American Society of Plumbing Engineers
Plumbing Engineering
Design Handbook
A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifications
Volume 1
Fundamentals of
Plumbing Engineering
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007
Chicago, IL 60656-1116
The ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information for the design and
specification of plumbing systems. The publisher makes no guarantees or warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the data and information contained in this publication. All data and information are provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, consulting, engineering, or other professional services. If legal, consulting, or engineering advice or other expert assistance
is required, the services of a competent professional should be engaged.
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007
Chicago, IL 60656-1116
(773) 693-ASPE • Fax: (773) 695-9007
E-mail:
[email protected] • Internet: www.aspe.org
Copyright © 2004 by American Society of Plumbing Engineers
All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies
by any photographic process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for
sound or visual reproduction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is
obtained from the publisher.
ISBN 1–891255–21–5
Printed in the United States of America
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook
Volume 1
Fundamentals of Plumbing Engineering
Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook
Chairperson: Alan Otts, P.E., CIPE
ASPE Vice-Presidents, Technical: J. Joe Scott, CPD (2003-2004)
Technical and Editorial Review: Jill Dirksen & Jim Camillo
Chairperson: Richard Ellis
CONTRIBUTORS
Chapter 1
Formulas, Symbols and Terminology
C. David Hudson, CPD
Chapter 8
Corrosion
Jill Dirksen
Chapter 2
Standards for Plumbing Materials and Equipment
Julius Ballanco, P.E.
Chapter 9
Seismic Protection of Plumbing Equipment
Rich Lloyd
Chapter 3
Specifications
Joe Manning, CPD
Chapter 10
Acoustics in Plumbing Systems
Ted Carnes
Bill Johnson
Tom Rose
Chapter 4
Plumbing Cost Estimation
Steven Skattebo, P.E.
Chapter 5
Job Preparation, Drawings and Field Checklists
Steven Skattebo, P.E.
Chapter 6
Plumbing for People (or Persons) with Disabilities
Patrick McClellan, CPD
Chapter 7
Energy and Resource Conservation in
Plumbing Systems
Aaron Kelly, CPD
Chapter 11
Basics of Value Engineering
Stanley Wolfson
Chapter 12
Green Design for Plumbing Systems
J. Joe Scott, CPD
About ASPE
The American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) is the international organization for professionals skilled in
the design and specification of plumbing systems. ASPE is dedicated to the advancement of the science of plumbing
engineering, to the professional growth and advancement of its members, and to the health, welfare, and safety of
the public.
The Society disseminates technical data and information, sponsors activities that facilitate interaction with
fellow professionals, and, through research and education programs, expands the base of knowledge of the plumbing
engineering industry. ASPE members are leaders in innovative plumbing design, effective materials and energy use,
and the application of advanced techniques from around the world.
WORLDWIDE MEMBERSHIP — ASPE was founded in 1964 and currently has 7,500 members. Spanning the globe,
members are located in the United States, Canada, Asia, Mexico, South America, the South Pacific, Australia, and
Europe. They represent an extensive network of experienced engineers, designers, contractors, educators, code
officials, and manufacturers interested in furthering their careers, their profession, and the industry. ASPE is at the
forefront of technology. In addition, ASPE represents members and promotes the profession among all segments of the
construction industry.
ASPE MEMBERSHIP COMMUNICATION — All members belong to ASPE worldwide and have the opportunity to
belong and participate in one of the 62 state, provincial or local chapters throughout the U.S. and Canada. ASPE
chapters provide the major communication links and the first line of services and programs for the individual member.
Communications with the membership is enhanced through the Society’s bimonthly magazine, Plumbing Systems
and Design, and the bimonthly newsletter ASPE Report which is incorporated as part of the magazine.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS — The Society maintains a comprehensive publishing program, spearheaded by the
profession’s basic reference text, the ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook. The Plumbing Engineering
Design Handbook, encompassing 47 chapters in four volumes, provides comprehensive details of the accepted practices
and design criteria used in the field of plumbing engineering. New additions that will shortly join ASPE’s published
library of professional technical manuals and handbooks include: Pharmaceutical Facilities Design Manual, Electronic
Facilities Design Manual, Health Care Facilities and Hospitals Design Manual, and Water Reuse Design Manual.
CONVENTION AND TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM — The Society hosts biennial Conventions in even-numbered years and
Technical Symposia in odd-numbered years to allow professional plumbing engineers and designers to improve their
skills, learn original concepts, and make important networking contacts to help them stay abreast of current trends
and technologies. In conjunction with each Convention there is an Engineered Plumbing Exposition, the greatest,
largest gathering of plumbing engineering and design products, equipment, and services. Everything from pipes to
pumps to fixtures, from compressors to computers to consulting services is on display, giving engineers and specifiers
the opportunity to view the newest and most innovative materials and equipment available to them.
CERTIFIED IN PLUMBING DESIGN — ASPE sponsors a national certification program for engineers and designers of
plumbing systems, which carries the designation “Certified in Plumbing Design” or CPD. The certification program
provides the profession, the plumbing industry, and the general public with a single, comprehensive qualification of
professional competence for engineers and designers of plumbing systems. The CPD, designed exclusively by and for
plumbing engineers, tests hundreds of engineers and designers at centers throughout the United States biennially.
Created to provide a single, uniform national credential in the field of engineered plumbing systems, the CPD program
is not in any way connected to state-regulated Professional Engineer (P.E.) registration.
ASPE RESEARCH FOUNDATION — The ASPE Research Foundation, established in 1976, is the only independent,
impartial organization involved in plumbing engineering and design research. The science of plumbing engineering
affects everything… from the quality of our drinking water to the conservation of our water resources to the building
codes for plumbing systems. Our lives are impacted daily by the advances made in plumbing engineering technology
through the Foundation’s research and development.
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook
(4 Volumes — 47 Chapters)
Volume 2
Chapter 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Volume 3
Chapter 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Volume 4
Chapter 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Plumbing Systems (Estimated date: Fall 2005)
Sanitary Drainage Systems
Gray-Water Systems
Vents and Venting Systems
Storm-Drainage Systems
Cold-Water Systems
Domestic Water-Heating System
Fuel-Gas Piping Systems
Private Sewage-Disposal Systems
Private Water Systems
Vacuum Systems
Pure Water, Systems
Lab-Waste Systems
Special Plumbing Systems (Estimated date: Fall 2006)
Fire Protection Systems
Plumbing Design for Health-Care Facilities
Industrial Waste-Water Treatment
Irrigation Systems
Reflecting Pools and Fountains
Public Swimming Pools
Gasoline and Diesel-Oil Systems
Steam and Condensate Systems
Compressed Air Systems
Site Utility Systems
Plumbing Components and Equipment (Estimated revision date: Fall 2007)
Plumbing Fixtures
Piping Systems
Valves
Pumps
Piping Insulation
Hangers and Supports
Vibration Isolation
Grease Interceptors
Cross Connection Control
Water Treatment
Thermal Expansion
Potable Water Coolers and Central Water Systems
Bioremediation Pretreatment Systems
(The chapters and subjects listed for these volume are subject to modification, adjustment and change.
The contents shown for each volume are proposed and may not represent the final contents of the volume.
A final listing of included chapters for each volume will appear in the actual publication.)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1, Formulas, Symbols and Terminology
minology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Plumbing Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Recommended Practice for Conversion to the International System of Units. . . . . . . . 32
Terminology and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Types of Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Si Unit Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 2, Standards for Plumbing Materials and Equipment . . . . . . . 41
Chapter 3, Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction Contract Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Project Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uniformat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Masterformat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Masterformat 2004—an Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methods of Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creating the Specification Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use of Computers in Producing Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-A2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-A3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 1 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 2 Site Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 3 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 4 Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
61
61
62
63
64
64
64
66
68
69
70
71
71
72
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
ii
ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
Division 5 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 6 Wood and Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 7 Thermal and Moisture Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 8 Doors and Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 9 Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 10 Specialties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 11 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 12 Furnishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 13 Special Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 14 Conveying Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 15 Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Division 16 Electrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-A4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-A5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-B1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CSI Masterformat Divisions (2004 Edition) Procurement and
Contracting Documents Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specifications Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Requirements Subgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facility Construction Subgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facility Services Subgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Site and Infrastructure Subgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Process Equipment Subgroup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-B2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-B3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-B4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-B5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3-C Section Shell Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 1—General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 System Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Submittals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8 Delivery, Storage, and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9 Project Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10 Sequencing and Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.11 Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.12 Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.13 Extra Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 2—Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Materials [Product Name]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
75
75
75
75
75
76
76
77
77
77
77
77
77
78
78
79
79
81
84
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
89
89
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
Table of Contents
iii
2.3 Materials, General [Products, General]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Equipment [Name of Manufactured Unit]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 Source of Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PART 3—Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1 Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Installation, General [Application, General] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Installation {Of [Name]} {Application of [Name]} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Connections (Not A CSI Article—but Useful for Division 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Field Quality Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Adjusting [Cleaning] [Adjusting and Cleaning] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Commissioning (Not A CSI Article —
But Useful for Division 15 [Demonstration]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10 Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
92
92
92
92
Chapter 4, Plumbing Cost Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Labor Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Take-off Estimating Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Productivity Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Estimating Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Cost Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
94
95
97
98
Chapter 5, Job Preparation, Drawings, and Field Reports . . . . . . . . . . 99
Job-preparation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Plumbing Drawing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Plumbing-Drawings Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Risers and Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Schedules and Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Field Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Building Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Water and Gas Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Above Grade Rough-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Chapter 6, Plumbing for People (Or Persons) with Disabilities . . . . . 105
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Backg
Background
............................................................
Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clear Floor Or Ground Space for Wheelchairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
105
106
107
109
iv
ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
Anthropometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Plumbing Elements and Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chapter 7, Energy and Resource Conservation in Plumbing Systems125
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Domestic Hot Water System Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Domestic Hot Water Heating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water-management Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125
125
125
129
134
134
135
136
Chapter 8, Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fundamental Corrosion Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrochemical Equivalents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Common Forms of Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Galvanic Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electromotive Force Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Factors Affecting the Rate of Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oxygen Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Film Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Homogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corrosion Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design to Reduce Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Passivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cathodic Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inhibitors (Water Treatment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139
139
139
139
141
141
144
144
144
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
146
146
146
147
147
151
151
154
Chapter 9, Seismic Protection of Plumbing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Causes and Effects of Earthquakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plate Tectonics and Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Damage From Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Earthquake Measurement and Seismic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155
156
156
158
158
Table of Contents
Ground Shaking and Dynamic Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Learning From Past Earthquakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Damage to Plumbing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The 1964 Alaska Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Damage Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The 1971 San Fernando Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic Protection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piping Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Code Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of Seismic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of Anchorage Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer Analysis of Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loads in Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potential Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
158
160
161
161
161
161
162
163
163
163
166
171
171
183
184
184
186
186
186
186
188
190
191
191
Chapter 10, Acoustics in Plumbing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acceptable Acoustical Levels in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acoustical Performance of Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulation Against Airborne Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acoustical Ratings of Plumbing Fixtures and Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Acoustical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Occupied Domestic Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flow Velocity and Water Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noise and Vibration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
193
193
193
193
194
195
195
196
196
198
198
199
200
206
Chapter 11, Basics of Value Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
The Intent of Value Engineering
eering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Is Value? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elements of Value Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phase One: Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
212
213
214
214
vi
ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
Phase Two: Analysis/function Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rules of Function Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Function Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of the Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creative Thinking Personified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Divergent Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In Concert With . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refining, Combining, Evaluating By Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost Analysis and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incorporating the Functional Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Pencil: Another Look . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Development/ Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consultation and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second Creativity, Evaluation, Cost Anaylsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Final Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Gut Feel Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost Analysis, More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Are We there Yet?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recommendation/Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Present Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Present Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making the Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Is It Value Engineering? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost Fitting
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Level the Playing Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Déja Vu of the “Science” of Value Engineering
eering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution to Nine Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution to Equilateral Triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
224
225
225
227
231
231
231
232
235
235
235
235
243
243
243
243
254
254
254
254
254
257
257
258
258
258
258
258
258
261
261
Chapter 12, Green Design for Plumbing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wastewater Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water-use Reduction Credit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plumbing Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional Leed Points—Energy Savers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Innovative Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Green Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grey Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
263
264
264
264
264
265
266
266
267
Table of Contents
vii
Figures
Figure 1-1
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3
Figure 1-4
Figure 1-5
Figure 1-6
Figure 1-7
Figure 1-8
Figure 1-9
Figure 1-10
Figure 1-11
Figure 1-12
Figure 1-13
Figure 1-14
Figure 1-15
Figure 6-1
Figure 6-2
Figure 6-3
Figure 6-4
Figure 6-5
Figure 6-6
Figure 6-7
Figure 6-8
Figure 6-9
Figure 6-10
Figure 6-11
Figure 6-12
Figure 6-13
Figure 6-14
Figure 6-15
Figure 6-16
Figure 6-17
Figure 6-18
Figure 6-19
Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Rhombus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Rhomboid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Trapezoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Trapezium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Right-Angle Triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Isosceles Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Ellipse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Cube or Rectangular Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Pyramid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Dimensions of Adult-Sized Wheelchairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Clear Floor Space for Wheelchairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Wheelchair Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Clear Floor Space in Alcoves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Unobstructed Forward Reach Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Forward Reach Over an Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Unobstructed Side Reach Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Obstructed Side Reach Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Cantilevered Drinking Fountains and Water Coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Horizontal Angle of Water Stream — Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Leg Clearances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Ambulatory Accessible Stall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Wheelchair Accessible Toilet Stalls — Door Swing Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Clear Floor Space at Water Closets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Water Closet — Side View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Water Closet — Front View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Wheelchair Accessible Toilet Stalls — Door Swing In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Clear Floor Space atLavatories and Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Clear Floor Space at Bathtubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
viii
ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
Figure 6-20 Bathtub Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Figure 6-21 Transfer Type Shower Stall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Figure 6-22 Roll-in Type Shower Stall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Figure 6-23 Grab Bars at Shower Stalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Figure 6-24 Size and Spacing of Grab Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Figure 6-25 Shower Seat Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Figure 7-1 Energy Savings fromReduced Faucet Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Figure 7-2 Refrigeration Waste-Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Figure 7-3 Condenser Water Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Figure 7-4 Condenser Water Heat Recovery with Storage Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Figure 7-5 Waste Water Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Figure 8-1 Basic Corrosion Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Figure 8-2 Basic Cell Applied to an Underground Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Figure 8-3 Uniform Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 8-4 Pitting Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 8-5 Galvanic Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 8-6 Concentration Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 8-7 Impingement Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 8-8 Stress Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 8-9 (A) Plug-Type Dezincification(B) Layer-Type Dezincification . . . . . . . . . 142
Figure 8-10 Stray Current Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 8-11 Corrosion by Differential Environmental Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 8-12 Cathodic Protection by the Sacrificial Anode Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Figure 8-13 Typical Sacrificial Anode Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Figure 8-14 Cathodic Protection by the Impressed Current Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Figure 9-1 Significant Earthquakes in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Figure 9-2 (A) Seismic Zone Map of the United States; (B) Map of Seismic Zones and
Effective, Peak-Velocity-Related Acceleration (Av) for Contiguous 48 States.. . . . 157
Figure 9-3 World Map Showing Relation Between the Major
Tectonic Plates and Recent Earthquakes and Volcanoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Figure 9-4 Elastic Rebound Theory of Earthquake Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Figure 9-5 Earthquake Ground Accelerations in Epicentral Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Figure 9-6 Undamped Mechanical Systems: (A) Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems;
(B) Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Figure 9-7 Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Figure 9-8 Snubbing Devices: (A) Three-Dimensional Cylinder Snubber . . . . . . . . . 164
Figure 9-9 Isolators with Built-In Seismic Restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Figure 9-8 Snubbing Devices: (B) Three-Directional Angle Snubbers. . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Figure 9-10 Parameters to Be Considered for Pipe Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Figure 9-11 Pipe Bracing Systems: (A) Typical Pipe Bracing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Figure 9-11 Pipe Bracing Systems: (B) Tension 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Figure 9-11 Pipe Bracing Systems: (C) Superstrut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(A) Transverse Bracing for Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(B) Longitudinal Bracing for Pipes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Table of Contents
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(C) Strut Bracing for Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(D) Alternate Attachment to Hanger for Pipe Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(E) Alternate Bracing for Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(F) Strut Bracing for Pipe Trapeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(G) Connections to Steel Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(H) Connections to Open-Web Steel Joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(I) Connections to Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(J) Hanger Rod Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(K) Hubless Cast-Iron Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(L) Riser Bracing for Hubless Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Figure 9-12 Construction Details of Seismic Protection for Pipes:
(M) Connections for Pipes on Trapeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Figure 9-13 Sway Bracing, 0.5 G Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Figure 9-14 A Seismic Bracing Method: (A) Lateral Sway Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 9-14 A Seismic Bracing Method: (B) Lateral and Longitudinal Sway Bracing.182
Figure 9-15 Acceptable Types of Sway Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Figure 9-16 Forces for Seismic Design: (A) Equipment; (B) Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Figure 9-17 Potential Problems in Equipment Anchorage or Pipe Bracing . . . . . . . 189
Figure 10-1 Pipe-Sleeve Floor Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Figure 10-2 Acoustical Treatment for Pipe-Sleeve Penetration at Spaces with
Inner Wall on Neoprene Isolators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Figure 10-3 Acoustical Pipe-Penetration Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Figure 10-4 Installation of an Air Lock in a Residential Plumbing System . . . . . . . 201
Figure 10-5 Examples of Suction-Piping Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Figure 10-6 Typical Vibration-Isolation Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Figure 10-7 Typical Flexible Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Figure 10-8 Bathtub and/or Shower Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Figure 10-9 Suggested Mounting of Piping and Plumbing Fixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Figure 10-10 Suggested Installation of Plumbing Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Figure 10-11 Vibration Isolation of Flexible-Coupled, Horizontally Split,
Centrifugal Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Figure 10-12 Common Errors Found in Installation of Vibration-Isolated Pumps. . 208
Figure 10-13 Vibration Isolation of a Sump Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Figure 10-14 Typical Pipe Run Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Figure 10-15 Typical Flexible Pipe-Connector Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Figure 11-1 Qualitative Results From the Implementation of Value Engineering . . 212
Figure 11-2 Value Engineering Job Plan Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Figure 11-3 Information Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
ix
x
ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
Figure 11-4A General Project Information Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-4B Detailed Basic Project Information Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-5 Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-6 Information and Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-7 Cost Structure of Product/Service/Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-8 Generalized Total Cost to Each User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-9 Cost Breakdown Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-10 Function Definition Verbs and Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-11 Function Analysis/Definition Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-12 Function Analysis Systems Technique (FAST) Model . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-13 HOW and WHY Relationship with Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-14 Creativity Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-15A Creativity Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-15B Creativity Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-16 Creativity Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-17A Basic Idea Evaluation Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-17B Initial Example — Idea Evaluation Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-18A Functional Development Sketch Worksheet — Blank . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-18A Functional Development Sketch Worksheet — Example. . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-18B Functional Idea Development and Estimated Cost
Worksheet — Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-18B Functional Idea Development and Estimated Cost
Worksheet — Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-19 Functional Evaluation Worksheet — Part 1, Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-19 Functional Evaluation Worksheet — Part 2, Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-20A Functional Evaluation Worksheet — Part 1, Example. . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-20B Functional Evaluation Worksheet — Part 2, Example. . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-20C Functional Evaluation Worksheet — Part 1, Example. . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-21 Completion of Functional Definition and Analysis Worksheet. . . . . . .
Figure 11-22A Functional Evaluation, Part 1, Step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-22B Functional Evaluation, Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-22C Functional Evaluation, Part 1, Step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-23 Completed Idea Evaluation Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-24A In-progress Alternative Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-24B In-progress Alternative Idea Development and Cost Estimates . . . .
Figure 11-25 Risk Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-26 Value Engineering Team Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 11-27 Example of Value Engineering Change Proposal Contract Clause . . .
215
216
219
221
222
223
223
224
226
229
230
233
234
234
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
255
256
257
259
260
Table of Contents
xi
Tables
Table 1-1
Table 1-2
Table 1-3
Table 1-4
Table 1-5
Table 2-1
Table 2-2
Table 2-3
Table 4-1
Table 4-2
Table 4-3
Table 4-4
Table 4-5
Table 4-6
Table 4-7
Table 4-8
Table 4-9
Table 4-10
Table 4-11
Table 6-1
Table 7-3
Table 7-1
Table 7-2
Table 8-1
Table 8-2
Table 8-3
Table 8-4
Table 9-1
Table 9-2
Table 9-3
Table 10-1
Table 10-2
Standard Plumbing and Piping Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Standard Fire-Protection Piping Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Temperature Conversion Chart, °F – °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Conversion to SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Codes and Standards Listed by Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Complete List of Standards By Standard-Writing Organization . . . . . . . . . 46
Organization Abbreviation, Address, and Phone Number Listing . . . . . . . 58
Piping Take-off Sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Hours to Excavate 100 Feet [30.5 m] of Trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
To Sawcut 100 Feet [30.5 m] of ConcreteTrench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
To Break 100 Feet [30.5 m] of Pavement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Hours to Backfill 100 Feet [30.5 m] of Trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Hours to Complete 100 Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Hours to Install 100 Pipe Hangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Hours to Install Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Adjustments From Standard Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Solution to Example 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Solution to Example 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Graphic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
The Effect of Stopping Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Energy Savings Chart for Steel Hot Water Pipes and Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Energy Savings Chart for Copper Hot Water Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Electrochemical Metal Lossesof Some Common Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Galvanic Series of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Electromotive Force Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Corrosion Rates for Common Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Piping Weights for Determining Horizontal Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Assigned Load Table for Lateral and Longitudinal Sway Bracing. . . . . . . 184
Maximum Horizontal Loads for Sway Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Recommended Static Deflection for Pump Vibration-Isolation Devices . 205
Typical Sound Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
xii
ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
1
Formulas,
Symbols and
Terminology
FORMULAE COMMONLY USED IN
PLUMBING ENGINEERING
For the convenience of ASPE members, the Society
has gathered some of the basic formulae commonly
referred to and utilized in plumbing engineering
and design. It is extremely important to convert to
values of the proper units whenever using these
equations.
Take note that gravitational acceleration and
gravitational constant have the same numerical
value, but the units are not the same. This term
is frequently left out of equations with no effect to
the numerical value. However, the units will not be
dimensionally correct and do not cancel out. Due to
the English system of measurement utilizing pounds
to indicate mass and force, pounds-mass (lbm) and
pounds-force (lbf) are used to distinguish between
the two.
This is not an issue for The International System
of Units (SI). Equations listed in parenthesis () are
used to represent equations that are unit-system
specific to SI units and differ when using English
units.
Equation 1-1, the Manning Formula Used
for determining the velocity (V) of uniform flow (defined as the flow that is achieved in open channels of
constant shape and size and uniform slope) in sloping
drains. Note that the slope of the water surface is
equal to the slope of the channel, and that the flows
in such open channels do not depend on the pressure
applied to the water but on the gravitational force
induced by the slope of the drain and the height of
the water in that drain.
Equation 1-1
⁄
½
V = 1.486nR S
2
3
where
V = Velocity of flow, ft/s (m/s)
n = Coefficient representing roughness of
pipe surface, degree of fouling, and pipe
diameter
R = Hydraulic radius, ft (m)
S = Hydraulic slope of surface of flow, ft/ft (m/
m)
The hydraulic radius (R) can be calculated using
Equation 1-3. The roughness coefficient (n) and
several values for the hydraulic radii are given in
Baumeister and Marks’s “Standard Handbook for
Mechanical Engineers.”
Equation 1-2, Rate of flow Used for determining the amount of water passing through a pipe.
This quantity of water, for a given time, depends on
the cross-sectional area of the pipe and the velocity
of the water.
Equation 1-2
Q = AV
where
Q = Flow rate of water, ft3/s (m3/s)
A = Cross-sectional area of pipe, ft2 (m2)
V = Flow velocity of water, ft/s (m/s)
(a) Therefore, substituting Equation 1-2 in Equation
1-1, the Manning Formula can be represented as
follows:
Equation 1-2a
AR ⁄ S½
Q = 1.486 n
2
3
Equation 1-3, Hydraulic radius (R) Usually
referred to as the hydraulic mean depth of flow, the
ratio of the cross-sectional area of flow to the wetted
perimeter of pipe surface.
Equation 1-3
R = Area of flow/Wetted perimeter
For half-full (HF) and full-flow (FF) conditions, the
hydraulic radii can be represented as:
Equation 1-3a
D
RHF = RFF = 4
where
D = Diameter of pipe, ft (m)
RHF = Hydraulic radius, half-full condition, ft (m)
2
ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 1
RFF = Hydraulic radius, full-flow condition, ft (m)
Equation 1-5a
γh
144
Equation 1-4, Water flow in pipes Two types
of water flow exist: Laminar and turbulent. Each
type is characterized by the Reynolds number, a
dimensionless quantity. The physical characteristics
of the water, the velocity of the flow, and the internal
diameter of the pipe are factors for consideration, and
the Reynolds number is represented as:
where
P = Pressure, lbf/in2 (kPa)
γ = Specific Weight of substance, lbf/ft3 (N/m3)
h = Static head, ft (m)
Equation 1-4
Equation 1-5b
Re =
VDρ
ρ
µg
gc
where
Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
V = Velocity of flow, ft/s (m/s)
D = Diameter of pipe, ft (m)
ρ = Density, lbm/ft3 (kg/m3)
µ = Absolute viscosity of fluid, lb-s/ft2 (m2/s)
gc = Gravitational Contstant, 32.2 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
Values of viscosity are tabulated in the ASHRAE
“Handbook of Fundamentals.” In laminar flow, the
fluid particles move in layers in straight parallel
paths, the viscosity of the fluid is dominant, and its
upper limit is represented by Re = 2000. In turbulent
flow, the fluid particles move in a haphazard fashion
in all directions, the path of an individual fluid particle is not possible to trace, and Re is above 4000.
Flows with Re between 2000 and 4000 are classified
as critical flows. Re is necessary to calculate friction
coefficients which, in turn, are used to determine
pressure losses.
Equation 1-5, Friction head loss Whenever flow
occurs, a continuous pressure loss exists along the
piping in the direction of flow, and this head loss is
affected by the density of the fluid, its temperature,
the pipe roughness, the length of the run, and the
fluid velocity. The friction head loss is represented
by Darcy’s Friction Formula:
Equation 1-5
h=
fLV2
2gD
where
h = Friction head loss, ft (m)
f = Friction coefficient, dimensionless
L = Length of pipe, ft (m)
V = Velocity of flow, ft/s (m/s)
g = Gravitational acceleration, 32.2 ft/s2 (9.8
m/s2)
D = Internal diameter of pipe, ft (m)
(a) The static head is the pressure (P) exerted at
any point by the height of the substance above that
point. To convert from feet (m) of head to pounds per
square inch (kPa or kg/m2), the following relationship is used:
P=
(b) Therefore, Equation 1-5 may be represented as:
γ fLV2
288gD
(c) To convert pressure in meters of head to pressure
in kilopascals, use
P=
Equation 1-5c
kPa = 9.81 (m head)
(d) To calculate the friction loss, the Hazen-Williams
Formula is used:
Equation 1-5d
h = 0.002082L
q
( 100
)
C ) ( d
1.85
1.8
4.8655
where
C = Friction factor for Hazen-Williams
q = Flow rate, gpm (L/s)
d = Actual inside diameter of pipe, in. (mm)
L = Length of pipe, ft (m)
f = Friction factor
Values for f and C are tabulated in Baumeister and
Marks’s “Handbook for Mechanical Engineers.”
Equation 1-6, Potential energy (PE) Defined as
the energy of a body due to its elevation above a given
level and expressed as:
Equation 1-6
PE = Wh = mgh
gc
(PE = Wh)
where
PE = Potential energy, ft-lbf (J)
W = Weight of body, lbf (N)
h = Height above level, ft (m)
g = Gravitational acceleration, 32.2 ft/s2 (9.8 m/s2)
gc = Gravitational constant, 32.2 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
Equation 1-7, Kinetic energy (KE) Defined as
the energy of a body due to its motion and expressed
as:
Equation 1-7
(
mV2
WV2
KE = 2gc = 2g
mV2
KE = 2
)
where
KE = Kinetic energy, ft-lbf (J)
m = Mass of body, lbm (kg)
V = Velocity, ft/s (m/s)