Đăng ký Đăng nhập
Trang chủ Giáo dục - Đào tạo Tiếng Anh Tài liệu ôn thi tiếng anh vào lớp 10 hay...

Tài liệu Tài liệu ôn thi tiếng anh vào lớp 10 hay

.PDF
25
365
87

Mô tả:

TµI LIÖU tiÕng anh ¤N THI VµO LíP 10     Tæng hîp c¸c d¹ng ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n vµ träng t©m C¸c bµi tËp kÌm theo ( Tr¾c nghiÖm ) Mét sè ®Ò thi tham kh¶o vµo líp 10 Dïng cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ®èi t-îng häc sinh KiÕn thøc c¬ b¶n PhÇn I Ch-¬ng I tõ lo¹i vµ c¸c thµnh phÇn chÝnh trong c©u I. Tõ lo¹i : 1. Danh tõ ( N ) : Nãi chung Danh tõ trong tiÕng Anh còng gièng nh- trong tiÕng ViÖt ,nã chØ kh¸c vÒ mÆt ch÷ viÕt mµ th«i VÝ dô trong tiÕng ViÖt : ng«i nhµ th× tiÕng Anh lµ: a house + Danh tõ cã thÓ ®-îc dïng lµm Chñ ng÷ , T©n ng÷ + Danh tõ th-êng ®i kÌm bëi c¸c m¹o tõ ( a,an,the…) hay c¸c tÝnh tõ së h÷u ( my ,his ,her…) 1.1. Ph©n lo¹i Danh tõ : Danh Tõ §Õm ®-îc Sè Ýt Kh«ng ®Õm ®-îc Sè nhiÒu ……….. ……………….. DT chØ ng-êi chØ vËt ………… nghÒ nghiÖp 1.2. Danh tõ ®Õm ®-îc sè Ýt – sè nhiÒu : - ChuyÓn DT sè Ýt sang sè nhiÒu : + Th«ng th-êng muèn chuyÓn tõ DT sè Ýt sang sè nhiÒu ta bá “a / an” tr-íc DT ®ã råi thªm “s” vµo sau DT vd : a book books an orange oranges + NÕu DT cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ : _ch,_sh, _o,_x, _s,_ss, th× ta thªm “es” vd : a bench benches a class classes + NÕu DT ®ã cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ “f” th× chuyÓn “ f” thµnh “ves” vd : shelf shelves + Tr-êng hîp ®Æc biÖt : DT ®ã chuyÓn thµnh tõ kh¸c vd : foot feet tooth teeth * Mét sè DT lu«n ë d¹ng sè nhiÒu : people , parents , shoes , clothes ,boots * Mét sè DT lu«n ë d¹ng sè Ýt : family , everyone , the sun , the moon …… * Mét sè DT kh«ng ®Õm ®-îc : water , sugar , coffee , information , rice , …….. 1.3 Danh tõ víi tõ chØ sè l-îng , khèi l-îng , c©n ®ong ®o ®Õm : M¹o tõ NghÜa Lo¹i danh tõ D¹ng c©u a an mét mét mét vµi,mét chót Ýt nµo,chót any nµo,… nµo Mét sè tõ chØ sè l-îng some sè Ýt sè Ýt(cã ch÷ c¸i ®Çu tiªn lµ 1 nguyªn ©m) sè nhiÒu/Kh«ng ®Õm d-îc K§,P§,NV K§,P§,NV K§ sè nhiÒu,sè Ýt/Kh«ng ®Õm d-îc P§,NV Lots of/ a lot of NhiÒu Sè nhiÒu / kh«ng ®Õm ®-îc K§,P§,NV Many NhiÒu Sè nhiÒu K§,P§,NV Few / a few Vµi ,mét vµi ®Õm ®-îc sè nhiÒu K§ 2 Little / a little Chót , mét chót Kh«ng ®Õm ®-îc 2. TÝnh tõ (ADJ) vµ Tr¹ng tõ (ADV) : * TÝnh tõ : Gåm tÝnh tõ ng¾n vµ tÝnh tõ dµi 2.1 VÞ trÝ cña tÝnh tõ trong c©u : + §øng sau ®éng tõ tobe + §øng tr-íc Danh tõ vµ bæ nghÜa cho Danh tõ + §øng sau ®éng tõ liªn kÕt : feel , sound, seem…. K§ vd : I am tall vd : This is a big school vd : She feels hot 2.2. TrËt tù cña tÝnh tõ ®øng liÒn nhau trong c©u : NÕu trong c©u cã nhiÒu tÝnh tõ ®øng gÇn nhau th× ph¶i tu©n theo trËt tù sau : tÝnh chÊt kÝch th-íc mµu s¾c + N Vd : I live in a beautiful small white house * Tr¹ng tõ : Gåm : - Tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian : everyday , in the morning….. - Tr¹ng tõ chØ n¬i chèn : here , there , inside - Tr¹ng tõ chØ tÇn suÊt : always , often.. - Tr¹ng tõ thÓ c¸ch…..: well , fast , quickly…. - Chóng ta l-u ý nhÊt víi tr¹ng tõ tÇn suÊt vµ thÓ c¸ch : + ADV tÇn suÊt ®øng sau TOBE , tr-íc §éng tõ th-êng + ADV thÓ c¸ch th-êng ®øng sau ®éng tõ th-êng ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho ®éng tõ Vd : He speaks English fluently + ADV thÓ c¸ch cã thÓ ®øng tr-íc ADJ Vd : He is completely kind 3. Giíi tõ (PREP) : * Mét sè giíi tõ c¬ b¶n vµ c¸ch sö dông : 3.1. Giíi tõ chØ thêi gian : a. IN ( vµo ) Dïng víi : + C¸c buæi trong ngµy : in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening + Th¸ng hoÆc N¨m : in June, in 2009 C¶ th¸nh vµ n¨m : in June 2009 + C¸c mïa : in the summer,in the winter …….. + Kho¶ng thêi gian : in a few minutes , in two weeks…….. b. ON Dïng víi: + C¸c thø trong tuÇn : on Monday, on Sunday………., on Sunday mornings… + Ngµy trong th¸ng,c¶ ngµy vµ th¸ng : on 12 th, on 20 July + on the weekend + go on vacation c. AT Dïng víi : + Giê : at 7 o’ clock + at night , at noon , at Christmas , at midnight , at midday d. Mét sè giíi tõ kh¸c : + after 6 o’ clock + before : before meal + between…….and…………. + from………….to…………. 3.2. Giíi tõ chØ vÞ trÝ : a. IN Dïng víi : + Tªn th«n,x·,huyÖn,tØnh,n-íc + in the country,in the city + in the house.in the park,in the garden,……….. + in a factory, in a hospital,…… b. ON : 3 + on the table, on the second floor, on a farm, + on………..street : on Ba Trieu street c. AT : + at home.at school, at work ,at a bus stop + at ( sè nhµ) street : at 10 Ba Trieu street 3.3. Mét sè giíi tõ kh¸c : - between , near, next to ,opposite , behind, to the left of ,to the right of, in front of, after(sau) ,before(tr-íc) , from……..to…….(tõ…..®Õn…) , by , without …. - Giíi tõ cã thÓ ®øng sau mét sè §éng tõ , Adj…: vd : look after , kind of , amount of……….. 4. §éng tõ : - Cã 3 lo¹i ®éng tõ : 1/ §éng tõ “ tobe” : be am , is , are was , were 2/ §éng tõ th-êng : go , see , eat , have , come , buy….. 3/ §éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu : can , could , may , might , should , have to , would…. - C¸c ®éng tõ nµy ®-îc biÕn ®æi ( chia ) cho phï hîp víi th× , chñ ng÷ hoÆc cÊu tróc cña c©u II. C¸c thµnh phÇn chÝnh trong c©u : 1. Chñ ng÷ (S) : - Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ §¹i tõ nh©n x-ng : I , we , she …. - Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ Danh tõ chØ ng-êi , vËt - Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ mét tõ hay mét côm tõ 2. T©n ng÷ (O) : - Cã 7 t©n ng÷ (xem b¶ng d-íi) vd : I saw him last night - T©n ng÷ cã thÓ lµ danh tõ , côm danh tõ vd : He bought a lot of flowers yesterday - T©n ng÷ cã thÓ lµ Danh tõ riªng vd : I will meet Hoa tomorrow §¹i tõ nh©n Ng«i/Sè §éng tõ tobe TÝnh tõ së §¹i tõ së T©n ng÷ x-ng h÷u h÷u I NhÊt/ Ýt My Mine me am ( I’m ) We NhÊt/nhiÒu Ours us are (We’re) Our You Hai Yours you are (You’re) Your They Ba / nhiÒu Theirs them are (They’re) Their He Ba / Ýt His him is (He’s ) His She Ba / Ýt Hers her is (She’s ) Her It Ba / Ýt its it is (It’s ) Its Tuú theo tõng tr-êng hîp mµ chuyÓn ®æi 1 ng-êi,1 vËt Ba / Ýt is cho hîp lÝ 2 ng-êi,2 vËt Ba /nhiÒu are ( nam hay n÷,sè Ýt hay sè nhiÒu…..) trë nªn Lµm chñ ng÷,sau nã th-êng lµ :tobe ,®éng tõ th-êng , ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu , trî ®éng tõ §TNX th-êng ®øng ®Çu c©u - §-îc chia theo chñ ng÷ C¸ch dïng Dïng ®Ó chØ sù së h÷u vÒ ng-êi hay vËt thuéc vÒ ai ®ã,ng-êi nµo ®ã. Sau TTSH ph¶i lµ danh tõ Chó ý tr-êng hîp ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt 4 §-îc dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho TTSH + danh tõ khi danh tõ ®ã ®· ®-îc nh¾c ®Õn Cã nghÜa gièng nh§TNX nh-ng ®-îc dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho §TNX trong 1 sè tr-êng hîp.T©n ng÷ th-êng ®øng sau §éng tõ th-êng,giíi tõ Së h÷u c¸ch Thªm ( ‘s ) vµo ®»ng sau danh tõ hoÆc tªn riªng. NÕu lµ danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ph¶i ®æi thµnh ( s’ ) Dïng nhTTSH nh-ng chØ dïng víi danh tõ hoÆc tªn riªng Ch-¬ng II C¸c th× vµ ®éng tõ I.DÊu hiÖu nhËn biÕt vµ C¸c quy t¾c : - DÊu hiÖu nhËn biÕt c¶u c¸c th× - C¸ch chia vµ tr×nh bµy ®¸p ¸n - C¸c quy t¾c quan träng : + Quy t¾c thªm “ s , es” sau ®éng tõ ( víi th× HT ®¬n ) + Quy t¾c thªm “ - ing” ( víi th× HTTD ) + Quy t¾c thªm “ ed “ ( víi th× Qu¸ khø ) + Quy t¾c ph¸t ©m ®u«i “ e,es” ; “ ed” + B¶ng ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c (kho¶ng 100 ®éng tõ th-êng gÆp ) 1. DÊu hiÖu nhËn biÕt : 1.1 .Th× hiÖn t¹i th-êng: + every ( day,week,morning……) : hµng ngµy , hµng tuÇn…. + after school : sau giê häc + free time : thêi gian r¶nh rçi + each : mçi + C¸c tr¹ng tõ tÇn suÊt : Always,usually,often,sometimes,never……. + Hµnh ®éng diÔn t¶ sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn 1.2.Th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn: + now : b©y giê + at the moment : vµo lóc nµy + at present : hiÖn b©y giê + at this time : vµo thêi ®iÓm nµy + while: trong khi + Look ! nh×n k×a + Listen ! : nghe nµy 1.3.Th× t-¬ng lai gÇn: * C¸ch dïng: + Dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ ý ®Þnh,kÕ ho¹ch hoÆc quyÕt ®Þnh tr-íc lóc nãi + DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë t-¬ng lai gÇn + Dù ®o¸n sù viÖc ( ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ra ) dùa vµo dÊu hiÖu ë hiÖn t¹i * D©ó hiÖu: + next ( Monday , week , summer…) : Thø Hai tíi , tuÇn tíi , mïa hÌ tíi…. + tomorrow : Ngµy mai + this ( summer, weekend…) : mïa hÌ nµy , cuèi tuÇn nµy + tonight : tèi nay + DÊu hiÖu cô thÓ nµo ®ã 1. 4. Th× t-¬ng lai th-êng : + next (week,Monday,year…..) + tomorrow + tonight + in the future(trong t-¬ng lai) + soon + later + hope + thêi gian trong t-¬ng lai( in 2011). * So s¸nh gi÷a T-¬ng lai th-êng vµ T-¬ng lai gÇn : + Gièng nhau : §Òu diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t-¬ng lai + Kh¸c nhau : Th× t-¬ng lai gÇn diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ch¾c ch¾n sÏ s¶y ra dùa vµo nh÷ng dÊu hiÖu cô thÓ Vd : There are many black clouds in the sky . It ( rain ) > It is going to rain Vd : I have bought a new book. I ( read ) > I am going to read 1.5. Th× Qu¸ Khø th-êng : 5 + yesterday : H«m qua + last ( Sunday , week , summer…..) : Chñ nhËt tr-íc , tuÇn tr-íc , mïa hÌ tr-íc……….. + ( a day , two weeks ….) ago : 1 ngµy tr-íc ®©y , 2 tuÇn tr-íc………. + in + thêi gian trong qu¸ khø + Mèc thêi gian trong qu¸ khø 1.6. Th× Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn: * C¸ch dïng : DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng s¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm cô thÓ trong qu¸ khø DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®ang s¶y ra th× hµnh ®éng kh¸c xen vµo DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng cïng ®ang s¶y ra trong qu¸ khø + At + giê cô thÓ trong qu¸ khø ( at 10 o’ clock last night ) + At this time + dÊu hiÖu trong qu¸ khø ( at this time yesterday ) + While ( trong khi ): While + S1 + was / were + V(ing) , S2 + was/were + V(ing) + When (khi , th×..) When + S1 + V(past) , S2 + was/were + V(ing) hoÆc S1+ was/were + V(ing) when S2 + V(past) 1.7.Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh : C¸ch dïng : * DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø kh«ng nhí râ vÒ thêi gian * DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng võa x¶y ra : th-êng ®i kÌm víi just , lately , recently * Hà nh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i hay thãi quen : several times , four times , three times….. * Diễn tả mối liªn hÖ gi÷a qu¸ khứ với hiện tại :before , so far , up till now , up to the present , it’ s the first time , ever , yet , already , * Diễn tả hà nh động xảy ra trong qu¸ khứ vẫn cßn tiếp tục đến hiện tại : since , for DÊu hiÖu : DÊu hiÖu since For Already yet never nghÜa Tõ,tõ khi ®-îc,kho¶ng Råi,®· råi Ch-a,vÉn ch-a Ch-a tõng,ch-a bao giê D¹ng K§,P§,NV K§,P§,NV K® P®,nv K®,nv vÞ trÝ Tr-íc mèc thêi gian Tr-íc kho¶ng thêi gian Cuèi c©u hoÆc tr-íc PII Cuèi c©u Tr-íc PII ever before just Recently lately Till now Up to now Up to the present Till now Several times It is ( first,second..) times ®· tõng Tr-íc ®©y,tr-íc ®ã Võa , v÷a míi GÇn ®©y , míi ®©y K®,nv K§,P§,NV K§ , NV K®,p®,nv Tr-íc PII Cu«i c©u Tr-íc PII Cuèi c©u,sau chñ ng÷ Cho ®Õn b©y giê K®,p®,nv Cuèi c©u Vµi lÇn råi LÇn ®Çu tiªn,lÇn thø hai……… K§ , NV K®,nv Cuèi c©u ®Çu c©u,cuèi c©u 2. C¸c quy t¾c : 2.1 . Quy t¾c thªm “ s,es” + NÕu S lµ ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ ®-îc chia b»ng c¸ch thªm “ s , es “ + Nh÷ng ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ : __sh , __ch , __o , __ss th× thªm “ es” + have chuyÓn thµnh has + §éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ “ y” ,tr-íc “ y” lµ mét phô ©m th× chuyÓn “ y” thµnh “ i” vµ thªm “ es” Vd : fly > flies 2.2. Quy t¾c thªm “ ing” : 6 + Th«ng th-êng ta chØ viÖc thªm ®u«i “ ing” sau ®éng tõ + NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ “ e “ , ta bá e” råi thªm “ ing” + NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ 1 phô ©m , tr-íc phô ©m ®ã lµ 1 nguyªn ©m th× ta gÊp ®«i phô ©m ®ã nªn råi thªm “ ing” (trõ phô ©m Y) 2.3 Quy t¾c thªm “ ed “ : + th«ng th-êng ta chØ viÖc thªm ed vµo sau ®éng tõ + NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ e + NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ 1 phô ©m , tr-íc phô ©m lµ 1 nguyªn ©m th× ta gÊp ®«i phô ©m ®ã lªn råi thªm ed + NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ y , tr-íc nã lµ 1 phô ©m th× ta chuyÓn y thµnh i råi thªm ed 2.4 Quy t¾c ph¸t ©m ®u«i “ s, es” - ES ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /iz/ khi nã ®øng sau ch , sh , s , ss , ce , ge , se , x - §u«i ‘ S “ : “ s “ ®-îc ®äc lµ “ s” khi nã ®øng sau c¸c ©m ho¾c ch÷ c¸i sau : + / p / p , pe + / f / f , fe , gh , ph + / t / t , te , + / k / k , ke + / / th - §u«i S ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /z/ khi nã nh÷ng tõ cßn l¹i 2.5 Quy t¾c ph¸t ©m ®u«i “ ED” : - ED ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /id/ khi nã ®øng sau : t vµ d - ED ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /t/ khi nã ®øng sau ch÷ c¸i : p , f , ph , gh , s , x , ce , sh , ch , k - ED ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /d/ khi nã ®øng sau nh÷ng ©m cßn l¹i II. §éng tõ TOBE : - §éng tõ TOBE ®-îc chia ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ lµ “ be” - Tïy theo tõng th× vµ chñ ng÷ mµ nã ®-îc chia nh- sau : + Th× HTT vµ HTTD : am , is , are ( xem trang 4 ) + Th× T-¬ng lai : will be , shall be + Th× Qu¸ Khø : was , were + Th× HTHT : have/has been + Trong cÊu tróc víi WISH , ®éng tõ tobe ®-îc dïng lµ WERE - Tõ lo¹i ®i kÌm víi ®éng tõ tobe lµ ADJ hoÆc N hay ADV §«i khi còng cã thÓ lµ V(3/ed) víi d¹ng c©u bÞ ®éng III. §éng tõ th-êng : - Tïy theo th× vµ chñ ng÷ vµ cÊu tróc c©u, ®éng tõ ®-îc chi ë c¸c d¹ng sau + HTT : Ng«i Thø 3 sè Ýt : V(s,es) Trî §T : does C¸c ng«i kh¸c : V(inf) Trî §T : do + HTTD : am , is , are + V(ing) + QKT : V(ed) , V(bqt) Trî §T : did + QKTD : was , were + V(ing) + T-¬ng lai : will , shall + V(inf) + HTHT : have , has + V(3/ed) , V(bqt) + §TKT : V(inf) + Theo cÊu tróc c©u : V(inf) , V(ing) , to V(inf) (xem phÇn c¸c d¹ng cña ®éng tõ ) - §i kÌm víi ®éng tõ th-êng cã thÓ lµ ADV , O… (xem thªm c¸ch chia vµ tr×nh bµy) IV. §éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu (§TKT) : - Can ; Could : cã thÓ - May ; Might : cã thÓ , cã lÏ - Have to ; has to ; had to: ph¶i (lµm g× ®ã do yÒu cÇu kh¸ch quan) - Must : ph¶i ( b¶n th©n ph¶i lµm ®iÒu ®ã ) - Should ; had better ; ought to : nªn - Will ; shall ; would : sÏ Sau §TKT lµ ®éng tõ ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ ( be ; V(inf) ) 7 PhÇn II kiÕn thøc träng t©m Ch-¬ng I C¸c d¹ng cña ®éng tõ A. Kh¸i qu¸t : - D¹ng cña ®éng tõ ®-îc biÕn ®æi trong c¸c th× - Ngoµi ra nã ®-îc biÕn ®æi theo cÊu tróc ng÷ ph¸p - Khi biÕn ®æi theo cÊu tróc th× nã th-êng ë c¸c d¹ng sau : + Danh ®éng tõ : V( ing ) + §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ kh«ng “ to” : V(inf) + §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ cã “ to” : to + V(inf) B. C¸c d¹ng cña ®éng tõ trong cÊu tróc : 1. Danh ®éng tõ : V(ing) - §éng tõ cã d¹ng V(ing) khi nã 1.1 §-îc dïng lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u : vd : Learning English is difficult Häc TiÕng Anh th× khã 1.2 §øng sau mét sè ®éng tõ ( v1 ) sau : * CÊu tróc : S + V1 (chia theo th×) + V(ing) Like Dislike Love Hate Enjoy Avoid Stop Mind Admit Miss Consider Finish Imagine Deny Suggest Practice Regret Keep Spend Can’ t stand Find smell 1.3 §øng sau giíi tõ sau : - NÕu ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ th× th-êng ®-îc chia ë d¹ng V(ing) trõ giíi tõ “ to” * CÊu tróc : S + tobe(chia) + ………… giíi tõ + V(ing) Good at Interested in Excited about Fed up with Instead of Tired of Pround of * CÊu tróc : S+ V(chia) + Suceed Look Insit Think Dream Apologise giíi tõ in forward to on of / about of for + 8 V(ing) Get used to * CÊu tróc : S+ V(chia) + O + giíi tõ + Accuse of Suspect of Congratulate on Prevent from Stop from Thank for Forgive for Warm against * Sau mét sè giíi tõ kh¸c : - before , after , by , without * Trong cÊu tróc: - S + prefer(s) + V(ing) + to + V(ing) + What about + V(ing) ? 1.4 Trong mét sè thµnh ng÷ : - It is no use / good + V(ing) - There is no point in + V(ing) - It is (not) worth + V(ing) : th¹t lµ ®¸ng, kh«ng ®¸ng lµm g× ®ã - S + have(chia) difficulty in + V(ing) - It is waste of time / money…. + V(ing) : thËt lµ l·ng phÝ… - S + spend(chia) time + V(ing) - Mét sè ®éng tõ ë d¹ng “ ing” khi nã ®i víi ®éng tõ “ go” - S + go(chia) + V(ing) 1.5 Sö dông trong hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ : Vd : I can see a boy . He is playing soccer > I can see a boy playing soccer 2. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ kh«ng “to” : V(inf) - §éng tõ ®-îc chia ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ kh«ng “ to” khi : 2.1 §øng sau ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu : S + §TKT + V(inf) - §TKT gåm : can , could , may , might , must , should , would , have to 2.2 Sau mét sè ®éng tõ : * CÊu tróc : S+ V(chia) + O+ V(inf) Help Let Make See Feel Hear Taste Notice 2.3 Trong c¸c cÊu tróc sau : - Let’ s + V(inf) - Why don’ t we + V ? - S + would rather + V + than V : thµ lµm viÖc nµy h¬n lµm viÖc kia - in order to + V - so as to + V - S + would rather (not) + V 9 V(ing) - S + had better ( not ) + V - Don’ t + V ! 3. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ cã “to” : - §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ cã “ to” khi : 3.1 §øng ®Çu c©u ®Ó chØ môc ®Ých : To V….. , Vd : To become a good students , I must try my best 3.2 §øng sau mét sè ®éng tõ : * CÊu tróc : S+ V(chia) + to + V Agree prefer Promise Manage Learn(how) Decide Arrange Afford Hope Seem Fail Attemp Offer Plan Dare Tend Pretend want * CÊu tróc : S+ V(chia) + O to + V Want Ask Expect Help Mean Intend Would like Would prefer Tell Remind Force Persuade Warn Invite Teach Advise Encourage Allow Permit 3.3 Trong cÊu tróc : Tõ ®Ó hái + to + V( inf ) 4. C¸c tr-êng hîp ®Æc biÖt : 4.1 start : - S + start(chia) + V(ing) : - S + start(chia) + to + V(inf) : 4.2 remember : - S + remember(chia) + V(ing) : nhí l¹i ®iÒu g× ®· lµm - S + remember(chia) + to + V(inf) : nhí sÏ lµm viÖc g× ®ã ( tr-íc khi lµm nã ) 4.3 see : - S + see(chia) + O + V(inf) : nh×n , chøng kiÕn ai ®ã lµm g× tõ ®µu ®Õn cuèi - S + see(chia) + O + V(ing) : nh×n thÊy ai ®ã ®ang lµm (dë dang )viÖc g× ®ã - mét sè ®éng tõ sau còng ®-îc dïng t-¬ng tù : watch , listen , hear .Riªng smell vµ find th× chØ dïng V(ing) 4.4 try : - S + try(chia) + V(ing) : thö lµm g× ®ã - S + try(chia) + to + V(inf) : cè g¾ng lµm g× ®ã 4.5 need : - S + need(chia) + to + V(inf) : Ai ®ã cÇn ph¶i lµm viÖc g× - S + need(chia) + V(ing) : ai ®ã , c¸i g× ®ã cÇn ®-îc lµm g× ®ã ( mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng ) 4.6 afraid : - S + tobe(chia) + afraid to + V(inf) : Ai ®ã sî lµm viÖc g× ®ã - S + tobe(chia) + afraid of + V(ing) : Ai ®ã e / sî ®iÒu g× ®ã sÏ x¶y ra 4.7 stop : 10 - S + stop(chia) + V(ing) : dõng lµm viÖc g× ®ã - S + stop(chia) + to + V(inf) : dõng lµm viÖc nµy l¹i ®Ó lµm viÖc kh¸c Ch-¬ng II C©u trùc tiÕp gi¸n tiÕp 1. C©u gi¸n tiÕp ( indirect speech ) : - Lµ c©u mang tÝnh chÊt t-êng thuËt l¹i , kÓ l¹i …lêi nãi cña ng-êi nµy cho ng-êi kh¸c nghe - Tuú theo ng÷ c¶nh mµ ta sö dông tõ t-êng thuËt cho ®óng 2. Mét sè qui t¾c khi chuyÓn tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang gi¸n tiÕp : 2.1 Qui t¾c lïi th× vµ tõ : Trùc tiÕp Th× This these now here today tomorrow yesterday can may Have / must will my I me You ( lµm chñ ng÷ ) You ( lµm t©n ng÷ ) Gi¸n tiÕp Lïi 1 th× That Those Then There That day The following day/ the next day The day before Could Might Had to Would His / her / my He / she / I Him / her / me He / she / I / they / we Me / him / her Ghi chó Xem thªm ë 2.2 ®©y – kia Nh÷ng c¸i nµy – nh÷ng c¸i kia B©y giê – sau ®ã ë ®©y – ë kia H«m nay – h«m ®ã Ngµy mai – ngµy kÕ tiÕp H«m qua – ngµy h«m tr-íc Ph¶i Tuú tõng tr-êng hîp mµ chuyÓn ®æi cho ®óng víi nghÜa , vµ t×nh huèng cña c©u(xem 2.2) 2.2 C¸ch chuyÓn ®æi mét sè thµnh phÇn khi chuyÓn sang gi¸n tiÕp : - D¹ng tæng qu¸t cña c©u trùc tiÕp : “………………………” S + said to/told/asked…+ C©u trùc tiÕp ng-êi nãi ®éng tõ t-êng thuËt O ng-êi nghe * NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp cã : We , I , me , us , my , our th× nh÷ng tõ nµy ph¶i chuyÓn ®æi phô thuéc vµo S * NÕu c©u TT cã : you , your th× chóng ph¶i chuyÓn ®æi phô thuéc vµo O (ng-êi nghe ) * Tr-íc khi chuyÓn ®æi ta ph¶i ®Ó ý xem t¹i vÞ trÝ cÇn chuyÓn ®æi(ë c©u gi¸n tiÕp) cÇn tõ lo¹i nµo th× ta ph¶i chuyÓn ®æi sang tõ lo¹i ®ã (xem trang 4 ) Vd : “ Can you help me with my luggage ?” She said to him Ph©n tÝch : + §©y lµ c©u ®Ò nghÞ .CÊu tróc cÇn dïng lµ : S + asked + O + to + V(inf) + you phô thuéc vµo him,theo cÊu tróc trªn sau ASKED ta cÇn 1 O ,trong khi ®ã you lµ §¹i tõ nh©n x-ng lµm S.V©þ ta ph¶i chuyÓn you thµnh O t-¬ng øng lµ him + me phô thuéc vµo she,nh-ng t¹i vÞ trÝ ®ã(sau help) ph¶i dïng 1 O mµ she l¹i lµ §TNX VËy ta ph¶i chuyÓn §TNX she thµnh O t-¬ng øng cña nã.§ã lµ her + my phô thuéc vµo she.t¹i vÞ trÝ ®ã cÇn TTSH.vËy ph¶i chuyÓn my theo she thµnh her VËy víi c©u trªn ta lµm nh- sau : “ Can you help me with my luggest ?” She said to him 11 She asked him to help her with her luggage 2.2 Mét sè l-u ý khi chuyÓn tõ trùc tiÕp sang gi¸n tiÕp : - Th«ng th-êng ta hay dïng c¸c tõ sau : said , told , asked , beg , order , ... tuú theo t×nh huèng - NÕu ta ®ang t-êng thuËt mét ®iÒu g× ®ã lu«n ®óng , 1 s- thËt hiÓn nhiªn , 1 ch©n lÝ th× ta kh«ng cÇn lïi th× cña ®éng tõ * Nh÷ng cÊu tróc th-êng dïng ®Ó t-êng thuËt : - S + told + O + (not ) to + V(inf) = B¶o ( ra lÖnh ) ai ®ã lµm ( kh«ng lµm ) viÖc g× ®ã - S + asked + O + (not) to + V(inf) = §Ò nghÞ ( yªu cÇu ) ai ®ã lµm ( kh«ng lµm ) viÖc g× ®ã - S + advised + O + (not) to + V(inf) = Khuyªn ai ®ã lµm ( kh«ng lµm ) viÖc g× ®ã - S + warned + O + (not) to + V(inf) = C¶nh b¸o ai ®ã lµm ( kh«ng lµm ) viÖc g× ®ã - S + invited + O + to + V(inf) = Mêi ai ®ã lµm viÖc g× ®ã - TOLD vµ ASKED cã thÓ dïng nh- nhau trong nh÷ng cÊu tróc d-íi ®©y 3. C¸c tr-êng hîp chuyÓn : 3.1 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ c©u mÖnh lÖnh kh¼ng ®Þnh : Trùc tiÕp : “ V ………….. “ Gi¸n tiÕp : S + told + O + to + V(inf)……………. 3.2 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ c©u mÖnh lÖnh phñ ®Þnh : Trùc tiÕp : “ Don’t + V …….. “ Gi¸n tiÕp : S + told + O + not to + V(inf)………………. - NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp mang tÝnh chÊt c¶nh b¸o , r¨n ®e th× dïng “ warned “ thay cho “ told” 3.3 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ lêi yªu cÇu ë d¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh : Trùc tiÕp :“ Please + V ……….“ hoÆc “ Would / Will / Can / Could + S + V……………? “ Gi¸n tiÕp : S + asked + O + to + V(inf)………….. 3.4 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ lêi yªu cÇu ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh : Trùc tiÕp : “ Please + don’t + V +………….“ Gi¸n tiÕp : S + asked + O + not to + V(inf)…………. 3.5 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ lêi khuyªn : - C©u trùc tiÕp lµ lêi khuyªn th-êng cã c¸c tõ sau : should / had better / ought to / Why don’t….. C©u gi¸n tiÕp : S + advised + O + (not) to + V(inf) S + said (that) + S should / had better / ought to + V(inf) should / had better / ought to + not 3.6 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ c©u trÇn thuËt , c©u kÓ b×nh th-êng : Trùc tiÕp : “ S + V(chia) …………….. “ ( c©u mang tÝnh chÊt b×nh th-êng ) Gi¸n tiÕp : S1 + said + S2 + V(chia lïi 1 th× ) 12 NÕu S1 vµ S2 lµ 1 ng-êi S1 + said that + S2 + V(chia lïi 1 th× ) NÕu S1 vµ S2 lµ 2 ng-êi kh¸c nhau ( xem thªm phÇn 4 ) 3.7 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ d¹ng c©u hái Yes / No ( d¹ng ®¶o ) : Trùc tiÕp : “ Are / Is / Do / Does / Did / Can / Will / …+ S + V……….? “ Gi¸n tiÕp : S + asked + O + if / wether + S2 + V(chia lïi 1 th× ) 3.8 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ c©u hái cã tõ ®Ó hái : Trùc tiÕp : “ Tõ hái + tobe + S + …………….? “ Gi¸n tiÕp : S + asked + O + Tõ hái + S2 + was / were Trùc tiÕp : “ Tõ hái + do/does/did/will/have + S + V ? “ Gi¸n tiÕp : S + asked + O + Tõ hái + S2 + V(chia lïi 1 th× ) ( Víi 3.6 , 3.7 , 3.8 S2 ch×nh lµ S cña c©u trùc tiÕp ) 4. Chó ý : * §Ò bµi cã thÓ viÕt : ( Víi §éng tõ TOBE ) ( Víi §éng tõ Th-êng) “…………………….” He said to me hay He said to me “……………………..” hay “ ……………………..” said he to me - Dï viÕt theo c¸ch nµo th× vÉn chØ lµ mét * Trong d¹ng c©u trÇn thuËt :NÕu trong c©u xuÊt hiÖn 2 – 3 ®èi t-îng ( S , O hoÆc TTSH..) mµ chóng kh«ng cã sù liªn hÖ chuyÓn ®æi lÉn nhau ( nh- phÇn 2.2 ®· nªu ) th× ta th-êng dïng cÊu tróc sau : S + told + O + that + S +…………………….. HoÆc S + said to + O + that + s +…………………… Vd : “ Tuan is a sudent “ . She said to me ( ta thÊy Tuan , she vµ me kh«ng cã sù liªn hÖ víi nhau ) She told me that Tuan was a student She said to me that Tuan was a student 13 Ch-¬ng III D¹ng bÞ ®éng I. Kh¸i niÖm : * ThÓ chñ ®éng : Chñ ng÷ cña c©u lµ ng-êi (hoÆc vËt) thùc hiÖn,g©y ra hµnh ®éng * ThÓ bÞ ®éng : Chñ ng÷ cña c©u lµ ng-êi (hay vËt) nhËn hµnh ®éng,chÞu t¸c ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng II C¸c kiÕn thøc liªn quan : - N¾m râ vÒ c¸c th× ®· häc - Sù chuyÓn ®æi gi÷a : §TNX T¢N NG÷ I me We us You you They them He him She her it it * C¸c tr-êng hîp kh¸c S vµ O ®-îc gi÷ nguyªn - §éng tõ “ tobe” cña c¸c th× : Th× tobe HiÖn t¹i th-êng+ HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn Am , is , are T-¬ng lai th-êng Will be Qu¸ khø th-êng + Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn Was , were HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh Have been , has been Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh Had been III. C¸c b-íc chuyÓn tõ C©u chñ ®éng sang C©u bÞ ®éng : - X¸c ®Þnh th× cña c©u - X¸c ®Þnh d¹ng - X¸c ®Þnh chÝnh x¸c t©n ng÷ ( cña c©u chñ ®éng ) B1 : LÊy t©n ng÷ (cña c©u chñ ®éng) lµm chñ ng÷ (cña c©u bÞ ®éng) B2 : T×m ®éng tõ tobe t-¬ng øng cho chñ ng÷(cña c©u bÞ ®éng) B3 : ChuyÓn ®éng tõ(cña c©u chñ ®éng) sang qu¸ khø ph©n tõ(cña c©u bÞ ®éng) B3 : ViÕt bæ sung c¸c tõ sau qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (nÕu cã) B4 : LÊy chñ ng÷ (cña c©u chñ ®éng) lµm t©n ng÷ (cña c©u bÞ ®éng) vµ viÕt sau tõ BY * Chó ý : - X¸c ®Þnh t©n ng÷ : T©n ng÷( O ) th-êng ®øng sau ®éng tõ ( V ) vµ lµ ®èi t-îng chÞu t¸c ®éng chÝnh tõ hµnh ®éng ®ã - NÕu chñ ng÷ (trong c©u chñ ®éng ) lµ : everyone , someone , somebody , everybody , anyone , people…th× ta kh«ng cÇn viÕt BY + O trong c©u bÞ ®éng n÷a IV. C¸c d¹ng bÞ ®éng : * KÝ hiÖu : - NV1 : c©u hái kh«ng cã tõ hái - NV2 : c©u hái cã tõ ®Ó hái - PII : ®éng tõ ph©n tõ II 1 D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× hiÖn t¹i th-êng : a. K§ : C©u C§ S + V(s/es) 14 + O b. P§ c. NV1 : d. NV2 C©u B§ S + tobe(chia) + PII C§ S + don’t / doesn’t + V(inf) + B§ S + tobe + not + PII + by + O C§ Do / Does + S + V(inf) + O? B§ Tobe + S + PII + by + O ? C§ Tõ hái + do / does + S + V + B§ Tõ hái + tobe PII + by + O ? + S + 2. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn : + K§ : S + tobe + being + PII + by + O + P§ : S + tobe + not + being + PII + by + O + NV1 Tobe + S + being + PII + by + O ? + NV2 Tõ hái + tobe + S + being + PII + by + O ? 3. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× t-¬ng lai th-êng : + K§ : S + will + be + PII + by + O + P§ : S + will not + be + PII + by + O + NV1 Will + S + be + PII + by + O ? +NV2 Tõ hái + will + S + be + PII + by + O ? 4. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× qu¸ khø th-êng : + K§ : S + was / were + PII + by + O + P§ : S + wasn’ t / weren’ t + PII + by + O + NV1 Was /Were + S + PII + by + O ? + NV2 Tõ hái + was /were + S + PII + by + O ? 5. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn : + P§ : S + was / were + being + PII + by + O + P§ : S + wasn’ t / weren’ t + being + PII + by + O + NV1 Was / Were + S + being + PII + by + O ? + NV2 Tõ hái + was / were + S + being + PII + by + O ? 6. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh : + K§ : S + have / has + been + PII + by + O + P§ : S + haven’ t / hasn’ t + been + PII + by + O + NV Have / Has + S + been + PII + by + O ? + NV2 Tõ hái + have / has + S + been + PII + by + O ? 7. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh : + K§ S + had been + PII + by + O + P§ : S + had not been + PII + by + O + NV1 Had + S + been + PII + by + O ? + NV2 Tõ hái + had + S + been + PII + by + O ? 8. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu : 15 + by + O O O? - C¸c ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu : can , could , may , must , have to , ought to , should , would , will , might .. + K§ S + §TKT + be + PII + by + O + P§ S + §TKT + not + be + PII + by + O + NV1 §TKT + S + be + PII + by + O ? + NV2 Tõ hái §TKT + S + be + PII + by + O ? 9. D¹ng bÞ ®éng trong c©u cã 2 t©n ng÷ : - C©u chñ ®éng th-êng cã d¹ng sau : S + V(chia) + O1 + O2 gi¸n tiÕp ) Víi tr-êng hîp nµy ta cã 2 c¸ch chuyÓn s¹ng bÞ ®éng + C¸ch 1 : Dïng t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp lµm Chñ ng÷ - C©u C§ : S + V(chia) + O1 + O2 - C©u B§ : S + tobe(chia) + PII + O2 + C¸ch 2 : Dïng t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp lµm chñ ng÷ : + V(chia) + O1 - C©u C§ : S - C©u B§ : S + tobe(chia) + PII ( O1 lµ t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp , O2 lµ t©n ng÷ + by + O + O2 + to + O1 + by + O 10. D¹ng bÞ ®éng víi “ It was said that………” + C©u chñ ®éng : S1 + said / thought / believed / ….. + that + S2 + V(chia) - C©u bÞ ®éng 1 : It was said that + S2 + V(chia) - C©u bÞ ®éng 2 : S2 + was / were + said + to + V(inf) * NÕu vÕ sau “that” cña c©u chñ ®éng ë th× qu¸ khø th-êng th× khi dïng c©u bÞ ®éng d¹ng 2 , sau “to” ta ph¶i thªm “have” cßn V chuyÓn thµnh PII 11. D¹ng bÞ ®éng víi “make” : (Ai ®ã bÞ sai khiÕn ,b¾t buéc lµm viÖc g× ®ã ) + C©u chñ ®éng : S + make(chia) + O1 + V(inf) + O2 + C©u bÞ ®éng : S + tobe(chia) +made 16 + to + V(inf) + O2 + by + O Ch-¬ng IV §iÒu -íc I.C¸c d¹ng c©u ®iÒu -íc : 1. §iÒu -íc ë hiÖn t¹i : - Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mong -íc cña ai ®ã vÒ mét ®iÒu g× ®ã kh«ng cã thËt hoÆc kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra hay kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®-îc ë hiÖn t¹i - CÊu tróc : * Víi ®éng tõ “ tobe” D¹ng K§ S + wish(es) + S + were +………….. D¹ng P§ S + wish(es) + S + were not………… * Víi ®éng tõ th-êng D¹ng K§ S + wish(es) + S + V(past) D¹ng P§ S + wish(es) + S + didn’t + V(inf) * Víi th× tiÕp diÔn : S + wish(es) + S + tobe + V(ing) + Chó ý : §éng tõ “ tobe” were ®-îc dïng víi tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i 2. §iÒu -íc trong t-¬ng lai : - DiÔn t¶ mong muèn ®iÒu g× sÏ s¶y ra hoÆc muèn ai ®ã lµm ®iÒu g× ®ã - CÊu tróc : * Víi ®éng tõ “ tobe” K§ S + wish(es) + S + would /could /should be +…………….. P§ S + wish(es) + S + would /could /should + not + be +………… * Víi ®éng tõ th-êng K§ S + wish(es) + S + would /could/should + V(inf) P§ S + wish(es) + S + would /could/should + not + V(inf) 3. §iÒu -íc ë qu¸ khø : - DiÔn t¶ mong -íc vÒ ®iÒu g× ®ã ®· x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø hoÆc sù hèi tiÕc vÒ mét ®iÒu g× ®ã ®· kh«ng x¶y ra - CÊu tróc : * Víi ®éng tõ “ tobe” K§ S + wish(es) + S + had been +…………….. P§ S + wish(es) + S + had + not + been +………… * Víi ®éng tõ th-êng K§ S + wish(es) + S + had PII P§ S + wish(es) + S + had + not + PII * Chó ý : Ta cã thÓ dïng If only (gi¸ nh- ) / would rather that (thÝch h¬n) ®Ó thay cho S + wish(es) II. Mét sè tr-êng hîp kh¸c (Th-êng ®-îc sö dông trong d¹ng viÕt l¹i c©u ): D¹ng C©u cho s½n cã d¹ng : 1 S + am / is / are + ……………………. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S + am / is / are + not………………... S + V(s/es) …….. S + don’t / doesn’t + V(inf) …….. S + can + V(inf) S + can’t + V(inf) S + have to / has to / must + V(inf) S + don’t have to / mustn’t + V(inf) doesn’t S + will + V(inf) S + will not + V(inf) 9 10 * Chó ý : C©u viÕt l¹i víi wish S’ + wish(es) + S + were not +……………… S’ + wish(es) + S + were + ……………. S’ + wish(es) + S + didn’t + V(inf) ……. S’ + wish(es) + S + V(past) ……. S’ + wish(es) + S + couldn’t + V(inf) S’ + wish(es) + S + could + V(inf) S’ + wish(es) + S + didn’t have to + V(inf) S’ + wish(es) + S + had to + V(inf) S’ + wish(es) + S + wouldn’t + V(inf) S’ + wish(es) + S + would + V(inf) S ®øng sau wish(es) ë c©u viÕt l¹i chÝnh lµ S lÊy tõ c©u cho s½n S’ lµ chñ ng÷ ®-îc gîi ý ®Ó viÕt l¹i,cã thÓ trïng hoÆc kh«ng trïng víi S ë c©u cho s½n Th-êng c©u cho s½n ë d¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh th× c©u viÕt l¹i ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh vµ ng-îc l¹i 17 Ch-¬ng V c©u ®iÒu kiÖn I. Lý thuyết. - Một câu điều kiện thường có hai mệnh đề là mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề phụ . Mệnh đề phụ có thể đặt trước hoặc mệnh đề chính. II. Các loại câu điều kiện : - Có 3 loại câu điều kiện: 1.Câu điều kiện 1 : - điều kiện có thể xảy ra . If + S + V(HT) + O , S + Will/ Shall + V(inf) + O S + V(s,es) + O * eg: If I have time, I shall visit you. Jonh usually walks to school if he has enough time. If she eats much, she will be over weight. 2. Câu điều kiện 2 : - điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại. If + S + V(past) + O, S + would/ could + V(inf) + O  note: Tobe dùng Were cho tất cả các ngôi * eg: If I had much money , I would buy a new bicycle. If you practised English every day , you could speak it fluently. If I were you, I would not tell him about that. 3. Câu điều kiện 3: - điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ. If + S + had + V(3,ed) + O, S + would/ could + have + V(3,ed) + O * eg: If he had driven more carefully, he could have had fewer accidents. 4. Chú ý : Unless = if…not ( nếu không ) Eg: Unless it rains, we will go to the movie. ( If it does not rain , we will go to the movies) III .Bảng tóm tắt câu điều kiện. Loại Mệnh đề chính Mệnh đề phụ 1 Will Can + V (inf) V(s,es) May Shall 2 Could Would + V (inf) V(past) Should were Might 3 Could Would + have + V(3,ed) Had + V(3,ed) 18 Should Ch-¬ng VI mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ I. Kh¸i niÖm : - MÖnh ®Ò lµ m«t phÇn cña c©u . MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ( hay MÖnh ®Ò tÝnh tõ ) cho chóng biÕt ng-êi hay vËt nµo mµ ta muèn ¸m chØ II. Ph©n lo¹i : - C¸c mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ®-îc sö dông víi : §¹i tõ quan hÖ : WHO , WHOM , WHOSE , WHICH , THAT Tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ : WHEN , WHERE , WHY Giíi tõ + §¹i tõ quan hÖ III. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ víi : 1. §¹i tõ quan hÖ : 1.1 WHO : ng-êi mµ………. - Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ ( ®èi t-îng ) chØ ng-êi lµm CHñ ng÷ trong c©u thø hai * NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ O cña c©u thø nhÊt vµ lµ S cña c©u thø hai th× ta chØ viÖc bá S ®ã ®i vµ thay b»ng WHO vd: I know the boy . He is playing the piano O S I khow the boy who is playing the piano * NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña hai c©u : ta thay S cña c©u thø hai b»ng WHO vµ ®Æt c©u ®ã sau S cña c©u thø nhÊt Vd : The man came here yesterday . He is waiting on the room S S The man came here yesterday who is waiting on the room The man who is waiting on the room came here yesterday 1.2 WHOM : ng-êi mµ - Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho ®èi t-îng chØ ng-êi lµm O trong c©u thø hai * NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ O cña hai c©u : - Ta bá O cña c©u thø hai vµ thªm WHOM vµo sau O cña c©u thø nhÊt Vd : I met the girl . You helped her yesterday I met the girl whom you helped yesterday * NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña c©u thø nhÊt , lµ O cña c©u thø hai : - Ta bá O ®i , thªm WHOM vµo ®Çu c©u råi ®-a toµn bé c©u thø hai lªn ®øng sau S cña c©u thø nhÊt Vd : The woman is my aunt . We saw her last week The woman whom we saw last week is my aunt . - Chó ý : whom cã thÓ ®-îc bá 1.3 WHOSE : ….cña ng-êi mµ…. - Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho TÝnh tõ së h÷u , së h÷u c¸ch ( cña c©u sau ) - Cã thÓ thay cho vËt ( Whose = of Which ) - VÞ trÝ : ®øng gi÷a hai Danh tõ * NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña hai c©u : thay TTSH cña c©u thø 2 b»ng Whose vµ chuyÓn c¶ c©u ®ã sau S cña c©u thø 1: Vd : The man is a doctor . His shirt is white . The man whose shirt is white is a doctor * NÕu ®èi t-îng ®øng cuèi c©u thø nhÊt , ®Çu c©u thø hai : thay TTSH b»ng whose Vd Can you see the girl ? Her dress is blue 19 Can you see the girl whose dress is blue ? 1.4 WHICH : c¸i mµ…… a. Which dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho tõ chØ vËt lµm S trong c©u thø hai : - NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña hai c©u : thay S cña c©u thø 2 b»ng WHICH vµ chuyÓn c©u ®ã ®øng sau S cña c©u thø 1: Vd The book is very interesting. It is written in English The book which is written in English i s very interesting - NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ O cña c©u thø nhÊt , S cña c©u 2 : thay S cña c©u 2 b»ng WHICH Vd Can you give me the pen ? It is on the table Can you give me the pen which is on the table ? b. Which dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho vËt lµm O trong c©u thø hai : - NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña c©u 1, O cña c©u 2 : thay O cña c©u 2 b»ng Which vµ chuyÓn lªn ®Çu c©u 2 sau ®ã ®Æt c¶ c©u 2 ®øng sau S cña c©u 1 : Vd : The book is very interesting . I read it yesterday The book which I read yesterday is very interesting - NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ O cña 2 c©u : chuyÓn O cña c©u 2 thµnh which vµ ®-a lªn ®Çu c©u 2 Vd : I didn’ t find the pen . I bought it last week I didn’ t find the pen which I bought last week 1.5 THAT : mµ…. - Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho c¶ ng-êi vµ vËt lµ S hay O cña c©u thø hai * THAT th-êng ®-îc sö dông trong c¸c tr-êng hîp sau :  Khi ®èi t-îng gåm c¶ ng-êi vµ vËt : Ex: The girls and flowers that he painted were vivid.  Sau d¹ng so s¸nh nhÊt hoÆc sau S cã nh÷ng tõ nh- : the first, the last, the only, the very, any, all, nothing, anything, everything, few, nobody, … Ex : You are the person that I have been looking for. * THAT kh«ng ®-îc dïng trong c¸c tr-êng hîp sau :  §¹i tõ quan hÖ cã giíi tõ : The house in which / in that I live is my father’ s  Trong mÖnh ®Ò kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh : Viet Nam, which / that is in the south-east Asia, exports rice. 2. Tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ : 2.1 WHEN : khi mµ…. - Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho tõ hoÆc côm tõ chØ thêi gian : day , time , year , Monday…… - When ®-îc thay thÕ cho : on/in/at + which ( in/on/at + tõ , côm tõ chØ thêi gian ) - C¸ch lµm : ta chØ viÖc chuyÓn “ in/on/at + tõ , côm tõ chØ thêi gian” thµnh WHEN ( Tuú theo tõng tr-êng hîp mµ chuyÓn ®æi nh- c¸c §Þa tõ quan hÖ ) 2.2 WHERE : n¬i mµ….. - Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho tõ hoÆc côm tõ chØ n¬i chèn : city , village , place….. - Where ®-îc thay thÕ cho “ in/on/at + n¬i chèn” ( in/on/at + which) ( Tuú theo tõng tr-êng hîp mµ chuyÓn ®æi nh- c¸c §Þa tõ quan hÖ ) 2.3 WHY : t¹i sao… - Dïng ®Ó nèi c©u khi c©u tr-íc cã tõ “ the reason” - VÞ trÝ : ®øng ngay sau tõ “ the reason” Vd : I don’ t khow the reason . He didn’ t go to school I don’ t khow the reason why he didn’ t go to school 20
- Xem thêm -

Tài liệu liên quan