Tài liệu Thiết kế bài giảng hóa học 11 nâng cao tập 2 (nxb hà nội) cao cự giác, 315 trang

^S^E'' 1 • •-• k" ^^Rff ^ ^ f 1=^ - ^. ..^ 9AL. :•<: ^^^^n^ i& ^^^•Kll-l^-jiiS^ E'-" ^ :^ai. NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI TS. CAO CL/ GIAC (Chu bien) ThS. HO XUAN THUt -ThS. CAO THI VAN GIANG THIET KE BAI GIANG HOA HOC NANG CAO TAP HAI 'X A NHA XUAT BAN HA NOi 11 ChiAiNq VI HKmOCACBON KHONG NO BAI 39 ANKEN DANH PHAP, CAU TRUG, DONG PHAN A. MUC TIEU BAI HOC 1. Kien thCJfc HSbiet: • Khai niem, cong thiic chung cua day doiig dang anken, biit phSn loai va goi ten mot so anken defn gian. • ca'u true electron va ca'u triic khdng gian eiia anken. • ^ Viet dong phan ca'u tao va dong phan hinh hgc ciia anken. / HS hieu: • Vi sao ankeri co nhieu dong phan han ankan tucng iing. • Nguyen^ nhan mot sd anken co dong phari hinh hoc la do su phan bo' cac nhom the cf cac vi tri khac nhau ddi v6i mat phang ehiia lien ket n. 2. KT nang • Tilt cong thiic ca'u tao bie't -goi t6n va ngubc lai t& t6n goi viet dugc cong thiic call tao nhung anken dom gian, • Viet ddng phan hinh hoc va dong phan ca'u tao ciia anken. B. CHUAN B! C O A GV VA HS • GV: - May tinh, may chie'u, cac phie'u hoc tap. - Mo hinh phan til etilen, dong phan cis-trans ciia but-2-en. • HS: On tap kie'n thiic bai ankan va xem tru6c bai anken. C. TIEN TRINH DAY- HOC Hoat dong cua HS Hoat dong cua GV I- DONG DANG VA DANH PHAP Hogt dpng 1 1. Day dong ddng vd ten thong thudng cua anken GV chie'u mo hmh phan tit cua etilen HS quan sat va thao luan. len man hinh cho HS quan sat: a) b) yeu c5u HS thao luan vi cac va'n de sau: - Cdng thiic phan tit ciia mot sd ddng - Vie't CTCT cac cha't tie'p theo la dong dang cua etilen: C3H6, C4H8, C5H10... dang cua C2H4. - Tii C2H4 theo khai niem ddng dang. - Lap cdng thiic chung day ddng dang QH4(CHA ^ Q . k H 4 . k dat2+k = n cua etilen. - Phan tich ca'u tao cua etilen tii do neu thi-> C„H,„ ( n > 2 ) . dinh nghia day dong dang cua etilen. - Etilen cau tao cd jndt lien ke't doi' (gdm mdt lien ke'tCTben vfing va mdt lien ke't 71 kem ben), vay: Anken Id hidrocacbon khong no mach hd trong phdn tit co mot lien kit dqi. GV yeu ciu HS neu each ggi ten thong HS ggi ten. thucfng cua cac ankan sau? CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3- CH2-CH2-CH3, CH3—CH—CH3, CH3 GV bo sung: - Ten thong thu5ng ciia mdt sd anken don gian la'y tii ten ankan tuong iing nhung doi dudi an thanh dudi Hen. CHi—CHo—CH-i propan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 butan CH3—CH—CH3 CH, isobutan - c i n them vi trf cua lien ke't d6i 6 trudc ten ggi. - Vi trf lien ke't ddi tren nguyen tii cacbon thii 1,2,... tuong iing ggi la a, p... GV yeu ciu HS ggi ten thdng thucmg cac anken CO cdng thiic sau: CH2= CH—CH3 GH2=CH—CH2—CH3 HS ggi ten: CH2—CH—CH3 CH3-CH=CH-CH3 CH2=C — CH3 CH3 GV bd sung ten ggi cua mot sd gd'c cua anken: CH2=CHgdc vinyl propilen CH2=CH—CH2—CH3 a-butilen GH3-CH=CH-CH3 P-butilen CH2=C— CH3 isobutilen CH, CH2=CH-CH2- gd'c anlyl Hoqt dong 2 2. Ten thay the GV chie'u len man hinh ten ggi cua mdt HS quan sat va thao luan. sd anken don gian. CTCT T&n ggi CH2— CH2 eten CH2= CH—CH3 propen CH2=CH—CH2—CH3 but-1-en CH3-CH=CH-CH3 but-2-en CHj^C — CH3 2-metylpropen ; CH3 Yeu cau HS nhan xet rut ra quy luat ggi Quy luat ggi ten: Sd chi vi tri nhanh Ten ten cac anken theo ten thay the'. chinh GV hudng din HS chgn mach chinh, - ten nhanh each danh sd rnach C. mach sd chi vi tri nguyen tit C diu tien chiia lien k^t ddi - en - Mach chinh la mach chiia lien ke't GV yeu ciu HS ggi ten cac anken sau ddi, dai nha't va cho nhieu nhanh nha't. - Danh sd C mach chinh bat diu tiit theo ten thay the: phfa gin lien ket doi hon. CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 HS ggi ten: CH3- CH=CH-CH2-CH3 CH2=C —CH2—CH3 CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 pent-1-en 1 CH3-CH=CH^CH2-CH3 pent-2-en CH, CH2=CH CH2=C - CH2-CH3 2-metylbut-l-en -CH, CH3 CH, CH2=CH-qH-CH3 3-metylbut-l-en CH, 11. CAU TRUG VA DONG PHAN Hoqt dqng 3 / . Cdu trdc GV chie'u len man hinh cau true ciia HS quan sat. etilen. a) b) GV yeu ciu HS thao luan cac vah de sau: HS thao luln va tra Idi: - Trang thai lai hoa cua nguyen t i C. - Nguyen t& cacbon ndi doi b trang thai lai hda sp^ (lai hoa tam giac). - Cau tao cua lien ket ddi. - Lien ke't doi gdm 1 lidn ketCT(ben viing) va 1 lien ke't 71 (kem ben). - Vi trf tuofng ddi cua cac nguydn tit. - Hai nguyen tit C va bdn nguyen tit H deu nam tren cjing rhgt mat phang. Goc lien ket HCC,HCH. - Gdc lien ke't HCH va HCC gin bang nhau va bang 120° - Kha nang quay cua cac nguyen tur - Hai nguyen tix C khong the quay tu do quanh true lien ke't C=C (do can quanh true lien ke't d6i. trd bdi lien ket TI). Hoqt dqng 4 2. Dong phdn > a) Dong phdn cdu tao HS thao luan va tra Idi: GV yeu cau HS: - Neu khai nidm ddng phan. - Ddng phan la nhihig hgp chit - Dua theo cdng thiic cau tao thi anken khac nhau nhung cd ciing cong thiic dugc chia thanh nhung loai ddng phan phin tit. nao? ' - Dua theo cdng thiic ciu tao dugc phan lam 2 nhdm: - Ddng phan mach C. - Ddng phan vi trf lien ket doi. - Viet cac ddng phan ca'u tao va ggi ten HS viet ddng phan cua CjHigVa ggi ten: anken cd cong thiic phan tir CsH^. CH2^CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 pent-l-en' CH3-CH =CH-CH2-CH3 pent-2-en CH2=CH-CH-CH3 3-metylbut-l-en CH3 CH3 -CH2-(p=CH2 2-metylbut-l-en CH3 CH3 -CH =(p-CH3 2-metylbut-2-en CH, h) Dong phdn hinh hgc GV chie'u md hinh phan tii dpng phan cis ^trans cua but-2-en len than hinh. OH ^O 1. UPC cis-but-2-en HS quan sat va thao luan. H H '« •-106V ' . • I'C trsns-but-2-en GV neu vlti de: nhu vly but-2-en cd ddng phan cis va ddng phan trans vay di^u kien nao de cd ddng phan cis-trans? GV hudfng din, dieu khien HS giai HS tham gia giai quyd't vlh de: quye't van de. - Lien ke't ddi gdm 1 lien ke't a va 1 -- Ca'u tnic ciia lien ket ddi C=C. lien ke't 7t. - Ca'u triic khong gian cua lien ket doi - Cac nguyen txx xung quanh lien ket C=C, su phan bd cua cac lien ke't don ddi C=C nam trdn mdt mat phang nen quanh C cd ndi doi. khdng the quay dugc quanh true lien ke't. Yeu ciu HS riit ra dieu kien de cd ddng - Cd th^ neu so dd sau de giai thfch. phan cis-trans va khai niem ve ddng R, R, phan hinh hgc (cis- trans). C = C. R, R4 Dieu kien: R l + R 2 R3 + R4 + Dong phdn cis: khi mach chfnh nim ciing mot phfa ciia lien ket C= C. + Dong phdn trans: Khi mach chinh nam 6 phfa khac nhau cua lien ket C= C. Viet ddng phan hinh hgc ciia pent-2-en. HS vidt ddng phan hinh hgc pent-2-en. / Q H 5 U,Cs H HsC^ C=C \ C2H5 H'^ H/ H c/5-pent-2-en Hoqt d q n g 5 C O N G CO BAI V A BAI TAP VE 1. Cung co' bai: GV khac sau mot sd kien thiic cho HS ve: 8 NHA trans-pent-2-en - Cong thiic chung cua anken. - Cau tao ciia lien^ke't doi. - Quy tac ggi ten anken. - Cac loai ddng phan cua anken. GV chie'u mot so bai tap sau len man hinh cho HS thao luln: 1. Ggi ten anken sau: CJH3 CH,— C — CH^-C = CH—CH, CH, QH5 A. 3-etyl-5,5-dimetylhex-2-en B. 2,2-dimetyl-5-etylhex-4-en C. 3-etyl-5,5-dimetylhex-3-en D. 4-dimetyl-2,2-dimetylhex-4-en Ddp dn A. 2. Cho 3 hidrocacbon sau: CH3 —CH2—C—CH2 CH, (1) CH3 —CH2—C—CH—CH3 (2) CH, CH3 —CH2—C—CH—CH3 (3) QH5 Hidrocacbon nao cho ddng phan cis-trans? A. 1, 2, 3 B. 2 C. 1,3 D. 2, 3 Ddp an B. 3. Trong phan tii cac anken, theo chieu tang so nguyen tit cacbon, phin tram khdi lugng ciia cacbon: A. Tang din B. Giam dan C. Khong ddi D. Bie'n ddi khong theo quy lull. Ddp dn C. 2. Bai tap ve nha 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (SGK). D. HUdNG DAN GIAI BAI TAP SGK 1- a)S; b)S; c) D; d)D. 2. Cong thiic phin tii C„H2„ (n > 2) Cong thiic cau tao chung: R'R^C=CR^R\ Diing bang sau de so sanh: Ankan Anken Xicloankan Thanh phin Chiia C va H. Chiia C va H. Chiia C va H. Cau tao - Mach hd. - Mach hd. - Mach vdng. - — Trong phan tix cd mdt lidn ket d6i C=C. - Trong phan tur chi cd lien ket don. Trong phan tit chi cd, lien ket don. 3. a) CH3 -CH2-CH=CH-CH3 b) CH3 -CH2-PCH2 CH3 c) CH3 -CH2-CH=C-CH3 CH3 d) CH2=([:-CH3 CH3 e) CH3 -CH2-CH2-p=CH-CH3 CH3 g) c H 3 - p ( ; : - C H 3 CH3 CH3 4. a) Xiclobutan la ddng phan cua buten, thuoc loai ddng phan ciu tao (khac nhau ve ban chat nhdm chiic). b) Thf du fciing sd nguyen tit C la 4, G4H10 cd hai ddng phan nhu^g C4H8 cd ba ddng phan ciu tao, trong dd cd mot ddng phan ciu tao cd ddng phan hinh hgc: C4H,o: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 10 CH3-(pH-CH3 CH, C4H8: CH3-CH=CH-CH3 H3Cs^ CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 /H3 H ^ H3C^ H H CH3 - C=CH2 I CH3. /H ^CH3 5. a) But-2-en cd ddng phan hinh hgc cis va trans con but-1-en thi khSng cd, do ciu tap cua but-2-en thoa man hai dieu kien: - Cd chiia lidn ket doi C=C. - Mdi nguyen tit C rnang lien ke't ddi dfnh vdi hai nhdm nguydn tur khac nhau. b) 6 penten ddng phan lai: A: CH3-CHi-CH=CH-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH=CH3 pent-2-en B: pent-l-en CH3 -CH2-(^=CH2 CH3 2-metylbut-l-en CH3 -(f:H-CH=CH2 CH3 3-metylbut-l-en CH3-(j:=CH-CH3 CH3 2-metylbut-2-en C: H3C^ . H^ , cz5-pent-2-en /C2H, H H3C^ /H H^ ^C2H3 fra«5-pent-2-en Cac chat d day A (mach khong nhanh) va day B (mach cd nhanh) la ddng phan mach C ciia nhau. Hai chat trong day A cung nhu trong day B la ddrig phan vi tri nhdm chiic. Hai chat trong day C la ddng phan hinh hgc. 11 BAI 40 ANKEN TINH CHAT, DIEU CHE VA LfNG DUNG A. MUC TIEU BAI HOC 1. Kien thCfc HS bie't: • Quy luat bien ddi nhiet do ndng chay, nhiet do sdi ciia anken. • Tfnh chat hoa hgc dac tnmg ciia anken la phan iing c6ng, dieu che' va mot sd ling dung cua anken. • Cach phan biet ankan vdi anken bang phuong phap hoa hgc. HShieu: • Nguyen nhan gay ra phan iing cgng, phan ling trung hgp, phan iing oxi hoa khong hoan toan la do ciu tao cua phan tur anken cd lien ke't TI. • Co che' cgng axit vao anken, ndi dung quy tic Mac-c6p-nhi-c6p. 2. KT nang • Giai bai tap lien quan de'n anken. • Viet phuong trinh hoa hgc minh hoa tfnh chat hoa hgc cua anken. 3. Tinh cam, thai do Anken va san pham triing hop cd nhieu iing dung trong ddi sdng san xul't. Vi vay, giiip HS tlil'y dugc tim quari trgng cua viec nghien ciiu anken. B. CHUAN B! CUA GV VA HS • GV: - May tfnh, may chie'u, cac phieu hgc tap. - Hoa chat: Nudc brom, H2SO4 jj^, etanol, thudc tfm. - Dung cu: Ong nghiem, niit cao su cd gin dng dlji khf, kep dng nghiem, den edn, bg gia thf nghiern. • HS: On tap kien thiic bai ankan va xem trudc bai anken. 12 C. TIEN TRINH DAY- HOC Hoat dong cua GV Hoat ddng cua HS Hoqt dqng 1 Kiem tra bdi cu, GV chie'u hai bai tap len man hinh yeu ciu HS thao luln. 1. Neu dieu kien de cd ddng phan cis- HS 1: Diing sodd sau: trans. Cho vf du minh hoa? R. C= R, ^ Dieu kien: R, + Rj R, R4 R3 + R4 + Ddng phan cis: Khi mach chfnh nim ciing mdt phfa cua lien ke't C= C. + Ddng phan trans: Khi mach chinh nam b phfa khac nhau cua Hen ket C= C. Vf du: H3C\ /CH3 H3C\ c=c c/5-but-2-en 2. Anken cd cong thiic /H c=c trans-h\it-2-&n HS 2 chgn dap an diing. CH3-9 =CH-CH2-CH3 CH3 Ten thay the' cua anken la: A. 3-metylpent-3-en B. 2-metylpent-2-en C. 2-metylpent-3-en D. 3-etylbut-2-en Dap an B. GV nhan xet ke't qua bai lam ciia 2 HS d^ cho HS khac nit kinh nghiem. 13 I. TINH CHAT VAT Lf Hoqt dqng 2 / . Nhiet do sdi, nhiet do nong chay vd khdi luong rieng GV chie'u Jai bang 6.1 len man hinh cho HS quan sat, yeu cau HS nhan xet quy luat bie'n ddi cac tfnh chit sau cua anken: - Trang thai. HS thao luain lin lugt tra Idi cac cau hoi ciia GV, rut ra nhan xet: - Trang thai: + 3 anken dau la chat khf. + Cac anken khac la chit long hoac rSn. - Nhiet do sdi. - Nhiet do ndng chay. - t°nc, t^s va khdi lugng ridng tang theo chieu tang ciia phan tit khd'i. - Khdi lugng rieng. - Anken nhe hon nudc. 2. Tinh tan vd mdu sac GV yeu ciu HS nghien ciiu SGK va HS nghien ciiu SGK va tra Idi: nhan xet vd tfnh tan va mau sac cua - Anken hoa tan tdt trong diu md, hlu anken. nhu khong tan trong nudc. - Anken la nhirng chit khong mau. II. TINH CHAT HOA HOC Hoqt dqng 3 GV yeu c|u HS rut ra nhung nhan xet HS dac diem cl'u tao cua anken: cd mdt chung ve mdi quan he giiia dac diem lidn ke't doi (mot lien ke't a ben vung va ciu tao va tfnh chit ciia anken. mot lien ke't Tt kem ben). - Lien ke't doi du doan la trung tim phan ung. - Phan ung pha v&lien ke't % kem ben. Cgng hidro GV yeu ciu HS: HS thao luan. - Nhic lai khai niem phan iing cgng - Phan ung cong la phan ling trong do phan tur hgp cha't hiiu co ket hop vdi phan tii khac tao thanh phan tii 14 hap chat md'i. - Neu didu kien de xay ra phan iing - Khi CO xiic tac Ni va dun nong. c6ng H2 vao anken, vie't phuong trinh Phuang trinh hoa hoc: hoa hgc giua etilen va H2. CH2 = CH2 + H2 —^ CH3-CH3 Phuong trinh hoa hgc tdng quit: - Vie't phuong trinh hoa hgc tong quat anken cgng H2. -^C„H C„H n^'^Zn + H 2 •n^^2n+2 - San phim phan ung cdng hidro vao (San phim thu dugc la ankan) anken la gi? 2. Cgng halogen GV lam thf nghiem : HS quan sat va thao luan. Din tiir tit khf etilen (tiir tiii dung khi) - Tha'y dung dich brom (mau nau do) bi vao dung dich brom, yeu ciu HS quan nhat din, chiing td ndng do Br2 giam. sat giai thfch hien tugng bing phuong trinh hoa hgc. - Giai thfch: Do brorh tin cdng vao Jien GV hirdng din HS giai thfch hien ke't doi pha vo lien ke't n. tugng. - Phuong trinh hoa hgc. CH2=CH2 + Br2(dd) •CH2Br-CH2Br 1,2-dibrometan GV yeu ciu HS neu ung dung ciia Ung dung: De phan biet anken vdi ankan do ankari kh6ng lam mat mau dung dich phan ling anken vdi brom. brom b dieu kien thudng. GV hudng din HS nghien ciiu thf HS nghien ciiu SGK. rtghieni hinh 6:3 trong SGK, yeu cau HS: - Kd^t luan etilen cdng clo tao thanh chat - Rut ra ke't luln. long dang diu, kh6ng tan trong nudc, ap suit trong dng nghiem giam lam cho nudc ding len. - Vie't phuong trinh hoa hgc giQa - Vie't phuong trinh hoa hgc. etilen vdi CI2. CH2=CH2 + C1 —^ CH2CI-CH2CI 1,2-dicloetan - Vie't phuong trinh tong quat giua - Phuong trinh tdng quit: 15 anken vdi halogen, san ph^m tao C„H2„ + X2 ^ C„H2„X2 thanh la gi? - San phim tao thanh la din xult dihalogen. 3. Cgng HX (X la OH, Cl, Br...) a) Cong axit GV ggi y de HS vie't phuong trinh hoa HS vie't phuong trinh hoa hgc: hgc cua anken vdi hidrohalogenua CH2-CH2 + HBr -> CH3-CH2-Br (HCl, HBr, HI), axit H2SO4 dam dac. etyl bromua CH2=CH2 + HC1 -^ CH3-CH2-CI etyl clorua CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 -^ CH3-CH2-OSO3H etyl hidrosunfat GV chie'u so dd chung axit cgng vao HS quan sat, phan tfch va tra Idi. anken len man hinh cho HS quan sat: \=C + H-A I I H A /7^ I V < + H^A-3^ -p^ / V^'' I I (1) I (2) H A Yeu ciu HS nhan xet ve: - Phan ling xay ra qua bao nhieu giai - Phan ling xay ra qua 2 giai doan. doan. - Kieu phan cat phan tit H-A. - Do ben ciia cacbotion trung gian. - Phan tur H-A bi phan cat ki^u di li. - Cacbocation la tieu phan trung gian kh6ng ben. - Phin tii nao tin cong vao ndi doi - Phin mang dien tfch duong tin cdng trudc. trudc. b) Cgng nudc (phdn iing hidrat hod) GV ggi y HS viet phuong trinh hoa | HS: 6 dieu kien thich hop (cd H^ xiic tac va 16 hgc cua phan iing etilen c6ng nudc. dun ndng), anken cd the cgng nudc. CH,=CH,+H,0 ^^^CH3-CH2-OH etanol c) Hudng cua phdn iing cgng axit vd nUdc vdo anken GV vie't so dd phan iing cgng cua HS quan sat, thao lUIn va tra Idi. propen vdi HCl. 1-CH3—CH2—CH2—Cl CH,-CH=CH,+ 1- clopropan '-€H3-(J:H-CH3 Cl 2- clopropan GV yeu ciu HS nhin xet san phim Phan ling giua propilen vdi HBr chp 2 chfnh va san pham phu tiir do riit ra san phim: quy tac Mac-c6p-nhi-c6p. 1- clopropan la san phim phu. GV hudng din HS riit ra quy tac 2- clopropan la san phim. chinh. Mac-cop- nhi-c6p. Quy tac Mac-cop-nhi-cdp: Trong phdn iing vdi cgng HA hoac nudc vdo lien kit doi, nguyen tic H (hay phdn mang dien tich duong) uu tien cgng vdo nguyen tit C bdc thap hon (cacbon cd nhieu hidro hen), con A (phdn mang dien tich dm) Uu tien cgng vdo nguyen tii: C bqc cao hon (cacbon co it hidrO hon). GV yeu ciu HS vie't phuong trinh hoa HS vie't phuong trinh hoa hgc. hgc cua isobutilen vdi H2O. CH3-PH-CH2-OH CH 3 san pham phu CH3-C=CH2+ H2e OH CH *• CH3—C—CH3 CH, san phSm chfnh GV chie'u len man hinh m6t bai tap HS thao luln va chon. trac nghiem nhu sau: Trudng hgp nao diing cho quy tac 2-TKBGHH11NCT2 17 Mac-cop-nhi-cdp. A. Anken bit dd'i xung c6ng vdi X2. B. Anken ddi xiing cgng vdi HX. C. Anken bit ddi xiing c6ng vdi HX. D. Anken ddi xiing cgng vdi X2. Dap an C. Hoqt dqng 4 4. Phdn dng trung hqp GV yeu ciu HS nghien ciiu SGK rdi HS nghien ciiu SGK va thao luan tra Idi cac cau hdi sau: - Vie't phuong trinh phan iing triing - Phuong trinh hoa hgc. hgp etilen. n CH2 = CH2 ^ ^ (-CH2-CH2-)„ - Neu y nghia ciia cac dai lugng. etileii polietilen - Tiir dd riit ra khai niem phan iing - CH2 = CH2: ggi la monome. trung hop, each ggi ten. n: la he sd trung hgp (thudng liy gia tri trung binh). - Phan ling triing hgp la qua trinh c6ng hgp lien tiep nhidu phan tur nhd gid'ng nhau hoac tuong tu nhau tao thanh nhung phan tit rit ldn (ggi la polime). - Ten polime = poll + tdn monome. - Tuong tu yeu cau HS viet phuong trinh - Phuong trinh hoa hgc: triing hgp cua propilen va but-2-en. nCH3-CH=CH2 -^^ (-(^H-CH^-)^ CH3 propilen nCH,-CH=CH-CH, polipropilen ^ (-9H-9H-)„ CH3 CH3 polibutilen 18