Tài liệu 10. đảo ngữ

Đảo ngữ (P1) Trong tiếng Anh,một số trạng từ, cụm trạng từ phủ định phần lớn dùng với các ngữ cảnh phủ định.Những trạng từ, cụm trạng từ này có thể được nhấn mạnh bằng cách đặt ở đầu câu hay mệnh đề và theo sau là sự đảo ngược động từ. Cách đảo động từ giống như cách cấu tạo câu hỏi (trừ một số trường hợp đặc biệt). Sau đây là những loại câu nhấn mạnh dùng đảo ngữ trong tiếng Anh. He is tall  I am, too= So am I He isn’t tall I am not, either = Neither am I I don’t like him Nor do I = Neither do I I don’t like him, nor do I hate him: Tôi không thích anh ta và cũng không ghét anh ta I. Đảo ngữ với NO và NOT. No + Noun + Auxiliary + S + Verb ( inf). Not any + Noun + Auxiliary + S + Verb ( inf). I won’t lend you any money from now on.  Not any/No money will I lend you from now on. Not a tear did she shed when the story ended in tragedy. II. Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ phủ định NEVER ( không bao giờ, chưa bao giờ) , RARELY ( ít khi), SELDOM ( hiếm khi), LITTLE ( hầu như không), HARDLY EVER ( hầu như không bao giờ) Never Rarely Seldom + Auxiliary + S + verb ( inf) Little Hardly ever She has never seen such a beautiful house in her life  Never in her life has she seen such a beautiful picture. I seldom listen to Rock music.  Seldom do I listen to Rock music. He hardly ever speaks in the public.  Hardly ever does he speak in the public. There was no precedent for the King’s resignation.  Never before had any King resigned. This is the first time I have seen such an interesting film.  Never before have I seen such an interesting film. The way so much money has been spent on so little purpose must be a record.  Never before has so much money been spent on so little purpose. Đảo ngữ với ONLY: III. Only once ( chỉ một lần) Only later ( chỉ sau này) Only in this way ( chỉ bằng cách này) Only in that way ( chỉ bằng cách đó) Only then ( chỉ khi ấy) + Auxiliary + S + verb ( inf) Only after + Noun/ V-ing/clause ( chỉ sau khi) Only by + noun/ V-ing ( chỉ bằng cách) Only when + clause ( chỉ khi) Only if + clause ( chỉ nếu) Only with + Noun ( chỉ với) Only in + adverb of time/ place ( chỉ vào/ chỉ ở) Only once have I met her Only in this way can we succeed Only then did I realize that I had left my purpose at home. Only when I arrived at the airport, did I realize that I had left my passport at home. Only after a twelve hour-wait, did my flight leave Only after posting the letter, did I realize that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. Only if you practice English at least 2 hours a day can you master it. Only by practicing English at least 2 hours a day can you master it. Only with a big sum of money can you buy a house in Hanoi. Only in April is there this kind of flower. IV. Đảo ngữ với các cụm giới từ có NO: At no time ( chưa từng bao giờ…) On no account ( Với bất cứ lý do gì cũng không…) + Auxiliary+ S + Verb (inf) On no condition ( tuyệt đối không…) Under/In no circumstances (Trong bất kỳ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không…) For no reason ( không vì lý do gì) In no way ( không còn cách nào) No longer ( không còn) The outcome of the election was never in doubt.  At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt. You mustn’t touch the switch on any account.  On no account must you touch the switch. For no reason must you play truant. He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day. No longer does he smoke 20 cigarettes a day. He never suspected that she was a witch. At no time did he suspect that she was a witch. The money is not to be paid under any circumstances. Under no circumstances is the money to be paid. Bài tập V. Rewrite the sentence 1. A country can’t be prosperous if it’s not quite independent. Only when ________________________________________________________ 2. You can drive a car only after you obtain a driving licence. Only after ________________________________________________________ 3. They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left. Only after a twelve hours wait________________________________________ 4. He never suspected that money had been stolen. At no time ________________________________________________________ 5. He recognized that he had been deceived only later. Only later________________________________________________________ 6. I’ve never seen such a house . Never ___________________________________________________________ 7. Our neighbour hasn’t once invited us into his home. Not once ________________________________________________________ 8. You should phone the police whatever may happen. Under no circumstances_____________________________________________ 9. We only dispatch goods after receiving the money. Only after the money ________________________________________________ 10. I rarely buy any other papers . Rarely ________________________________ 11. He never buys a paper without reading the whole thing . Never does ________________________________________________________ 12. We seldom have enough time to read. Seldom ___________________________________________________________ 13. She’ll hardly ever read the editorials. Hardly ____________________________ 14. The outcome of the election was never in doubt. At no time ________________________________________________________ 15. The demand was so great that they had to reprint the book immediately. So ____________________________________________________________ 16. You seldom find reunited twins who do not get on well together. Seldom ________________________________________________________ 17. There many reasons were for the choice. There ________________________ 18. A horse stood beside the roadside Beside ________________________ 19.You can make progress in English only by practising it everyday Only by________________________ 20. I never have heard such an extraordinary story before Never before________________________________________ KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Only when a country is independent can it be prosperous Only after obtaining a driving license, can you drive a car Only after a twelve hours wait did their flight leave. At no time did he suspect that money had been stolen . Only later did he recognize that he had been deceived Never have I seen such a house . Not once has our neighbor invited us into his home. Under no circumstances should you phone the police. Only after the money has been received will we dispatch Rarely do I buy any other papers. Never does he buy a paper without reading the whole thing . Seldom do we have enough time to read Hardly will she ever read the editorials. At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt. So great was the demand that they had to reprint the book immediately. Seldom do you find reunited twins who do not get on well together. There were many reasons for the choice. Beside the roadside stood a horse. Only by practicing English everyday can you make progress in it. Never before have I heard such an extraordinary story. Đảo ngữ (P2) I. Đảo ngữ với: No sooner …. Than; Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely…. When/before ( Vừa mới ….thì…) No sooner + had + S + P2 + than + clause Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely + Auxiliary + S + V + when/before + clause I had no sooner arrived home than the phone rang.  No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang. I had hardly arrived home when the phone rang. Hardly had I arrived home when the phone rang. Ví dụ: 1/ He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk. No sooner had he returned from his walk than He got down to writing the letter 2/She just had time to put up her umbrella before the rain came down in torrents. No sooner had she put up her umbrella than the rain came down in torrents 3/She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her. Hardly had she begun to speak when people started interrupting her 4/ Someone rang the alarm as soon as the burglars left the building. No sooner had the burglars left the building than Someone rang the alarm. 5/ Tear gas was released as soon as the thieves touched the safe. No sooner had the thieves touched the safe than Tear gas was released 6/ Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill. No sooner had he been appointment to the post than the editor fell ill 7/ I had hardly put the phone down when the boss rang back. Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back. 8/ She had hardly begun her performance when the light went out. No sooner had she begun her performance than the light went out. II. Đảo ngữ với Not until/till ( then/ later) Not until/till + Clause He couldn’t speak until he was 8 + Au + S + V Then/later/ Adv of time  Not until he was 8, could he speak = It was not until he was 8 that he could speak. Not until I got home, did I know that I had lost my keys = It was not until I got home that I knew that I had lost my keys He forgot about the gun until he got to the police station. Not until he got to the Police Station, did he remember about the gun. He didn’t return to his country until last June. Not till did he return to his country until last June III. Đảo ngữ với NOWHERE Nowhere + Auxi + S + V You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs Jones. Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs Jones. Nowhere can you find your wallet. Nowhere in the world is the climate as rough as that in the North Pole. IV. Nowhere do I feel as comfortable as I do at home. Đảo ngữ với SO và SUCH: a/ Đảo ngữ với SO: So + adj/adv + Au + S + that + clause He worked so hard that he forgot his lunch. So hard did he work that he forgot his lunch. The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night. So popular is the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night. It is so hot that you can fry an egg on the pavement. So hot is it that you can fry an egg on the pavement Her grief was so great that she almost fainted. So great was her grief that she almost fainted b/ Đảo ngữ với SUCH: Such + Be + Noun + that + clause The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night. Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night. She is so beautiful that I can’t take my eyes off her. Such is her beauty that I can’t take my eyes off her. Her grief is so great that she almost fainted.  Such is her grief that she almost fainted. He was so intelligent that he could answer all the questions in “ Who wants to become a millionaire?” Such was his intelligence that he could answer all the questions in “ Who wants to become a millionaire?” V. Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện (Inversion in Conditional Sentences) Trong câu điều kiện ta chỉ thực hiện đảo ngữ ở mệnh đề với If (If clause). Với mỗi loại câu điều kiện, ta có từng cách đảo ngữ riêng. a. Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện loại I (type I) If+S +(should)+ V . . .  Should + S + Vinfinitive ... If he comes, I’ll call the police Should he come, I’ll call the police b. Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện loại II (type II). * Câu có động từ "to be": If + S + were ...  Were + S ... I f I were you, I wouldn't do that. Were I you, I wouldn't do that. * Câu dùng động từ thƣờng: If + S + Ved/irregular verb  Were + S + to Vinfinitive .... If I knew Portuguese, I’d speak to Ronando. Were I to know Portuguese, I’d speak to Ronando. If + S + had Ved2 ....  Had + S + P2 .... If I hadn’t seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it. Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it. c. Câu điều kiện loại III (type III) Notes: Với những câu điều kiện phủ định, khi đảo ngữ ta để NOT sau chủ ngữ. Đảo ngữ sau các cụm trạng từ chỉ phƣơng hƣớng và vị trí: ( Inversion after adverbial phrases VI. of direction and place) Khi câu bắt đầu bằng một cụm trạng từ, đặc biệt là trạng từ chỉ phương hướng và vị trí thì nội động từ thường được đảo lên trước chủ ngữ. Cách đảo ngữ này được sử dụng đặc biệt trong văn phong trang trọng. ( formal) hoặc văn chương ( literary) ` (Place) + V + S Here comes the train Above the fireplace was a portrait of Lenin. On the table sat the cat Up went the price In an armchair sat his mother. Notes:  Động từ TO BE thường được sử dụng trong dạng đảo ngữ này, ngoài ra ta còn dùng các động từ chuyển động như” climb, come, fly,go, hang, lie, run, sit, stand…  Thường chỉ dùng dạng đảo ngữ này khi động từ ở thì quá khứ đơn giản.  Trong trường hợp đảo ngữ này, không sử dụng trợ động từ như trong câu hỏi mà dùng trực tiếp động từ đặt trước chủ ngữ.  Không thực hiện đảo ngữ khi chủ ngữ là đại từ.  Không dùng : In an armchair sat she. * Emphasizing form: Come in, please  Do come in, please. I went out last night  I did go out last night. It is/ was + Emphatic part + that + clause + Verb Shakespeare wrote Hamlet  It was Shakespeare that wrote Hamlet. VII. Bài tập Turn the following into inverted sentences 1. The matter could be explained in no other way. 2. We had hardly started when it began to rain. 3. I have seldom heard such beautiful singing. 4. I shall never forget your kindness. 5. I saw only then the danger we were in. 6. We had no sooner left the house than it exploded. 7. He didn't realize that he had lost the key till he got home. 8. They not only robbed you, they smashed everything. 9. Half a dozen apples fell down. 10. If an emergency should arise, dial 999. 11. If Rex were a little more hard-working, he would not fail. 12. If Mr Chan had been kinder to his employees, his business would not have collapsed. 13. She had never been so disappointed before. 14. I have never known such a generous person. 15. I have never seen such a mess in my life. 16. Public borrowing has seldom been so high. 17. They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony. 18. They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success. 19. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent. 20. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed. 21. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property. 22. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony. 23. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face. 24. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances. 25. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice. 26. He bought so many books that he couldn't read them all. 27. It was such a boring speech that I got sleepy. KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. In no way could the matter be explained. Hardly had we started when it began to rain. Seldom have I heard such beautiful singing. Never shall I forget your kindness. Only after the danger did I see we were in. No sooner had we left the house than it exploded. Not until he got home did he realize that he had lost the key. Not only did they rob you, they smashed everything. Down fell haft a dozen apples. 10. Should an emergency arise, dial 999. 11. Were Rex a little more hardworking, he would not fail. 12. Had Mr Chan been kinder to his employees, his business would not have collapsed 13. Never had she been so disappointed before. 14. Never have I known such a generous person. 15. Never have I seen such a mess in my life. 16. Seldom has public borrowing been so high. 17. Seldom had they participated in such a fascinating ceremony. 18. Little did they suspect that the musical was going to be a runaway success. 19. Little did the embassy staff realize that Ted was a secret agent. 20. Hardly had I begun to apologize when the door closed. 21. In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers’ lost property. 22 No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony. 23 Only when Tom saw his wife’s face did he understand the meaning of the comment. 24 Under no circumstances can the restaurant accept animals. 25. Rarely did the artist pay any attention to his agent’s advice. 26. So many books did he buy that he couldn't read them all. 27. Such was a boring speech that I got sleepy. Đảo ngữ (P3) I. BÀI TẬP (CHỮA TRONG VIDEO) EXERCISE 1 1. Never …………..me again. a. will she love b. she loves c. she won't loved d. she will love 2. Not only ………….but she is also very intelligent. a. she is beautiful b. beautiful she is c. is she beautiful d. beautiful is she 3. No sooner……….. out that it rained. a. did I go b. I went c. had I gone d. I had gone c. he doesn't play d. he does play 4. Seldom……………. the guitar. a. he plays b. does he play 5. Hardly…………. a word whether son came back. a. couldn't she say b. she could say c. she couldn't say d. could she say 6. Often………… a meeting. a. do we have b. we do have c. have we d. we have c. has he said d. he has said c. I take d. I do take c. wasn't she d. was he 7. Many a time ………….he wants to marry me. a. said he b. he said 8. Only at weekend………….my kids to Water Park. a. I don't take b. do I take 9. So old………… that she couldn't dance. a. She wasn't b. she was 10. …………here yesterday, you would have met me. a. Were you b. you were 11. On the battle field……………. c. Had you been d. You had been a. the tanks did lie b. the tanks lay c. did the tanks lie d. lay the tanks. 12. At no time …………greater opportunities. a. did women had b. has women had c. does women have d. have women had 13. Not once…………. into her eyes. a. he looked b. does he looked c. did he look d. looked he c. When d. For 14. ……… has the work bee so easy. a. Never b. only by 15. Nowhere……………. such cooperative staff. a. you can find b. you found c. you could fmd d. can you find 16. Never before …………. in an earnest attempt to resolve their differences. a. have the leaders of these two countries met. b. the leaders of these two countries have met. c. have the leaders of these two countries meet. d. met the leaders of these two countries. 17. Not only the child, but also the grandparents ……………. a. is joining b. joins c. were joining 18. Seldom……… a newspaper. a. buys Anna b. does Anna buy c. bought Anna d. Anna does buy 19. Not only……….. at the post office, ……………at the grocery store. a. does Mary work/but she also works b. works Mary/but she also works c. does Mary work/but does she also work d. works Mary/but does she also work d. has joined 20. No sooner…………… the house than the phone started to ring. a. had she entered b. she had entered c. entered she d. had entered she EXERCISE 2 1. Only by saving money………….. a house. a. he buys b. he can buy c. can he buy d. buy she c. tells he d. has she told 2. Not even once……… the truth. a. he tells b. he tell 3. Choose the correct inverted form. a. Into the room came the teachers. b. Not only lazy she is but she is naughty. c. No sooner had he drunk a cup of coffee than he asked another. d. A and c are correct. 4. Not only……………. beautiful but she is graceful as well. a. did she b. she was c. is she d. she is 5. No sooner ……….than he begins to be washed. a. is a human being born b. was a human being born c. a human being born d. a human being had been born 6. Seldom ………..treated like that. a. I have been b. am I c. I am d. I had been 7. Over there………… the shop that sells souvenirs. a. is b. are c. has d. have 8. Never before……….. such a disaster. a. they suffer b. they have suffered c. had they suffered d. they had suffered 9. Only if I had known the difference…….. the more expensive car. a. would I bought c. would I buy b. I would have bought d. would I have bought 10. Neither Mary nor her friends………… going to the party. a. is b. are c. was d. a or b 11. Only once a day………. home. a. does Mary leave b. left Mary c. Mary leaves d. will Mary left 12. Only once a day ………..home. a. we can speak b. can we speak c. we speak d. we cannot speak 13. Many a time……..this mistake. a. he makes b. he has made c. did he make d. will he make 14. Never……….. the exact cause of earthquakes. a. scientists have discovered b. did scientists discover c. do scientists discover d. have scientists discovered 15. Nowhere else…………. a. they can go b can they go c. they can't go d. can't they go 16. Only when at home ………..her children. a. does she scold b. she scolds c. has she scolded d. she has scolded 17. Not a penny……….. me. a. did he give b. he gave c. he has given d. he has gave c. doing d. do c. be d. are 18. No longer……… women bear a lot of children. a. does b. did 19. Among them ………..several sacks of white flour. a. were b. is 20. On a hill in front of them……….. a great castle. a. standing b. stand c. to stand d. stood EXERCISE 3 1."This store has such high prices." "I agree. Never again……… here." a. I will shop b. will I shop c. I do shop d. shop I 2. "Is this machine often in need of repair?" "No, ………..problems to arise." a. Seldom don't we expect b. We expect seldom c. Seldom we expect d. Seldom do we expect 3. "I can't see the stage very well from here." “……….” a. Neither can't I b. Neither I can c. I can't neither 4. Not until the early 1900s…………. to vote in the united States. a. women were allowed b. were women allowed c. they allowed women d.when women were allowed 5. Only recently……….a favourite sport in the United Stales. a. has jogging become b. has become jogging c. when jogging became d. as jogging has become 6. "This is one of the oldest trees in the world." “………..such a big tree." a. Never I have seen b. I haven't never seen c. Never have I seen d. I have seen never 7. "What happened to jean' new car?" "No sooner…………… it than someone ran into her." a. had she bought b. she bought d. Neither can I c. did she bought d. she had bought 8. "I would like to apply for the sales position you advertised" "I'm sorry. No longer…………… applications for that position." a. are taking we b. we are taking c. are we taking d. we taking 9. Amoebas reproduce by dividing………. a. and other protozoans b. as do other protozonas c. other protozoans do too d. similar other protozoans. 10. ………….a higher concentration of people than in Tokyo and Mexico City. a. nowhere there is b. Nowhere is c. Nowhere is there d. Nowhere there ins't 11. "Did you like your trip t Niagara Falls?" "It was beautiful. Hardly ever ………..such a spectacular sight." a. can see you b. can you see c. see you d. you can see 12. "Can children swim in this pool?" "Yes. However, at no time…………. alone." a. shouldn't they swim b. they should swim c. should swim they d. should they swim 13. Only during the early twentieth century…………. in the United States. a. liquor was prohibited then b. that liquor was prohibited c. when liquor was prohibited d. was liquor prohibited. 14. "I don't like this tossed salad very well." "Nor………” a. I do b. I do either c. do I 15. Not only ……………, but he also plays the piano and writes his won songs. a. does Billy Joel sing b. Billy Joel sings c. If Billy Joel sings d. what Billy Joel sings. d. I like it either 16. Nowhere …………..more prevalent than in warm, swampy places. a. mosquitoes are b. mosquitoes is c. are mosquitoes d. is mosquitoes 17. Only when the ground is kept moist………… germinate. a. grass seeds will b. will grass seeds c. grass seeds does d. does grass seeds. 18. Not until Columbus discovered America …………..to Europe. a. was bananas brought b. bananas were brought c. were bananas brought d. bananas was brought. 19. Never gain …………. Greta Garbo appear in films after he retirement in the forties. a. was b. do c. is d. did 20. Rarely …………… professional boxers remain active beyond the age thirty-five. a. do II. b. did c.are d.were BÀI TẬP (THÊM) Rewrite the sentence 1. I’m very sick now. Never ________________________________________________ 2. I had only gone out when the phone rang. Hardly_________________________________________________________________ 3. Immediately after his arrival, things went wrong. No sooner________________________________________________________ 4. The men continued to feel unsafe until they had crossed the border. Not until ________________________________________________________ 5. John didn’t celebrate a party until he received the offer of promotion in writing. Not until________________________________________________________ 6. There was so much uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed. Such________________________________________________________ 7. As soon as I got into the bath, someone knocked on the door. No sooner________________________________________________________ 8. It’s not common for there to be so much rain in March. Seldom________________________________________________________ 9. You won’t be allowed in until your identity has been checked. Only________________________________________________________ 10. Just after the play started, there was a power failure. Hardly________________________________________________________ 11. The Prime Minister has hardly ever made a speech as incept as this. Rarely________________________________________________________ 12. We had only just arrived home when the police called Scarcely________________________________________________________ 13. The way so much money has been spent to so little purpose must be a record. Never before_____________________________________________________ 14. The judge was taken ill just after the trial proceeding began. Barely________________________________________________________ 15. Press photographers are banned from taking photographs back stage. On no ________________________________________________________ 16. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had gone home. Only________________________________________________________ 17. The truth only came out on the publication of the general’s personal diaries. Only when _____________________________________________________ 18. He has first class brain but he also a tremendously hard worker. Not only _____________________________________________________ 19. They had granted one increase of pay than they asked for another no sooner. No sooner _____________________________________________________ KEY I. BÀI TẬP (CHỮA TRONG VIDEO) EXERCISE 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. A C C B 5. 6. 7. 8. D A C B 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. A 5. 6. 7. 8. A B A C 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. D 5. 6. 7. 8. A C A C 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. A EXERCISE 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. C D D C EXERCISE 3 1. 2. 3. 4. B D D B III. BÀI TẬP (THÊM) Rewrite the sentence 1. Never have I been so sick. 2. Hardly had I gone out when the phone rang. 3. No sooner had he arrived than things went wrong. 4. Not until had the men crossed the border did they continued to feel unsafe. 5. Not until John received the offer of promotion in writing did he celebrate a party. 6. Such was the uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed. 7. No sooner had I got into the bath than someone knocked on the door. 8. Seldom is there so much rain in March. 9. Only when your identity has been checked will you be allowed in. 10. Hardly had the play started when there was a power failure. 11. Rarely has the Prime Minister made a speech as incept as this 12. Scarcely had we arrived home when the police called 13. Never before has so much money been spent to so little purpose 14. Barely had the trial proceeding begun when the judge was taken ill 15. On no conditions are press photographers allowed to take photographs back stage 16. Only when all the guests had gone home could we relax. 17. Only when the general’s personal diaries were published did the truth come out. 18. Not only does he have first class brain, but he is also a tremendously hard worker. 19. No sooner had they granted one increase of pay than they asked for another.