Tài liệu Theory- table

Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** TABLE I. Introduction 1. Definition A table (table chart) is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows. (is a set of facts and figures arranged in columns and rows. A table is a very useful way of organizing numerical information.)   A table has a specified number of columns, Name of product Number of Sales but can have any number of rows. A 10 A table with numerous variables can be B 25 C 50 D 15 broken down into smaller tables that look at each variable separately.  Using table is a very useful way of organizing numerical information. › Advantages š of table chart  A table helps organize information so it is easier to see patterns and relationships.  If a variable is continuous, the table reveals a lot more information. It may show the range, interval, and number of readings.  Tables with multiple variables can provide a lot of information. They can be read by selecting and controlling factors to search for patterns in the data. 2. Types of table chart Name 1. Simple table Visual aid and features Age table First name Last name Age Nancy Davolio 33 Nancy Klondike 43 Nancy Obesanjo 23 Justin Saunders 37 Justin Timberlake 28 Paulo Ilustre 11 ♪ The following illustrates a simple table with three columns and six rows. ♪ The first row is not counted, because it is only used to display the column names. Writing portfolio 74 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** This is traditionally called a "header row". 2. Multidimensional table II, Features of table chart 1, Objective/ Aim of table chart  A table is both a mode of visual communication and a means of arranging data.  The use of tables is pervasive throughout all communication, research and data analysis.  Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs and many other places.  As a communication tool, a table allows a form of generalization of information from an unlimited number of different social or scientific contexts. It provides a familiar way to convey information that might otherwise not be obvious or readily understood  Using a table to list information according to category is often much clearer than writing out all the information in paragraph form. Example Some data first written up in a paragraph During the 1995-1996 academic years, a survey of the holdings of university research libraries and rank was done in the United States and Canada. It was found that Syracuse University, in New York, had 2,692,147 holdings, and was figured to rank eighty-first. Harvard University ranked first with 13,369,855 holdings. The University of Writing portfolio 75 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** Connecticut was ranked fiftieth place, and reported 2,626,066 holdings. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported 2,448,647 holdings, and was ranked in seventy-third place. (Source: Association of Research Libraries) The table below presents the same information as the paragraph above. HOLDINGS AND RANK OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH LIBRARIES IN THE U.S. AND CANADA--1995-1996. Institution Rank Holdings Harvard Univ. 1 13,369,855 U. Connecticut 50 2,626,066 Mass. Inst. Tech. 73 2,448,647 Syracuse Univ. 81 2,692,147 2, Organization/ Structure of table chart  Table Title--A table title gives an overview of the information displayed in the table. The title is given at the top of the table.  Row/Column Labels--The label of each row or column indicates what type of information is contained in that row or column. The table shown here has 2 columns of information, each with a label.  Individual Cells--Each cell is defined by its row and column location. In the example above, the cell outlined is in the fourth row, first column.  Relationship of cells within a row or column--Often we want to determine if there is a trend within a row or column. Fore example, do the values increase as we move up or down a row or column? Example Given the table below, answer the following questions. Writing portfolio 76 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** The Relationship Between Ticket Prices and Attendance at First Union University Ticket Prices Attendance (dollars) (thousands) 0 20 5 16 10 12 15 9 20 5 25 0 1. What is the attendance when the ticket price is $15 dollars? 2. What is the relationship between ticket prices and attendance? (In other words, how does attendance change as ticket prices change?) 3. What is the optimal ticket price? Give a reason for your answer III. Guideline to table chart description Outline for description table chart 1 Introductory sentence Use two standard opening sentences to introduce the table and your report. These opening sentences should make up the first paragraph.  Sentence one should define what the table is about; that is, the date, location, what is being described in the graphs etc. For example: The table shows how people in different age groups spend their leisure time in Someland over the course of a year. Notice that the sample opening sentence does not simply copy the words used on the graphic material. Copied sentences will not be assessed by the examiner and so you waste your time including them.  Sentence two (and possibly three) might sum up the overall trend. For example: It can be clearly seen that the amount of leisure time available varies considerably across the age groups and that people of different age levels have very different ways of spending their free time. 2. Body paragraph (1-3) Writing portfolio 77 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** When discussing the data presented in the task, identify significant trends and give example that relate directly to the given information to support your statements. If you're explaining a process or an object and how it works, you need to group your information so that it follows a definite logical order. Remember that the use of verbs expressed in the present passive voice is often appropriate when giving a description of a process or procedure, for example: Coffee beans are pulped to remove their easing. They are then soaked in water, rinsed thoroughly and dried. After the beans are sorted, they are rousted in a kiln and blended. Next, they are packed and dispatched to shops and supermarkets. 3. Concluding sentence A simple concluding statement could include any of the following, where relevant: + Significant comments. + An overall summary of the ideas + A potential solution + Future implications. IV. Useful tips and useful languages 1. Useful tips  DON'T copy any part of the question in your answer  Don't repeat yourself or the same ideas  If you are weak at English grammar, try to use short sentences. This allows you to control the grammar and the meaning of your writing much more easily and contributes to a better cohesion and coherence mark  Think about the tenses of your verbs.  If you're writing about something that happened in the past, your verbs will need to be in the past tenses.   If you're describing the future, you will need to use the future tenses.  If it's a habitual action, you'll need the present simple tense and so on. It is important that you cover all of the information given. However, this does not mean that you should note every detail. In tables, there is invariably too much information for you to Writing portfolio 78 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** mention each figure. You will therefore need to summarize the table in meaningful segments. In other words, you will describe the significant trends in your report.  To see the trends in a table, start by finding patterns under the horizontal and vertical headings 2. Useful languages 2. 1 Use reference structure  When referring to a table, use "reference" structures such as those given below. This will assist the reader to know where your information comes from, and will effectively lead in  The table+ shows (that/how).../ describes (that/ how)/ illustrates (that/ how)...  According to the/ As (is) shown in the/ As can be seen from the/ It can be seen from the/ We can see from the table+ that…   It is clear-apparent from the table that… Be careful not to use these "reference" structures too frequently to avoid unnecessary repetition. 2.2 Decline and increase Decline  went down - fell - dropped - declined - decreased steeply  collapsed = suddenly decrease  plummeted/ plunged...=suddenly and quickly decrease  tumbled = to decrease quickly and by a significant amount = to fall greatly in value in a short time without control.  suffered/ experienced/ saw a steep/ sharp decline/ decrease/ fall.  There was a plunge/ steep fall/ drop/ decline/ decrease in Increase  sank to a new low/ go into free fall/ sank to a low point  increased/ grew/ went up/ rose rapidly  shot up  soared/ leaped/ climbed to a new peak/ hit a peak/ reach a peak/ reach a high  soared spectacularly more than nine times its value in the previous year Fluctuate  enjoyed/ saw a leap/ a steady rise/ a sharp increase  erratic. Writing portfolio 79 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 *****************************************************************************  fluctuated/ moved up and down.  fluctuated sharply/ wildly/ slightly  rose and fell over the period  went through/ experienced a period of erratic behaviors/ erratic Recover period/ a period of volatility/ a volatile/ wild fluctuation  recovered, regaining its previous level  regained its previous level  dropped/ fell back to  made a steady recovery  bounced back to  bounced back Stable  shot up again to  ... before stabilizing at.../ settling down to a more stable period  did not change over the period  leveled off  remain stable/ constant Trend  steady  The trend was definitely/ obviously upward/ downward. 2.3 Making predictions Occasionally a table showing trends predicts what may happen in future. In that case, you cannot say that something will happen. Only that it may or could. The modals may, might, or could are generally too vague and uncertain to be used, however. The most common expressions for discussing possible future trends are: + It is predicted/ forecast/ projected/ expected/ suggested/ likely/ probable that...+ willclause. + It is predicted that A will-clause + A is predicted to increase/ decrease... + An increase/ decrease in A to...by 2020 is expected. + The prediction is that A will-clause + The prediction for A to increase... + By 2020, A will likely/ probably increase to... Note: It is predicted that + ...might/ may/ could +... is too uncertain, too weak. Reference List http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28database%29 Writing portfolio 80 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** http://www.ielts-exam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=212&Itemid=44 http://olympiavn.org/forum/index.php?topic=30485.0 http://www.khkt.net/chu-de/8133/Discribe-table-or-chart/ http://www.ielts-exam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=212&Itemid=44 Writing portfolio 81 **************************************************************************