MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING
MINISTRY OF AGRICUTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
ACADEMY OF VIETNAM AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
----------------------------------------
NGUYEN TUAN PHONG
RESEARCH ON BREED DETERMINATION AND
JAPONICA VARIETIES DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN
VIETNAM
Specialty
: Crop Science
Code
: 62 62 01 10
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS
ON
CROP SCIENCE
HA NOI - 2014
This work has been completed at Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences
Scientific instructor: 1. Do Nang Vinh Prof.Dr.
2. Le Quoc Thanh Dr.
Judge1: Nguyen Thanh Tuyen
Asso.Prof. Dr.
Judge 2: Nguyen Nhu Hai Dr.
Judge 3: Pham Van Cuong
Asso.Prof. Dr.
The Thesis shall be defended before the State level Thesis Assessment Council held at:
Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences
At……hours, on…………
The Thesis can be studied at libraries:
- National Library of Vietnam
- Library of Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences
WORK BY AUTHOR RELATING TO THE THESIS SUBJECT THAT
HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED
1. Le Quoc Thanh, Pham Van Dan, Nguyen Huu Hieu, Nguyen Viet Ha, Do Nang Vinh, Ha Thi
Thuy, Nguyen Tuan Phong, Evaluation of some introduced Japonica varieties in Yen Bai
Province, 1st National Conference on Crop Science in2013 , page 315 - 320.
2. Nguyen Tuan Phong, Le Quoc Thanh, Pham Van Dan, Do Nang Vinh, Ha Thi Thuy, Research on
determination of appropriate crop of Japonica rice variety J01 in Yen Bai Province, Journal
of Science and Technology of Vietnam Agriculture N0 4 in 2013, page 110 - 115.
3. Nguyen Tuan Phong, Đo Nang Vinh, Le Quoc Thanh, Ha Thi Thuy, Pham Van Dan, Research on
appropriate technical measures of intensive farming for Japonica rice variety J01 in Yen Bai
Province, Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development N0 20 in 2013, page 42 - 48.
PREFACE
1.
Introduction and rationales
It is widely recognized that rice plays an important role in providing food for
half of world population as well as nutrition for human beings.
In spite of being a country which was lack of food, Vietnam recently has made
a great effort to be ranked as world’s top rice exporter. In addition to these
achievements, it cannot be denied that Vietnamese agriculture is facing with many
difficulties. Vietnam exports yearly 6-7 million tons of rice which accounts for 30% of
total amount of rice all over the world. However, the price of Vietnamese rice is 50 100 USD/ton cheaper compared with that of Thailand, India, etc with the same quality.
The main reason is that rice varieties with high rice quality only account for small
percentages of agricultural production and also are low competitive. It leads to the fact
that Vietnam is a rice exporting country but import rice with high quality.
One of the practical significance is that in addition to applying advanced
science and technology to increase rice yield and cut down producing costs, it is
essential for farmers to come with more choices in terms of producing rice. Moreover,
new rice varieties with high rice quality, high commercial value need to be created and
produced in specialized areas in order to diversify the range of rice productions for
exporting.
In recent years, thanks to introduced resource and hybrid varieties of many
domestic authors, some of potential, high productive and quality sub - varieties
japonica have been created. Japonica is a variety which is highly adaptable to
temperate and sub - tropical climate and can be grown in the places which are over
1000 meters above sea level. This variety characterizes with short to medium growth
period, high propping ability, and resistance to pesticide, cold tolerance, and high
adaption to intensive conditions as well as good fertilizer which then produces
products with high rice yield, high quality and commercial value in accordance with
ecological condition of Northern Vietnam. It can be said that growing japonica variety
is a new direction in developing rice growing in Northern areas.
For these reasons, the study “Research on breed determination and japonica
varieties development in Northern Vietnam” was selected with an aim of taking the
advantages of products.
2. Objectives of the research
This study mainly aims at
Evaluating the natural condition, ecological condition, reality (including
advantages and disadvantages) in producing in order to develop japonica variety in
Northern provinces.
Identifying 1 - 2 japonica rice varieties which are suitable, stable, highly
adaptable, and potential with high yield rice and quality so that farmers can use them
to replace other old varieties in Northern provinces.
Developing procedures of farming techniques appropriate with japonica
variety through experiments on crops, density, and fertilizer level in Yen Bai province.
Developing demonstration of japonica rice variety applied farming techniques
with high yield rice and quality in Yen Bai province.
3. Scientific and practical significance
3.1. Scientific significance
This is a synchronous scientific research on determining suitable ecological
areas, evaluating adaptability, stability, tolerance, rice yield and quality of new
japonica rice varieties in Northern provinces.
Results of the research are scientific data related to technical methods such as
rice seed, crop, density, fertilizer and harvesting. As a result, these results will
contribute to orientation of producing japonica rice varieties with high rice yield to
ensure food security, economic development in Northern part of Vietnam.
3.2. Practical significance
The research plays an important role in determining potential japonica rice
varieties which are appropriate to ecological areas in the Northern provinces.
It also support local areas in choosing rice varieties with high quality, investing
effectively in special varieties rather than normal ones which contribute to the increase
in farmers’ income as well as development of social economy of areas.
The results of researching technology in intensive farming of japonica J01 in
Yen Bai Province can be applied in other areas which have similar natural conditions.
3.3. Scope of the research
Research’s specialty is in the field of Crop Science with code 62.62.01.10. The
research focuses on evaluating natural conditions, ecological conditions and
investigating into the reality of using fertilizer in order to develop the production of
japonica rice variety in Northern of Vietnam. It also focuses on
4. New scientific contribution of thesis
First, in terms of theory,
- Pointing out japonica rice varieties J01 and J02 have high yield rice, stability,
resistance to pesticides.
- Proposing technical methods in intensive farming in order to improve yield
rice of japonica J01 and assure economical effect
- Setting up scientific database contributing to the development of japonica rice
variety in Northern areas.
Secondly, in terms of practice,
- Pointing out that Northern provinces are highly potential to develop japonica
rice variety.
5. Thesis composition
The thesis includes 144 pages. The structure of thesis consists of:
Introduction: 04 pages
Chapter 1: Overview: 45 pages
Chapter 2: Content and methodology: 15 pages
Chapter 3: Results and discussion: 77 pages
Chapter 4: Conclusion and recommendations: 3 pages
There are 42 tables, 05 maps and charts, 12 pictures, 131 reference material.
The appendix includes tables about climate of areas, experiments, surveys, data
analysis. It also includes Decision which recognizes new rice variety related to the
traditional one as well as published newspaper related to the research.
1.1.
1.2.
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
Origin, classification of rice in the world
The ecological response of japonica rice variety
1.3. Technical methods applied to rice
1.4. The criteria of rice quality
1.5. Reality of producing and researching japonica rice variety in the world and
Vietnam
1.6. Solutions to develop japonica rice variety in Vietnam
CHAPTER 2: CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Rice varieties
Materials for experiments are introduced or hybrid rice varieties which were
published in former studies. These varieties are high yield and stable in the North.
They are:
+ Short term: Koshi Hikari, Goropikari;
+ Medium term: ĐS1, J01, J02, P10, PC26, TBJ1, TBJ2, TBJ3.
2.2.2. Other materials
- Fertilizer: Gianh River compost microorganisms, Urea (46%N), Lam Thao
Superphosphate (Single super 16% P205 ), Potassium chloride (60% K20)
2.2. Content of research
2.2.1. Evaluating natural conditions, ecological conditions aiming at developing
japonica in Northern Vietnam.
2.2.2. Researching to find out sub - variety japonica with high yield and grain quality
in Northern Vietnam
2.2.3. Researching technical methods (crops, density, fertilizer, harvesting) to build
procedure of intensive farming for japonica rice variety in two districts Tram Tau and
Van Chan in Yen Bai Province
2.2.4. Applying results of researching procedure of intensive farming japonica rice
variety into producing model in Yen Bai Province; proposing solutions to expand the
area of growing japonica rice variety in Yen Bai Province as well as other Northern
provinces in Viet Nam.
2.3. Research methodology
2.3.1. Experimental arrangement methodology
2.3.1.1. Collecting primary data
- Meteorological data, reality of using land in studied areas
- Data of reality of producing rice, level of using fertilizer
2.3.1.2. Experimental arrangement on the fields
- Japonica is determined a rice variety with high yield, grain quality and
stability in Northern Vietnam. The experiments aiming at comparing different rice
varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCB) with 3
replications. The area of each experimental case is 10 meter squares; the distance
between each case is 10 centimeters; the distance between times repeated is 30
centimeters. At least 3 rows of rice protect around the experimental areas.
- Researching methods of intensive farming for rice variety J01 in two districts
Tram Tau and Van Chan in Yen Bai Province:
+ Experiments on growing crop which were arranged in randomized complete
block design (RCB) with 3 replications, the area of each experimental case is 10 meter
squares (5m x 2m)
+ Experiments on density and level of fertilizer are two factors experiments
which were arranged in split - plot design. The experiments include 3 times of
replications (4 level of fertilizing x 3 transplanting density = 36 formulas), the area of
each experimental case is 10 meter squares.
- Researching technical methods for harvesting of rice variety J01 in two
districts Tram Tau and Chan Van in Yen Bai province.
2.3.2. Data analysis
- Comparing areas for growing
- Analyzing grain quality
- Calculating experimental errors
- Evaluating adaptability and stability of yield rice
- Evaluating economical effect
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Evaluation of natural conditions, ecological conditions and investigation into
the reality of using fertilizer in order to develop japonica rice variety in Northern
Vietnam
In terms of natural conditions, Northern Vietnam is divided into two main
areas: the Red river delta and the midland and Northern mountainous area (including
the Northwest and Northeast)
i) The Red River delta includes 10 provinces which are Vinh Phuc, Ha Noi,
Bac Ninh, Ha Nam, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh
Binh. These areas have favorable natural conditions to develop production of Japonica
rice varieties originating from temperate and sub – tropical areas.
Table 3.3. Results of yield rice and level of inorganic fertilizer in some Red River
delta provinces
Level of inorganic fertilizer (kg/ha)
Places
Hung Yen
Hai Duong
Thai Binh
Ninh Binh
Crop
Winter-Spring
Summer
Winter- Spring
Summer
Winter- Spring
Summer
Winter- Spring
Summer
N/
Urea
Nitrogen
P205/
Superphosph
ate
K20/
Potassium
chloride
110/239
88/191
120/261
96/209
118/257
95/207
115/250
92/200
90/563
90/563
89/556
89/556
87/544
87/544
90/563
90/563
80/133
80/133
85/142
85/142
83/138
83/138
78/130
78/130
Average rice
yield
(quintal/ha)
66
60
67
58
68
62
62
55
The Red River delta has favorable natural conditions which are suitable for
developing production of japonica rice variety. In addition, farmer in these areas have
experiences in intensive farming which is an advantage in developing the production
of japonica rice variety. In fact, the area for growing rice is being narrowed, it is
necessary to develop rice varieties with high yield, grain quality and high economical
effect. Moreover, farmers should pay attention to disadvantages of climate in summer
crop during production of japonica rice variety.
ii) Northern midlands and mountainous includes 15 provinces which have
advantages of growing plants originated from temperate and sub - tropical climate.
Northern midlands and mountainous have natural conditions which are suitable
for developing japonica rice varieties. In addition, the area for growing rice is
increasing which leads to demand of new rice varieties with high yield, grain quality
and cold tolerance. Besides, it is essential to give instructions, process of intensive
farming which is consistent with natural condition and intellectual of people.
Table 3.3. Results of yield rice and level of using inorganic fertilizer in Northern
midlands and mountainous in 2009
Level of fertilizer (kg/ha)
Average yield
rice
(quintal/ha)
N/
Urea
Nitrogen
P205/
Superphosphate
K20/
Potassium
chloride
Winter-Spring
Summer
Winter-Spring
Summer
Winter-Spring
Summer
91/198
73/159
85/174
68/148
99/215
79/172
66/413
66/413
76/475
76/475
89/556
89/556
74/123
74/123
73/122
73/122
83/138
83/138
52
47
51
46
55
48
Winter-Spring
Summer
Winter-Spring
Cao Bang
Summer
100/217
80/174
80/174
64/139
85/531
85/531
75/469
75/469
82/137
82/137
71/118
71/118
56
50
50
45
Places
Yen Bai
Son La
Phu Tho
Thai
Nguyen
Crop
Unlike the Red River delta, Northern midlands and mountainous is sub - divided
into two ecological zones: Northwest and Northeast. Northwest includes Dien Bien, Lai
Chau, Son La, Hoa Binh, Lao Cai, Yen Bai. Northeast includes Phu Tho, Ha Giang,
Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Bac Giang and Quang Ninh.
Northeast characterizes with exploitation, mineral processing, and development of
industrial crops, medicine plants and tourism. In terms of Northwest, its strengths are
exploitation of potential hydropower, development of industrial crops, fruit trees. In
particular, many Northwest’s areas are famous for growing rice with high quality. Due to
the sloping terrain, dissected, farming practices are limited which affect land quality,
erosion, runoff, inadequate nutrition. Consequently, yield rice is not high. Therefore, in
order to develop japonica, it is necessary to provide plants nutrition to grow effectively.
In conclusion, natural conditions of Northern areas are suitable for developing
japonica rice variety.
3.2. Result of evaluating growth period, yield components, yield of japonica rice
varieties in some provinces representing ecological areas in Northern Vietnam
Table 3.6.Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in
provinces in the Red River delta in Spring crop 2010 and Spring crop 2011
Varieties
TGST
(day)
Ear/
cluster
(ear)
KD18 (Đ/c)
BT7(Đ/c)
ĐS1
J01
J02
P10
PC26
TBJ1
TBJ2
TBJ3
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
131
133
141
133
137
136
135
135
137
136
6,3
5,7
6,4
6,2
6,1
5,0
4,9
4,6
4,4
4,8
4,2
0,38
KD18 (Đ/c)
BT7 (Đ/c)
ĐS1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
139
135
143
135
138
6,5
5,6
6,4
6,2
6,5
4,0
0,47
KD18 (Đ/c)
BT7 (Đ/c)
ĐS1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
135
134
145
139
142
6,6
5,7
6,7
6,6
6,7
5,8
0,7
KD18 (Đ/c)
BT7 (Đ/c)
ĐS1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
142
138
142
135
139
6,1
5,4
6,6
6,4
6,4
6,4
0,74
∑
Rate of
grain
firm
/cluster grain
(grain)
(%)
Hung Yen
147
92,5
155
93,6
136
91,9
142
92,3
133
90,8
144
92,5
150
90,0
149
88,9
148
88,3
150
89,8
3,9
1,6
9,6
2,4
Hai Duong
147
93,5
156
92,8
134
93,5
141
92,9
131
91,4
4,6
1,5
12,18
2,67
Thai Binh
148
93,3
154
93,9
135
94,1
139
93,8
132
92,7
3,7
1,7
9,8
2,9
Ninh Binh
145
92,7
155
93,9
137
93,7
145
93,4
137
93,2
3,9
1,2
10,56
2,08
P1000
grain
(g)
Theoretical
Actual
yield
yield
(quintal/ha) (quintal/ha)
20,4
18,5
23,7
23,7
23,4
23,6
24,2
25,4
24,2
24,3
78,4
68,7
85,3
86,2
77,8
70,0
72,2
69,8
62,5
70,6
62,3
54,7
67,8
68,5
62,0
55,6
57,6
55,6
49,6
56,2
4,6
4,7
20,3
18,3
23,7
23,6
23,4
81,4
66,9
85,6
86,1
82,0
64,3
53,6
68,6
69,2
65,2
5,8
6,9
20,4
18,3
23,7
23,7
23,4
83,2
67,9
91,0
91,8
86,4
65,3
53,7
72,6
73,3
68,0
5,4
6,7
20,5
18,4
23,7
23,6
23,5
75,5
65,1
90,3
91,9
85,7
60,3
51,7
71,1
72,0
68,0
4,8
5,8
Table 3.7. Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in
provinces in the Northern mountainous in Spring crop 2010 and Spring crop 2011
∑grain
Rate of
/ear
firm
(grain) grain (%)
Yen Bai
150
86,0
TGST
(day)
Ear/
cluster
(ear)
136
5,4
140
5,1
170
132
133
152
141
150
142
146
5,3
5,4
5,6
5,7
5,0
5,1
4,8
5,4
0,5
116
120
151
145
146
145
149
5,3
13,2
Son La
135
142
138
140
136
136
4,2
5,4
5,5
5,1
5,4
5,0
6,8
0,63
136
142
140
148
6,0
6,0
5,5
5,7
7,0
0,8
KD18 (Control variety)
ĐS1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
135
143
137
141
6,2
6,3
6,2
6,7
6,7
0,84
NƯ838 (Control variety)
KD18 (Control variety)
ĐS1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
132
140
143
136
140
5,03
4,90
5,70
5,60
5,2
7,3
0,73
Varieties
HT1 (Control variety)
Nhi uu 838 (Control
variety)
Goropikari
Koshihikari
ĐS1
J01
J02
P10
PC26
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
Glutinous 97 (Control
variety)
ĐS1
J01
J02
P10
PC26
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
Glutinous 87 (Control
variety)
ĐS1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
P1000
grain
(g)
Theoretical
yield
(quintal/ha)
Actual
yield
(quintal/ha)
21,5
67,4
55,8
80,1
26
81,3
68,2
89,1
87,0
84,3
85,5
84,7
87,1
85,1
3,5
5,2
23,8
23,6
23,5
23,6
23,9
23,7
24,5
58,7
60,0
75,3
75,1
66,4
68,8
67,3
50,1
50,3
62,3
62,1
56,1
56,3
56,5
5,2
5,3
157
88,0
145
91,8
137
91,7
135
90,2
143
92,5
150
90,9
6,2
2,4
16,3
3,9
Thai Nguyen
25,8
23,3
23,4
23,4
23,5
24,0
67,3
75,2
73,0
65,6
75,7
73,6
51,4
60,0
57,8
51,9
59,2
58,4
6,6
6,7
94,8
94,4
92,9
92,9
1,9
3,6
20,1
23,6
23,6
23,2
74,0
78,7
76,5
74,0
58,9
62,7
60,6
58,5
4,5
3,5
94,2
93,6
93,4
92,0
1,8
3,39
20,2
23,6
23,6
23,2
76,2
82,1
82,9
86,5
60,9
64,5
64,1
68,0
5,6
6,7
87,8
93,1
93,3
92,1
91,7
3,2
5,5
26,1
20,1
23,6
23,4
23,2
78,0
59,8
76,2
71,9
67,1
62,4
48,2
60,2
57,3
53,1
6,2
6,3
144
131
142
135
7,1
19,6
Phu Tho
144
131
135
135
7,6
20,57
Cao Bang
151
145
135
133
135
4,6
12,04
Table 3.8. Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties
in provinces in the Red River delta in Summer crop 2010 and Summer crop 2011
Varieties
KD18 (Control
variety)
BT7(Control
variety)
ĐS1
J01
J02
P10
PC26
TBJ1
TBJ2
TBJ3
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
KD18 (Control
variety)
BT7 (Control
variety)
ĐS1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
KD18 (Control
variety)
BT7 (Control
variety)
ĐS1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
KD18 (Control
variety)
BT7 (Control
variety)
ĐS 1
J01
J02
CV (%)
LSD 0,05
TGST
(day)
108
105
121
116
117
114
115
108
110
110
109
106
118
115
116
108
107
120
115
118
110
107
118
112
117
Ear/
cluster
(ear)
∑ grain
Rate of
/ear
firm grain
(grain)
(%)
Hung Yen
P1000
grain
(g)
Theoretical
yield
(quintal/ha)
Actual
yield
(quintal/ha)
5,6
146
89,3
20,6
67,6
53,9
5,3
5,4
5,2
5,5
4,7
4,4
4,0
4,0
4,2
5,7
0,4
158
89,5
141
87,2
144
87,9
130
86,4
142
85,5
151
85,6
148
85,6
149
86,6
150
86,7
4,2
3,3
10,3
4,8
Hai Duong
18,5
23,6
23,5
23,4
23,4
24,3
25,3
24,4
24,4
62,6
70,5
69,2
64,9
60,4
62,0
57,8
56,9
59,9
49,8
56,1
55,1
51,7
48,1
49,3
46,1
45,3
47,8
5,3
4,5
6,0
144
89,9
20,4
71,2
56,9
5,2
5,6
5,5
5,6
4,8
0,4
158
89,9
139
89,5
140
89,5
129
89,4
3,6
2,0
9,5
3,3
Thai Binh
18,4
23,6
23,4
23,3
61,1
73,7
72,6
67,6
48,8
58,6
57,8
53,6
5,4
5,6
5,8
146
89,3
20,4
69,2
54,9
5,3
6,0
5,8
6,0
3,8
0,4
157
90,5
140
90,9
141
89,6
134
90,3
3,4
2,9
9,0
4,8
Ninh Binh
18,5
23,6
23,4
23,3
62,9
80,9
77,0
75,6
49,8
64,5
61,0
60,2
5,6
6,0
5,4
144
89,4
20,5
64,3
50,9
5,1
6,0
5,7
5,8
6,3
0,6
156
138
145
138
5,4
14,6
89,1
90,9
89,5
89,4
1,2
2,0
18,4
23,6
23,4
23,6
58,8
80,1
78,1
76,1
46,8
63,8
62,1
60,7
5,0
5,3
Table 3.9. Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in
provinces in the Northern mountainous in Summer crop 2010 and Summer crop 2011
Rate of
Growth
Ear/
∑grain
P1000 Theoretical
Actual
firm
Varieties
period cluster
/ear
grain
yield
yield
grain
(quintal/ha) (quintal/ha)
(day)
(ear)
(grain)
(g)
(%)
Yen Bai
HT1 (Control variety)
106
4,7
145
86,2
22,1
58,4
48,9
Nhị ưu 838 (Control variety)
107
4,8
150
84,7
26,0
71,4
61,3
Goropikari
102
4,5
118
87,9
23,3
48,9
41,2
Koshihikari
103
4,5
124
86,2
23,0
49,9
41,1
ĐS1
122
4,6
149
89,3
23,5
64,7
54,8
J01
117
4,9
145
88,3
23,6
66,6
55,1
J02
119
4,3
146
89,0
23,7
59,6
49,3
P10
112
4,5
139
87,0
23,4
57,3
49,1
PC26
113
4,4
144
89,6
23,1
59
49
CV (%)
5,3
4,1
5,4
6,4
LSD0,05
0,4
9,9
8,2
5,5
Son La
Glutinous 97 (Control variety)
110
3,7
155
80,7
25,7
53,4
42,4
ĐS1
115
4,7
146
87,1
23,3
62,4
49,8
J01
113
4,8
138
87,7
23,4
61,2
48,7
J02
116
4,4
133
85,2
23,2
52,0
41,4
P10
112
4,8
142
87,0
23,4
62,0
49,4
PC26
110
4,4
143
86,5
23,9
58,7
46,3
CV (%)
6,6
5,6
3,5
6,3
LSD 0,05
0,5
14,4
5,5
5,3
Thai Nguyen
KD18 (Control variety)
109
5,4
140
92,9
20,2
63,7
51,3
ĐS1
115
5,2
132
90,1
23,4
64,8
51,2
J01
112
4,9
128
87,3
23,4
57,9
45,9
J02
118
4,8
130
86,9
23,3
56,3
45,0
CV (%)
5,6
4,4
2,2
5,5
LSD 0,05
0,56
11,7
3,5
5,2
Phu Tho
KD18 (Control variety)
109
5,3
141
90,9
20,4
62,7
49,8
ĐS1
116
5,5
133
89,8
23,5
69,1
55,2
J01
112
5,5
135
90,4
23,4
70,6
56,1
J02
115
5,7
129
88,9
23,3
68,4
54,4
CV (%)
6,1
6,5
3,5
6,0
LSD 0,05
0,7
17,3
6,3
6,4
Cao Bang
Bao Thai (Control variety)
160
4,4
129
85,7
24,5
53,5
43,0
Đại Dương 6 (Control variety)
120
5,1
140
91,7
27,1
79,8
64,1
ĐS1
118
5,1
133
90,5
23,5
64,5
52,4
J01
110
5
126
87,8
23,4
58,3
46,6
J02
113
4,7
129
86,8
23,3
54,9
44,3
CV (%)
6,8
4,6
1,5
5,3
LSD 0,05
0,6
11,6
2,4
4,9
The results point out that: there are no differences in the growth period of
japonica rice varieties grown in ecological area. However, the growth period of rice
varieties grown in Northern mountainous areas is longer than those grown in the Red
River delta. The growth period of japonica rice varieties (around 130 -155 days in
Spring crop and 110 -122 days in Summer crop) is equivalent and longer than control
varieties in local areas where experiments were implemented. Tillering ability varies
from different religions due to the difference of climate, land, intensive farming level.
The tillering of japonica rice varieties grown in the Red River delta (average of 67ears/cluster) is higher than those grown in Northern mountainous areas (average of 57 ears/cluster). Among the experimental japonica rice varieties, DS1 and J01 are the
two varieties which have no differences between theoretical and practical yield rice,
higher than other japonica rice varieties.
3.2.4. Evaluation of cold tolerance in seeding stage of studied varieties in Spring
Crop 2011 in Yen Bai province
Table 3.11. Evaluation of cold tolerance of studied varieties in the stage after
transplanting to returning green in Spring crop 2011 in Yen Bai province
Variety
HT1(Control variety)
Nhi uu 838 (Control
variety)
Goropikari
Koshihikari
ĐS1
J01
J02
P10
PC26
Van Chan
District
Plant
Plant
dead
dead
rates
(%)
29
5,8
Tram Tau
District
Plant
Plant
dead
dead
rates
(%)
31
6,2
Mu Cang Chai
District
Average
(%)
Plant
dead
Plant dead
rates
(%)
35
7
6,33
22
4,4
23
4,6
26
5,2
4,73
1
2
0
0
0
1
1
0,2
0,4
0
0
0
0,2
0,2
1
2
0
0
1
1
1
0,2
0,4
0
0
0,2
0,2
0,2
2
3
0
1
2
2
3
0,4
0,6
0
0,2
0,4
0,4
0,6
0,27
0,47
0,00
0,07
0,20
0,27
0,33
In terms of Spring crop conditions, in some mountainous districts in Yen Bai
province, the temperature is sometimes under 130C (lasting more than one week)
which leads to the death of some control varieties such as HT1, Nhi Uu 83. The rate of
dead varieties are about 4, 73% - 6, 33%. After returning green, this phenomena still
happens with control varieties. However, other japonica rice varieties are still dark
green. This is the most outstanding feature to recognize japonica rice varieties with
low rate of death (0 - 0.47%)
3.2.5. Evaluation of the adaptability and stability in yield rice of japonica rice
varieties in two years (2011 - 2012)
3.2.5.1. Evaluation of stability of rice varieties in the Red River delta
As can be seen from the table, in terms of conditions in Spring crop and
Summer crop in the Red River delta, the three varieties DS1, J01, J02 have stable yield
rice due to the fact that deviation regression is small, P is not significant, regression
coefficient equivalents 1 (Ttn T, with *), it can
be concluded that this variety is not suitable with environment. Under hard condition,
it still provides high yield. J02 also has smell deviation regression and P is not
significant. It is considered as stable variety. Meanwhile its regression coefficient is
more than 1 (Ttn >T, with *), it can be concluded that this variety is suitable with
favorable environment
In Summer crop in Northern mountainous regions, J01 and J01 provide stable
yield rice due to small deviation regression, P is not significant, regression coefficient
equivalents 1 (Ttn T,
with *), it can be concluded that this variety is not suitable with environment. Under
hard condition, it still provides average yield.
After evaluating stability of yield rice of three varieties DS1, J01, J02, it can be
said that all the varieties are highly adaptive and have stable yield rice. They are
consistent with unfavorable environment and easy to adapt in Northern Vietnam.
3.2.6. Evaluation of grain quality of japonica rice varieties in some basic
experiments in Spring crop 2011
Table 3.16. Analytical result of indicators of nutritious rice quality of
experimental rice varieties in Spring crop in 2011
Variety
Rate
of
brown
rice
(%)
Rate
of
milled
rice(%
)
Rate of
whole
grain rice
(%)
ĐS1
J01
J02
ĐS1
J01
J02
79,50
80,25
79,50
81,25
82,00
80,25
66,00
67,50
67,25
67,50
69,00
67,75
79,76
82,00
80,40
86,86
80,03
79,08
ĐS1
80,75
70,75
Color of
brown rice
Gel
strength
Gelatinization
temperature
Tram Tau District – Yen Bai Province
Ivory white
Soft
Average
Light brown
Soft
Average
Light brown
Soft
Average
Ivory white
Soft
Average
Ivory white
Soft
Average
Ivory white
Soft
Average
Tien Lu District – Hung Yen Province
83,43
Ivory white
Soft
Average
Amylose
content
(% CK)
Rate of
R/D
grain
Protein
content
(%)
17,58
18,83
17,92
16,83
16,52
17,17
1,54
1,63
1,73
1,57
1,67
1,77
7,79
6,72
6,43
6,55
6,43
6,31
17,82
1,58
6,01
J01
J02
81,50
81,00
68,00
71,00
79,65
78,74
Ivory white à
Ivory white
Soft
Soft
Average
Average
18,25
16,67
1,67
1,85
5,83
6,25
(Data were analysed in Division of Cultivated product testing and Certification
- National Center for Plant Testing in 2011)
After assaying japonica rice varieties in provinces representing ecological areas,
some indicators of grain quality between the Red River delta with Hung Yen as
representative and high mountainous area with Yen Bai as representative are analyzed. The
results show that the grain quality of japonica rice varieties grown in Northern mountainous
area have higher sub-indices rather than those grown in the Red River delta.
In conclusion, after comparing 10 sub varieties japonica, J01 and J02 are
considered as the two varieties which are consistent with ecological condition, crop
structure in some provinces representing ecological areas in Northern Vietnam. J01
and J02 have middle growth period, highly resistant to pesticides and disadvantageous
environmental condition. In addition they have good cold tolerance which is suitable
with natural condition in Northern mountainous regions). They are similar with DS1 in
terms of high and stable yield rice, even higher than control varieties in assayed
provinces. After analyzing grain quality, J01 and J02 grown in Northern mountainous
regions have better quality than those grown in the Red River Delta. However, J02 is
seemed to be lower purity compared with J01. In order to maximize the potential yield
rice of J01 which can serve the aim of exporting rice with high quality, it is essential to
conduct researches on technical methods to improve yield rice of J01 in the Northern
mountainous regions. According to the result of evaluating natural condition,
ecological condition, level of using fertilizer above, the Northwest mountainous
regions have appropriate natural and ecological condition for developing production of
japonica varieties. In particular, Yen Bai is the province where japonica rice varieties
provided higher yield than those grown in other provinces in the region.
3.3. Results of researching technical methods in intensive farming to increase
yield rice of J01 in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan - Yen Bai province
3.3.1. Evaluation of natural condition, rice production in Yen Bai province
Yen Bai is a mountainous area which is characterized with high terrain
gradually from Southeast to Northwest. Topography can be divided into two main
regions which are: region with average height of 600m and over and region with
average height of under 600m.
After researching climate condition, hydrology and reality of using land, it
comes to the conclusion that Yen Bai Province is suitable for developing japonica rice
varieties. In order to find out the reasons leading to low yield rice of japonica varieties
grown in Yen Bai Province compared with potential yield of the region, researchers
conducted research on natural condition, reality of producing rice in two districts Van
Chan and Tram Tau.
Two districts Van Chan (low region) and Tram Tau (high region) have natural
condition which is suitable for developing japonica rice varieties with high yield and
quality. However, there are still some difficulties in the development of japonica rice
varieties. In fact, agricultural land is mainly upland fields; few dispersed paddy fields,
complex terrain with low intellectual level that leads to the prevention of production’s
direction and application of advanced technology into production. As a result, it is
essential to find out technical methods which are suitable with natural condition to
develop japonica rice varieties.
3.3.2. Results of researching technical methods in intensive farming of rice variety
J01 in the two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan, Yen Bai province
3.3.2.1. Research on determining suitable crop for rice variety J01 in the two
districts Tram Tau and Van Chan - Yen Bai province
iiii) Influence of crop on yield rice and other yield rice components of variety J01 in
Spring crop and Summer crop in 2011 - 2012
Table 3.26. Influence of crop on yield rice components and yield rice of variety J01
(Spring crop and Summer crop 2011-2012 in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan)
(The average data in two years 2011 and 2012)
Crop
Spring
Summer
Rate of
firm grain
Season
Crop
Ear/m2
Grain /ear
SC1
SC2
SC3
SC4
SC1
SC2
SC3
SC4
265
280
310
310
225
235
275
260
120,7
123,0
122,3
119,7
119,0
122,0
123,3
125,7
87,1
89,1
92,4
85,8
84,9
87,2
90,3
84,7
4,4
25,6
7,6
37,6
3,2
7,6
4,9
11,9
2,9
5,2
2,2
3,7
CV(%)(Spring)
LSD 0,05 (Spring)
CV(%) (Summer)
LSD 0,05 (Summer)
P1000
grain
(g)
23,6
23,7
23,8
23,6
23,6
23,8
23,6
23,6
Theoreti
Actual
cayield
yield
(quintal/ (quintal/h
ha)
a)
65,7
71,7
83,3
75,2
53,4
59,3
72,1
65,3
54,0
59,0
66,5
60,5
43,3
49,1
58,2
52,9
5,8
6,9
4,4
4,4
Actual yield: is the most important factor reflecting the effectiveness of planting
complied from reality during production. Results of experiments show that in spite of the
same technical methods, there are still differences in actual yield of experimental crop
seasons. This difference is significant at 95% of probability level. It also illustrates that the
actual yield of J01 in crop 3 of Spring crop season is 66,5 quintal/ha, which is 6-12.5
quintal/ha higher than other crops. In Summer crop, the actual yield ranges from 43.8 to
58.2 quintal/ha, reaching a peak of 58.2 quintal/ha in season crop 3.
3.3.2.2. Research on influence of level of potassium and density on growth period,
development, yield rice components and yield of variety J01
iiiii) Influence of level of potassium and density on yield rice and yield rice
components of variety J01 in Spring crop in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan Yen Bai province
Table 3.33. Influence of level of potassium and density on yield rice and yield rice
components of variety J01 in Spring crop
(Spring crop and Summer crop 2011- 2012 in the two district Tram Tau and Van Chan)
(The average data in two years)
Yield rice components
Fertilizer
Density
combination
M1
M2
M3
Theoretical
Actual
Rate of
P1000
yield
yield
firm
grain
(quintal/ha) (quintal/ha)
grain (%)
(g)
Ear
/cluster
Ear/m2
Grain
/ear
K0
3,8
171,0e
116,3
82,8
23,1
38,0
29,8e
K1
5,6
252,0d
121,7
87,6
23,5
62,8
49,5d
K2
5,8
261,0cd
123,0
93,2
23,7
70,9
56,6b
K3
5,7
256,5d
123,0
92,8
23,5
68,8
54,9cd
K0
3,7
185,0e
114,7
82,9
23,2
40,7
32,3e
K1
5,7
285,0bc
121,0
87,6
23,4
70,8
56,3b
K2
6,3
315,0a
122,0
93,2
23,8
85,1
67,1a
K3
5,9
295,0ab
123,0
91,0
23,7
77,7
61,0abc
K0
3,5
192,5e
113,0
82,3
23,2
41,4
32,7e
K1
5,5
302,5ab
117,3
85,1
23,3
70,4
55,7cd
K2
5,7
313,5a
122,0
92,1
23,7
83,3
66,3ab
K3
5,3
291,5ab
123,3
90,0
23,6
76,2
60,1bc
5,5
24,3
6,7
13,6
3,4
7,5
6,8
7,5
7,1
6,3
CV %
LSD 0,05
Notes: Values which have one different letter in the same column express
difference level of 0.05/
Values which have no different letter in the same column express difference
level which is not 0.05.
iiiiii)Influence of level of potassium and density on yield rice and yield rice
components of variety J01 in Summer crop in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan
- Yen Bai province
Table 3.36. Influence of level of potassium and density on yield rice and yield rice
components of variety J01 in Summer crop
(Spring crop and Summer crop 2011- 2012 in the two district Tram Tau and Van Chan)
(The average date in two years)
Yield rice components
Ear
/cluster
Ear/m2
Theoretical
Actual
Rate
yield
yield
Grain of firm P1000
/ear
grain grain(g) (quintal/ha) (quintal/ha)
(%)
K0
3,5
157,5f
113,3
81,1
23,03
33,25
26,27f
K1
4,8
216,0e
117,3
86,5
23,27
50,89
40,57e
K2
5,5
247,5cd
123,3
90,8
23,50
65,15
52,10bc
K3
K0
K1
K2
K3
5,4
3,4
5,0
5,7
5,5
243,0d
170,0f
250,0bcd
285,0a
275,0ab
122,3
113,0
116,3
123,0
121,7
90,0
81,1
86,1
91,6
90,4
23,37
23,10
23,23
23,63
23,47
62,48
36,02
58,11
75,67
70,81
49,70cd
28,40f
46,43d
K0
K1
K2
K3
3,2
4,9
5,0
4,8
176,0f
269,5abc
275,0ab
264,0abcd
6,2
25,2
113,3
115,3
121,3
120,7
3,9
27,9
80,6
84,4
89,5
89,4
3,5
5,2
23,10
23,27
23,53
23,37
37,13
60,86
70,14
66,42
29,40f
48,33cd
55,90ab
52,90bc
6,5
5,04
Fertilizer
Density
combination
M1
M2
M3
CV %
LSD 0,05
60,43a
56,33ab
- Actual yield: In the Spring crop, the average yield rice ranges from 29,8 - 67,1
ta/ha in which the formula providing the highest actual yield is M2K2(67,1 ta/ha) and
the formula providing the lowest one is M1K0 (29,8 quintal/ha). In the Summer crop,
the average yield rice ranges from 26,27 - 60,43 quintal/ha in which the formula
providing the highest actual yield is M2K2 (60,43 quintal/ha) and the formula
providing the lowest one is M1N0 (26,27 quintal/ha). Different formulas lead to
different actual yield with difference level of α = 0,05.
As can be seen, the changes in density, using Kali level lead to the difference in
theoretical and actual yield rice as well as elements constituting yield rice. Different
formulas lead to different actual yield.
iiiiiii) Economic efficiency of variety J01 at different level of potassium and
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