TµI LIÖU
tiÕng anh ¤N THI VµO
LíP 10
Tæng hîp c¸c d¹ng ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n vµ träng t©m
C¸c bµi tËp kÌm theo ( Tr¾c nghiÖm )
Mét sè ®Ò thi tham kh¶o vµo líp 10
Dïng cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ®èi t-îng häc sinh
KiÕn thøc c¬ b¶n
PhÇn I
Ch-¬ng I
tõ lo¹i vµ c¸c thµnh phÇn chÝnh trong c©u
I. Tõ lo¹i :
1. Danh tõ ( N ) :
Nãi chung Danh tõ trong tiÕng Anh còng gièng nh- trong tiÕng ViÖt ,nã chØ kh¸c vÒ mÆt ch÷ viÕt mµ th«i
VÝ dô trong tiÕng ViÖt : ng«i nhµ th× tiÕng Anh lµ: a house
+ Danh tõ cã thÓ ®-îc dïng lµm Chñ ng÷ , T©n ng÷
+ Danh tõ th-êng ®i kÌm bëi c¸c m¹o tõ ( a,an,the…) hay c¸c tÝnh tõ së h÷u ( my ,his ,her…)
1.1. Ph©n lo¹i Danh tõ :
Danh Tõ
§Õm ®-îc
Sè Ýt
Kh«ng ®Õm ®-îc
Sè nhiÒu
………..
………………..
DT chØ ng-êi
chØ vËt
…………
nghÒ nghiÖp
1.2. Danh tõ ®Õm ®-îc sè Ýt – sè nhiÒu :
- ChuyÓn DT sè Ýt sang sè nhiÒu :
+ Th«ng th-êng muèn chuyÓn tõ DT sè Ýt sang sè nhiÒu ta bá “a / an” tr-íc DT ®ã råi thªm “s” vµo sau DT
vd :
a book
books
an orange
oranges
+ NÕu DT cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ : _ch,_sh, _o,_x, _s,_ss, th× ta thªm “es”
vd :
a bench
benches
a class
classes
+ NÕu DT ®ã cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ “f” th× chuyÓn “ f” thµnh “ves”
vd :
shelf
shelves
+ Tr-êng hîp ®Æc biÖt : DT ®ã chuyÓn thµnh tõ kh¸c
vd :
foot
feet
tooth
teeth
* Mét sè DT lu«n ë d¹ng sè nhiÒu : people , parents , shoes , clothes ,boots
* Mét sè DT lu«n ë d¹ng sè Ýt : family , everyone , the sun , the moon ……
* Mét sè DT kh«ng ®Õm ®-îc : water , sugar , coffee , information , rice , ……..
1.3 Danh tõ víi tõ chØ sè l-îng , khèi l-îng , c©n ®ong ®o ®Õm :
M¹o tõ
NghÜa
Lo¹i danh tõ
D¹ng c©u
a
an
mét
mét
mét vµi,mét
chót
Ýt nµo,chót
any
nµo,… nµo
Mét sè tõ chØ sè l-îng
some
sè Ýt
sè Ýt(cã ch÷ c¸i ®Çu tiªn lµ 1
nguyªn ©m)
sè nhiÒu/Kh«ng ®Õm d-îc
K§,P§,NV
K§,P§,NV
K§
sè nhiÒu,sè Ýt/Kh«ng ®Õm d-îc
P§,NV
Lots of/ a lot of
NhiÒu
Sè nhiÒu / kh«ng ®Õm ®-îc
K§,P§,NV
Many
NhiÒu
Sè nhiÒu
K§,P§,NV
Few / a few
Vµi ,mét vµi
®Õm ®-îc sè nhiÒu
K§
2
Little / a little
Chót , mét chót
Kh«ng ®Õm ®-îc
2. TÝnh tõ (ADJ) vµ Tr¹ng tõ (ADV) :
* TÝnh tõ : Gåm tÝnh tõ ng¾n vµ tÝnh tõ dµi
2.1 VÞ trÝ cña tÝnh tõ trong c©u :
+ §øng sau ®éng tõ tobe
+ §øng tr-íc Danh tõ vµ bæ nghÜa cho Danh tõ
+ §øng sau ®éng tõ liªn kÕt : feel , sound, seem….
K§
vd : I am tall
vd : This is a big school
vd : She feels hot
2.2. TrËt tù cña tÝnh tõ ®øng liÒn nhau trong c©u :
NÕu trong c©u cã nhiÒu tÝnh tõ ®øng gÇn nhau th× ph¶i tu©n theo trËt tù sau :
tÝnh chÊt
kÝch th-íc
mµu s¾c +
N
Vd : I live in a beautiful
small
white
house
* Tr¹ng tõ :
Gåm : - Tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian : everyday , in the morning…..
- Tr¹ng tõ chØ n¬i chèn : here , there , inside
- Tr¹ng tõ chØ tÇn suÊt : always , often..
- Tr¹ng tõ thÓ c¸ch…..: well , fast , quickly….
- Chóng ta l-u ý nhÊt víi tr¹ng tõ tÇn suÊt vµ thÓ c¸ch :
+ ADV tÇn suÊt ®øng sau TOBE , tr-íc §éng tõ th-êng
+ ADV thÓ c¸ch th-êng ®øng sau ®éng tõ th-êng ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho ®éng tõ
Vd : He speaks English fluently
+ ADV thÓ c¸ch cã thÓ ®øng tr-íc ADJ
Vd : He is completely kind
3. Giíi tõ (PREP) :
* Mét sè giíi tõ c¬ b¶n vµ c¸ch sö dông :
3.1. Giíi tõ chØ thêi gian :
a. IN ( vµo ) Dïng víi :
+ C¸c buæi trong ngµy : in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening
+ Th¸ng hoÆc N¨m : in June, in 2009
C¶ th¸nh vµ n¨m : in June 2009
+ C¸c mïa : in the summer,in the winter ……..
+ Kho¶ng thêi gian : in a few minutes , in two weeks……..
b. ON
Dïng víi:
+ C¸c thø trong tuÇn : on Monday, on Sunday………., on Sunday mornings…
+ Ngµy trong th¸ng,c¶ ngµy vµ th¸ng : on 12 th, on 20 July
+ on the weekend
+ go on vacation
c. AT
Dïng víi :
+ Giê : at 7 o’ clock
+ at night , at noon , at Christmas , at midnight , at midday
d. Mét sè giíi tõ kh¸c :
+ after 6 o’ clock
+ before : before meal
+ between…….and………….
+ from………….to………….
3.2. Giíi tõ chØ vÞ trÝ :
a. IN
Dïng víi :
+ Tªn th«n,x·,huyÖn,tØnh,n-íc
+ in the country,in the city
+ in the house.in the park,in the garden,………..
+ in a factory, in a hospital,……
b. ON :
3
+ on the table, on the second floor, on a farm,
+ on………..street : on Ba Trieu street
c. AT :
+ at home.at school, at work ,at a bus stop
+ at ( sè nhµ) street :
at 10 Ba Trieu street
3.3. Mét sè giíi tõ kh¸c :
- between , near, next to ,opposite , behind, to the left of ,to the right of, in front of, after(sau) ,before(tr-íc) ,
from……..to…….(tõ…..®Õn…) , by , without ….
- Giíi tõ cã thÓ ®øng sau mét sè §éng tõ , Adj…:
vd : look after , kind of , amount of………..
4. §éng tõ :
- Cã 3 lo¹i ®éng tõ : 1/ §éng tõ “ tobe” : be
am , is , are
was , were
2/ §éng tõ th-êng : go , see , eat , have , come , buy…..
3/ §éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu : can , could , may , might , should , have to , would….
- C¸c ®éng tõ nµy ®-îc biÕn ®æi ( chia ) cho phï hîp víi th× , chñ ng÷ hoÆc cÊu tróc cña c©u
II. C¸c thµnh phÇn chÝnh trong c©u :
1. Chñ ng÷ (S) :
- Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ §¹i tõ nh©n x-ng : I , we , she ….
- Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ Danh tõ chØ ng-êi , vËt
- Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ mét tõ hay mét côm tõ
2. T©n ng÷ (O) :
- Cã 7 t©n ng÷ (xem b¶ng d-íi)
vd : I saw him last night
- T©n ng÷ cã thÓ lµ danh tõ , côm danh tõ
vd : He bought a lot of flowers yesterday
- T©n ng÷ cã thÓ lµ Danh tõ riªng
vd : I will meet Hoa tomorrow
§¹i tõ nh©n Ng«i/Sè
§éng tõ tobe
TÝnh tõ së
§¹i tõ së
T©n ng÷
x-ng
h÷u
h÷u
I
NhÊt/ Ýt
My
Mine
me
am ( I’m )
We
NhÊt/nhiÒu
Ours
us
are (We’re) Our
You
Hai
Yours
you
are (You’re) Your
They
Ba / nhiÒu
Theirs
them
are (They’re) Their
He
Ba / Ýt
His
him
is
(He’s ) His
She
Ba / Ýt
Hers
her
is
(She’s ) Her
It
Ba / Ýt
its
it
is
(It’s ) Its
Tuú theo tõng tr-êng hîp mµ chuyÓn ®æi
1 ng-êi,1 vËt Ba / Ýt
is
cho hîp lÝ
2 ng-êi,2 vËt Ba /nhiÒu
are
( nam hay n÷,sè Ýt hay sè nhiÒu…..)
trë nªn
Lµm chñ ng÷,sau nã th-êng lµ
:tobe ,®éng tõ th-êng , ®éng
tõ khuyÕt thiÕu , trî ®éng tõ
§TNX th-êng ®øng ®Çu c©u
-
§-îc chia theo
chñ ng÷
C¸ch dïng
Dïng ®Ó chØ
sù së h÷u vÒ
ng-êi hay
vËt thuéc vÒ
ai ®ã,ng-êi
nµo ®ã.
Sau TTSH
ph¶i lµ danh
tõ
Chó ý tr-êng hîp ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt
4
§-îc dïng
®Ó thay thÕ
cho TTSH
+ danh tõ
khi danh tõ
®ã ®· ®-îc
nh¾c ®Õn
Cã nghÜa
gièng nh§TNX nh-ng
®-îc dïng ®Ó
thay thÕ cho
§TNX trong
1 sè tr-êng
hîp.T©n ng÷
th-êng ®øng
sau §éng tõ
th-êng,giíi tõ
Së h÷u c¸ch
Thªm ( ‘s )
vµo ®»ng sau
danh tõ hoÆc
tªn riªng.
NÕu lµ danh
tõ sè nhiÒu
th× ph¶i ®æi
thµnh
( s’ )
Dïng nhTTSH nh-ng
chØ dïng víi
danh tõ hoÆc
tªn riªng
Ch-¬ng II
C¸c th× vµ ®éng tõ
I.DÊu hiÖu nhËn biÕt vµ C¸c quy t¾c :
- DÊu hiÖu nhËn biÕt c¶u c¸c th×
- C¸ch chia vµ tr×nh bµy ®¸p ¸n
- C¸c quy t¾c quan träng :
+ Quy t¾c thªm “ s , es” sau ®éng tõ ( víi th× HT ®¬n )
+ Quy t¾c thªm “ - ing” ( víi th× HTTD )
+ Quy t¾c thªm “ ed “ ( víi th× Qu¸ khø )
+ Quy t¾c ph¸t ©m ®u«i “ e,es” ; “ ed”
+ B¶ng ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c (kho¶ng 100 ®éng tõ th-êng gÆp )
1. DÊu hiÖu nhËn biÕt :
1.1 .Th× hiÖn t¹i th-êng:
+ every ( day,week,morning……) : hµng ngµy , hµng tuÇn….
+ after school : sau giê häc
+ free time : thêi gian r¶nh rçi
+ each : mçi
+ C¸c tr¹ng tõ tÇn suÊt : Always,usually,often,sometimes,never…….
+ Hµnh ®éng diÔn t¶ sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn
1.2.Th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn:
+ now : b©y giê
+ at the moment : vµo lóc nµy
+ at present : hiÖn b©y giê
+ at this time : vµo thêi ®iÓm nµy
+ while: trong khi
+ Look ! nh×n k×a
+ Listen ! : nghe nµy
1.3.Th× t-¬ng lai gÇn:
* C¸ch dïng:
+ Dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ ý ®Þnh,kÕ ho¹ch hoÆc quyÕt ®Þnh tr-íc lóc nãi
+ DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë t-¬ng lai gÇn
+ Dù ®o¸n sù viÖc ( ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ra ) dùa vµo dÊu hiÖu ë hiÖn t¹i
* D©ó hiÖu:
+ next ( Monday , week , summer…) : Thø Hai tíi , tuÇn tíi , mïa hÌ tíi….
+ tomorrow : Ngµy mai
+ this ( summer, weekend…) : mïa hÌ nµy , cuèi tuÇn nµy
+ tonight :
tèi nay
+ DÊu hiÖu cô thÓ nµo ®ã
1. 4. Th× t-¬ng lai th-êng :
+ next (week,Monday,year…..)
+ tomorrow
+ tonight
+ in the future(trong t-¬ng lai)
+ soon
+ later
+ hope
+ thêi gian trong t-¬ng lai( in 2011).
* So s¸nh gi÷a T-¬ng lai th-êng vµ T-¬ng lai gÇn :
+ Gièng nhau : §Òu diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t-¬ng lai
+ Kh¸c nhau : Th× t-¬ng lai gÇn diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ch¾c ch¾n sÏ s¶y ra dùa vµo nh÷ng dÊu hiÖu cô thÓ
Vd : There are many black clouds in the sky . It ( rain )
> It is going to rain
Vd : I have bought a new book. I ( read )
> I am going to read
1.5. Th× Qu¸ Khø th-êng :
5
+ yesterday : H«m qua
+ last ( Sunday , week , summer…..)
: Chñ nhËt tr-íc , tuÇn tr-íc , mïa hÌ tr-íc………..
+ ( a day , two weeks ….) ago
: 1 ngµy tr-íc ®©y , 2 tuÇn tr-íc……….
+ in + thêi gian trong qu¸ khø
+ Mèc thêi gian trong qu¸ khø
1.6. Th× Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn:
* C¸ch dïng :
DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng s¶y ra t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm cô thÓ trong qu¸ khø
DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®ang s¶y ra th× hµnh ®éng kh¸c xen vµo
DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng cïng ®ang s¶y ra trong qu¸ khø
+ At + giê cô thÓ trong qu¸ khø ( at 10 o’ clock last night )
+ At this time + dÊu hiÖu trong qu¸ khø ( at this time yesterday )
+ While ( trong khi ): While + S1 + was / were + V(ing) , S2 + was/were + V(ing)
+ When (khi , th×..) When + S1 + V(past) , S2 + was/were + V(ing)
hoÆc S1+ was/were + V(ing) when S2 + V(past)
1.7.Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh :
C¸ch dïng :
* DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø kh«ng nhí râ vÒ thêi gian
* DiÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng võa x¶y ra : th-êng ®i kÌm víi just , lately , recently
* Hà nh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i hay thãi quen : several times , four times , three times…..
* Diễn tả mối liªn hÖ gi÷a qu¸ khứ với hiện tại :before , so far , up till now , up to the present , it’ s the
first time , ever , yet , already ,
* Diễn tả hà nh động xảy ra trong qu¸ khứ vẫn cßn tiếp tục đến hiện tại : since , for
DÊu hiÖu :
DÊu hiÖu
since
For
Already
yet
never
nghÜa
Tõ,tõ khi
®-îc,kho¶ng
Råi,®· råi
Ch-a,vÉn ch-a
Ch-a tõng,ch-a bao giê
D¹ng
K§,P§,NV
K§,P§,NV
K®
P®,nv
K®,nv
vÞ trÝ
Tr-íc mèc thêi gian
Tr-íc kho¶ng thêi gian
Cuèi c©u hoÆc tr-íc PII
Cuèi c©u
Tr-íc PII
ever
before
just
Recently
lately
Till now
Up to now
Up to the present
Till now
Several times
It is ( first,second..)
times
®· tõng
Tr-íc ®©y,tr-íc ®ã
Võa , v÷a míi
GÇn ®©y , míi ®©y
K®,nv
K§,P§,NV
K§ , NV
K®,p®,nv
Tr-íc PII
Cu«i c©u
Tr-íc PII
Cuèi c©u,sau chñ ng÷
Cho ®Õn b©y giê
K®,p®,nv
Cuèi c©u
Vµi lÇn råi
LÇn ®Çu tiªn,lÇn thø
hai………
K§ , NV
K®,nv
Cuèi c©u
®Çu c©u,cuèi c©u
2. C¸c quy t¾c :
2.1 . Quy t¾c thªm “ s,es”
+ NÕu S lµ ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ ®-îc chia b»ng c¸ch thªm “ s , es “
+ Nh÷ng ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ : __sh , __ch , __o , __ss th× thªm “ es”
+ have chuyÓn thµnh has
+ §éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ “ y” ,tr-íc “ y” lµ mét phô ©m th× chuyÓn “ y” thµnh “ i” vµ thªm “ es”
Vd : fly > flies
2.2. Quy t¾c thªm “ ing” :
6
+ Th«ng th-êng ta chØ viÖc thªm ®u«i “ ing” sau ®éng tõ
+ NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ “ e “ , ta bá e” råi thªm “ ing”
+ NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ 1 phô ©m , tr-íc phô ©m ®ã lµ 1 nguyªn ©m th× ta gÊp ®«i phô
©m ®ã nªn råi thªm “ ing” (trõ phô ©m Y)
2.3 Quy t¾c thªm “ ed “ :
+ th«ng th-êng ta chØ viÖc thªm ed vµo sau ®éng tõ
+ NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ e
+ NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ 1 phô ©m , tr-íc phô ©m lµ 1 nguyªn ©m th× ta gÊp ®«i phô ©m
®ã lªn råi thªm ed
+ NÕu ®éng tõ cã ch÷ c¸i cuèi cïng lµ y , tr-íc nã lµ 1 phô ©m th× ta chuyÓn y thµnh i råi thªm ed
2.4 Quy t¾c ph¸t ©m ®u«i “ s, es”
- ES ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /iz/ khi nã ®øng sau ch , sh , s , ss , ce , ge , se , x
- §u«i ‘ S “ : “ s “ ®-îc ®äc lµ “ s” khi nã ®øng sau c¸c ©m ho¾c ch÷ c¸i sau :
+ / p / p , pe
+ / f / f , fe , gh , ph
+ / t / t , te ,
+ / k / k , ke
+ / / th
- §u«i S ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /z/ khi nã nh÷ng tõ cßn l¹i
2.5 Quy t¾c ph¸t ©m ®u«i “ ED” :
- ED ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /id/ khi nã ®øng sau : t vµ d
- ED ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /t/ khi nã ®øng sau ch÷ c¸i : p , f , ph , gh , s , x , ce , sh , ch , k
- ED ®-îc ph¸t ©m lµ /d/ khi nã ®øng sau nh÷ng ©m cßn l¹i
II. §éng tõ TOBE :
- §éng tõ TOBE ®-îc chia ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ lµ “ be”
- Tïy theo tõng th× vµ chñ ng÷ mµ nã ®-îc chia nh- sau :
+ Th× HTT vµ HTTD : am , is , are ( xem trang 4 )
+ Th× T-¬ng lai :
will be , shall be
+ Th× Qu¸ Khø :
was , were
+ Th× HTHT :
have/has been
+ Trong cÊu tróc víi WISH , ®éng tõ tobe ®-îc dïng lµ WERE
- Tõ lo¹i ®i kÌm víi ®éng tõ tobe lµ ADJ hoÆc N hay ADV
§«i khi còng cã thÓ lµ V(3/ed) víi d¹ng c©u bÞ ®éng
III. §éng tõ th-êng :
- Tïy theo th× vµ chñ ng÷ vµ cÊu tróc c©u, ®éng tõ ®-îc chi ë c¸c d¹ng sau
+ HTT :
Ng«i Thø 3 sè Ýt : V(s,es)
Trî §T : does
C¸c ng«i kh¸c : V(inf)
Trî §T : do
+ HTTD :
am , is , are + V(ing)
+ QKT :
V(ed) , V(bqt)
Trî §T : did
+ QKTD :
was , were + V(ing)
+ T-¬ng lai : will , shall + V(inf)
+ HTHT :
have , has + V(3/ed) , V(bqt)
+ §TKT :
V(inf)
+ Theo cÊu tróc c©u : V(inf) , V(ing) , to V(inf)
(xem phÇn c¸c d¹ng cña ®éng tõ )
- §i kÌm víi ®éng tõ th-êng cã thÓ lµ ADV , O…
(xem thªm c¸ch chia vµ tr×nh bµy)
IV. §éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu (§TKT) :
- Can ; Could : cã thÓ
- May ; Might : cã thÓ , cã lÏ
- Have to ; has to ; had to: ph¶i (lµm g× ®ã do yÒu cÇu kh¸ch quan)
- Must : ph¶i ( b¶n th©n ph¶i lµm ®iÒu ®ã )
- Should ; had better ; ought to : nªn
- Will ; shall ; would : sÏ
Sau §TKT lµ ®éng tõ ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ ( be ; V(inf) )
7
PhÇn II
kiÕn thøc träng t©m
Ch-¬ng I
C¸c d¹ng cña ®éng tõ
A. Kh¸i qu¸t :
- D¹ng cña ®éng tõ ®-îc biÕn ®æi trong c¸c th×
- Ngoµi ra nã ®-îc biÕn ®æi theo cÊu tróc ng÷ ph¸p
- Khi biÕn ®æi theo cÊu tróc th× nã th-êng ë c¸c d¹ng sau :
+ Danh ®éng tõ :
V( ing )
+ §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ kh«ng “ to” : V(inf)
+ §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ cã “ to” :
to + V(inf)
B. C¸c d¹ng cña ®éng tõ trong cÊu tróc :
1. Danh ®éng tõ : V(ing)
- §éng tõ cã d¹ng V(ing) khi nã
1.1 §-îc dïng lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u :
vd : Learning English is difficult
Häc TiÕng Anh th× khã
1.2 §øng sau mét sè ®éng tõ ( v1 ) sau :
* CÊu tróc :
S
+
V1 (chia theo th×)
+
V(ing)
Like
Dislike
Love
Hate
Enjoy
Avoid
Stop
Mind
Admit
Miss
Consider
Finish
Imagine
Deny
Suggest
Practice
Regret
Keep
Spend
Can’ t stand
Find
smell
1.3 §øng sau giíi tõ sau :
- NÕu ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ th× th-êng ®-îc chia ë d¹ng V(ing) trõ giíi tõ “ to”
* CÊu tróc :
S + tobe(chia) + …………
giíi tõ
+
V(ing)
Good
at
Interested
in
Excited
about
Fed
up with
Instead
of
Tired
of
Pround
of
* CÊu tróc :
S+
V(chia) +
Suceed
Look
Insit
Think
Dream
Apologise
giíi tõ
in
forward to
on
of / about
of
for
+
8
V(ing)
Get used
to
* CÊu tróc :
S+
V(chia) +
O + giíi tõ
+
Accuse
of
Suspect
of
Congratulate
on
Prevent
from
Stop
from
Thank
for
Forgive
for
Warm
against
* Sau mét sè giíi tõ kh¸c :
- before , after , by , without
* Trong cÊu tróc:
- S + prefer(s) + V(ing) + to + V(ing)
+ What about + V(ing) ?
1.4 Trong mét sè thµnh ng÷ :
- It is no use / good + V(ing)
- There is no point in + V(ing)
- It is (not) worth + V(ing) : th¹t lµ ®¸ng, kh«ng ®¸ng lµm g× ®ã
- S + have(chia) difficulty in + V(ing)
- It is waste of time / money…. + V(ing) : thËt lµ l·ng phÝ…
- S + spend(chia) time + V(ing)
- Mét sè ®éng tõ ë d¹ng “ ing” khi nã ®i víi ®éng tõ “ go”
- S + go(chia) + V(ing)
1.5 Sö dông trong hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ :
Vd : I can see a boy . He is playing soccer
> I can see a boy playing soccer
2. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ kh«ng “to” : V(inf)
- §éng tõ ®-îc chia ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ kh«ng “ to” khi :
2.1 §øng sau ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu :
S
+ §TKT
+ V(inf)
- §TKT gåm : can , could , may , might , must , should , would , have to
2.2 Sau mét sè ®éng tõ :
* CÊu tróc :
S+
V(chia)
+
O+
V(inf)
Help
Let
Make
See
Feel
Hear
Taste
Notice
2.3 Trong c¸c cÊu tróc sau :
- Let’ s + V(inf)
- Why don’ t we + V ?
- S + would rather + V + than V : thµ lµm viÖc nµy h¬n lµm viÖc kia
- in order to + V
- so as to + V
- S + would rather (not) + V
9
V(ing)
- S + had better ( not ) + V
- Don’ t + V !
3. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ cã “to” :
- §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ cã “ to” khi :
3.1 §øng ®Çu c©u ®Ó chØ môc ®Ých :
To V….. ,
Vd : To become a good students , I must try my best
3.2 §øng sau mét sè ®éng tõ :
* CÊu tróc :
S+
V(chia)
+
to
+
V
Agree
prefer
Promise
Manage
Learn(how) Decide
Arrange
Afford
Hope
Seem
Fail
Attemp
Offer
Plan
Dare
Tend
Pretend
want
* CÊu tróc :
S+
V(chia)
+
O
to
+
V
Want
Ask
Expect
Help
Mean
Intend
Would like
Would prefer
Tell
Remind
Force
Persuade
Warn
Invite
Teach
Advise
Encourage
Allow
Permit
3.3 Trong cÊu tróc :
Tõ ®Ó hái
+ to + V( inf )
4. C¸c tr-êng hîp ®Æc biÖt :
4.1 start :
- S + start(chia) + V(ing) :
- S + start(chia) + to + V(inf) :
4.2 remember :
- S + remember(chia) + V(ing) : nhí l¹i ®iÒu g× ®· lµm
- S + remember(chia) + to + V(inf) : nhí sÏ lµm viÖc g× ®ã ( tr-íc khi lµm nã )
4.3 see :
- S + see(chia) + O + V(inf) : nh×n , chøng kiÕn ai ®ã lµm g× tõ ®µu ®Õn cuèi
- S + see(chia) + O + V(ing) : nh×n thÊy ai ®ã ®ang lµm (dë dang )viÖc g× ®ã
- mét sè ®éng tõ sau còng ®-îc dïng t-¬ng tù : watch , listen , hear .Riªng smell vµ find th× chØ dïng V(ing)
4.4 try :
- S + try(chia) + V(ing) :
thö lµm g× ®ã
- S + try(chia) + to + V(inf) : cè g¾ng lµm g× ®ã
4.5 need :
- S + need(chia) + to + V(inf) : Ai ®ã cÇn ph¶i lµm viÖc g×
- S + need(chia) + V(ing) : ai ®ã , c¸i g× ®ã cÇn ®-îc lµm g× ®ã ( mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng )
4.6 afraid :
- S + tobe(chia) + afraid to + V(inf) : Ai ®ã sî lµm viÖc g× ®ã
- S + tobe(chia) + afraid of + V(ing) : Ai ®ã e / sî ®iÒu g× ®ã sÏ x¶y ra
4.7 stop :
10
- S + stop(chia) + V(ing) :
dõng lµm viÖc g× ®ã
- S + stop(chia) + to + V(inf) : dõng lµm viÖc nµy l¹i ®Ó lµm viÖc kh¸c
Ch-¬ng II
C©u trùc tiÕp gi¸n tiÕp
1. C©u gi¸n tiÕp ( indirect speech ) :
- Lµ c©u mang tÝnh chÊt t-êng thuËt l¹i , kÓ l¹i …lêi nãi cña ng-êi nµy cho ng-êi kh¸c nghe
- Tuú theo ng÷ c¶nh mµ ta sö dông tõ t-êng thuËt cho ®óng
2. Mét sè qui t¾c khi chuyÓn tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang gi¸n tiÕp :
2.1 Qui t¾c lïi th× vµ tõ :
Trùc tiÕp
Th×
This
these
now
here
today
tomorrow
yesterday
can
may
Have / must
will
my
I
me
You ( lµm chñ ng÷ )
You ( lµm t©n ng÷ )
Gi¸n tiÕp
Lïi 1 th×
That
Those
Then
There
That day
The following day/ the next day
The day before
Could
Might
Had to
Would
His / her / my
He / she / I
Him / her / me
He / she / I / they / we
Me / him / her
Ghi chó
Xem thªm ë 2.2
®©y – kia
Nh÷ng c¸i nµy – nh÷ng c¸i kia
B©y giê – sau ®ã
ë ®©y – ë kia
H«m nay – h«m ®ã
Ngµy mai – ngµy kÕ tiÕp
H«m qua – ngµy h«m tr-íc
Ph¶i
Tuú tõng tr-êng hîp mµ chuyÓn ®æi
cho ®óng víi nghÜa , vµ t×nh huèng
cña c©u(xem 2.2)
2.2 C¸ch chuyÓn ®æi mét sè thµnh phÇn khi chuyÓn sang gi¸n tiÕp :
- D¹ng tæng qu¸t cña c©u trùc tiÕp :
“………………………”
S
+
said to/told/asked…+
C©u trùc tiÕp
ng-êi nãi
®éng tõ t-êng thuËt
O
ng-êi nghe
* NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp cã : We , I , me , us , my , our th× nh÷ng tõ nµy ph¶i chuyÓn ®æi phô thuéc vµo S
* NÕu c©u TT cã : you , your th× chóng ph¶i chuyÓn ®æi phô thuéc vµo O (ng-êi nghe )
* Tr-íc khi chuyÓn ®æi ta ph¶i ®Ó ý xem t¹i vÞ trÝ cÇn chuyÓn ®æi(ë c©u gi¸n tiÕp) cÇn tõ lo¹i nµo th× ta ph¶i
chuyÓn ®æi sang tõ lo¹i ®ã (xem trang 4 )
Vd : “ Can you help me with my luggage ?” She said to him
Ph©n tÝch :
+ §©y lµ c©u ®Ò nghÞ .CÊu tróc cÇn dïng lµ : S + asked + O + to + V(inf)
+ you phô thuéc vµo him,theo cÊu tróc trªn sau ASKED ta cÇn 1 O ,trong khi ®ã you
lµ §¹i tõ nh©n x-ng lµm S.V©þ ta ph¶i chuyÓn you thµnh O t-¬ng øng lµ him
+ me phô thuéc vµo she,nh-ng t¹i vÞ trÝ ®ã(sau help) ph¶i dïng 1 O mµ she l¹i lµ §TNX
VËy ta ph¶i chuyÓn §TNX she thµnh O t-¬ng øng cña nã.§ã lµ her
+ my phô thuéc vµo she.t¹i vÞ trÝ ®ã cÇn TTSH.vËy ph¶i chuyÓn my theo she thµnh her
VËy víi c©u trªn ta lµm nh- sau :
“ Can you help me with my luggest ?” She said to him
11
She
asked him to help
her
with
her luggage
2.2 Mét sè l-u ý khi chuyÓn tõ trùc tiÕp sang gi¸n tiÕp :
- Th«ng th-êng ta hay dïng c¸c tõ sau : said , told , asked , beg , order , ... tuú theo t×nh huèng
- NÕu ta ®ang t-êng thuËt mét ®iÒu g× ®ã lu«n ®óng , 1 s- thËt hiÓn nhiªn , 1 ch©n lÝ th× ta kh«ng cÇn lïi th×
cña ®éng tõ
* Nh÷ng cÊu tróc th-êng dïng ®Ó t-êng thuËt :
- S + told + O + (not ) to + V(inf)
= B¶o ( ra lÖnh ) ai ®ã lµm ( kh«ng lµm ) viÖc g× ®ã
- S + asked + O + (not) to + V(inf)
= §Ò nghÞ ( yªu cÇu ) ai ®ã lµm ( kh«ng lµm ) viÖc g× ®ã
- S + advised + O + (not) to + V(inf)
= Khuyªn ai ®ã lµm ( kh«ng lµm ) viÖc g× ®ã
- S + warned + O + (not) to + V(inf)
= C¶nh b¸o ai ®ã lµm ( kh«ng lµm ) viÖc g× ®ã
- S + invited + O + to + V(inf)
= Mêi ai ®ã lµm viÖc g× ®ã
- TOLD vµ ASKED cã thÓ dïng nh- nhau trong nh÷ng cÊu tróc d-íi ®©y
3. C¸c tr-êng hîp chuyÓn :
3.1 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ c©u mÖnh lÖnh kh¼ng ®Þnh :
Trùc tiÕp :
“ V ………….. “
Gi¸n tiÕp :
S + told + O + to + V(inf)…………….
3.2 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ c©u mÖnh lÖnh phñ ®Þnh :
Trùc tiÕp :
“ Don’t + V …….. “
Gi¸n tiÕp :
S + told + O + not to + V(inf)……………….
- NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp mang tÝnh chÊt c¶nh b¸o , r¨n ®e th× dïng “ warned “ thay cho “ told”
3.3 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ lêi yªu cÇu ë d¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh :
Trùc tiÕp :“ Please + V ……….“
hoÆc “ Would / Will / Can / Could + S + V……………? “
Gi¸n tiÕp :
S + asked + O + to + V(inf)…………..
3.4 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ lêi yªu cÇu ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh :
Trùc tiÕp :
“ Please + don’t + V +………….“
Gi¸n tiÕp :
S + asked + O + not to + V(inf)………….
3.5 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ lêi khuyªn :
- C©u trùc tiÕp lµ lêi khuyªn th-êng cã c¸c tõ sau : should / had better / ought to / Why don’t…..
C©u gi¸n tiÕp :
S + advised + O + (not) to + V(inf)
S + said (that) + S should / had better / ought to
+ V(inf)
should / had better / ought to + not
3.6 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ c©u trÇn thuËt , c©u kÓ b×nh th-êng :
Trùc tiÕp :
“ S + V(chia) …………….. “ ( c©u mang tÝnh chÊt b×nh th-êng )
Gi¸n tiÕp :
S1 + said + S2 + V(chia lïi 1 th× )
12
NÕu S1 vµ S2 lµ 1 ng-êi
S1 + said that + S2 + V(chia lïi 1 th× )
NÕu S1 vµ S2 lµ 2 ng-êi kh¸c nhau
( xem thªm phÇn 4 )
3.7 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ d¹ng c©u hái Yes / No ( d¹ng ®¶o ) :
Trùc tiÕp :
“ Are / Is / Do / Does / Did / Can / Will / …+ S + V……….? “
Gi¸n tiÕp :
S + asked + O + if / wether + S2 + V(chia lïi 1 th× )
3.8 NÕu c©u trùc tiÕp lµ c©u hái cã tõ ®Ó hái :
Trùc tiÕp :
“ Tõ hái + tobe + S + …………….? “
Gi¸n tiÕp :
S + asked + O + Tõ hái + S2 + was / were
Trùc tiÕp :
“ Tõ hái + do/does/did/will/have + S + V ? “
Gi¸n tiÕp :
S + asked + O + Tõ hái + S2 + V(chia lïi 1 th× )
( Víi 3.6 , 3.7 , 3.8
S2 ch×nh lµ S cña c©u trùc tiÕp )
4. Chó ý :
* §Ò bµi cã thÓ viÕt :
( Víi §éng tõ TOBE )
( Víi §éng tõ Th-êng)
“…………………….” He said to me
hay
He said to me “……………………..”
hay
“ ……………………..” said he to me
- Dï viÕt theo c¸ch nµo th× vÉn chØ lµ mét
* Trong d¹ng c©u trÇn thuËt :NÕu trong c©u xuÊt hiÖn 2 – 3 ®èi t-îng ( S , O hoÆc TTSH..) mµ chóng
kh«ng cã sù liªn hÖ chuyÓn ®æi lÉn nhau ( nh- phÇn 2.2 ®· nªu ) th× ta th-êng dïng cÊu tróc sau :
S + told + O + that + S +……………………..
HoÆc
S + said to + O + that + s +……………………
Vd : “ Tuan is a sudent “ . She said to me
( ta thÊy Tuan , she vµ me kh«ng cã sù liªn hÖ víi nhau )
She told me that Tuan was a student
She said to me that Tuan was a student
13
Ch-¬ng III
D¹ng bÞ ®éng
I. Kh¸i niÖm :
* ThÓ chñ ®éng : Chñ ng÷ cña c©u lµ ng-êi (hoÆc vËt) thùc hiÖn,g©y ra hµnh ®éng
* ThÓ bÞ ®éng : Chñ ng÷ cña c©u lµ ng-êi (hay vËt) nhËn hµnh ®éng,chÞu t¸c ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng
II C¸c kiÕn thøc liªn quan :
- N¾m râ vÒ c¸c th× ®· häc
- Sù chuyÓn ®æi gi÷a :
§TNX
T¢N NG÷
I
me
We
us
You
you
They
them
He
him
She
her
it
it
* C¸c tr-êng hîp kh¸c S vµ O ®-îc gi÷ nguyªn
- §éng tõ “ tobe” cña c¸c th× :
Th×
tobe
HiÖn t¹i th-êng+ HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn
Am , is , are
T-¬ng lai th-êng
Will be
Qu¸ khø th-êng + Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn
Was , were
HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh
Have been , has been
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh
Had been
III. C¸c b-íc chuyÓn tõ C©u chñ ®éng sang C©u bÞ ®éng :
- X¸c ®Þnh th× cña c©u
- X¸c ®Þnh d¹ng
- X¸c ®Þnh chÝnh x¸c t©n ng÷ ( cña c©u chñ ®éng )
B1 : LÊy t©n ng÷ (cña c©u chñ ®éng) lµm chñ ng÷ (cña c©u bÞ ®éng)
B2 : T×m ®éng tõ tobe t-¬ng øng cho chñ ng÷(cña c©u bÞ ®éng)
B3 : ChuyÓn ®éng tõ(cña c©u chñ ®éng) sang qu¸ khø ph©n tõ(cña c©u bÞ ®éng)
B3 : ViÕt bæ sung c¸c tõ sau qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (nÕu cã)
B4 : LÊy chñ ng÷ (cña c©u chñ ®éng) lµm t©n ng÷ (cña c©u bÞ ®éng) vµ viÕt sau tõ BY
* Chó ý :
- X¸c ®Þnh t©n ng÷ : T©n ng÷( O ) th-êng ®øng sau ®éng tõ ( V ) vµ lµ ®èi t-îng chÞu t¸c ®éng chÝnh tõ hµnh
®éng ®ã
- NÕu chñ ng÷ (trong c©u chñ ®éng ) lµ : everyone , someone , somebody , everybody , anyone , people…th×
ta kh«ng cÇn viÕt BY + O trong c©u bÞ ®éng n÷a
IV. C¸c d¹ng bÞ ®éng :
* KÝ hiÖu :
- NV1 : c©u hái kh«ng cã tõ hái
- NV2 : c©u hái cã tõ ®Ó hái
- PII : ®éng tõ ph©n tõ II
1 D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× hiÖn t¹i th-êng :
a. K§ :
C©u C§
S
+
V(s/es)
14
+
O
b. P§
c. NV1 :
d. NV2
C©u B§
S
+
tobe(chia) + PII
C§
S
+
don’t / doesn’t + V(inf)
+
B§
S
+
tobe + not + PII
+
by + O
C§
Do / Does
+
S
+
V(inf) +
O?
B§
Tobe
+
S
+
PII
+
by + O ?
C§
Tõ hái +
do / does + S
+
V
+
B§
Tõ hái +
tobe
PII
+
by + O ?
+ S +
2. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn :
+ K§ :
S + tobe + being + PII + by + O
+ P§ :
S + tobe + not + being + PII + by + O
+ NV1
Tobe + S + being + PII + by + O ?
+ NV2
Tõ hái + tobe + S + being + PII + by + O ?
3. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× t-¬ng lai th-êng :
+ K§ :
S + will + be + PII + by + O
+ P§ :
S + will not + be + PII + by + O
+ NV1
Will + S + be + PII + by + O ?
+NV2
Tõ hái + will + S + be + PII + by + O ?
4. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× qu¸ khø th-êng :
+ K§ :
S + was / were + PII + by + O
+ P§ :
S + wasn’ t / weren’ t + PII + by + O
+ NV1
Was /Were + S + PII + by + O ?
+ NV2
Tõ hái + was /were + S + PII + by + O ?
5. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn :
+ P§ :
S + was / were + being + PII + by + O
+ P§ :
S + wasn’ t / weren’ t + being + PII + by + O
+ NV1
Was / Were + S + being + PII + by + O ?
+ NV2
Tõ hái + was / were + S + being + PII + by + O ?
6. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh :
+ K§ :
S + have / has + been + PII + by + O
+ P§ :
S + haven’ t / hasn’ t + been + PII + by + O
+ NV
Have / Has + S + been + PII + by + O ?
+ NV2
Tõ hái + have / has + S + been + PII + by + O ?
7. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh :
+ K§
S + had been + PII + by + O
+ P§ :
S + had not been + PII + by + O
+ NV1
Had + S + been + PII + by + O ?
+ NV2
Tõ hái + had + S + been + PII + by + O ?
8. D¹ng bÞ ®éng cña ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu :
15
+
by +
O
O
O?
- C¸c ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu : can , could , may , must , have to , ought to , should , would , will , might ..
+ K§
S + §TKT + be + PII + by + O
+ P§
S + §TKT + not + be + PII + by + O
+ NV1
§TKT + S + be + PII + by + O ?
+ NV2
Tõ hái §TKT + S + be + PII + by + O ?
9. D¹ng bÞ ®éng trong c©u cã 2 t©n ng÷ :
- C©u chñ ®éng th-êng cã d¹ng sau :
S + V(chia) + O1 + O2
gi¸n tiÕp )
Víi tr-êng hîp nµy ta cã 2 c¸ch chuyÓn s¹ng bÞ ®éng
+ C¸ch 1 : Dïng t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp lµm Chñ ng÷
- C©u C§ :
S + V(chia) + O1 + O2
- C©u B§ :
S + tobe(chia) + PII + O2
+ C¸ch 2 : Dïng t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp lµm chñ ng÷ :
+
V(chia) + O1
- C©u C§ :
S
- C©u B§ :
S + tobe(chia) + PII
( O1 lµ t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp , O2 lµ t©n ng÷
+ by + O
+
O2
+ to + O1
+ by + O
10. D¹ng bÞ ®éng víi “ It was said that………”
+ C©u chñ ®éng :
S1 + said / thought / believed / ….. + that + S2 + V(chia)
- C©u bÞ ®éng 1 : It was said that + S2 + V(chia)
- C©u bÞ ®éng 2 : S2 + was / were + said + to + V(inf)
* NÕu vÕ sau “that” cña c©u chñ ®éng ë th× qu¸ khø th-êng th× khi dïng c©u bÞ ®éng d¹ng 2 , sau “to” ta
ph¶i thªm “have” cßn V chuyÓn thµnh PII
11. D¹ng bÞ ®éng víi “make” : (Ai ®ã bÞ sai khiÕn ,b¾t buéc lµm viÖc g× ®ã )
+ C©u chñ ®éng :
S + make(chia) + O1
+ V(inf) +
O2
+ C©u bÞ ®éng :
S + tobe(chia) +made
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+
to + V(inf)
+ O2
+ by + O
Ch-¬ng IV
§iÒu -íc
I.C¸c d¹ng c©u ®iÒu -íc :
1. §iÒu -íc ë hiÖn t¹i :
- Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mong -íc cña ai ®ã vÒ mét ®iÒu g× ®ã kh«ng cã thËt hoÆc kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra hay kh«ng thÓ
thùc hiÖn ®-îc ë hiÖn t¹i
- CÊu tróc :
* Víi ®éng tõ “ tobe” D¹ng K§
S + wish(es) + S + were +…………..
D¹ng P§
S + wish(es) + S + were not…………
* Víi ®éng tõ th-êng D¹ng K§
S + wish(es) + S + V(past)
D¹ng P§
S + wish(es) + S + didn’t + V(inf)
* Víi th× tiÕp diÔn :
S + wish(es) + S + tobe + V(ing)
+ Chó ý : §éng tõ “ tobe” were ®-îc dïng víi tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i
2. §iÒu -íc trong t-¬ng lai :
- DiÔn t¶ mong muèn ®iÒu g× sÏ s¶y ra hoÆc muèn ai ®ã lµm ®iÒu g× ®ã
- CÊu tróc :
* Víi ®éng tõ “ tobe” K§
S + wish(es) + S + would /could /should be +……………..
P§
S + wish(es) + S + would /could /should + not + be +…………
* Víi ®éng tõ th-êng K§
S + wish(es) + S + would /could/should + V(inf)
P§
S + wish(es) + S + would /could/should + not + V(inf)
3. §iÒu -íc ë qu¸ khø :
- DiÔn t¶ mong -íc vÒ ®iÒu g× ®ã ®· x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø hoÆc sù hèi tiÕc vÒ mét ®iÒu g× ®ã ®· kh«ng x¶y ra
- CÊu tróc :
* Víi ®éng tõ “ tobe” K§
S + wish(es) + S + had been +……………..
P§
S + wish(es) + S + had + not + been +…………
* Víi ®éng tõ th-êng K§
S + wish(es) + S + had PII
P§
S + wish(es) + S + had + not + PII
* Chó ý : Ta cã thÓ dïng If only (gi¸ nh- ) / would rather that (thÝch h¬n) ®Ó thay cho S + wish(es)
II. Mét sè tr-êng hîp kh¸c (Th-êng ®-îc sö dông trong d¹ng viÕt l¹i c©u ):
D¹ng C©u cho s½n cã d¹ng :
1
S + am / is / are + …………………….
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
S + am / is / are + not………………...
S + V(s/es) ……..
S + don’t / doesn’t + V(inf) ……..
S + can + V(inf)
S + can’t + V(inf)
S + have to / has to / must + V(inf)
S + don’t
have to / mustn’t + V(inf)
doesn’t
S + will + V(inf)
S + will not + V(inf)
9
10
* Chó ý :
C©u viÕt l¹i víi wish
S’ + wish(es) + S + were not
+………………
S’ + wish(es) + S + were + …………….
S’ + wish(es) + S + didn’t + V(inf) …….
S’ + wish(es) + S + V(past) …….
S’ + wish(es) + S + couldn’t + V(inf)
S’ + wish(es) + S + could + V(inf)
S’ + wish(es) + S + didn’t have to + V(inf)
S’ + wish(es) + S + had to + V(inf)
S’ + wish(es) + S + wouldn’t + V(inf)
S’ + wish(es) + S + would + V(inf)
S ®øng sau wish(es) ë c©u viÕt l¹i chÝnh lµ S lÊy tõ c©u cho s½n
S’ lµ chñ ng÷ ®-îc gîi ý ®Ó viÕt l¹i,cã thÓ trïng hoÆc kh«ng trïng víi S ë c©u cho s½n
Th-êng c©u cho s½n ë d¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh th× c©u viÕt l¹i ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh vµ ng-îc l¹i
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Ch-¬ng V
c©u ®iÒu kiÖn
I. Lý thuyết.
- Một câu điều kiện thường có hai mệnh đề là mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề phụ . Mệnh đề phụ có
thể đặt trước hoặc mệnh đề chính.
II. Các loại câu điều kiện :
- Có 3 loại câu điều kiện:
1.Câu điều kiện 1 :
- điều kiện có thể xảy ra .
If + S + V(HT) + O , S + Will/ Shall + V(inf) + O
S + V(s,es) + O
* eg: If I have time, I shall visit you.
Jonh usually walks to school if he has enough time.
If she eats much, she will be over weight.
2. Câu điều kiện 2 :
- điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại.
If + S + V(past) + O, S + would/ could + V(inf) + O
note: Tobe dùng Were cho tất cả các ngôi
* eg: If I had much money , I would buy a new bicycle.
If you practised English every day , you could speak it fluently.
If I were you, I would not tell him about that.
3. Câu điều kiện 3:
- điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ.
If + S + had + V(3,ed) + O, S + would/ could + have + V(3,ed) + O
* eg: If he had driven more carefully, he could have had fewer accidents.
4. Chú ý :
Unless = if…not ( nếu không )
Eg: Unless it rains, we will go to the movie.
( If it does not rain , we will go to the movies)
III .Bảng tóm tắt câu điều kiện.
Loại
Mệnh đề chính
Mệnh đề phụ
1
Will
Can + V (inf)
V(s,es)
May
Shall
2
Could
Would + V (inf)
V(past)
Should
were
Might
3
Could
Would
+ have + V(3,ed)
Had + V(3,ed)
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Should
Ch-¬ng VI
mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ
I. Kh¸i niÖm :
- MÖnh ®Ò lµ m«t phÇn cña c©u . MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ( hay MÖnh ®Ò tÝnh tõ ) cho chóng biÕt ng-êi hay vËt nµo
mµ ta muèn ¸m chØ
II. Ph©n lo¹i :
- C¸c mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ®-îc sö dông víi :
§¹i tõ quan hÖ : WHO , WHOM , WHOSE , WHICH , THAT
Tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ : WHEN , WHERE , WHY
Giíi tõ + §¹i tõ quan hÖ
III. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ víi :
1. §¹i tõ quan hÖ :
1.1 WHO : ng-êi mµ……….
- Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ ( ®èi t-îng ) chØ ng-êi lµm CHñ ng÷ trong c©u thø hai
* NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ O cña c©u thø nhÊt vµ lµ S cña c©u thø hai th× ta chØ viÖc bá S ®ã ®i vµ thay b»ng WHO
vd:
I know the boy . He is playing the piano
O
S
I khow the boy who is playing the piano
* NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña hai c©u : ta thay S cña c©u thø hai b»ng WHO vµ ®Æt c©u ®ã sau S cña c©u thø nhÊt
Vd : The man came here yesterday . He is waiting on the room
S
S
The man came here yesterday who is waiting on the room
The man
who is waiting on the room came here yesterday
1.2 WHOM : ng-êi mµ
- Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho ®èi t-îng chØ ng-êi lµm O trong c©u thø hai
* NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ O cña hai c©u :
- Ta bá O cña c©u thø hai vµ thªm WHOM vµo sau O cña c©u thø nhÊt
Vd : I met the girl . You helped her yesterday
I met the girl whom you helped yesterday
* NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña c©u thø nhÊt , lµ O cña c©u thø hai :
- Ta bá O ®i , thªm WHOM vµo ®Çu c©u råi ®-a toµn bé c©u thø hai lªn ®øng sau S cña c©u thø nhÊt
Vd : The woman is my aunt . We saw her last week
The woman whom we saw last week
is my aunt .
- Chó ý : whom cã thÓ ®-îc bá
1.3 WHOSE : ….cña ng-êi mµ….
- Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho TÝnh tõ së h÷u , së h÷u c¸ch ( cña c©u sau )
- Cã thÓ thay cho vËt ( Whose = of Which )
- VÞ trÝ : ®øng gi÷a hai Danh tõ
* NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña hai c©u : thay TTSH cña c©u thø 2 b»ng Whose vµ chuyÓn c¶ c©u ®ã sau S cña c©u thø
1:
Vd : The man is a doctor . His shirt is white .
The man whose shirt is white is a doctor
* NÕu ®èi t-îng ®øng cuèi c©u thø nhÊt , ®Çu c©u thø hai : thay TTSH b»ng whose
Vd
Can you see the girl ? Her dress is blue
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Can you see the girl whose dress is blue ?
1.4 WHICH : c¸i mµ……
a. Which dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho tõ chØ vËt lµm S trong c©u thø hai :
- NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña hai c©u : thay S cña c©u thø 2 b»ng WHICH vµ chuyÓn c©u ®ã ®øng sau S cña c©u thø
1:
Vd
The book is very interesting. It is written in English
The book which is written in English i s very interesting
- NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ O cña c©u thø nhÊt , S cña c©u 2 : thay S cña c©u 2 b»ng WHICH
Vd
Can you give me the pen ? It is on the table
Can you give me the pen which is on the table ?
b. Which dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho vËt lµm O trong c©u thø hai :
- NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ S cña c©u 1, O cña c©u 2 : thay O cña c©u 2 b»ng Which vµ chuyÓn lªn ®Çu c©u 2 sau ®ã ®Æt
c¶ c©u 2 ®øng sau S cña c©u 1 :
Vd : The book is very interesting . I read it yesterday
The book which I read yesterday is very interesting
- NÕu ®èi t-îng lµ O cña 2 c©u : chuyÓn O cña c©u 2 thµnh which vµ ®-a lªn ®Çu c©u 2
Vd : I didn’ t find the pen . I bought it last week
I didn’ t find the pen which I bought last week
1.5 THAT : mµ….
- Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho c¶ ng-êi vµ vËt lµ S hay O cña c©u thø hai
* THAT th-êng ®-îc sö dông trong c¸c tr-êng hîp sau :
Khi ®èi t-îng gåm c¶ ng-êi vµ vËt :
Ex:
The girls and flowers that he painted were vivid.
Sau d¹ng so s¸nh nhÊt hoÆc sau S cã nh÷ng tõ nh- :
the first, the last, the only, the very, any, all, nothing, anything, everything, few, nobody, …
Ex : You are the person that I have been looking for.
* THAT kh«ng ®-îc dïng trong c¸c tr-êng hîp sau :
§¹i tõ quan hÖ cã giíi tõ :
The house in which / in that I live is my father’ s
Trong mÖnh ®Ò kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh :
Viet Nam, which / that is in the south-east Asia, exports rice.
2. Tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ :
2.1 WHEN : khi mµ….
- Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho tõ hoÆc côm tõ chØ thêi gian : day , time , year , Monday……
- When ®-îc thay thÕ cho : on/in/at + which ( in/on/at + tõ , côm tõ chØ thêi gian )
- C¸ch lµm : ta chØ viÖc chuyÓn “ in/on/at + tõ , côm tõ chØ thêi gian” thµnh WHEN
( Tuú theo tõng tr-êng hîp mµ chuyÓn ®æi nh- c¸c §Þa tõ quan hÖ )
2.2 WHERE : n¬i mµ…..
- Dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho tõ hoÆc côm tõ chØ n¬i chèn : city , village , place…..
- Where ®-îc thay thÕ cho “ in/on/at + n¬i chèn” ( in/on/at + which)
( Tuú theo tõng tr-êng hîp mµ chuyÓn ®æi nh- c¸c §Þa tõ quan hÖ )
2.3 WHY : t¹i sao…
- Dïng ®Ó nèi c©u khi c©u tr-íc cã tõ “ the reason”
- VÞ trÝ : ®øng ngay sau tõ “ the reason”
Vd : I don’ t khow the reason . He didn’ t go to school
I don’ t khow the reason why he didn’ t go to school
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