Tài liệu Theory mixed graphs

Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** MIXED GRAPHS I, Introduction 1, Definition of mixed graphs Mixed graphs are the combination of two or more charts/ graphs/ table. 2, Type of mixed graphs Name Visual aids and features 1. Mixed 2 graphs The given line graph illustrates information on the number of overseas visitors traveling to Australia in millions of people while the second table gives statistics showing the countries whose residents went to Australia between 1975 and 2005. Writing portfolio 82 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** 2. Mixed 3 or more graphs The diagrams show data for a flu epidemic which hit a large country town in 1996. Figure 1 gives the number of persons who died; Figure 2 shows the percentage breakdown of females who received a new flu vaccine; and Figure 3 gives the number of cases of flu before and during the epidemic. II, Features of mixed charts: Writing portfolio 83 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** 1, Objectives / Aims of mixed charts: Mixed charts: combination of two or more charts / graphs/ table Mixed charts are used to give different kinds of information. (E.g.: pie chart and line chart show the percentage and also the trend.) Mixed charts are mainly used in research and data analysis because they show the complicated relationship of the problems which are studied. Example: The pie chart shows the worldwide distribution of sales of Coca-Cola in the year 2000 and the graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001. In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17.1 billion cases of their fizzy drink product worldwide. The largest consumer was North America, where 30.4 per cent of the total volume was purchased. The second largest consumer was Latin America. Europe and Asia purchased 20.5 and 16.4 per cent of the total volume respectively, while Africa and the Middle East remained fairly small consumers at 7 per cent of the total volume of sales. Since 1996, share prices for Coca-Cola have fluctuated. In that year, shares were valued at approximately $35. Between 1996 and 1997, however, prices rose significantly to $70 per share. They dipped a little in mid-1997 and then peaked at $80 per share in mid-98. From then until 2000 their value fell consistently but there was a slight rise in mid-2000. 2, Organization / Structure of mixed charts: Charts/ graphs/table title The titles (top of the charts) give an overview of the information displayed in the charts. Structure of each kind: please look at the previous lessons. Writing portfolio 84 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** Writing portfolio 85 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** III. Guideline to mixed graph description The process of describing an individual chart in a mixed chart is the same as describing a line chart, a bar chart, a pie chart and so on. 1. Introductory sentence:  You should explain how many and which kinds of charts you are going to describe.  You can use one more sentence to sum up the overall trend the chart. For example: The bar chart shows CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre for variuos methods of transport in the European Union while the pie chart shows European Union spending on transport. 2. Body paragraphs: There are two ways to organize the body:  You separate each chart to describe For example: Writing portfolio 86 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** The given line graph illustrates information on the number of overseas visitors traveling to Australia in millions of people. Overall, one notable trend seems to be that Australia has steadily become more popular as a destination spot. For example, there were 20 million more visitors to Australia in 2005 than in 1975. That's a jump from 10 million to 30 million in 20 years. The second table gives statistics showing the countries whose residents went to Australia between 1975 and 2005. In both years, the largest number of visitors came from Japan, followed by South Korea and Europe. Britain, the United States and China also had many people traveling to Australia in these years. In fact, the number of people visiting Australia grew in every one of these countries. For example, in 2005, 12 million people went there from Japan compared with Writing portfolio 87 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** only 3.2 million in 1975.  You describe charts together. That means you will discuss the data presented in the task, identify significant trends of each chart at the same time. For example: Grams of CO2 per passenger - Km European Union spending on transport  Flying by air produces by far the greatest CO2 emissions, approximately three times as much as passenger cars which are the next largest producers. Very little is spent by the EU on air travel while roads make up more than half of the EU transport budget. 3. Concluding sentence:  You might draw a conclusion to show the relation after analyzing all the charts in the mixed graph. Writing portfolio 88 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** For example: In conclusion, people in the UAE are living longer and healthier lives because of the government's spending on education and medical facilities.  You also put some significant comments or some potential solutions.  If you do not have enough time, you can omit this part, or you can write, “This ends my report”. IV. Useful tips and useful language: 1. Useful tips:  Do not copy any part of the question in your answer. This is not your own work and therefore will be disregarded by the examiner and deducted from the word count. You can use individual words but be careful of using long "chunks" of the question text.  Don't repeat yourself or the same ideas. This gives a bad impression and the examiner realizes that it isn't adding to the content of your report.  If you are weak at English grammar, try to use short sentences. This allows you to control the grammar and the meaning of your writing much more easily and contributes to a better cohesion and coherence mark. It's much easier to make things clear in a foreign language if you keep your sentences short!  Think about the tenses of your verbs. If you're writing about something that happened in the past, your verbs will need to be in the past tenses. If you're describing the future, you will need to use the future tenses. If it's a habitual action, you'll need the present simple tense and so on. If you have time, a quick check of your verbs at the end of the exam can help you find errors. For describing graphs, you will probably need past tenses whereas, for describing a process, you will probably need the present simple. Think about the verbs while practicing and then it will become easier when you do the exam.  Don't be irrelevant. Although you can use your imagination to expand on your answer, if any part of your report is totally unrelated to the question and put in to just put up the word count, then the examiner will not take it into account and deduct it from the word count. 2. Useful language: a. Some words and phrases to describe trend: Nouns a rise Adjective and Adverbs sharp(ly) / dramatic (ally) Verbs remain the same an increase considerable(ly) reach a plateau a fall steady(ily) remain stable a drop slight(ly) / gentle(ly) remain/stay constant Writing portfolio 89 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** a decline gradual(ly) reach a peak a peak/dip relative(ly) b. Comparing data: hit/fall to the lowest point To contrast While/Whilst More…than To compare Likewise Whereas Different from Similarly To mirror However Differ(ence) As…as Just as On the other hand Although Like Alike Even so In contrast to To have in common Nevertheless Conversely In the same way To reflect Less…than Unlike c. Some useful prepositions: in [month / year / morning, afternoon etc] at [9 o’clock, 10.30 am etc] from..[a point in time]..to… [another point] between…[a point in time]..and… [another point] during [a period of time] before [a point in time or a period of time] after [a point in time or a period of time] by [a point of time arrived at] until [a point of time reached] since [from a point in the past until now]  Remember also that not all words for describing rise and fall will take a preposition, and the preposition will depend on whether you are using the word as a verb or a noun. See the table below for more details: Verbs that take a Verbs that don’t take Nouns that take a preposition rise to/by a preposition reach preposition a rise of increase to/by an increase of fall to/by a fall of drop to/by a decrease of shoot up to/by plunge to/by stay at remain at fluctuate between/around Writing portfolio 90 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** d. Some useful phrases to interpret the graph: The graph illustrates / shows the rise in . . . The graph illustrates / shows that . . . It is estimated that . . . Compare the data in the bar graph / chart. The trend was flat. The present trend is maintained. Writing portfolio 91 **************************************************************************