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Tài liệu Theory line chart

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Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** LINE CHART I, Introduction Definition: A line chart or line graph is a type of graph, which displays information as a series of data points connected by straight-line segments. II, Features of line charts 1, Objective / Aim of Line Charts:  A line chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time, thus the line is often drawn chronologically.  Line charts are used to show how two parameters are related to each other or to display how one variable changes effected by another. 2. Organization / Structure of Line Charts: Writing portfolio 40 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** Title Grid Vertical axis Horizontal axis Horizontal Label Vertical Label Scales title The title of the line graph tells us what the graph is about. labels The horizontal label across the bottom and the vertical label along the side tells us what kinds of facts are listed. scales The horizontal scale across the bottom and the vertical scale along the side tell us how much or how many. Writing portfolio 41 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** X-axis a horizontal axis or X-axis that is labeled with the name of a variable and the units represented Y-axis a vertical axis or Y-axis that is labeled with the name of a variable and the units represented. grids a grid that is used to plot points or other data points The points or dots on the graph show us the facts. lines The lines connecting the points give estimates of the values between the points. III. Guidelines to Line Charts description: Possible outline for description Line Charts: Report structure Your report should be structured simply with an introduction, body and conclusion. Tenses should be used appropriately. 1, Introductory sentences Use two standard opening sentences to introduce your report. These opening sentences should make up the first paragraph. Sentence one should define what the graph is about; that is, the date, location, what is being described in the graph etc. For example: The graph shows the number of cases of X disease in Someland between the years 1960 and 1995 …  Notice the tense used. Even though it describes information from the past, the graph shows the information in the present time.  Notice that the sample opening sentence does not simply copy the words used on the graphic material. Copied sentences will not be assessed by the examiner and so you waste your time including them. Sentence two (and possibly three) might sum up the overall trend. For example: It can be clearly seen that X disease increased rapidly to 500 cases around the 1980s and then dropped to zero before 1999, while Y disease fell consistently from a high point of nearly 600 cases in 1960 to less than 100 cases in 1995.  Notice the tense used. Here we are talking about the occurrence of the disease in the past. Writing portfolio 42 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** 2, Body paragraphs  Describing the graph in detail The body of the report will describe the graph or graphs in detail. You will need to decide on the most clear and logical order to present the material. Line graphs generally present information in chronological order and so the most logical order for you to write up the information would, most probably be from earliest to latest. Bar graphs, pie charts are organized in different ways and so you need to decide on the organization of each one. 3. Concluding sentences Your report may end with one or two sentences which summarize your report to draw a relevant conclusion. Conclusion should sum up the global trends shown on the figure and compare them if possible. IV. Useful tips and useful languages 1. Useful tips  Report must be of at least 150 words written in 20 minutes  You shouldn’t write your opinion or copy words from graph – rephrase and use synonyms instead.  Never use bullets, write as if you were writing essay or letter.  You cannot include all of the information described on the chart, so select only the most important and include that. 2. Useful languages Avoiding repetition  You will receive a higher mark if your writing uses a range of structures and vocabulary correctly rather than a limited number. For example, the candidate who writes:  The number of cases of X disease started at 50 in 1965 and then went up to 200 in 1970 and then went up to 500 in 1980 and then went down to zero in 1990.  will lose marks for being repetitive. You should therefore practice writing reports using a wide variety of terms to describe the different movements in the graphs and different structures to vary your writing. Describing trends Trends are changes or movements. These changes are normally expressed in numeric items, for example, population, production volumes or unemployment. There are three basic trends: Writing portfolio 43 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** Expressing movement: nouns and verbs For each trend there are a number of verbs and nouns to express the movement. We can use a verb of change, for example: Unemployment levels fell. Or we can use a related noun, for example: There was a fall in unemployment levels. Direction Verbs Nouns Rose (to) A rise Increased (to) An increase Went up (to) Growth Climbed (to) An upward Boomed trend A boom (a dramatic rise) Fell (to) A decrease Declined (to) A decline Decreased (to) A fall Dipped (to) A drop Dropped (to) A slump (a Went down (to) dramatic fall) Slumped (to) A reduction Reduced (to) Writing portfolio 44 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** Leveled out (at) A leveling out Did not change No change Remained stable (at) Remained steady (at) Stayed constant (at) Maintained the same level Fluctuated (around) A fluctuation Peaked (at) Reached a Plateaued (at) peak (of) Stood at (we use this phrase to Reached at focus on a particular point, plateau (at) before we mention the movement, for example: In the first year, unemployment stood up….) Describing the movement: adjectives and adverbs Sometimes we need to give more information about a trend as follows: There has been a slight increase in the value of the dollar (degree of change) Unemployment fell rapidly last year (the speed of change) Remember that we modify a noun with an adjective (a slight increase) and a verb with an adverb (to increase slightly). Describing the degree of change Adjectives Adverbs dramatic dramatically sharp sharply huge enormous enormously steep steeply Writing portfolio 45 ************************************************************************** Nguyen Thuy Mi_07.1.e3_k41 ***************************************************************************** considerable considerably significant significantly marked markedly moderate moderately slight slightly small minimal minimally Describing the speed of change Adjectives Adverbs rapid rapidly quick quickly sudden suddenly swift swiftly steady steadily gradual gradually slow slowly Writing portfolio 46 **************************************************************************
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