Tài liệu Theory overviews of charts in ielts

Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** OVERVIEW OF CHARTS I - INTRODUCTION TO CHARTS: 1. Definition: A chart is a visual representation of data, in which the data are represented by symbols. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structures. 2. Features: 2.1 Title: Title usually appears above the main graphic and provides a succinct description of what the data in the graph refers to. 2.2 Data: The data can appear in all manner of formats, with or without individual labels. It may appear as dots or shapes, connected or unconnected, and in any combination of colors and patterns. Inferences or points of interest can be overlayed directly on the graph to further aid information extraction 2.3 Axis:    A horizontal axis, X-axis, is labeled with the name of a variable and the units represented. A vertical axis, Y-axis, is labeled with the name of a variable and the units represented. Each axis will have a scale, denoted by periodic graduations and usually accompanied by  numerical or categorical indications. Each axis will typically also have a label displayed outside or beside it, briefly describing the dimension represented. 2.4 Text and numbers with the unit Texts: show categorical indication, chart’s note or give more information related to the chart. Numbers: refer to periodic graduations explicitly and clearly. 2.5 Grid: is used to plot points and data 3. Purpose : Charts are often used to ease understanding of large quantities of data and the relationships between parts of the data. Charts can usually be read more quickly than the raw data that they are produced from. 4. Comparison between charts and graphs : Charts Graphs Writing portfolio 35 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** Graphs and Charts is the most efficient method for displaying information in a simple manner. Using this form of representation helps it's viewers to understand and interpret the information more easily and efficiently, which otherwise could be a very difficult and tedious process. Charts are usually used to represent simple two Graph is usually referred to be used in some variable data, such as Bar charts or pie charts. mathematical sense because it usually contains X, These can also be used to refer quantities that Y or Z-axis. In a graph no data is represented refer complex data-dense maps. without using axes and sometimes it is also divided into grids for easier classification of data. 5. Kinds of charts: Kinds Visual aid Features Purpose a type of graph which displays is often used to visualize a Line chart information as a series of data points trend in data over intervals connected by straight line segments. of time, thus the line is often chronologically. Writing portfolio 36 ************************************************************************** drawn Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** a chart with rectangular bars with used for comparing two or lengths proportional to the values that more Bar they represent. values that were taken over time or on chart different conditions, usually on small data sets. a circular chart divided into sectors, to compare among parts of illustrating Pie chart relative magnitudes frequencies. or the whole pie, emphasizing important pieces of relational data information. a simple plan which represents a illustrate Flow machine, system or idea, etc., often including chart/ drawn to explain how it works structures organization and reporting hierarchy. diagram a set of facts and figures arranged in used to show data values or columns and rows. to capture data that is difficult Table to depict graphically. a chart connects various kinds of charts combine many usages and in the whole chart. Mixed purposes of kinds of charts to illustrate the data more chart effectively. II - Structures to describe a chart: 1. Tense: usually use Present Simple and Past Simple 2. Outline: A paragraph that illustrates charts includes an introductory sentence, body paragraph and a concluding sentence. 2.1: The introductory sentence shows what you are describing Eg: The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000. The given line graph illustrates information on the percentage of people who went to the movies in the United Kingdom between 1990 and 2010. Writing portfolio 37 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** 2.2 Body paragraph Body graph shows the content of the chart. When discussing the data presented in the chart , identify significant trends and give examples related to your statement above. If you illustrate a process or a table, you need to arrange your information in logical order. Eg: To begin with, molten plastic is poured into three different moulds depending on the colour required; the colours are red, blue and yellow. Once these clips emerge from the moulds a quality control machine checks them for strength. Unsatisfactory clips are rejected. In the third stage in the process the clips are stored by hand into two groups, mixed and single colours. When this stage is complete the groups are checked a second time to ensure that the colour mixtures are divided correctly into single colours and mixed colour batches. Finally, the clips are packed and dispatched to the markets. 3. Concluding sentence: A concluding sentence comprises any of the statements below:  A summary of the ideas  Significant comments  A potential solution  Future implications 4. Structures: 4.1 Phrases to indicate what is being written about :  The graph/ chart presents data showing….  The graph/chart provides strong evidence that…  The graph/ chart provides strong support for the thesis that..  As the chart/ graph illustrates/ shows…  As we can see from the/ According to the / As is evident from the graph/ chart 4.2 Indicates insufficient evidence     We can draw no conclusion regarding X, Y from the graph/ chart… No conclusion regarding X,Y can be drawn from the graph/ chart… The graph/ chart provides inconclusive evidence regarding …. The graph/ chart neither proves nor refutes the contention that 4.3 Comparative phrases Slightly A little Writing portfolio 38 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** Only a bit Significantly larger/ smaller / higher/ than Much lower 4.4 Correlation 4.4.1 Positive correlation The number of X and the number of Y are highly correlated. There is a strong correlation between the number of X and the number of Y. 4.4.2 Negative correlation X and Y seem to be inversely correlated. There is an inverse correlation between the number of X and the number of Y . 4.4.3 No correlation There does not seem to be any correlation/ causal relation between the number of X and the number of Y 5. Verbs Up Climb Down Decline At the bottom At the top Stability Reach the top/ Bottom out Bounce back Rise Decrease peak Reach Increase Drop Peak lowest point Surge Fall Hold steady Rocket Slide Level off Strengthen Weaken the Recover Flatten out 6. Adjectives: Slow/ Steady/ slight/ sharp/ gradual/ sudden/dramatic 7. Nouns: Decline/ decrease/ drop/ fall/ rise/improvement Writing portfolio 39 **************************************************************************