Tài liệu Bài tập cuối tuần tiếng anh 8 tập 2 (đại lợi)

ĐẠI LỢI BÀI TẬP CUỐI TUẦN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - TẬP 2 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN NHÀ XUẤT BẢN ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI LỜI NÓI ĐẦẦU Các em học sinh thân mến! Các em đang cầm trên tay một trong những cuốn sách hay nhất và quan trọng nhất trong quá trình học tiếng Anh của mình. Đó là cuốn sách Bài tập cuối tuần tiếng Anh lớp 8 tập 2. Cuốn sách được ra đời với bao công sức của tác giả, giáo viên giàu kinh nghiệm giảng dạy tiếng Anh. Cuốn sách được chia theo các đơn vị bài học và bám sát chương trình học tập trên lớp của các em. Đây là một tài liệu cực kỳ hữu ích nhằm giúp các em ôn tập, củng cố và nâng cao vốn tiếng Anh của mình. Trong mỗi đơn vị bài học, chúng tôi đều trình bày đầy đủ các nội dung sau: - Phần lý thuyết: Tập trung vào trọng tâm ngữ pháp của bài học - Phần Week 1: Tập trung vào việc thực hành kiến thức ngôn ngữ của các em. Các em sẽ được rèn luyện ngữ âm, từ vựng và ngữ pháp/ mẫu câu trong phần này. - Phần Week 2: Phần này giúp rèn luyện và hoàn thiện cả 4 kỹ năng giao tiếp: Nghe - Nói - Đọc - Viết tiếng Anh của các em. Kết hợp với các nội dung trong sách là đĩa CD phát âm chuẩn tiếng Anh của người bản ngữ. Chúng tôi tin rằng CD này sẽ hỗ trợ các em rất nhiều trong quá trình rèn luyện kỹ năng giao tiếp tiếng Anh của mình. Lời cuối cùng, chúng tôi mong muốn được gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành nhất tới độc giả, tới các em học sinh, các bậc phụ huynh và các quý thầy cô đã giúp đỡ chúng tôi rất nhiều trong quá trình biên soạn tài liệu quý báu này. Chúng tôi cũng mong muốn được lắng nghe những ý kiến góp ý chân thành nhất của các bậc phụ huynh và các thầy cô giáo để lần tái bản sau cuốn sách sẽ đầy đủ hơn, ý nghĩa hơn. Trân trọng! Unit 7 POLLUTION WEEK 1 A THEORY: LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE ❶ PRONUNCIATION Stress in words ending in –ic and –al (Trọng âm của từ có đuôi –ic và đuôi –al) - Các từ có đuôi –ic luôn có trọng âm rơi vào âm tếết ngay trước nó. Word ending in -ic Transcription artstc /ɑːˈtɪstɪk/ elastc /ɪˈlæstɪk/ electronic /ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk/ specifc /spəˈsɪfɪk/ scientfc /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/ – Các từ có đuôi –al không thay đổi trọng âm so với từ gôếc . Root word Transcription Word ending in -at Transcription music /'mjuːzɪk/ musical /'mjuːzɪkəl/ logic /ˈlɒdʒɪk/ logical /ˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ naton /ˈneɪʃən/ natonal /ˈneɪʃənəl/ chemistry /'kemɪstri/ chemical /'kemɪkəl/ practce /'præktɪs/ practcal /'præktɪkəl/ ❷ VOCABULARY ENGLISH TYPE PRONUNCIATION VIETNAMESE acid rain n /æsɪd reɪn/ mưa axit advertsing billboard n /ˈædvətaɪzɪŋ ˈbɪlbɔːd/ biển quảng cảo affect v /əˈfekt/ gây ảnh hưởng air polluton n /eər pəˈluːʃn/ ô nhiễm không khí almost adv /ˈɔːlməʊst/ hầu như aquatc adj /əˈkwætɪk/ sống ở dưới nước atmosphere n /ˈætməsfɪər/ bầu không khí behaviour n /bɪˈheɪvjər/ hành vi believe v /bɪˈliːv/ tin tưởng birth defect n /bɜːθ ˈdiːfekt/ khuyết tật bẩm sinh blood pressure n /blʌd ˈpreʃər/ huyết áp breathing problem n /ˈbriːðɪŋ ˈprɒbləm/ vấn đề thở change v /tʃeɪndʒ/ thay đổi, sự thay đổi chemical adj /ˈkemɪkəl/ thuộc hóa học come up with v /kʌm ʌp wɪð/ nghĩ ra complain v /kəmˈpleɪn/ phàn nàn contain v /kənˈteɪn/ chứa đựng contaminant n /kənˈtæmɪnənt/ chất gây ô nhiễm contaminaton n /kəntæmɪˈneɪʃn/ sự ô nhiễm contnue v /kənˈtɪnjuː/ tiếp tục damage v, n /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ phả hủy, sự phá hoại, tổn thất dead n /ded/ chết decrease v /dɪˈkriːs/ làm giảm die v /daɪ/ chết dirty adj /ˈdɜːti/ bẩn thỉu discharge v, n /dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/ sự dỡ hàng, sự tháo ra disease n /dɪˈziːz/ bệnh tật dramatc adj /drəˈmætɪk/ nghiêm trọng dump v /dʌmp/ đổ, vứt bỏ dust n /dʌst/ bụi earth’s surface n /ɜːθ ˈsɜːfɪs/ bề mặt trái đất environmental adj /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəl/ thuộc môi trường expose v /ɪkˈspəʊz/ tiếp xúc factory n /ˈfæktəri/ nhà máy foat v /fləʊt/ nổi fume n /fjuːm/ khói thải gas n /ɡæs/ khí, dầu xăng give presentaton v /ɡɪv prezənˈteɪʃən/ thuyết trình global warming n /ˈɡləʊbəl ˈwɔːmɪŋ/ sự nóng lên toàn cầu ground water n /ɡraʊnd ˈwɔːtər/ nước ngầm harmful adj /ˈhɑːmfəl/ có hại hearing loss n /ˈhɪərɪŋ lɒs/ sự mất khả năng nghe herbicide n /ˈhɜːbɪsaɪd/ thuốc diệt cỏ home village n /həʊm ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ quê nhà household n, adj /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ hộ gia đình, thuộc gia đình illustrate v /ˈɪləstreɪt/ minh họa industrial adj /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ thuộc về công nghiệp issue n /ˈɪʃuː/ vấn đề land/soil polluton n /lænd/sɔɪl pəˈluːʃən/ ô nhiễm đất lead to v /lɪːd tuː/ dẫn tới light polluton n /laɪt pəˈluːʃən/ ô nhiễm ánh sáng liter v /lɪtər/ xả rác, rác noise polluton n /nɔɪz pəˈluːʃən/ ô nhiễm tiếng ồn occur v /əˈkɜːr/ xảy ra ocean n /ˈəʊʃən/ đại dương overhead adj /ˈəʊvəhed/ ở trên đầu patern n /ˈpætən/ kiểu mẫu, gương mẫu poison n /ˈpɔɪzən/ chất độc poisonous adj /ˈpɔɪzənəs/ có độc, nhiễm độc polluted adj /pəˈluːtɪd/ bị ô nhiễm polluton n /pəˈluːʃən/ sự ô nhiễm radiaton n /reɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ phóng xạ radioactve polluton n /reɪdiəʊˈæktɪv ˈluːʃən / pə recycle v /riːˈsaɪkl/ tái chế reducton n /rɪˈdʌkʃən/ sự rút gọn, sự giảm renewable adj /rɪˈnjuːəbl/ làm mới được, tái sinh được resident n /ˈrezɪdənt/ cư dân result In phr.v /rɪˈzʌlt ɪn/ dẫn tới, gây ra river n /rɪvər/ dòng sông rubbish n /ˈrʌbɪʃ/ rác thải serious adj /ˈsɪəriəs/ nghiêm trọng sneeze v /sniːz/ hắt hơi spill v /spɪl/ làm tràn, làm đổ stream n /ˈstriːm/ dòng suối surprise v, n /səˈpraɪz/ sự ngạc nhiên telephone pole n /ˈtelɪfəʊn pəʊl/ cột điện thoại ô nhiễm phóng xạ thermal polluton n /ˈθɜːməl pəˈluːʃən/ ô nhiễm nhiệt throw v /θrəʊ/ ném, vứt tny species n /ˈtaɪni ˈspiːʃiːz/ những sinh vật nhỏ untdy adj /ʌn ˈtaɪdi/ lôi thôi, lếch thếch vehicle n /ˈviːɪkl/ phương tiện giao thông visual polluton n /ˈvɪʒuəl pəˈluːʃən/ ô nhiễm tầm nhìn waste n /weɪst/ chắt thải water polluton n /ˈwɔːtər pəˈluːʃən/ ô nhiễm nước weed n /wiːd/ cỏ dại ❸ GRAMMAR 1. Conditional sentences type 1 Câu điềều kiện loại I Câu điếều kiện loại 1 được dùng để diếễn tả điếều ki ện có th ể x ảy ra ở hi ện t ại ho ặc tương lai. Câấu trúc: If + S + Vs/es, S + will + V Nói cách khác, ở câu điếều kiện loại 1, mệnh đếề IF dùng thì hiện tại đơn, mệnh đếề chính dùng thì tương lai đơn. Ví dụ: If you study hard, you will pass the exam. Nếếu bạn học chăm chỉ, bạn sẽẽ vượt qua kì thi. If it is cool, I will go fshing. Nếếu trời mát, tôi sẽẽ đi câu cá. 2. Conditional sentences type 2 Câu điếều kiện loại II được dùng để diếễn tả điếều không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Câấu trúc: If + S + Ved, S + would + V Chú ý: Trong câu điếều kiện loại 2, ở mệnh đếề “IF”, động từ “to be” chuyển thành “were” cho tâết cả các ngôi. Ví dụ: If I were a bird, I would be very happy. Nếếu tôi là một con chim, tôl sẽẽ râết hạnh phúc. If I had a million USD, I would buy that house. Nếếu tôi có một triệu đô la, tôi sẽẽ mua căn nhà đó. Tóm tắết 2 loại câu điếều kiện: Type Forms Usage 1 lf + S + V(s, es), S + will/ can/ shall... Điếều có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại ở tương lai 2 If + S + V2/ Ved, S + would/ could/ Điếều không thể xảy ra ở hiện should... + V tại ở tương lai B PRACTICE Exercise 1: Choose the word which has diferent stress position. 1. A. alphabetc B. dynamic C. systematc D. electronic 2. A. relic B. critc C. classic D. magnetc 3. A. electric B. linguistc C. magic D. acetc 4. A. kinetc B. realistc C. toxic D. politcal 5. A. economic B. botanic C. cosmetc D. specifc 6. A. directonal B. special C. denial D. arrival 7. A. ratonal B. conical C. approval D. practcal 8. A. chemical B. additonal C. abnormal D. intentonal 9. A. logical B. central C. critcal D. analytcal 10. A. sensatonal B. conventonal C. victuals D. contaminant Exercise 2: Mark the stress positon of the words in the box. Number 1 is an example for you. Words Words 1. intentonal 6. canal 2. natonal 7. journalistc 3. clinic 8. microscopic 4. comic 9. internatonal 5. curricular 10. historic Exercise 3: Look at the picture and put the correct types of polluton under it. light polluton soil polluton radioactve polluton air polluton noise polluton visual polluton water polluton thermal polluton 1. ....................................................... 2. ....................................................... 3. ....................................................... 4. ....................................................... 5. ....................................................... 6. ....................................................... 7. ....................................................... 8. ....................................................... Exercise 4: Match the word/ phrase with the correct defniton. No. Term Opt. Definition 1. acid rain A the increase In temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, that is caused by the increase of partcular gases, especially carbon dioxide 2. stream B a substance that causes death or harm if it is swallowed or absorbed into the body 3. light polluton C rain that contains harmful chemicals from factory gases and that damages trees, crops and buildings 4. contaminaton D things that you throw away because you no longer want or need them 5. global warming E the process or fact of making a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease 6. noise polluton F the mass of salt water that covers most of the earth’s surface 7. ocean G the existence of too much artfcial light in the environment, for example from street lights, which makes it difcult to see the stars 8. poison H harmful or annoying levels of noise, as from airplanes, industry, etc. 9. reducton I a small narrow river 10. rubbish J an act of making something less or smaller the state of being made less or smaller Your answer: 1. .............. 2. .............. 3. .............. 4. .............. 5. .............. 6. .............. 7. .............. 8. .............. 9. .............. 10. .............. Exercise 5: Put the verbs in brackets: Conditional sentence type I or type II. (1) 1. If you come with me, I (do) ............................ the shopping with you. 2. Jimmy (help) ............................ his mother in the garden if she reads him a story this evening. 3. If it (ran) ............................, I will stay at home. 4. Our teacher will be happy if we (learn) ............................ the poem by heart. 5. If they had enough money, they (buy) ............................ a new car. 6. We (pass) ............................ the exam if we studied harder. 7. If Pat (repair) ............................ his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us. 8. She would get 100 pounds if she (sell) ............................ this old shelf. 9. If I were you, I (invite) ............................ Jack to the party. 10. If the weather (be) ............................ fne, the children can walk to school. Exercise 6: Put the verbs in brackets: Conditional sentence type I or type II. (2) 1. If Tracy had a mobile phone, she (phone) ............................ all her friends. 2. I will be very angry with Nick if he (forget) ............................ my CD again. 3. If the boys win this match, their coach (invite) ............................ them to a barbecue. 4. If you (not/ read) ............................ these artcles, you will not know the facts about Africa. 5. You (get) ............................ very wet if you walked in this rain. 6. The engine (not/ start) ............................ if Ben connected these two cables. 7. If he (have) ............................ tme, he will buy her some sweets. 8. Maria would play in the school orchestra if she (practce) ............................ the trumpet more often. 9. We (not/ fetch) ............................ something to drink if Jim does not bring some sandwiches. 10. If he (carry) ............................ the rucksack, I would pull the suitcase. Exercise 7: Choose the correct answers. (1) 1. ................. more help, I could call my neighbor. A. Needed B. Should I need C. I have needed D. I should need 2. Do you think there would be less confict in the world if all people ................. the same language? A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak 3. if you can give me one good reason for your actng like this, ................. this incident again. A. I will never menton B. I never menton C. will I never menton D. I don’t menton 4. Unless you ................. all of my questons, I can’t do anything to help you. A. answered B. answer C. would answer D. are answering 5. If someone ................. into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?” A. comes B. came C. would come D. could come 6. “Here’s my phone number”. “Thanks. I’ll give you a call if I ................. some help tomorrow” A. will need B. need C. would need D. needed 7. If I weren’t working for an accountng frm, I ................. in a bank. A. work B. will work C. have worked D. would be working 8. The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditons ................. improved. A. was B. is C. were D. had been 9. The patent could not recover unless he ................. an operaton. A. had undergone B. would undergo C. underwent D. was undergoing 10. If she ................. him, she would be very happy. A. would meet B. will meet C. is meetng D. should meet Exercise 8: Choose the correct answers. (2) 1. If I had enough money, I ................. abroad to improve my English. A. will go B. would go C. should go D. should have go to 2. The bench would collapse if they ................. on it. A. stood B. stand C. standing D. stands 3. If it ................. convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight. A. be B. is C. was D. were C. have had D. has 4. If you ................. tme, please write to me. A. have B. had 5. I shouldn’t go there at night if I ................. you. A. am B. was C. be D. were C. may D. might 6. If I ................. get a pole, I will go fshing. A. can B. could 7. If you had the chance, ................. you go fshing? A. did B. may C. would D. do 8. If you a................. choice, which country would you visit? A. have B. had C. have had D. will have 9. She will accept the offer ................. you persuade her. A. unless B. because C. provided that D. otherwise 10. ................. he would accompany you on the piano. A. Supposing he were here B. Because he were here C. Were he here D. Both A and C Exercise 9: Choose the incorrect part. (1) 1. If we meet at 9:30, we would have plenty of tme. A B C D 2. If you fnd a skeleton in the cellar, not to menton it to anyone. A B C D 3. If you passes your examinaton, we will have a celebraton. A B C D 4. Lisa would fnd the milk if she look for it in the fridge. A B C D 5. What would happen if I press this buton? A B C D 6. The door will be unlock if you press the green buton. A B C D 7. If you go to Paris, where you will stay? A B C D 8. If you swim in this lake, you’ll shiver of cold. A B C D 9. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you would you choosing? A B C D 10. The fight may to be cancelled if the fog gets thick. A B C D Exercise 10: Choose the incorrect part. (2) 1. If the milkman conies, tell him to be leave two pints. A B C D 2. I will call the ofce if I were you. A B C D 3. Someone will sits on your glasses if you leave them there. A B C D 4. You would hear my explanaton if you did not talked so much. A B C D 5. Which will I do if I hear the burglar alarm? A B C D 6. I would repair the roof myself if I have a long ladder, but I don’t have. A B C D 7. Unless they turn that radio off, I will going mad. A B C D 8. If you were made redundantly, what would you do? A B C D 9. We’ll have a long way to walking if we run out of petrol here. A B C D 10. If you spoke louderly, your classmates would understand you. A B C D WEEK 2 Exercise 1: Listen and write the headings for each paragraph. (Track 14) CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION Paragraph 1: ............................................................................................................ Paragraph 2: ............................................................................................................ Paragraph 3: ............................................................................................................ Paragraph 4: ............................................................................................................ Paragraph 5: ............................................................................................................ Exercise 2: Listen and complete the text. (Track 15) Solution to air pollution Most people agree that to curb global warming, a variety of (1) .................. need to be taken. On a personal level, driving and fying less, recycling, and conservaton reduces a person’s “carbon footprint” - the amount of carbon dioxide a person is (2) .................. for putting into the atmosphere. On a larger scale, governments are taking measures to limit (3) ....................... of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Paris Agreement, a voluntary agreement among 118 natons ratfed on November 4, 2016, is one effort being enacted on a global scale to combat (4) .................. change. As a part of the agreement, each country agreed to take measures to combat climate change, with the ultmate goal of keeping the postindustrial global temperature rise below two degrees Celsius. Another method is to put taxes on carbon emissions or higher taxes on gasoline, so that individuals and (5) .................. will have greater incentves to conserve energy and pollute less. Exercise 3: Read and put the headings into the correct paragraphs. (There is one extra) 1. Effect on health of humans 4. Toxic dust 2. Effect on growth of plants 5. Changes in temperature 3. Decreased soil fertlity 6. Changes in soil structure Efects of Soil Pollution 1. ............................................................: Considering how soil is the reason we are able to sustain ourselves, the contaminaton of it has major consequences on our health. Crops and plants grown on polluted soil absorb much of the polluton and then pass these on to us. This could explain the sudden surge in small and terminal illnesses. 2. ............................................................: The ecological balance of any system gets affected due to the widespread contaminaton of the soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so radically in a short period of tme. Fungi UNIT 7: POLLUTION 19 19 and bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline, which creates an additonal problem of soil erosion. 3. ............................................................: The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil fertlity and therefore decrease in the soil yield. The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables which lacks quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substance to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. 4. ............................................................: The emission of toxic and foul gases from landflls pollutes the environment and causes serious effects on health of some people. The unpleasant smell causes inconvenience to other people. 5. ............................................................: The death of many soil organisms (e.g. earthworms) in the soil can lead to alteraton in soil structure. Apart from that, it could also force other predators to move to other places in search of food. Exercise 4: Read and answer the questions. Water polluton is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluaton and revision of water resource policy at all levels. It has been suggested that water polluton is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estmated 580 people in India die of water polluton related illness every day. About 90 percent of the water in the cites of China is polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water. In additon to the acute problems of water polluton in developing countries, developed countries also contnue to struggle with polluton problems. For example, in the most recent natonal report on water quality in the United States, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classifed as polluted. The head of China’s natonal development agency said in 2007 that one quarter the length of China’s seven main rivers were so poisoned the water harmed the skin. Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its consttuent biotc communites, such as fsh. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water. 1. What is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases? .......................................................................................................................................... 2. How many people die every day by water polluton? .......................................................................................................................................... 3. How many percent of the water in the cites of China is polluted? .......................................................................................................................................... 5. What phenomena cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water? .......................................................................................................................................... Exercise 5: Look at the picture, answer the questions. Then practise asking and answering questions in oral speech. 1. What kind of vehicles are on the road? .......................................................................................................................................... 2. Are there many vehicles on the road? .......................................................................................................................................... 3. What are the people doing? .......................................................................................................................................... 4. Is this city polluted or fresh? .......................................................................................................................................... 5. Do you like living in this city? Why? .......................................................................................................................................... Exercise 6: Describe the picture in front of the class. (oral presentation) Exercise 7: Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. 1. I didn’t have an umbrella with me so I got wet. I wouldn’t ........................................................................................................................ 2. I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone. Unless .............................................................................................................................. 3. In the snowy weather we don’t go to school. If ...................................................................................................................................... 4. Without Jack’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to move this table. If ...................................................................................................................................... 5. You drink too much coffee, that’s why you can’t sleep. UNIT 7: POLLUTION 19 19 If you ............................................................................................................................... 6. Make me some coffee, and I’ll give you some sweets. If ...................................................................................................................................... 7. If you hadn’t told me about Sue’s hair, I wouldn’t have notced her. Unless .............................................................................................................................. 8. If you see Peter, tell him he should be here at 8 00. Should ............................................................................................................................. Exercise 8: Rewrite the following sentences starting with if. 1. He can’t go out because he has to study for his exam. If ...................................................................................................................................... 2. She is lazy so she can’t pass the exam. If ...................................................................................................................................... 3. He will pay me tonight; I will have enough money to buy a car. If ...................................................................................................................................... 4. He smokes too much; that’s why he can’t get rid of his cough. If ...................................................................................................................................... 5. She is very shy, so she doesn’t enjoy the party. If ...................................................................................................................................... 6. He doesn’t take any exercises. He is so unhealthy. If ...................................................................................................................................... 7. Study hard or you won’t pass the exam. If ...................................................................................................................................... 8. Don’t be impatent or you will make mistakes. If ...................................................................................................................................... 9. I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now. If ...................................................................................................................................... 10. I don’t buy that book because I don’t have enough money. If ...................................................................................................................................... Unit 8 ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES WEEK 1 A THEORY: LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE ❶ PRONUNCIATION Stress in words ending in -ese and -ee (Trọng âm của từ có kếết thúc bắềng đuôi -ese và -ee) Đôếi với các từ có đuôi -ese và -ee, trọng âm của từ rơi vào chính các âm đuôi này. Words ending in Transcription -ese Words ending in Transcription -ese Vietnamese /vjetnəˈmiːz/ adoptee /ədɒpˈtː/ Japanese /dʒæpəˈniːz/ absentee /æbsənˈtː/ Chinese /tʃaɪˈniːz/ atendee /ətenˈdiː/ Portuguese /pɔːtʃʊˈɡiːz/ employee /ɪmplɔɪˈiː/ UNIT 7: POLLUTION 19 19