Tài liệu Sgk lịch sử 11 cơ bản

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO BO GIAO DUG VA OAO TAO PHAN NGOC LIEN (Tong Chu bien kiem Chu bien) NGUYfiN NGOC CO (dong Chu bien) NGUYfiN ANH DUNG - TRINH DINH TUNG - TRAN THI VINH LICH SU (Tdi bdn ldn thi( tu) NHA XUAT BAN GlAO DUC VIET NAM Chiu trach nhiem xud't hdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tdng Giam doc NGO TRAN AI Pho Tong Giam doc kiem Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO Bien tap Idn ddu : LUU HOA SON - LE HONG SON Bien tap tdi hdn : NONG THI HUE Bien ve-luac do : CU DlTC NGHIA Trinh bay bia : LUU CHI DONG Thiet ke. trinh hdy sdch : LE H O A N G HAI Sua bdn in Che bdn PHONG SLTA BAN IN (NXB GIAO DUG TAI HA N O D CONG TY CO PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG Sach C sCf dung mot so hinh anh tu lieu t i / : History of the world O XX century, volume I (1900 - 1945) ; An introductory history ; Lich SLf the gidi 1917 - 1951 cua Xin-ga-po ; Viet Nam mpt cupc chien 1858 - 1975 ; Dai cUong lich SLT Viet Nam - Tap II... va mpt so trang w/eb nu6c ngoai. Ban quyen thuoc Nha xua't ban Giao due Viet Nam - Bp Giao duo va Dao tao. ucHsCru Ma s o : CH115T1 So dang ki KHXB : 01 - 2011/CXB/148 - 1235/GD In 60.000 ban, kho 17 x 24 cm. In tai Cong ty CP in Dien Hong 187^^ Giang Vo - Ha Noi. So in: 185/10. In xong va nop lUu chieu thang 01 nam 2 0 1 1 . LICH SU THE GI(JI CAN DAI (Tiep theo) Chu-ang I cAc miOc CHAU A, CHAU PHI VA KHU VUG MT LATINH (ThekiXIX-dauMkiXX) M^/ NHAT BAN Cuoc Duy tan Minh Tri nam 1868 c6 y nghTa nhu mot cuoc each mang tu san, da dtra Nliat Ban phat trifen theo con duong cua cttc nuoc phuong Tay va tro thanh mot niroc de quoc duy nhat d chau A. [ ] N h a t B a n tijf d a u t h e k i XIX d e n trifofc n a m 1868 Den giira the ki XIX, sau hon 200 nam thong tri, che do Mac phu T6-i ^ • ^'-.l^'^^^'k'" 'fi !ri'5 Hinh 2. Le l^hdnh thdnh mot dodn tdu a Nhdt Bdn Su phat trien manh me cua ndn kinh te Nhat Ban cudi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX da tao sue manh kinh te, quan sir va chmh tri cho gidi cam quyen thi hanh chinh sach xam luge va banh trudng. Nhat Ban chuyen sang giai doan de qud'c chii nghTa gdn lien vdi cac cudc chien tranh xam luge : Chien tranh Dai Loan (1874), Chien tranh Trung Nhat (1894 - 1895) va chien tranh de qud'c : Chien tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 - 1905). Thang Igi trong cac cudc chien tranh nay da dem de'n cho Nhat Ban nhieu hiep udc cd loi vi da't dai va tai chfnh, thuc day nhanh hon tdc do phat trien kinh te. Mac dii tie'n len chu nghTa tu ban, song Nhat Ban vSn duy tri quyen sd huu rudng da't phong kien. Tang ldp quy tdc, dac biet la gidi vd sT Samurai, vSn cd uu the chinh tri rat ldn. Hg chii truong xay dung Nhat Ban bang siic manh quan su. Tinh hinh dd lam cho de qud'c Nhat cd dac diem la chii nghia dequdc phong kien qudn phiet. •(1905) c#^'' Bic Kinh i' UEU OONG UJ Thuan W^A 7 H 4 / B i A /y ' •'TniOcChau D ( " (i iV fV I Land Ihij Nhai Ban nam 1812 H D^tchife'mnSm 1905 Dat chigm nam 1872-1879 DStchi^mnam 1910 Dltchigmnam 1895 I ^ Ciing vdi su phat trien ciia chii nghTa tu ban la su ban ciing hoa cua quan chung nhan dan lao ddng. Cdng nhan Nhat Ban phai lam viec mdi ngay tir 12 de'n 14 gid, trong nhung dieu kien rat tdi te ma tien luong lai thap hon rat nhieu so vdi d cac nudc chau Au va MT. Su bdc lot nang ne ciia gidi chu da dan tdi nhi6u cugc dau tranh ciia cdng nhan ddi tang luong, cai thien ddi sd'ng, ddi quygn tu do, dan chii. Bit chilm nam 1914 Pham vi anh huong Hinh 3. Luac do ve su bdnh truang cua de quoc Nhdt Bdn cuoi the ki XIX-ddu tiie ki XX Su phat trien ciia phong trao cdng nhan la co sd cho viec thanh lap cac td chiic nghiep doan. Nam 1901, Dang Xa hdi dan chii Nhat Ban dugc thanh lap, dudi su lanh dao cua Ca-tai-a-ma Xen. Ca-tai-a-ma Xen xua't than trong mot gia dinh nong dan ngheo. Nam 23 tuoi, ong lam cong nhan in d T6-ki-6, tham gia hoat dong tich cUc trong phong trao cong nhan. Nam 1898, dng lanh dao cong nhan dUdng sat bai cdng gianh thang ldi sau hang thang da'u tranh. Ong la mot lanh tu noi tieng cua phong trao cong nhan Nhat Ban ; sau nay la ban cua Nguyen Ai Quoc trong Quoc te Cong san. {2J Nhung sii kien nao chifng to vao cuoi the ki XIX, Nhat Ban da chuyen sang giai doan de quoc chu nghla ? Cau hoi va bai tap 1. Tai sao ndi cudc Duy tan Minh Tri cd y nghTa nhu mdt cugc each mang tu san ? 2. Diia vao luge dd (hinh 3), trinh bay nhirng net chi'nh v6 su banh trudng ciia de qud'c Nhat Ban cudi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX. W^^ DO AN Tu giua the ki XIX, mau thuSn giOa ddng dao nhan dan An Do vdi thuc dan Anh ngay cang trd nen sau sSc. Cac cudc dau tranh gianh dgc lap dan tgc difen ra quyet liet dudi nhieu hinh thuc, ldi cudn ddng dao cac tang ldp nhan dan tham gia. Dien hinh la cudc khdi nghTa Xipay (1857 - 1859), phong trao dau tranh ciia giai cap tu san vdi su ra ddi ciia Dang Qud'c dai. cugc bai cdng ciia cdng nhan Bom-bay nam 1908... | ] T i n h h i n h k i n h t e , x a h o i A n D o nijfa s a u t h e k i XIX Tir dau the ki XVII, cudc tranh gianh quy6n lire giira cac chiia phong kien trong nudc lam cho An Do suy yeu. Lgi dung co hdi nay, cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay, chil yeu la Anh va Phap, tranh nhau xam luge . ^ Do. De'n giOa the ki XIX, thuc dan Anh da hoan thanh viec xam luge va dat ach cai tri d An Do. Ve kinh ti, thuc dan Anh md rdng cdng cugc khai thac An Do mdt each quy md, ra siie vo vet luong thuc, cac ngudn nguyen lieu va bdc lot nhan cdng de thu lgi nhuan. An Do trd thanh thugc dia quan trgng nha't ciia thuc dan Anh, phai cung cap ngay cang nhifiu luong thuc, nguyen lieu cho chfnh qud'c. 8 Trong khoang 25 nam cuoi theki XIX, nhiing nan doi lien tie'p xay ra lam gan 26 trieu ngUdi chet. Trong khi do, lUdng thUc ciia An Do bi vd vet dUa ve nudc Anh ngay cang nhieu ; ddi song nhan dan An Do ngay cang khd khan. Ve chinh tri - .\d hpi, Chfnh phii Anh nam quyen cai tri true tie'p An Do. Ngay 1 - 1 - 1877, Nu hoang Anh tuyen bd ddng thdi la NO hoang An Dg. De tao chd dua viing chac cho n6n thd'ng tri ciia minh, thuc dan Anh da thuc hien chinh sach chia Ai tri, mua chugc tang ldp cd the lire trong giai cap phong kien ban xiif, tim each khoi sau su each biet ve chiing tgc, tdn giao va dang cap trong xa hgi. © Hay neu nhCrng net ldn trong chinh sach thong tri cua thiic dan Anh 6 An Do. C u o c k h d i n g h i a X i p a y (1857 - 1859) Mau thuan giira cac tang ldp nhan dan An Do vdi thuc dan Anh ngay cang sau sac, lam biing nd nhieu cugc khdi nghTa chdng Anh. Tieu bieu cho phong trao da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc ciia An Do vao nira sau the ki XIX la cudc khdi nghTa cua quan Xipay va nhan dan d Mi-nit. Xipay la ten goi nhiing ddn vi binh linh ngUdi An Do trong quan doi cua thUc dan Anh. Mac dii la mot trong nhiing cong cu xam lUdc va thong tri ciia thiic dan, binh linh ngUdi An van bi si quan ngUdi Anh doi xU tan te Tinh than dan tgc va tin ngUdng ciia hg luon bi xiic pham nghiem trgng Hg rat bat man khi phai diing dan phao co bgc gia'y tam md bo, md ldn Muon ban loai dan nay, ngUdi linh thUdng phai dung rang de xe cac loai giay do, trong khi nhiing ngUdi linh Xipay theo dao Hindu thi kieng thit bo va theo dao Hoi thi kieng thit ldn. Vi the hg da chong lenh ciia si quan Anh va noi day khdi nghia. Rang .sang 10 - 5 - 1857, d Mi-riit (gan De-li), khi thuc dan Anh sdp ap giai 85 binh linh Xipay trai lenh thi 3 trung doan Xipay ndi day khdi nghTa, vay bat bgn chi huy Anh. Ndng dan cac viing phu can cung gia nhap nghia quan. Thira thang, nghTa quan tie'n vi De-li. Cudc khdi nghTa nhanh chdng lan ra nhxiu dia phuong thugc miin Bde va mien Trung An Do. NghTa quan da lap duge chfnh quy^n, giai phdng mgt sd thanh phd ldn. Cudc khdi nghTa duy tri dugc khoang 2 nam thi bi thuc dan Anh ddc toan luc dan ap rat da man. Nhieu nghTa quan bi trdi vao mieng ndng dai bae rdi ban cho tan xac. Mac dii that bai, eude khdi nghTa Xipay cd y nghTa lich sir to ldn, tieu bieu cho tinh than da'u tranh bat khuat ciia nhan dan An Do chdng chii nghTa thuc dan, giai phdng dan tdc. {^ij Hay neu nguyen nhan, d i i n bie'n va y nghla cua cuoc khdi nghTa Xipay. D a n g Q u o c d a i v a p h o n g t r a o d a n t o e (1885 - 1908) Tir giiia the ki XIX, giai cap tu san va tang ldp trf thiic v^ Do da dan dan ddng vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi. Hg md nhi6u xf nghiep det d cac thanh phd ldn hoac lam dai li cho cac hang budn eua Anh. Tu san An Do mudn tu do phat trien kinh te va ddi hdi duge tham gia chinh quyen, nhung bi thuc dan Anh kim ham bang mgi each. Cud'i nam 1885, Dang Qud'c dan dai hgi (ggi tat la Dang Qud'c dai), chinh dang dau tien cua giai cap tu san An Do, dugc thanh lap, danh dau mdt giai doan mdi giai doan giai cap tu san An Dg budc len vii dai chinh tri. Trong 20 nam dau (1885 - 1905), Dang Qud'c dai chu truong dung phuong phap dn hoa de ddi chfnh phii thuc dan tie'n hanh cai each va phan dd'i phuong phap da'u tranh bang bao lire. Giai cap tu san An Do chi yeu cau Anh ndi rdng cac di6u kien d^ hg dugc tham gia cac hgi ddng tu tri, giiip dd hg phat trien kT nghe, thuc hien mdt sd cai each v6 mat giao due, xa hdi. Tuy vay, thuc dan Anh van tim each han che hoat dgng eiia Dang Qude dai. That vgng trudc thai do thoa hiep cua mgt sd ngudi lanh dao Dang Qud'c dai va chfnh sach hai mat ciia chfnh quy6n Anh, trong ngi bd Dang hinh thanh mdt phai dan chil cap tie'n do Ti-lac dung dau, thudng dugc ggi la phai "cue doan". Phai nay phan dd'i thai do thoa hiep ciia phai "dn hoa" va ddi hdi phai cd thai do kien quyet chdng Anh. Ban Gan-da-kha Ti-lftc la nha ngon ngii, nha sti hgc, da tap hdp nhiing tri thiic tie'n bg co tinh than cho'ng thUc dan Anh de tuyen truyen y thitc dan tgc, khdi day long yeu nUdc trong nhan dan, dac biet la tang ldp thanh nien. Ong chu trUdng phat dgng nhan dan lat do ach thd'ng tri cua thuc dan Anh, xay dUng mgt quo'c gia doc lap dan chii. 10 Nham han che phong trao da'u tranh cua nhan dan An Do, chfnh quySn Anh tang cudng thuc hien chfnh sach chia de tri. Thang 7 - 1905, chung ban hanh dao luat chia ddi xii Ben-gan : mi^n Ddng cua cac tfn dd theo dao Hdi va mien Tay ciia nhirng ngudi theo dao Hindu. Di^u dd lam bung len phong trao dau tranh chdng thuc dan Anh, dac biet d Bom-bay va Can-ciit-ta. Ngay 16 - 10 - 1905, dao luat chia cat Ben-gan bat dau cd hieu lire ; nhan dan coi dd la ngay qud'c tang. Hon 10 van ngudi keo den bd sdng Hang, ddng sdng linh thieng ciia ngudi An, lam li tuyen the va hat vang bai Kinh chao Ngudi - Me hien To qiidc de td y chf doan ke't, thd'ng nhat. Khap noi vang len khau hieu : "An Dg ciia ngudi An Do". ly- „&^ PEN-GIAP TRUNG QUdC ' ^-'>%.rS Be-li^(, • ^.j-ie.-PAi^'~• r• <'^-:im iivciJt-ta^V ? >Trung tam phong trao cong nhan XRIll-AN-CA AN DO - ^ Trung tam C-J phong trao nong dan Bien gi(}i quoc gia ngay nay DUONG I ."' MAN-OI-VO I Mot tinh cua An Bp thuoc Anh Hinh 5. Luac do phang trdo cdch nuing d An Do cudi the ki XIX-ddu the ki XX Hinh 4. B. Tl-ldc (1856 - 1920) Thang 6 - 1908, thuc dan Anh bat Ti-lac va ket an ong 6 nam til. Vu an Ti-lac thdi bting len mdt dgt dau tranh mdi. Hang van cdng nhan d Bom-bay tie'n hanh tdng bai cdng trong 6 ngay (de phan dd'i ban an 6 nam tu ciia Ti-lac), xay dung chien luy, thanh lap cac don vi chien da'u chdng lai quan Anh. Nhan dan cac thanh phd khae cung hudng ting. Cudc da'u tranh len de'n dinh cao, budc thiJc dan Anh phai thu hdi dao luat chia cat Ben-gan. Cao trao 1905 - 1908 the hien tinh than dau tranh bat khuat cua nhan dan An Dg chdng chii nghTa thuc dan Anh. Cao trao nay do mdt bd phan giai cap tu san 11 lanh dao, mang dam y thiic dan tdc, thuc hien muc tieu dau tranh vT mdt nudc An Dg ddc lap va dan chii. Day la net khae biet so vdi nhung phong trao da'u tranh trudc dd, danh da'u su thiic tinh cua nhan dan An Do, hoa chung vao trao luu dan tgc dan chii ciia nhieu nudc chau A trong nhiing nam dau the ki XX. Lan dau tien, cdng nhan An Do tham gia phong trao dan tgc. Tuy vay, chfnh sach chia re ciia thuc dan Anh va su phan hoa trong Dang Qud'c dai da lam cho phong trao tam ngimg. © Hay trinh bay SL/thanh lap va phan hoa trong Dang Quoc dai. Cau lioi va bai tap 1. Dang Qud'c dai cd vai trd nhu the nao trong phong trao da'u tranh ciia nhan dan An Dg ? 2. Neu tfnh chat va y nghTa ciia cao trao da'u tranh 1905 - 1908 cua nhan dan An Dd. "3^3 TRUNG QUOC Sau cudc Chien tranh thud'c phien (1840 - 1842), lich sir Trung Qud'c chuyen sang mgt thdi ki mdi. Dd la thdi ki Trung Qude bi cac nudc de qud'c Au - Mi dua nhau xain luge va chia xe ; cung la thdi ki nhan dan Trung Qud'c dau tranh anh dung, lien tuc va rdng khap chdng xam luge, chdng phong kien Man Thanh ma dinh cao la cugc Cach mang Tan Hgi (1911). Q T r u n g Q u o c b i c a c nu'dc d e q u o c x a m liidc Tir the ki XVIIl va nhat la sang the ki XIX, cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay tang cudng xam chiem thi trudng the gidi. Trung Qud'c la mdt nudc ldn, ddng dan nha't chau A, Cling diing trudc nguy co trd thanh "mieng mdi" cho cac nudc de qud'c phan chia, xau xe. 12 Di xam chiem Trung Qud'c, cac nudc tU ban phuong Tay, trudc tien la Anh, tim mgi each ddi chfnh quygn Man Thanh phai "md cUa", ddi tU do budn ban thud'c phien - mdn hang mang lai lgi nhuan ldn cho gidi tu ban. Vien cd chfnh quyen Man Thanh tich thu va dot thud'c phien ciia cac tau budn Anh, thuc dan Anh da tie'n hanh cudc chien tranh xam luge Trung Quoc, dugc ggi la Chien tranh thuoc phien, bat dau tir thang 6 - 1840 va ke't thuc vao thang 8 - 1842. Chinh quyen Man Thanh phai kf Hiep udc Nam Kinh, chap nhan cac diiu khoan theo yeu cau ciia thuc dan Anh nhu : bdi thudng chien phf, nhugng lai Hdng Cdng va md cira 5 cira bidn cho tau ciia Anh dugc ra vao budn ban. Day la mdc md dau qua trinh bie'n Trung Qud'c tir mdt nudc phong kien dgc lap trd thanh nudc nira thugc dia, nira phong kien. Hinh 6. Cdc nudc de qud'c xdu xe "cdi hdnh ngot" Trung Quoc Sau Chien tranh thud'c phien, cac nudc de qud'c tiing budc xau xe Trung Qud'c. De'n cud'i the ki XIX, DU'C da chiem viing Son Ddng ; Anh chiem vimg chau thd sdng Duong Tir (Trudng Giang); Phap chiem viing Van Nam, Quang Tay, Quang Ddng ; Nga, Nhat Ban chiem ddng viing Ddng Bae... © Xac dinh tren ban do Trung Quoc (treo tu'dng) nhung viing bi cac nudc de quoc chiem ddng. Phong trao dau t r a n h cua n h a n dan Trung Quoc ttf giufa t h e k i XIX d e n d a u t h e k i XX Trudc su xam luge ciia cac nudc de qud'c va thai do thoa hiep cua trieu dinh Man Thanh, tir giu:a the ki XIX nhan dan Trung Qud'c lien tuc ndi day da'u tranh chdng thuc dan, phong kien. 13 Md diiu la cudc khdi nghTa Thai binh Thien qude dudi sir lanh dao cua Hdng Tu Toan, nd ra ngay 1 - 1 - 1851 d Kim Dien (Quang Tay), sau dd lan rdng ra nhieu dia phuong khae. Day la phong trao ndng dan ldn nhat trong lich sir Trung Qud'c. Cudc khdi nghia keo dai sud't 14 nam (tir 1851 de'n 1864). NghTa quan da xay dung dugc chfnh quyin Trung uong d Thien Kinh (tiic Nam Kinh) va thi hanh nhiiu chfnh sach tie'n bg. Lan dau tien trong lich sir Trung Qud'c. chfnh sach binh quan rugng dat, quyin binh dang nam nu... dugc di ra. Ngay 19 - 7 - 1864, dugc su giup dd ciia cac nudc de qud'c, chfnh quyin Man Thanh da tan cdng Thien Kinh, dan ap phong trao. Cugc khdi nghTa that bai. Cud'i the ki XIX, trong bdi canh cac nudc de qud'c tang cudng xau xe Trung Qud'c, mdt sd nhan vat tien bd thugc gidi sT phu Trung Qud'c chii truong tien hanh cai each de Clin van tinh the. Dd la cudc van ddng Duy tan nam Mau Tuat (1898) do hai nha nho yeu nudc Khang Hiin Vi va Luong Khai Sieu lanh dao, vdi su ddng tinh va iing hg cua vua Quang Tu. Phong trao phat trien chii yeu trong cac tang ldp quan lai, sT phu cd y thire tie'p thu tu tudng tien tie'n ma khdng dua vao luc lugng nhan dan. Vi vay, cudc van ddng Duy tan da nhanh chdng that bai khi vap phai su chdng ddi manh me ciia phai thii cuu trong giai cap phong kien do Thai hau Tir Hi cam dau. Ngay 21 - 9 - 1898, khi phong trao Duy tan mdi diin ra hon 100 ngay. Thai hau Tir Hi lam cugc chfnh bie'n. ra lenh bat vua Quang Tu, tich thu an tfn, bat va xir tir nhirng ngudi lanh dao phai Duy tan ; Khang Hii"u Vi va Luong Khai Sieu phai lanh ra nudc ngoai. Gan nhu ddng thdi vdi phong trao Duy tan, mgt cudc khdi nghTa vii trang ciia ndng dan chdng de qud'c da diin ra d miin Bae Trung Qud'c - phong trao NghTa Hoa doan. Biing nd d Son Ddng, phong trao nhanh chdng lan rgng ra True Le, Son Tay. NghTa quan tan cdng cac sir quan nudc ngoai d Bdc Kinh. Ngay sau dd, lien quan 8 nudc (Anh, Nhat Ban, Diic, MT, Nga, Phap, Ao - Hung, l-ta-li-a) tie'n vao Bae Kinh, dan ap phong trao. NghTa Hoa doan da chien da'u chdng xam lang, nhung cud'i ciing hi danh bai vi thieu su lanh dao thd'ng nhat, thieu vii khf. Nha Man Thanh lai mdt lan nira dau hang de qud'c, kf Dieu udc Tan Sim (1901), theo dd Trung Qud'c phai tra mgt khoan tiin ldn de bdi thudng chien tranh va budc phai de cho cac nudc de qud'c dugc quyin ddng quan d Bae Kinh. Vdi Diiu udc Tan Sim, Trung Qud'c da thuc sir trd thanh nudc nira thude dia, nira phong kien. © - ' Neu dien bien chinh cua cac phong trao yeu nUdc cua nhan dan Trung Quoc tu giiia the kl XIX den dau the ki XX. 14 T o n T r u n g S o n v a C a c h m a n g T a n H d i (1911) Giai cap tu san Trung Qud'c ra ddi tir cud'i the ki XIX va da ldn manh len rat nhieu vao dau the ki XX. Hg bi tu ban nudc ngoai va triiu dinh phong kien Man Thanh chen ep, kim ham. Dua vao cac cudc dau tranh bin bi ciia quan chiing nhan dan, giai cap tu san Trung Qud'c bat dau thanh lap cac td chuc chfnh tri cua minh. Tdn Trung Son la dai dien uu tu va la lanh tu ciia phong trao each mang theo khuynh hudng dan chu tu san d Trung Qud'c. Ton Trung Sdn sinh nam 1866 d tinh Quang Dong, trong mgt gia dinh nong dan. Nam 13 tuoi, ong de'n hgc d H6-n6-lu-lu (Ha-oai) vi co ngUdi anh buon ban d day. Sau dd, ong tiep tuc hgc ci Hong Cong, roi hgc y khoa d Quang Chau. Ong da di nhieu nUdc tren the gidi, co dieu kien tie'p xiic vdi tU tUdng dan chu Au - Mi mgt each c6 he thong. DUng trUdc nguy cd da't nUdc bi xam lUdc ngay cang nghiem trgng, ong nhin thay ro sU thoi nat ciia chinh quyen Man Thanh nen sdm nay nd tU tUcing each mang lat do trieu Thanh, xay diing mgt xa hgi mdi. Hinh 7. Tdn Trung San (1866-1925) Ddu nam 1905, phong trao da'u tranh chdng de qud'c, chdng phong kien cua nhan dan Trung Qud'c da lan rdng khap cac tinh. Hoa kiiu d nudc ngoai cung nhiet liet hudng ung phong trao. Trudc tinh hinh dd, Tdn Trung Son tir chau Au vi Nhat Ban, hdi ban vdi nhirng ngudi diing dau cac td chiic each mang trong nudc de thd'ng nha't luc lugng thanh mgt chinh dang. Thang 8 - 1905, Trung Qud'c Ddng minh hdi - chinh dang eua giai cap tu san Trung Qud'c ra ddi. Tham gia td chiic nay cd tri thiic ur san, tieu tu san, dia chu, than sT bat binh vdi nha Thanh, cimg mdt so ft dai bieu cdng ndng. Cuong ITnh chfnh tri ciia Ddng minh hdi, dua tren hgc thuyet Tam ddn ciia Tdn Trung Son, neu rd : "Dan tdc ddc lap, dan quyen tu do, dan sinh hanh phuc". Muc tieu ciia Hgi la danh dd Man Thanh, khdi phuc Trung Hoa, thanh lap Dan qud'c, thuc hien quyen binh dang ve rudng dat cho dan cay. 15 Dudi su lanh dao ciia Ddng minh hdi, phong trao each mang Trung Qude phat triin theo con dudng dan chu tu san. Tdn Trung Son va nhiiu nha each mang khae da tich cue chuan bj mgi mat cho mdt cudc khdi nghTa vu trang. Ngay 9 - 5 - 1 9 1 1 , chinh quyin Man Thanh ra sdc lenh "Qud'c huu hoa dudng sat", thuc chat la trao quyin kinh doanh dudng sat cho cac nudc de qude. ban re quyin lgi dan tdc. Sir kien nay da gay nen mdt lan sdng cam phSn cdng khai trong quan chiing nhan dan va trong tang ldp tu san, cham ngdi cho mdt cudc each mang. Ngay 10 - 10 - 1911, Ddng minh hgi phat dgng khdi nghia d Vu Xuong. Cudc khdi nghTa thang lgi nhanh ehdng va lan rdng ra tat ca cac tinh miin Nam va miin Trung Trung Qud'c. Ngay 29 - 12 - 1911, Qud'c dan dai hgi (gdm dai bieu cac tinh nd ra each mang) hgp d Nam Kinh, tuyen bd thanh lap Trung Hoa Dan qud'c, bau Tdn Trung Son lam Dai Tdng thd'ng, dung dau Chfnh phii lam thdi. Tai dai hgi nay, Hien phap lam thdi dugc thdng qua, cdng nhan quyin binh dang va quyin tu do dan chii ciia mgi cdng dan, nhung khdng di cap den va'n di rudng dat ciia ndng dan nhu da dugc ghi trong Cuong ITnh cua Ddng minh hdi. Hinh 8. Luac dd Cdch mgng Tdn Hai Trudc thang lgi budc dau cua each mang, mdt sd ngudi lanh dao Ddng minh hgi chil truong thuong lugng vdi Vien The Khai - mdt dai than cua triiu dinh 16 Man Thanh. Theo thoa thuan, sau khi da ep budc vua Thanh thoai vi, Tdn Trung Son phai tir ehirc ( 2 - 1 9 1 2 ) , ngay 6 - 3 - 1 9 1 2 Vien The Khai tuyen the nham ehiic Dai Tdng thd'ng Trung Hoa Dan qud'c. Tren thuc te, each mang de'n day cham diit. Cac the luc phong kien quan phiet len ndm chfnh quyen. Cach mang Tan Hgi la cudc each mang dan chii tu san, da lat dd triiu dai Man Thanh, cham diit che do quan chu chuyen che tdn tai lau ddi d Trung Qud'c, md dudng cho chu nghTa tu ban phat trien va cd anh hudng nhat dinh den cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc d mdt sd nudc chau A. Cach mang Tan Hgi tuy thanh lap "Dan qud'c" nhung da khdng thu tieu thuc sir giai cap phong kien, khdng dung cham den cac nudc de qud'c xam luge va khdng giai quyet van di rudng dat cho ndng dan. ( ? ) Dua tren iuoc do (hinh 8), trinh bay dien bien chinh cija Cach mang Tan Hoi. Cau lioi va bai tap 1. Neu ket qua ciia Cach mang Tan Hgi. Vi sao ggi cudc each mang nay la cudc each mang tu san khdng triet di ? 2. Nhan xet vi phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan Trung Qude tir giua the ki XIX de'n dau the ki XX. m^4 CAC Nl/OlC DONG NAM A (Cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX) Ddng Nam A la mdt khu vuc kha rdng, bao gdm nhiiu qud'c gia tren luc dia va hai dao, sdm trd thanh muc tieu xam luge ciia cac nudc thuc dan phuong Tay. Tir nira sau the ki XIX, cac nudc d Ddng Nam A diu trd thanh thugc dia, trir Xiem''' la giu dugc dgc lap nhung bi le thugc nudc ngoai vi nhiiu mat. Sir xam luge va dd hd ciia cac nudc de qud'c thuc dan da gay nen nhung chuyin bien ldn trong xa hdi, dua den nhung phong trao dau tranh manh me vi dgc lap dan tdc va tien bg xa hdi d cac nudc Ddng Nam A. (1) T u n a m 1939, nudc Xiem doi ten thanh Thai Lan. 2-LICHSU 11...-A 1/ Q Q u a t r i n h x a m Ixidc c u a c h u n g h i a thijfc d ^ n v a o c a c nvfdc Dong Nam A Tir giiia the ki XIX, khi cac nudc chau Au va Bdc MT can ban da hoan thanh each mang tu san, dua nhau banh trudng the lire, xam chiem thugc dia thi d hdu het cac nudc khu vue Ddng Nam A, che dg phong kien vdn giir dia vi thd'ng tri va diu lam vao cudc khiing hoang triin mien vi chfnh tri, kinh te, xa hdi. Nhan co hdi nay, cac nudc thuc dan phuong Tay md rdng va timg budc hoan thanh viec xam luge cac nudc Ddng Nam A, trir Xiem. d In-do-ne-xi-a, ngay tit theki XV, XVI thiic dan Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha, Ha Lan da co mat va tiing budc chiem Imh thi trUdng. Den giiia the ki XIX, Ha Lan hoan thanh viec xam chiem va thiet lap nen thong tri thUc dan tren da't nUdc nay. Phi-lip-pin ciing bi thUc dan Tay Ban Nha thong tri tU giiia the ki XVI. Sau khi gianh thang ldi trong cugc chien tranh vdi Tay Ban Nha nam 1898, de quoc Mi lien tie'n hanh cugc chien tranh xam lUdc Phi-lip-pin (1899 - 1902) va bie'n quan dao nay thanh thugc dia cua minh. Hinh 9. Luac dd Ddng Nam A cudi theki XIX - ddu theki XX 2-LICH SU 11..,-B