lai lfiu dcii nhd t la quyén Bao ché lu n cua Lfii Hi(u (Trung Quoc) vao khoang 420 - 4 79 va sau doi la Lfii Cf›ng bao che. Quyén nay van co gia tr( cho dén ngay nan. II. MI¿C DICH CUA VI $C BAO CHE 'n ton trong dupe 1i(u: moc, sau mot — Dé dé thai mieng, dé bao quan, dé t:in ra b(ot ho c de nfiu cao de ché thanh thuoc — Bet bfit véi bo ph(an khong cflri thiet cu a diipc li(u va lfim cho vJ do tinh khiet thém lén (in:ych mf›n be lf›i, mu tht bo dau) Gifim bfit doc tinh cua diipc li(u (m$ tié n, ban ha, hoang nan...) Thay doi tinh néng cua vJ thuoc bang céch thin sao cho dé tan vao niicic dé dé dfing hoa, dé thfim hut (guy, hoiing bé, bach thiicic,.. tain rupu). — Ill. YEU CAU CUA VI $C BAO CHE Tran Ciia Mo (1562) dcii Minh co riot: "Ban che c I cI cho vifa chilng, non qea thi kho kién hieu, gid qua thi m dt khi v]”. Cau nay lii mot cach ngon mtf u chot cho tff t ca m pi ngiiJi firm cong téc bao ché Dong difdc. Nhilng thé nao gpi la vffa chftng. Dat bvite danh tit nay th(at la kho: cat, thai nén day hay mong, sao nén gia hay non.. chit thi khfing dung dao sat ma dfing dao inox. Dao cau: dé théi ducic leu to cii"ng. Dao bao: dé bao nhiing durlc liéu da difpc u mém Coi, chay: dé giii da) p hoac nghién Ian bot, 1uy(n thuoc hoan thifcing la coi bring dong, dé, ski, gang.. Thuyen tan: bang gang de" t:in ditdc 1i(u da say khfi thanh bot nho, khi t:in nén de gid y s:ych fi dUfii va xung quanh thuyén tan de hit ng lay bot vetoing viii ra, tan bd ng chan phai rcta each chan h iiy viio tan. Ray: thifdng diing ray mua o ngohi chp, ray nay timing ring véi 24 cua t3y y, bfit ray nity khé tain vién nén difpc. Siéu (d t, men, thuy tinh): dé sac thuoc. Chao: thif‹ing dfing bang gang dé sao thuoc. Khi ndu dfing not nhf›m hofic inox. Cong: noi nhfim hay d:It dé chung thuoc. Cho: bii.rig dat hay nhfim, dong inox dé do dilcic 1ie( u cho mém ho(ac who chin. C:ic dung cu trén day con thti ed, khi dung phai riia th(at sach, ti(et triing bang céch dot con, néu can chiing ta phai nghién cftu cai tién de cO gifii cach bao ché dong dif pc, trénh luom thuom va thu cong. V. M$T SO D§NG THUOC BAO CHE TH©NG TH U©NG a) Thuoc phién. b) Thuoc sac, b) Thuoc cao nuéc. 14 — Rica: cac dilpc li(u triioc khi dna ra bao ché déu phai rna sach; thifilng lii céc loai en, ré, hot... (huyen s3m, bach vi, vfing den...). Cac ré, cii phflc tap thi phai téch nho ra rot mdi rila. Cé› nhilng vi khi rna khong nén ngiim liiu, vi mfit chtit (cam thao, sinh dJa. ..) ho c khf›ng rifa di.f‹1c (bfii mau, guy v.v...). DUpc li(u céi muoi ciing phai rna cho sach b‹it muoi (con bo, hai tan, diém phu...). Cac hoa, canh nhfi (cue hoa, hong hoa) khong nén ruia, chi chpn lgc ho c sang say bfi tap chat. — Sang, stty: dfing giBH Bang de bo r:ie, tap chttt lan trong ducic ›9u (tif tfi , man kinh tit, lién kiéu, cite hoa). Char, lau: dung t›an chat lf›ng, tre mem de chat cac ditilc li(eu nhil: holii sun, céc loai siim... Khi chat, lau cé the diing niréic, diing riipu, xong roi dem stfy lai cho kho. Cach nity cf›n diing dé Him each nhftng fling g$y ngfia d thfin, la (bong bong). 1.2. Chpn Ipc Bo ph n d(lng cua ditclc li(u ph3i chpn lifa de dilng cho thf ch hdp, dép ung vfii yé u edu tae dung ci’ia v;i thuoc. Bfi goc, mdt: ma ho3ng diing phét h3n thi diing than be ré, bo dot (nhUng thUcing dilng ca dot). Bo re con, fling: vi it téc dqng, liyi gay tae hgi, l$m n ng thang thuoc (hoitng lién, hif dng phu, xiinng bo, tri mdu). — Ngani: diing niffic thitcing hay nitric vo gao da)c dli ng(ap dé dilcic 1i(u mem dé théi, bao hoa) c tain gram d(oc tinh ciia difpc 1i(u vé mét nao dfi (hoiing niin, ha thii fi , ma tién...) Tuy tiing ditpc li(u mid thdi gran ng$m tff I gici dén 24 gid hay hd n. Ngii m lau thi hang ngay phfii thay niific ngani mot lan. • . . lain tho dif dc li(u du thtlin Uélt dé dé bao th:a U: dfing nitdc la, (ba kich, hoiii san, bach tPuat), néu ngarn 13u thi firm mfit tinh chat ciia thuoc, cach nay gpi Id ii. Thudng muon u thi tain iicit ditpc 1ie( u roi léy bao bo toi, vat Ufit da) y kin vai gid hay vat ngdy thi dupc 1i(u mém, lay ra bao thai (xuyén khung...). Thin: diing ruciu, gram, muoi, gftng nhfio vao dupc li(u cho dii it‹lt dé cai bién thay doi tfnh ch:It ciia difdc lieu, cach nay r t thiifing diing. Traffic khi tain, ditcic li(u thuiing du‹ic théi miéng mong phdi ho c say qua cho khfi. Their gian tain: tuy t’ifng ditcic 1i(u ma thdi gian ngani t’iI vai girl cho dén 8 - 10 gid. Sau khi tfim roi dem sao lai cho kho, sao cho viing la ducic. Y nghia cua ttim sao: - lé rWdu soo: Ru’pu thu’dng dfing la riidu trdng (35° — 40’J, Ttim xong dé ni'ia gi“a den 1 gicl rot dem sao. Lila nén de nhfi, sao léu dé rupu du sifc ngani vdo thuoc, h0i ruau ch‹im boc c6 miii thai in bay ra lii du‹.ic. st iupng rifpu diing tu9 theo dupc 1ie( u tif 50 den 200 ml cho 1 kg thuoc. Sach né›i: tain rupu sao dé th dng dé (dfing riidu de dftn thuoc lén cac bo ph(an phia trén ciia cci theJ. Td m rud u sao de giam tinh lqnh, them able din cho diJijc 1i(u (hoéng bé, hoang cam, holing lién, bach thucic, son thfi, tijc doan, thifclng sun, nhqc dung, phong ky...), 16 “i, loc. Lay nrtfic tain deu vdi thuoc dé 1 - 2 to rot dem sao. Lita nho, sao ch in, dén khi in(at dupc 1i(u vang gia la dupc (do trpng, trach ta, hoiing bé, phti co chi, ich tri nhan). So liidng nUcic tain thifong la 5% dropc li(eu. Tann muoi sao dé v( rn (an dan thuoc viio th(an. — Z'fim gi‹i m sun: Giam co nhiéu loai, thil tot nhat la loai gram thanh nufii bdng chuoi, biin, mfii chua, thdm va hdi ngpt. Dung gram an thucing ciing dviac nhUng di’fng chua qua (c6 the pha thém niféic am cho loang ra), nh:yt qua thi giém kém tac dung. Néi chung gram co do acid acetic 5% la v i“fa. Néu so liidng nhiéu h‹in, bfi du’dc 1i(u vao rnot cai ch u doi gi in lén dao déu. Lay bao ta sach d y lai de qua rnot dém, horn sau ltiy ra t’it ng it, sao vang canh Ta ducic. So lupng gifim dying la 5% dupc 1ie( u. Cac dUpc lieu thua’ ng tain gi in: hilnng phu, miet giap. Sach nfii: vi chua hay dan vao gan. Sao gidm dé Varn tdng tae dung chi thong ciia vi thuoc (huyen ho), giam tinh kich thich ci‘ia mot Dung nilcic tiéu tre em trai difili 5 tuoi khoé manh khong benh t I, mdi déi bo phan dau va phan cuoi, lay phan giila. Sau khi tain difcic li(eu thi dem sao vang. So lUpng dfing ti(n dung thUong la 5% dune lieu. Thin dong ti(n dé din thuoc vao huyét va giéng hoa (hU0ng phu). 17 M(at thUfing dfing la mtlt mia, muon tot hdn thi dfing rn (at ong. M t khong nén da) c qua, da)c qué m t chi barn fi ngoai khi gap n6ng, in(at sé qu:inh 1;yi d phia ngoai mii khfing tham vao diicic lieu, do d6 nén pha 1 niia in(at va 1 nita nucic soi viio in a) t dac, dun nho lita khudy déu. Tann xong dé 2 - 3 gicl cho tham roi dem sao; sao vang canh so khfing dinh tay la dctclc (sao ch m). Dupe lieu thiidng tain m t: hoang ky, cam thao, tang bach bi, ty ba diép, bach tién, cu ttic xéc. Sir’ liipng m t diing ttim tu9 theo difpc li(u, ti? 10% -20%. Ma)t la chat ngpt giup thém nhi(t lrtdng cho cd thé, co tinh c:ich boi dudng. Chat ngpt firm gram chat ddng, chat chét cua in(ot thém sifc din bfi cho Dude 1i(u cé tinh ddu sinh ra tinh réo, ddt sao vfii bach tru a) t htit rnpt so dau ciia bach tru a) t do do in ttiinnhh r:to tain ng;im 1 ngay 1 dem) lay nudc sae ma t$m ha thu I›, trfiu ct›, vien chi. So lUpng nuéic tain thU‹1ng tii’ 10 den 20% ditpc li(u. Tann niific da) u den, nUélc cam thao dé giai doc, tain tinh thuoc em dJu, dd ch:it. 18 vang hoac thanh than vfii mqc df ch dé bao quan ho(ac dé thay doi tinh ch d t va tang hi(u 1itc cua thuoc. 5. 1. Sao Sao la cfi ng viec thuci ng xuyén cua ngitoi bao che, cling la phUd ng phap quan tPp ng cua vi(c bao ché thuoc phié n. Do dung de sao thifci ng la chao gang, céi dfio ho c car ban xan hay dfii dfia c3 va rnfi t choi dé quét dupc lieu ra khoi ch:to gang. Tritfic khi sao, dupc 1i(u cdn ph:ii dupe phan loai to, nhfi dé khi sao dif pc vii ng gia va déu, khfing sao chung th if to thif nhfi vfii nhau, vi thft nho b i chay trrtoc ma thff to lai china diicic. Khi sao can chti y dén nhft ng yéu cdu sau day: Vé gia non (mau etic cua thuoc trong chao sao) Vé thdi gian (nén nhanh hay ch(am) Vé IU a (nén to, nhfi, hay vfta) Vé khfii thuoc (nhié u hay it; den hay vang, tr ng) Tat ca cac diém trén day cling chfi trong mot luc dé difdc li(eu sao dat dupc yéu cdu. Sao khfing thém chat khéc, Sao co thém chat khac. — Soo ufing': sao cho ngoai co in au vang, trong ruot v n nhu mau cii, cot co rnui thiim ho(ac dé vJ thuoc bdt tf nh lanh. Lita dé nho their gian sao I:iu, cot dé nhi(t do th IIu nong viio dén ruot (nguu bhng, hoai sdn, hoé hoa„,), Co thft trufic khi sao can vay qua nufic cho rim de sit’c né›ng vao trong ma khong ch:iy c nh: y di, d u den.. 19 Ap dung cho céc vi. thuoc chua chat ho c tanh l‹Im qua (binh lang, huyét giac, than khiic, chI thitc, thting rna) de thay doi miii v], nhung vén bao dam chtit thuoc. Dung lita to, khi chfio da th(at nong méli bo thuoc vao, dfio khfing can nhanh, khi thay in(at ngoai sém canh nhitng mau ru(ot thuoc vfin gift nguyén la ditdc. Dé thérn tac dqng tiéu thitc, ta ly huyét, khai huyét ho(ac tain thay dfii tinh chat cua thuoc (hiidng phu, dJa du, hac kinh gicii...). Dé 1i’ta giii, chao th(at nong, diio déu dén khi bén ngoai chéy den, bé ra trong cfin miiu vang cii la dupc, Dé thuoc co tae dung chi huyet. Lit a de girl, chao that nong de dupe lieu ch:iy den, dao deu, tip vung lai ngay dé nguoi (than khii0ng). Sao chay khfing cé nghia la sao thanh tro ma bao gid ciing cho chay dén T/ 10. So viii sao ton tinh, mite dp co chay hcln. May diéu chip y khi sao chéy: — — Khong nén sao nhiéu mpt luc vi sé khfing deu va de gay hoa hoan. Sao cai 1éin trUfic, céi nhfi sau. — Khong nong ruot, khfing chain lira cho chay, khfing phun nrifi‹: vao, nhUng cling co khi phai chain lira dot (fi mai). — Chudn b] car vung de tip chpp d y kin vi dudc lieu Rao chéy co lcia am i ci ditiii (néu khong d y vung ma bo ddy thi co thé th nhién boc chay gay hoa hoan). b. Son c‹i tfiém cfiét Afiéc: Sao thuoc bang cét, bang b(ot viin cép (vo hau hén) hoa) c hoat thach la mifcin cac nay tain trung gian truyen nhi(t (cat giC nhiet d 300’C, viin cép 2S0’C, thu’t hoat thach 200 - 220‘C). Khi sao, céc thii dé bao quanh miéng thuoc lam cho miéng thuoc khfing chain day chao mii tham nhi(et déu va sau vao miéng thuoc.