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DOI: 10.1036/0071511253
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Section 2
Physical and Chemical Data*
Bruce E. Poling Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo (Physical and
Chemical Data)
George H. Thomson AIChE Design Institute for Physical Properties (Physical and Chemical Data)
Daniel G. Friend National Institute of Standards and Technology (Physical and Chemical
Data)
Richard L. Rowley Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University
(Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)
W. Vincent Wilding Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University
(Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)
2-10
GENERAL REFERENCES
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to
1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-65
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Tables
2-1
2-2
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-3
Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from 0 to −40 °C . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-4 Vapor Pressure of Supercooled Liquid Water
from 0 to −40 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-5 Vapor Pressure (MPa) of Liquid Water
from 0 to 100 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-6 Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32, 2-141, 2-150,
2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312, 2-313,
2-314, and 2-315 Sorted by Chemical Family . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-7 Formula Index of Substances in Tables 2-8, 2-32,
2-141, 2-150, 2-153, 2-155, 2-156, 2-179, 2-312,
2-313, 2-314, and 2-315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-8 Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids,
ln P = C1 + C2/T + C3 ln T + C4 T C5, P in Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-9 Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds,
up to 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-7
2-28
2-48
2-48
2-48
2-48
2-48
2-49
2-52
2-55
2-61
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-11 Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions
of HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-12 Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions
of HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Partial Pressure of
H2O Vapor (Fig. 2-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Weight of H2O
in Saturated Air (Fig. 2-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-13 Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2 over Aqueous
Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-14 Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric
Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-15 Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous
Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-16 Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous
Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-17
Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . . . .
2-18 Partial Pressures of HNO3 and H2O over Aqueous
Solutions of HNO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-19 Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous
Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-80
2-80
2-80
2-81
2-81
2-81
2-82
2-84
2-86
2-87
2-88
2-89
*Contribution in part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States.
2-1
Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
2-2
2-20
2-21
2-22
2-23
2-24
2-25
2-26
2-27
2-28
2-29
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions
of HI at 25 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric
Acid-Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions
of CH3COOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol
Solutions (Fig. 2-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressure of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of
NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mole Percentages of H2O over Aqueous Solutions
of NH3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of NH3 over Aqueous Solutions of
NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of
NH3 (psia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of
Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of H2O and CH3OH over Aqueous
Solutions of Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions
of Sodium Hydroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-89
2-89
2-89
2-89
2-90
2-91
2-92
2-93
2-94
2-94
2-94
WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES
Chart for Gases at High Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Content of Air (Fig. 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-95
2-95
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Tables
2-30
2-31
2-32
Density (kg/m3) of Saturated Liquid Water from
the Triple Point to the Critical Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C . . . . . . . . . . . .
Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (mol/dm3) . . . . .
2-96
2-97
2-98
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS AT 1 ATM
Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
Tables
2-33 Aluminum Sulfate [Al2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-34 Ammonia (NH3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-35 Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-36 Ammonium Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-37 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-38 Ammonium Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-39 Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-40 Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-41 Arsenic Acid (H3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2-42 Barium Chloride (BaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-43 Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-44 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-45 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-46 Calcium Hypochlorite (CaOCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-47 Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-48 Chromic Acid (CrO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-49 Chromium Chloride (CrCl3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-50 Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-51 Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-52 Cuprous Chloride (CuCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-53 Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2-54 Ferric Sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-55 Ferric Nitrate [Fe(NO3)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-56 Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-57 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-58 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-59 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-60 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-61 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-62 Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-63 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-64 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-65 Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-66 Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-67 Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2-68 Nitric Acid (HNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-107
2-69 Perchloric Acid (HClO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108
2-70 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108
2-71 Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108
2-72 Potassium Bromide (KBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108
2-73
2-74
2-75
2-76
2-77
2-78
2-79
2-80
2-81
2-82
2-83
2-84
2-85
2-86
2-87
2-88
2-89
2-90
2-91
2-92
2-93
2-94
2-95
2-96
2-97
2-98
2-99
2-100
2-101
2-102
2-103
2-104
2-105
2-106
2-107
Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Chloride (KCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Chrome Alum [K2Cr2(SO4)4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Sulfite (K2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Acetate (NaC2H3O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Arsenate (Na3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Bichromate (Na2Cr2O7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Bromide (NaBr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Formate (HCOONa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Chromate (Na2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Silicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Sulfide (Na2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 ⋅5H2O) . . . . . .
Stannic Chloride (SnCl4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Nitrate [Zn(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS
Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-108 Formic Acid (HCOOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-109 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-110 Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-111 Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-112 Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-113 Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20°C . . . . .
2-114 Specific Gravity {60°/60°F [(15.56°/15.56°C)]} of
Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-115 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-116 Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-117 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-118 Hydrazine (N2H4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-119 Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous
Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-110
2-110
2-110
2-110
2-110
2-110
2-110
2-110
2-111
2-111
2-111
2-111
2-111
2-111
2-111
2-112
2-114
2-114
2-114
2-114
2-114
2-114
2-115
2-116
2-116
2-117
2-118
2-119
2-120
2-120
2-121
2-121
2-122
DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
Tables
2-120
2-121
Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of
Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a
Function of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOLUBILITIES
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-122 Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at
Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-123 Solubility as a Function of Temperature and
Henry’s Constant at 25°C for Gases in Water . . . . . . . . . .
2-124 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in
Water at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-125 Henry’s Constant H for Various Compounds in Water
at 25°C from Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients . . . . . .
2-126 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-127 Ammonia-Water at 10 and 20°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-128 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-129 Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-130 Chlorine (Cl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-131 Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-124
2-125
2-125
2-126
2-130
2-130
2-131
2-131
2-131
2-131
2-131
2-132
2-132
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
2-132
2-133
2-134
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Vapor Pressure of Sulfur Dioxide over
Water, mmHg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THERMAL EXPANSION
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal Expansion of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-135 Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-136 Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances . . . . . . . . .
2-137 Volume Expansion of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-138 Volume Expansion of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-139 Additional References Available for the
Joule-Thomson Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-140 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced
Coordinates (Tr = T/Tc; Pr = P/Pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CRITICAL CONSTANTS
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table
2-141 Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COMPRESSIBILITIES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-142 Composition of Selected Refrigerant Mixtures . . . . . . . . . .
2-143 Compressibility Factors for R 407A (Klea 60) . . . . . . . . . .
2-144 Compressibility Factors for R 407B (Klea 61) . . . . . . . . . .
2-145 Compressibilities of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-146 Compressibilities of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LATENT HEATS
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-147 Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements
and Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-148 Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-149 Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-150 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic
Liquids (J/kmol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-151 Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-152 Specific Heat [kJ/(kg⋅K)] of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . .
2-153 Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids
[J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-154 Specific Heats of Organic Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-155 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and
Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit to a
Polynomial Cp [J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-156 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Inorganic and
Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State Fit
to Hyperbolic Functions Cp [J/(kmol⋅K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-157 Cp/Cv: Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at
1 atm Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-158 Acetic Acid (at 38°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-159 Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-160 Aniline (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-161 Copper Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-132
2-132
2-133
2-133
2-133
2-133
2-134
2-135
2-136
2-136
2-162
2-163
2-164
2-165
2-166
2-167
2-168
2-169
2-170
2-171
2-172
2-173
2-174
2-175
Ethyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrochloric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phosphoric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potassium Hydroxide (at 19°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Normal Propyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Hydroxide (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3
2-183
2-183
2-183
2-183
2-183
2-183
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
2-137
2-137
Tables
2-176
2-177
Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids . . . . . .
Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-143
2-143
PROPERTIES OF FORMATION AND
COMBUSTION REACTIONS
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table
2-178 Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-179 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies,
and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and
Organic Compounds at 298.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-180 Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, hT − h298 (kJ/kmol),
of Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-181 Ideal Gas Entropies s°, kJ/(kmol⋅K), of
Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-143
2-143
2-143
2-144
2-144
Tables
2-182
2-183
2-137
2-138
2-138
2-144
2-145
2-147
2-148
2-150
2-156
2-156
2-156
2-164
2-165
2-171
2-174
2-176
2-182
2-183
2-183
2-183
2-183
2-183
2-183
2-185
2-185
2-185
2-186
2-195
2-201
2-202
HEATS OF SOLUTION
Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water . . . . .
Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water
(at Infinite Dilution and Approximately Room
Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Explanation of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-184 List of Substances for Which Thermodynamic
Property Tables Were Generated from NIST
Standard Reference Database 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-185 Thermodynamic Properties of Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-186 Saturated Acetylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-187 Thermodynamic Properties of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Dry Air (Fig. 2-5) . . . . . . .
2-188 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air, Moist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-189 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia (Fig. 2-6) . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous
Ammonia (Fig. 2-7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-190 Thermodynamic Properties of Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-191 Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the ArgonNitrogen-Oxygen System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-192 Thermodynamic Properties of the International
Standard Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-193 Thermodynamic Properties of Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-194 Saturated Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-195 Thermodynamic Properties of Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-196 Thermodynamic Properties of 1-Butene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-197 Thermodynamic Properties of cis-2-Butene . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-198 Thermodynamic Properties of trans-2-Butene . . . . . . . . . .
2-199 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . .
2-200 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . .
Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon
Monoxide (Fig. 2-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-201
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon
Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-203
2-206
2-207
2-207
2-207
2-207
2-208
2-209
2-210
2-211
2-215
2-216
2-216
2-217
2-219
2-220
2-221
2-224
2-228
2-229
2-231
2-232
2-234
2-236
2-238
2-240
2-242
2-244
2-245
2-4
Tables
2-202
2-203
2-204
2-205
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Carbonyl Sulfide . . . . . . . .
Saturated Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Chlorine (Fig. 2-9) . .
2-206 Saturated Chloroform (R20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-207 Thermodynamic Properties of Cyclohexane . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-208 Thermodynamic Properties of Decane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-209 Thermodynamic Properties of Deuterium Oxide
(Heavy Water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-210 Thermodynamic Properties of 2,2-Dimethylpropane
(Neopentane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-211 Saturated Diphenyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-212 Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecane . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-213 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-214 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ethyl
Alcohol (Fig. 2-10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-215 Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-216 Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-217 Flutec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-218 Halon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-219 Thermodynamic Properties of Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-220 Thermodynamic Properties of Heptane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-221 Thermodynamic Properties of Hexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-222 Saturated Hydrazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-223 Thermodynamic Properties of Normal Hydrogen . . . . . . .
2-224 Thermodynamic Properties of para-Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . .
2-225
Saturated Hydrogen Peroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-226 Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Sulfide . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Hydrogen
Chloride at 1 atm (Fig. 2-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-227 Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-228 Thermodynamic Properties of Isobutene
(2-Methyl 1-Propene) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-229 Thermodynamic Properties of Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-230
Saturated Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-231
Lithium Bromide—Water Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-232
Saturated Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Mercury (Fig. 2-12) .
2-233 Thermodynamic Properties of Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-234 Thermodynamic Properties of Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-235 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Butane (Isopentane)
2-236 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Pentane
(Isohexane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-237
Saturated Methyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-238 Thermodynamic Properties of Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-239 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Nitrogen (Fig. 2-13) . . . . .
2-240
Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-241 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride . . . . .
2-242 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . .
Mollier Diagram for Nitrous Oxide (Fig. 2-14). . . . . . . . . .
2-243 Thermodynamic Properties of Nonane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-244 Thermodynamic Properties of Octane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-245 Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Oxygen (Fig. 2-15) . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Oxygen-Nitrogen
Mixture at 1 atm (Fig. 2-16). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-246 Thermodynamic Properties of Pentane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-247
Saturated Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mollier Diagram for Potassium (Fig. 2-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-248 Thermodynamic Properties of Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-249 Thermodynamic Properties of Propylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-250 Thermodynamic Properties of R-11, Trichlorofluoromethane
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 11 (Fig. 2-18)
2-251 Thermodynamic Properties of R-12,
Dichlorodifluoromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12 (Fig. 2-19)
2-252 Thermodynamic Properties of R-13, Chlorotrifluoromethane
Refrigerant 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refrigerant 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-253 Saturated Refrigerant 13B1, Bromotrifluoromethane . . . . .
2-254 Saturated Refrigerant 21, Dichlorofluoromethane . . . . . . . .
2-255 Thermodynamic Properties of R-22, Chlorodifluoromethane
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22 (Fig. 2-20) .
2-256 Thermodynamic Properties of R-23, Trifluoromethane . . . .
2-257 Thermodynamic Properties of R-32, Difluoromethane . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32 (Fig. 2-21) .
2-245
2-246
2-248
2-249
2-250
2-251
2-252
2-254
2-256
2-258
2-260
2-261
2-263
2-265
2-267
2-268
2-270
2-271
2-271
2-272
2-274
2-276
2-278
2-279
2-281
2-282
2-283
2-285
2-286
2-288
2-290
2-292
2-292
2-293
2-295
2-296
2-298
2-300
2-302
2-304
2-305
2-307
2-309
2-310
2-311
2-313
2-315
2-316
2-318
2-320
2-322
2-323
2-324
2-326
2-326
2-327
2-329
2-331
2-333
2-334
2-336
2-337
2-339
2-339
2-339
2-339
2-340
2-342
2-343
2-345
2-347
2-258
2-259
2-260
2-261
2-262
2-263
2-264
2-265
2-266
2-267
2-268
2-269
2-270
2-271
2-272
2-273
2-274
2-275
2-276
2-277
2-278
2-279
2-280
2-281
2-282
2-283
2-284
2-285
2-286
2-287
2-288
2-289
2-290
2-291
2-292
2-293
2-294
2-295
2-296
2-297
2-298
2-299
2-300
2-301
2-302
2-303
2-304
2-305
2-306
2-307
2-308
2-309
Thermodynamic Properties of R-41, Fluoromethane . . . . .
Saturated R-401A (SUVA MP 39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R-401A (SUVA MP 39) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407A (Klea 60)
Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated R-407B (Klea 61)
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for R-407A (Klea 60)
(Fig. 2-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for R-407B (Klea 61)
(Fig. 2-23). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated R-404A (SUVA HP 62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R-404A (SUVA HP 62) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123
Saturated R-401B (SUVA MP 66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R-401B (SUVA MP 66) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . .
Saturated R-402A (SUVA HP 80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R-402A (SUVA HP 80) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . .
Saturated R-402B (SUVA HP 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R-402B (SUVA HP 81) at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-113, 1,1,
2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-114, 1,
2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 115, Chloropentafluoroethane . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-116, Hexafluoroethane . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-123,
2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123
(Fig. 2-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-124,
2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-125, Pentafluoroethane . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant
125 (Fig. 2-25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 1,1,1,2Tetrafluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a (Fig. 2-26)
Thermodynamic Properties of R-141b, 1,1-Dichloro-1Fluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b, 1-Chloro-1,1Difluoroethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-143a, 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane
Thermodynamic Properties of R-152a, 1,1-Difluoroethane .
Saturated Refrigerant 216a, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3Hexafluoropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-218, Octafluoropropane . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3Heptafluoropropane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 245cb 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane .
Refrigerant RC 318, Octafluorocyclobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-404A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-407C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C (Fig. 2-27)
Thermodynamic Properties of R-410A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 507 . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of R-507A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater . . . . . . . .
Saturated Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mollier Diagram for Sodium (Fig. 2-28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sodium
Hydroxide at 1 atm (Fig. 2-29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Hexafluoride . . . . . . .
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
(Fig. 2-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated SUVA AC 9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sulfuric Acid
at 1 atm (Fig. 2-31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Solid/Vapor Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance
along the Melting Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . .
Surface Tension σ (dyn/cm) of Various Liquids . . . . . . . . . .
2-348
2-350
2-350
2-351
2-351
2-352
2-353
2-354
2-354
2-355
2-355
2-355
2-356
2-356
2-356
2-357
2-359
2-361
2-362
2-365
2-366
2-367
2-369
2-371
2-372
2-374
2-375
2-377
2-379
2-381
2-383
2-384
2-386
2-388
2-388
2-389
2-391
2-393
2-394
2-396
2-396
2-397
2-397
2-397
2-398
2-400
2-400
2-401
2-402
2-403
2-404
2-406
2-408
2-409
2-409
2-410
2-412
2-413
2-416
2-417
2-419
2-419
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-310 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants
at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-311 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . .
2-312 Vapor Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Substances (Pas)
2-313 Viscosity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Pas) . . . . . . . .
2-314 Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic
Substances [W/(mK)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-315 Thermal Conductivity of Inorganic and Organic Liquids
[W/(mK)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-316 Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-317 Lower and Upper Flammability Limits,
Flash Point, and Autoignition Temperature for
Selected Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-318 Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-32 . .
Nomograph for Viscosities of Liquids at 1 atm (Fig. 2-32) . .
Tables
2-319 Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nomograph for Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquids
(Fig. 2-33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-320 Thermal Conductivity Nomograph Coordinates . . . . . . . . . .
2-321 Prandtl Number of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-322 Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-323 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-324 Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) . . . . . . . .
2-325 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-326 Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-327 Thermal-Conductivity-Temperature for Metals . . . . . . . . . .
2-328 Thermal Conductivity of Chromium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-329 Thermal Conductivity of Some Alloys at High Temperature
2-330 Thermal Conductivities of Some Materials for
Refrigeration and Building Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-331 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at High
Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-332 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at
Moderate Temperatures (Nusselt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-333 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials
at Low Temperatures (Gröber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-334 Thermal Diffusivity (m2/s) of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . .
2-335 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solid
Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-420
2-420
2-420
2-420
2-420
2-421
2-427
2-433
2-439
2-445
2-446
2-448
2-449
2-450
2-450
2-450
2-451
2-451
2-452
2-454
2-456
2-459
2-460
2-461
2-461
2-461
2-461
2-462
2-462
2-462
2-463
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-463
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-464
Classification of Estimation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467
Theory and Empirical Extension of Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467
Corresponding States (CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467
Group Contributions (GC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-467
Computational Chemistry (CC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468
Empirical QSPR Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468
Molecular Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468
Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468
Critical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-468
Tables
2-336 Ambrose Group Contributions for Critical Constants . . . . . 2-469
2-337 Joback Group Contributions for Critical Constants . . . . . . . 2-470
Normal Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-471
Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-471
2-338 Fedors Method Atomic and Structural Contributions . . . . . 2-471
2-339 First-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting
Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472
2-340 Second-Order Groups and Their Contributions for Melting
Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472
Characterizing and Correlating Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-473
2-341 Group Contributions for the Nannoolal Method for
Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-342 Intermolecular Interaction Corrections for the
Nannoolal et al. Method for Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . .
Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-343 Domalski-Hearing Group Contribution Values for
Standard State Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gibbs’ Energy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latent Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy of Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy of Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy of Sublimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-344 Cs (CH) Group Values for Chickos Estimation of ∆Hfus .
2-345 Ct (Functional) Group Values for Chickos Estimation of ∆Hfus
Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-346 Group Contributions and Corrections for ∆Hsub . . . . . . . . .
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-347 Benson and CHETAH Group Contributions for Ideal Gas
Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-348 Liquid Heat Capacity Group Parameters for
Ruzicka-Domalski Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-349 Group Values and Nonlinear Correction Terms for
Estimation of Solid Heat Capacity with the Goodman et al.
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-350 Element Contributions to Solid Heat Capacity for the
Modified Kopp’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-351 Simple Fluid Compressibility Factors Z(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-352 Acentric Deviations Z(1) from the Simple Fluid
Compressibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-353 Constants for the Two Reference Fluids Used in Lee-Kesler
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-354 Relationships for Eq. (2-66) for Common Cubic EoS . . . . .
Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-355 Reichenberg Group Contribution Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-356 Group Contributions for the Hsu et al. Method . . . . . . . . . .
2-357 UNIFAC-VISCO Group Interaction Parameters αmn . . . . . .
Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-358 Correlation Parameters for Baroncini et al. Method for
Estimation of Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-359 Sastri-Rao Group Contributions for Liquid Thermal
Conductivity at the Normal Boiling Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pure Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-360 Knotts Group Contributions for the Parachor in Estimating
Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flammability Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-361 Group Contributions for Pintar Flammability Limits
Method for Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-362 Group Contributions for Pintar Flammability Limits
Method for Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-363 Group Contributions for Pintar Autoignition Temperature
Method for Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-364 Group Contributions for Pintar Autoignition Temperature
Method for Inorganic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-5
2-474
2-476
2-477
2-477
2-478
2-478
2-478
2-479
2-485
2-486
2-486
2-486
2-487
2-488
2-488
2-488
2-489
2-489
2-489
2-490
2-491
2-495
2-496
2-497
2-497
2-497
2-498
2-498
2-500
2-501
2-502
2-502
2-503
2-503
2-504
2-504
2-505
2-506
2-506
2-507
2-509
2-509
2-510
2-510
2-511
2-511
2-512
2-513
2-513
2-514
2-514
2-515
2-516
2-516
2-517
2-517
GENERAL REFERENCES
Considerations of reader interest, space availability, the system or systems of units
employed, copyright considerations, etc., have all influenced the revision of material in previous editions for the present edition. Reference is made at numerous
places to various specialized works and, when appropriate, to more general works.
A listing of general works may be useful to readers in need of further information.
ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, SI edition, ASHRAE, Atlanta,
2005; Benedek, P., and F. Olti, Computer-Aided Chemical Thermodynamics of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1985; Brule, M. R., L.
L. Lee, and K. E. Starling, Chem. Eng., 86, 25, Nov. 19, 1979, pp.
155–164; Cox, J. D., and G. Pilcher, Thermochemistry of Organic and
Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970; Cox, J.
D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989; Daubert,
T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibel, and C. C. Stebbins, Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation, Taylor &
Francis, Washington, 1997; Domalski, E. S., and E. D. Hearing, Heat
capacities and entropies of organic compounds in the condensed phase,
vol. 3, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25(1):1–525, Jan-Feb 1996; Dykyj, J.,
and M. Repas, Saturated vapor pressures of organic compounds, Veda,
Bratislava, 1979 (Slovak); Dykyj, J., M. Repas, and J. Svoboda, Saturated
vapor pressures of organic compounds, Veda, Bratislava, 1984 (Slovak);
Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Compounds, Issues I–X.,
Moscow, 1965–1982 (Russian only); Gmehling, J., Azeotropic Data, 2
vols., VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1994; Gmehling, J., and U. Onken,
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection, Dechema Chemistry Data
Series, Frankfurt, 1977–1978; International Data Series, Selected Data
on Mixtures, Series A: Thermodynamics Research Center, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo.; Kaye, S. M.,
Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, U.S. Army R&D command, Dover, N.J., 1980; King, M. B., Phase Equilibrium in Mixtures,
Pergamon, Oxford, 1969; Landolt-Boernstein, Numerical Data and
Functional Relationships in Science and Technology (New Series),
http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-10113-295859-0,00.html; Lide, D. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 86th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2005; Lyman, W. J., W.
F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990; Majer, V., and V. Svoboda, Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical
Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Science, 1985; Majer V., V.
Svoboda, and J. Pick, Heats of Vaporization of Fluids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989 (general discussion); Marsh, K. N., Recommended Reference
Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell
Science, 1987; NIST-IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Pergamon Press,
http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/1999/march/solubility.html; Ohse,
R. W., and H. von Tippelskirch, High Temp.—High Press., 9:367–385,
1977; Ohse, R. W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Science Pubs., Oxford, England, 1985;
Pedley, J. B., R. D. Naylor, and S. P. Kirby, Thermochemical Data of
Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986; Physical
Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere, New York, 1989;
Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, The Properties of
2-6
Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001; Rothman,
D, et al., Max Planck Inst. f. Stromungsforschung, Ber 6, 1978; Smith,
B. D., and R. Srivastava, Thermodynamic Data for Pure Compounds,
Part A: Hydrocarbons and Ketones, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, Physical sciences data 25, http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookseriesdescription.librarians/BS_PSD/description; Sterbacek, Z., B. Biskup, and
P. Tausk, Calculation of Properties Using Corresponding States Methods, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979; Stull, D. R., E. F. Westrum, and G. C.
Sink, The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Wiley,
New York, 1969; TRC Thermodynamic Tables—Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Boulder, Colo.; TRC Thermodynamic Tables—NonHydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colo.; Young, D. A., “Phase Diagrams of the Elements,” UCRL Rep. 51902, 1975 republished in
expanded form by the University of California Press, 1991; Zabransky,
M., V. Ruzicka, Jr., V. Majer, and E. S. Domalski, Heat Capacity of Liquids: Critical Review and Recommended Values, J. Phy. Chem. Ref.
Data, Monograph No. 6, 1996.
CRITICAL DATA ARE COMPILED IN:
Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties,” N. P. L. Teddington,
Middlesex, Rep. 107, 1980; Kudchaker, A. P., G. H. Alani, and B. J.
Zwolinski, Chem. Revs. 68:659–735, 1968; Matthews, J. F., Chem.
Revs. 72:71–100, 1972; Simmrock, K., R. Janowsky, and A. Ohnsorge,
Critical Data of Pure Substances, Parts 1 and 2, Dechema Chemistry
Data Series, 1986; Other recent references for critical data can be
found in Lide, D. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th
ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2005.
PUBLICATIONS ON THERMOCHEMISTRY
Pedley, J. B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, 1, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M Univ., 1994
(976 pp., 3000 cpds.); Frenkel, M., et al., Thermodynamics of Organic
Compounds in the Gas State, 2 vols., Thermodynamic Research Center,
Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (1825 pp., 2000 cpds.); Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 2 vols., 2d ed., VCH Weinheim, Germany,
1993 (1834 pp., 2400 substances); Gurvich, L.V., et al., Thermodynamic
Properties of Individual Substances, 3 vols., 4th ed., Hemisphere, New
York, 1989, 1990, and 1993 (2520 pp.); Lide, D. R., and G. W. A. Milne,
Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 7 vols., 3d ed., Chemical
Rubber, Miami, 1993 (7000 pp.); Daubert, T. E., et al., Physical and
Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation,
extant 1995, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, Pa., 1995; Database 11, NIST,
Gaithersburg, Md. U.S. Bureau of Mines publications include Bulletins
584, 1960 (232 pp.); 592, 1961 (149 pp.); 595, 1961 (68 pp.); 654, 1970
(26 pp.); Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3d ed., J.
Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14 suppl 1., 1986 (1896 pp.); Journal of Physical
and Chemical Reference Data is available online at http://listserv.
nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0501&L=pamnet&F=&S=&P=8490 and at
http://www.nist.gov/srd/reprints.htm
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds*
Abbreviations Used in the Table
a., acid
A., specific gravity with reference to air = 1
abs., absolute
ac., acetic acid
act., acetone
al., 95 percent ethyl alcohol
alk, alkali (i.e., aq. NaOH or
KOH)
am., amyl (C5H11)
amor., amorphous
anh., anhydrous
aq., aqueous or water
aq. reg., aqua regia
atm., atmosphere or 760 mm. of
mercury pressure
bk., black
brn., brown
bz., benzene
c., cold
cb., cubic
cc, cubic centimeter
chl., chloroform
col., colorless or white
conc., concentrated
cr., crystals or crystalline
d., decomposes
D., specific gravity with reference to hydrogen = 1
d. 50, decomposes at 50°C; 50
d., melts at 50°C with
decomposition
delq., deliquescent
dil., dilute
dk., dark
eff., effloresces or efflorescent
et., ethyl ether
expl., explodes
gel., gelatinous
gly., glycerol (glycerin)
gn., green
h., hot
hex., hexagonal
hyg., hygroscopic
i., insoluble
ign., ignites
lq., liquid
lt., light
m. al., methyl alcohol
mn., monoclinic
nd., needles
NH3, liquid ammonia
NH4OH, ammonium hydroxide
solution
oct., octahedral
or., orange
pd., powder
Formula weights are based upon the International Atomic Weights in “Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001,” Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003, and are computed to the nearest hundredth.
Refractive index, where given for a uniaxial crystal, is for the ordinary (ω) ray; where given for a biaxial crystal, the index given is for the median (β) value. Unless otherwise specified, the index is given for
the sodium D-line (λ = 589.3 mµ).
Specific gravity values are given at room temperatures (15 to 20 °C) unless otherwise indicated by
the small figures which follow the value: thus, “5.6 18°
4 ” indicates a specific gravity of 5.6 for the substance
at 18 °C referred to water at 4°C. In this table the values for the specific gravity of gases are given with
reference to air (A) = 1, or hydrogen (D) = 1.
Melting point is recorded in a certain case as “82 d.” and in some other case as “d. 82,” the distinction being made in this manner to indicate that the former is a melting point with decomposition at 82°C,
while in the latter decomposition only occurs at 82 °C. Where a value such as “−2H2O, 82” is given it indicates loss of 2 moles of water per formula weight of the compound at a temperature of 82 °C.
Boiling point is given at atmospheric pressure (760 mm. of mercury) unless otherwise indicated;
thus, “8215 mm.” indicates the boiling point is 82°C when the pressure is 15 mm.
Name
Aluminum
acetate, normal
acetate, basic
bromide
bromide
carbide
chloride
chloride
fluoride (fluellite)
fluoride
hydroxide
nitrate
nitride
oxide
oxide (corundum)
phosphate
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Al
Al(C2H3O2)3
Al(OH)(C2H3O2)2
AlBr3
AlBr36H2O
Al4C3
AlCl3
26.98
204.11
162.08
266.69
374.78
143.96
133.34
silv., cb.
wh. pd.
wh., amor.
trig.
col., delq. cr.
yel., hex., 2.70
wh., delq., hex.
AlCl3·6H2O
AlF3H2O
Al2F67H2O
Al(OH)3
Al(NO3)39H2O
Al2N2
Al2O3
Al2O3
AlPO4
241.43
101.99
294.06
78.00
375.13
81.98
101.96
101.96
121.95
col., delq., trig., 1.560
col., rhb., 1.490
wh., cr. pd.
wh., mn.
rhb., delq.
yel., hex.
col., hex., 1.67–8
wh., trig., 1.768
col., hex.
pl., plates
pr., prisms or prismatic
pyr., pyridine
rhb., rhombic (orthorhombic)
s., soluble
satd., saturated
sl., slightly
soln., solution
subl., sublimes
sulf., sulfides
tart. a., tartaric acid
tet., tetragonal
tr., transition
tri., triclinic
trig., trigonal
v., very
vac., in vacuo
vl., violet
volt., volatile or volatilizes
wh., white
yel., yellow
∞, soluble in all proportions
<, less than
>, greater than
42, about or near 42
−3H2O, 100, loses 3 moles of
water per formula weight at
100°C
Solubility is given in parts by weight (of the formula shown at the extreme left) per 100 parts by
weight of the solvent; the small superscript indicates the temperature. In the case of gases the solubility
is often expressed in some manner as “510° cc” which indicates that at 10 °C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in
100 g of the solvent. The symbols of the common mineral acids: H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, etc., represent
dilute aqueous solutions of these acids. See also special tables on Solubility.
REFERENCES: The information given in this table has been collected mainly from the following sources:
Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Longmans, New York, 1922.
Abegg, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1905. Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 7th ed., Carl Winter, Heidelberg; 8th ed., Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1924. Friend, Textbook
of Inorganic Chemistry, Griffin, London, 1914. Winchell, Microscopic Character of Artificial Inorganic
Solid Substances or Artificial Minerals, Wiley, New York, 1931. International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1926. Tables annuelles internationales de constants et donnes numeriques, McGraw-Hill, New
York. Annual Tables of Physical Constants and Numerical Data, National Research Council, Princeton,
N.J., 1943. Comey and Hahn, A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, Macmillan, New York, 1921. Seidell,
Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds, Van Nostrand, New York, 1940.
Specific
gravity
2.7020°
3.01 25°
4
2.95
2.44 25°
4
2.17
2.42
3.05
3.99
4.00
2.59
25°
4
Melting
point, °C
660
d. 200
d.
97.5
d. 100
d. >2200
1945.2atm.
d.
−4H2O, 120
−2H2O, 300
73
21504atm.
1999 to 2032
1999 to 2032
Boiling
point, °C
2056
268
752mm
182.7
;
subl. 178
−6H2O, 250
d. 134
d. >1400
2210
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
i.
s.
i.
s.
s.
d. to CH4
69.8715°
400
sl. s.
i.
0.00010418°
v. s.
d. slowly
i.
i.
i.
Hot water
i.
d.
Other reagents
s. HCl, H2SO4, alk.
s. d.
s.a.; i. NH4 salts
s.al., act., CS2
s. al., CS2
s. a.; i. act.
s. et., chl., CCl4; i. bz.
v. s.
50 al.; s. et.
s.
sl. s.
i.
v. s. d.
i.
i.
i.
2-7
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry.
s. a., alk.; i. a.
s. al., CS2
s. alk. d.
v. sl. s. a., alk.
v. sl. s. a., alk.
s. a., alk.; i. ac.
2-8
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Name
Aluminum (Cont.)
potassium silicate (muscovite)
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
3Al2O3K2O6SiO2·
2H2O
Al2O3K2O6SiO2
AlK(C4H4O6)2
AlF33NaF
Al2O3Na2O6SiO2
Al2(SO4)3
Al2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4
24H2O
Cr2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4
24H2O
Fe2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4
24H2O
Al2(SO4)3K2SO4
24H2O
Cr2(SO4)3K2SO4
24H2O
Al2(SO4)3Na2SO4
24H2O
NH3
796.61
mn., 1.590
2.9
d.
i.
556.66
362.22
209.94
524.44
342.15
906.66
col., mn., 1.524
col.
wh., mn., 1.3389
col., tri., 1.529
wh. cr.
col., oct., 1.4594
2.56
1450 (1150)
2.90
2.61
2.71
1.64 20°
4
1000
1100
d. 770
93.5
i.
s.
sl. s.
i.
31.30°
3.90°
17.03
col. gas, 1.325 (lq.)
77.08
337.09
79.06
97.94
114.10
157.13
wh., hyg. cr.
pl.
mn. or rhb., 1.5358
col., cb., 1.7108
col. pl.
wh. cr.
272.21
wh.
chloride (salammoniac)
chloroplatinate
chloroplatinite
chlorostannate
chromate
cyanide
dichromate
ferrocyanide
fluoride
fluoride, acid
formate
NH4C2H3O2
NH4CNAu(CN)3H2O
NH4HCO3
NH4Br
(NH4)2CO3H2O
NH4HCO3
NH2CO2NH4‡
(NH4)2CO3
2NH4HCO3H2O
NH4Cl
(NH4)2PtCl6
(NH4)2PtCl4
(NH4)2SnCl6
(NH4)2CrO4
NH4CN
(NH4)2Cr2O7
(NH4)4Fe(CN)66H2O
NH4F
NH4FHF
HCO2NH4
53.49
443.87
372.97
367.50
152.07
44.06
252.06
392.19
37.04
57.04
63.06
wh., cb., 1.639, 1.6426
yel., cb.
tet.
pink., cb.
yel., mn.
col., cb.
or., mn.
mn.
wh., hex.
wh., rhb., 1.390
col., mn., delq.
hydrosulfide
hydroxide
molybdate
molybdate, heptanitrate (α), stable −16° to 32°
nitrate (β), stable 32° to 84°
NH4HS
NH4OH
(NH4)2MoO4
(NH4)6Mo7O244H2O‡
NH4NO3
NH4NO3
51.11
35.05
196.01
1235.86
80.04
80.04
col., rhb.
in soln. only
mn.
col., mn.
col., tet., 1.611
col., rhb. or mn.
nitrite
osmochloride
oxalate
oxalate, acid
perchlorate
persulfate
phosphate, monobasic
NH4NO2
(NH4)2OsCl6
(NH4)2C2O4H2O
NH4HC2O4H2O
NH4ClO4
(NH4)2S2O8
NH4H2PO4
64.04
439.02
142.11
125.08
117.49
228.20
115.03
wh. nd.
cb.
col., rhb.
col., trimetric
col., rhb., 1.4833
wh., mn., 1.5016
col., tet., 1.5246
potassium silicate (orthoclase)
Aluminum potassium tartrate
sodium fluoride (cryolite)
sodium silicate
sulfate
Alum, ammonium (tschermigite)
ammonium chrome
ammonium iron
potassium (kalinite)
potassium chrome
sodium
Ammonia†
Ammonium acetate
auricyanide
bicarbonate
bromide
carbonate
carbonate, carbamate
carbonate, sesqui-
956.69
964.38
gn. or vl., oct., 1.4842
1.72
100 d.
vl., oct., 1.485
1.71
948.78
col., mn., 1.4564
1.76 26°
4
92
998.81
red or gn., cb., 1.4814
1.83
89
916.56
col., oct., 1.4388
−20H2O, 120;
−24H2O, 200
1.675
−79°
0.817
0.5971 (A)
1.073
1.573
2.327 15°
4
2.4
1.91712°
0.79100° (A)
2.15
12°
2.21 12
1.266
25°
21.2
5.7 °
i. al.
s. al.
i. al.
93°
50
0°
61
i. HCl
d. a.
∞
0
20
i. al.
45°
106.4
121.7
0°
96°
i. al.
−77.7
−33.4
89.9
7.4
14.820° al.; s. et.
114
d. 200
d. 35–60
subl. 542
d. 58
subl.
d.
1484°
s.
11.90°
6810°
10015°
2515°
v. s.
2730°
145.6100°
s. al.; sl. s. act.
i. al.
i. al.
s. al., et., act.
i. al., CS2, NH3
2015°
5049°
29.40°
0.715°
s.
33.315°
40.530°
s.
47.230°
s.
v. s.
v. s.
1020°
77.3100°
1.25100°
v. s.
s. NH3; sl. s. al., m. al.
0.005 al.
d.
v. s.
v. s.
d.
sl. s. act., NH3; i. al.
s. al.
s. al.; i. act.
i. al.
s. al.; i. NH3
53180°
s. al.
d.
1.5317°
3.065
i.
89100°
∞ 100°
124
−18H2O, 64.5
Other reagents
s.
25°
40
20°
4
Hot water
d. 350
d.
d.
subl. 520
d. 180
36
d. 185
d.
114–116
d.
2.27
d.
1.66 25°
4
1.725 25°
4
169.6
1.69
2.93 20°
4
1.501
1.556
1.95
1.98
1.803 19°
4
expl.
d. 180; subl.
in vac.
subl. 120
d. 210
d. 210
v. s.
s.
d.
4425°
118.30°
365.835°
241.830°
58080°
s.
d.
0°
d.
d.
d. 120
6765°
2.5
s.
10.90°
58.20°
22.70°
s. al.
d.
11.850°
100°
46.9
d.
173.2100°
i. al., NH3
i. al.
3.820° al., 17.120° m. al.;
v. s. NH3
s. al.
sl. s. al.; i. NH3
220° al.; s. act.; i. et.
i. ac.
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, metaAmmonium phosphomolybdate
silicofluoride
sulfamate
sulfate (mascagnite)
sulfate, acid
sulfide
sulfide, pentasulfite
sulfite, acid
tartrate
thiocyanate
vanadate, metaAntimony
(NH4)2HPO4
(NH4)4P4O12
(NH4)3PO412MoO3
3H2O (?)
(NH4)2SiF6
NH4SO3NH2
(NH4)2SO4
NH4HSO4
(NH4)2S
(NH4)2S5
(NH4)2SO3H2O
NH4HSO3
(NH4)2C4H4O6
NH4CNS
NH4VO3
Sb
132.06
388.04
1930.39
178.15
114.12
132.14
115.11
68.14
196.40
134.16
99.11
184.15
76.12
116.98
121.76
col., mn., 1.53
col., mn.
yel.
13115°
s.
0.0315°
1.619
2.21
d.
2.01
i.
s. alk.; i. al., HNO3
55.5
35750°
103.3100°
s. al.; i. act.
1380
18.5
1340°
70.60°
100
v. s.
s.
10012°
s.
450°
1200°
0.4418°
i.
∞72°
1.41
2.03 12°
4
1.60
1.305
2.326
6.68425°
d.
d.
d.
149.6
d.
630.5
73.4
220.2
601.60°
1570
v. sl. s.
1.78
132
235 d.
146.9
d.
subl.
d. 160
17.5°
cb., 1.3696
col. pl.
col., rhb., 1.5230
col., rhb., 1.480
yel.-wh.
or.-red pr.
col., mn.
rhb.
col., mn.
col., mn., 1.685
col. cr.
tin wh., trig.
1.769 20°
4
i. act.
490
d. 170
i. al., act., CS2
v. sl. s. al.; i. act.
12025° NH3
i. al., act.
60°
87
17020°
3.0570°
i.
sl. s. al.
s. al., act., NH3, SO2
i. al., NH4Cl
s. aq. reg., h. conc.
H2SO4
s. al., HCl, HBr,
H2C4H4O6
s. HCl, KOH, H2C4H4O6
chloride, tri- (butter of
antimony)*
oxide, tri- (valentinite)
oxide, tri- (senarmontite)
sulfide, tri- (stibnite)
SbCl3
228.12
col., rhb., delq.
3.14 20°
4
Sb2O3
Sb2O3
Sb2S3
291.52
291.52
339.72
rhb., 2.35
cb., 2.087
bk., rhb., 4.046
5.67
5.2
4.64
656
652
550
0.00017
d.
sulfide, pentatelluride, triAntimonyl potassium tartrate
(tartar emetic)
sulfate, normal
sulfate, basic
Argon
Sb2S5
Sb2Te3
403.85
626.32
golden
gray
4.1200°
−2S, 135
629
i.
i.
(SbO)KC4H4O6aH2O
(SbO)2SO4
(SbO)2SO4Sb2(OH)4
Ar
333.94
371.58
683.20
39.95
wh., rhb.
wh. pd.
wh. pd.
col. gas
2.60
4.89
−aH2O, 100
−189.2
−185.7
35.7100°
d.
d.
2.2350° cc
s. gly.; i. al.
Arsenic (crystalline) (α)
Arsenic (black) (β)
As4
As4
299.69
299.69
met., hex.
bk., amor.
1.65−288°;
1.402−185.7°;
1.38 (A)
5.72714°
4.720°
5.268.7°
d.
i.
5.60° cc
81436atm.
subl. 615
i.
i.
i.
i.
Arsenic (yellow)(γ)
acid, orthoacid, metaacid, pyropentoxide
sulfide, di- (realgar)
As4
H3AsO4aH2O
HAsO3
H4As2O7
As2O5
As2S2
299.69
150.95
123.93
265.87
229.84
213.97
yel., cb.
col., hyg.
wh., hyg.
col.
wh., amor.
red, mn., 2.68
2.020°
2.0–2.5
s. HNO3
s. HNO3, aq. reg.,
aq. Cl2, h. alk.
d. 358
35.5
d.
d. 206
−H2O, 160
50
H3AsO4
H3AsO4
76.7100°
d.
s. alk.
d.
565
16.7
d. to form
d. to form
59.50°
i.
s. alk., al.
s. K2S, NaHCO3
sulfide, pentaArsenious chloride (butter of
arsenic)
hydride (arsine)
oxide (arsenolite)
oxide (claudetite)
oxide
As2S5
310.17
yel.
d. 500
0.0001360°
i.
s. HNO3, alk.
AsCl3
AsH3
As2O3
As2O3
As2O3
181.28
77.95
197.84
197.84
197.84
oily lq.
col. gas
col., cb., fibrous, 1.755
col., mn., 1.92
amor. or vitreous
130
−55; d. 230
d.
20 cc
sl. s.
sl. s.
1.210°
d.
sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
2.9340°
Auric chloride
AuCl32H2O
339.36
or. cr.
v. s.
v. s.
cyanide
Aurous chloride
cyanide
Cf. also under Gold
Barium
acetate
acetate
bromide
Au(CN)36H2O
AuCl
AuCN
383.11
232.42
222.98
yel. cr.
yel. cr.
7.4
v. s.
d.
i.
v. s.
d.
i.
s. HCl, HBr, PCl3
sl. s. alk.
i. al., et.
i. al., et.
s. HCl, alk., Na2CO3;
i. al., et.
s. HCl, al., et.; sl. s.
NH3
s. al.
s. HCl, HBr; d. al.
s. KCN; i. al., et.
Ba
Ba(C2H3O2)2
Ba(C2H3O2)2H2O
BaBr2
137.33
255.42
273.43
297.14
silv. met.
col.
wh., tri. pr., 1.517
col.
3.5
2.468
2.19
4.781 24°
4
d.
58.80°
7530°(anh.)
980°
d.
75.0100°
7940°(anh.)
149100°
2-9
*Usually the solution.
†See special tables.
‡Usual commercial form.
4.086
(α)3.50619°;
(β)3.25419°
lq. 2.163
2.695 (A)
3.865 25°
4
3.85
3.738
(α)tr. 267;
(β)307
−18
−113.5
subl.
subl.
315
sl. s.
18°
d.
d. 50
AuCl3, 170
d.
d. 290
850
1140
−H2O, 41
847
d.
s. HCl; alk., NH4HS,
K2S; i. ac.
s. HCl, alk., NH4HS
5.1515° gly.
2425° cc al.
s. a.; d. al.
i. al.
v. s. m. al.; v. sl. s. act.
2-10
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Name
Barium (Cont.)
bromide
carbonate (witherite)
carbonate (α)
carbonate (β)
Barium chlorate
chlorate
chloride
chloride
chloride
hydroxide
hydroxide
nitrate (nitrobarite)
oxalate
oxide
peroxide
peroxide
phosphate, monobasic
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, pyrosilicofluoride
sulfate (barite, barytes)
sulfide, monosulfide, trisulfide, tetraBeryllium (glucinum)
Bismuth
carbonate, subchloride, dichloride, trinitrate
nitrate, suboxide, trioxide, trioxide, trioxychloride
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
BaBr22H2O
BaCO3
BaCO3
BaCO3
Ba(ClO3)2
Ba(ClO3)2H2O*
BaCl2
BaCl2
BaCl22H2O†
Ba(OH)2
Ba(OH)28H2O
Ba(NO3)2
BaC2O4
BaO
333.17
197.34
197.34
197.34
304.23
322.24
208.23
208.23
244.26
171.34
315.46
261.34
225.35
153.33
col., mn., 1.7266
wh., rhb., 1.676
wh., hex.
wh.
col.
col., mn., 1.577
col., mn., 1.7361
col., cb.
col., mn., 1.646
col., mn.
col., mn., 1.5017
col., cb., 1.572
wh. cr.
col., cb., 1.98
BaO2*
BaO28H2O
BaH4(PO4)2
BaHPO4
Ba3(PO4)2
Ba2P2O7
BaSiF6
BaSO4
169.33
313.45
331.30
233.31
601.92
448.60
279.40
233.39
gray or wh. pd.
pearly sc.
tri.
wh., rhb. nd., 1.635
wh., cb.
wh., rhb.
pr.
col., rhb., 1.636
BaS
BaS3
BaS42H2O
Be(Gl)
Bi
169.39
233.52
301.62
9.01
208.98
Bi2O3CO2H2O
BiCl2(?)
BiCl3*
Bi(NO3)35H2O
BiONO3H2O
Bi2O3
Bi2O3
Bi2O3
BiOCl
527.98
279.89
315.34
485.07
305.00
465.96
465.96
465.96
260.43
col., cb., 2.155
yel.-gn.
red, rhb.
gray, met., hex.
silv. wh. or reddish,
hex.
wh. pd.
bk. nd.
wh. cr.
col., tri.
hex. pl.
yel., rhb.
yel., tet.
yel., cb.
wh., amor.
6.86
4.86
4.75
2.82
4.92815°
8.9
8.55
8.20
7.7215°
d.
163
230
d. 30
d. 260
820
860
tr. 704
3.69
4.29
3.179
3.856 24°
4
3.097 24°
4
4.495
16°
2.188
3.24428°
2.658
5.72
4.958
4°
2.9
4.16515°
4.116°
3.920°
4.27915°
4.49915°
Boiling
point, °C
−2H2O, 100
tr. 811 to α
tr. 982 to β
174090atm
414
d. 120
tr. 925
962
−2H2O, 100
d.
d. 1450
77.9
592
−8H2O, 550
d.
1923
2.988
1.816
9.8020°
d. 400
d. 200
1284
271
Other reagents
v. s.
0.0065100°
s. al.
s. a.; i. al.
0.002218°
20.350°
s.
310°
0.0065100°
84.880°
s.
59100°
s. a.; i. al.
76.8100°
101.480°
sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al.
2000
39.30°
1.670°
5.615°
5.00°
0.00168°
1.50°
d.
d.
d.
tr. to mn. 1149
v. sl. s.
0.168
d.
0.015
i.
0.01
0.02617°
0.0001150°
0.09100°
0.00028530°
2767
1450
d.
s.
4115°
i.
i.
d.
s.
v. s.
sl. s. d.
i.
i.
d.
d.
d.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
2.660°
40.2100°
1560
1560
4.2515°
20°
Hot water
v. s.
0.002218°
−O, 800
−8H2O, 100
1580 d.
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
d. 300
447
−5H2O, 80
1900
34.2100°
0.002424°
90.880°
sl. s. al., act.
sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al.
v. sl. s. al.; i. et.
sl. s. a.; i. al.
s. a., NH4Cl; i. al.
s. HCl, HNO3, abs. al.;
i. NH3, act.
s. dil. a.; i. act.
s. dil. a.; i. al., et., act.
s. a.
s. a., NH4 salts
s. a.
s. a., NH4 salts
sl. s. HCl, NH4Cl; i. al.
s. conc. H2SO4; 0.006,
3% HCl
d. HCl; i. al.
i. al., CS2
s. dil. a., alk.
s. aq. reg., conc. H2SO4,
HNO3
s. a.
s. al.
4219° act.; s. a.; i. al.
s. a.
s. a.
s. a.
s. a.
s. a.; i. act., NH3,
H2C4H4O6
22.220° gly., 0.2425° et.;
s. al.
s. HNO3; i. al.
Boric acid
H3BO3
61.83
wh., tri.
1.43515°
185 d.
Boron
B
10.81
2.32
2300
2550
i.
i.
carbide
oxide
oxide (sassolite)
Bromic acid
Bromine
B4C
B2O3
B2O33H2O
HBrO3
Br2
55.25
69.62
123.67
128.91
159.81
gray or bk., amor. or
mn.
bk. cr.
col. glass, 1.459
tri., 1.456
col.; in soln. only
rhb., or red lq.
2.54
1.85
1.49
2450
577
d.
d. 100
−7.2
>3500
>1500
i.
1.10°
sl. s.
v. s.
4.220°
i.
15.7100°
s.
d.
3.1330°
i. a.
s. a., al., gly.
hydrate
Cadmium
acetate
acetate
carbonate
Br210H2O
Cd
Cd(C2H3O2)2
Cd(C2H3O2)22H2O*
CdCO3
339.96
112.41
230.50
266.53
172.42
red, oct.
silv. met., hex.
col.
col., mn.
wh., trig.
8.6520°
2.341
2.01
4.2584°
d. 6.8
320.9
256
−H2O, 130
d. <500
i.
wh., cb.
4.047 25°
4
568
s. a., NH4NO3
s. m. al.
s. al.
s. a., KCN, NH4 salts;
i. NH3
1.5215° al.; i. et., act.
chloride
CdCl2
183.32
3.11920°;
5.87 (A)
58.78
767
d.
960
s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
i.
900°
i.
147100°
s. al., et., alk., CS2
chloride
cyanide
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrate
oxide
oxide
oxide, subCadmium sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfide (greenockite)
Calcium
acetate
aluminate
aluminum silicate (anorthite)
arsenate
bromide
carbonate (aragonite)
carbonate (calcite)
chloride (hydrophilite)
chloride
chloride
citrate
cyanamide
ferrocyanide
fluoride (fluorite)
formate
hydride
hydroxide
hypochlorite
hypophosphate
lactate
magnesium carbonate
(dolomite)
magnesium silicate (diopside)
nitrate (nitrocalcite)
nitrate
nitride
nitrite
oxalate
oxalate
oxide
CdCl2 2aH2O
Cd(CN)2
Cd(OH)2
Cd(NO3)2
Cd(NO3)24H2O*
CdO
CdO
Cd2O
CdSO4
CdSO4H2O
3CdSO48H2O*
CdSO44H2O
CdSO47H2O
CdS
Ca
Ca(C2H2O2)2H2O
Ca(AlO2)2
CaOAl2O32SiO2
Ca3(AsO4)2
CaBr2
CaCO3
CaCO3
CaCl2*
CaCl2H2O
CaCl26H2O
Ca3(C6H5O7)24H2O
CaCN2
Ca2Fe(CN)612H2O
CaF2
Ca(HCO2)2
CaH2
Ca(OH)2
Ca(ClO)24H2O
Ca2P2O62H2O
Ca(C3H5O3)25H2O
228.36
164.45
146.43
236.42
308.48
128.41
128.41
240.82
208.47
226.49
769.54
280.53
334.58
144.48
40.08
176.18
158.04
278.21
398.07
199.89
100.09
100.09
110.98
129.00
219.08
570.49
80.10
508.29
78.07
130.11
42.09
74.09
215.04
274.13
308.29
col., mn., 1.6513
3.327
wh., trig.
col.
col. nd.
brn., cb.
brn., amor, 2.49
gn., amor.
rhb.
mn.
col., mn., 1.565
col.
mn.
yel.-or., hex., 2.506
silv. met., cb.
wh. nd.
col., rhb. or mn.
tri., 1.5832
wh. pd.
delq. nd.
col., rhb., 1.6809
col., hex., 1.550
wh., delq., cb, 1.52
col., delq.
col., trig., 1.417
col. nd.
col., rhombohedral
yel., tri., 1.5818
wh., cb., 1.4339
col., rhb.
wh. cr. or pd.
col., hex., 1.574
wh., feathery cr.
granular
col., eff.
4.79 15°
4
CaOMgO2CO2
CaOMgO2SiO2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)24H2O*
Ca3N2
Ca(NO2)2H2O
CaC2O4
CaC2O4H2O
CaO
184.40
216.55
164.09
236.15
148.25
150.10
128.10
146.11
56.08
trig., 1.68174
wh., mn.
col., cb.
col., mn., 1.498
brn. cr.
delq., hex.
col., cb.
col.
col., cb., 1.837
peroxide
phosphate, monobasic
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, pyro- (brushite)
phosphide
silicate (α) (pseudowollastonite)
CaO28H2O
CaH4(PO4)2H2O
CaHPO42H2O
Ca3(PO4)2
Ca(PO3)2
Ca2P2O7
Ca2P2O75H2O
Ca3P2
CaSiO3
216.20
252.07
172.09
310.18
198.02
254.10
344.18
182.18
116.16
silicate (β) (wollastonite)
sulfate (anhydrite)
CaSiO3
CaSO4
116.16
136.14
pearly, tet.
wh., tri.
wh., mn. pl.
wh., amor.
wh., tet., 1.588
col., biaxial, 1.60
wh., mn.
red cr.
col., pseudo hex.,
1.6150 or mn.(?)
col., mn., 1.610
col., rhb., 1.576, or
mn, 1.50
2-11
*Usual commercial form.
†The solubility of CaCO3 in H2O is greatly increased by increasing the amount of CO2 in the H2O.
2.455 17°
4
8.15
6.95
8.192 18°
4
4.691 24°
4
3.78620°
3.09
3.05
2.48 20°
4
4.58
20°
1.55
tr. 34
d. >200
d. 300
350
59.4
132
d. 900–1000
d.
1000
tr. 108
tr. 41.5
3.6720°
2.765
tr. 4
1750100atm
810
d.
1600
1551
3.353 25°
4
2.93
25°
2.711 4
2.152 15°
4
760
d. 825
1339103atm.
772
1810
1.6817°
29.92
−2H2O, 130
−6H2O, 200
−4H2O, 185
1.7
3.18020°
2.015
1.7
2.2
2.872
3.3
2.36
1.82
2.6317°
2.2334°
2.24°
2.2
3.32
2.220 16°
4
2.306 16°
4
3.14
2.82
3.09
2.25
2.5115°
2.905
2.915
2.96
subl. in N2, 980
1200 30
>1600
1330
d.
d. 675
−H2O, 580
d.
−2H2O, 200
−3H2O, 100
−8H2O, 100
−H2O, 100
d.
1670
975
1230
2850
expl. 275
d. 200
>1600
1540
tr. 1190 to α
1450(mn.)
180100°
76.50°
s.
114.20°
s.
350−5°
0.000001
d.
520°
d.
60.8100°
s.
127.660°
s.
0.01325°
1250°
0.001220°†
0.001425°
59.50°
s.
v. s.
0.08518°
s. d.
s.
0.001618°
16.10°
d.
0.1850°
delq.; d.
i.
10.5
32659.5°
i.
i.
Colloidal
d.
45.580°
i.
312105°
0.002100°
0.002100°
347260°
s.
v. s.
0.09626°
d.
15090°
0.001726°
18.4100
0.077100°
d.
∞
2.0515° m. al.
s. a.; NH4OH, KCN
s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk.
v. s. a.
s. al., NH3; i. HNO3
s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk.
s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk.
d. a., alk.
i.act., NH3
i. al.
i. al.
i. al.
s. a.; v. s. NH4OH
s, a.; sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.
s. HCl
s. dil. a.
s. al., act.; sl. s. NH3
s. a., NH4Cl
s. a., NH4Cl
s. al.
s. al.
s. al.
0.006518° al.
i. al.
sl. s. a.
i. al., et.
d. a.; i. bz.
s. NH4Cl
d. a.
s. HCl, H4P2O6
∞h. al.; i. et.
18°
d. 730–760
1391
561
42.7
900
d.
−H2O, 200
2570
16820°
0.024718°
0.0002625°
109.70°
2150°
i.
i.
tr. 1193 to rhb.
0.032
i.
1020°
2660°
d.
770°
0.0006713°
i.
Forms
Ca(OH)2
sl. s.
0.0224.5°
0.0025
i.
i.
sl. s.
d.
0.009517°
0.29820°
i.
376151°
v. s.
d.
41790°
0.001495°
i.
d.
d.
0.075100°
d.
i.
0.1619100°
1415° al.; s. amyl al., NH3
s. dil. a.; i. abs. al.
s. 90% al.
s. a.; i. ac.
s. a.; i. ac
s. a.; i. al.
s. a. d.; i. al., et.
s. a.; i. al., ac.
i. a.
s. a.
s. a.; i. NH4Cl
s. dil. a.; i. al., et.
s. HCl
s. a., Na2S2O3, NH4 salts
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
TABLE 2-1
2-12
Name
Calcium (Cont.)
sulfate (gypsum)
sulfhydrate
sulfide (oldhamite)
sulfite
tartrate
thiocyanate
thiosulfate
tungstate (scheelite)
Carbon, cf. table of organic
compounds
Carbon, amorphous
Carbon, diamond
Carbon, graphite
dioxide
disulfide
Formula
172.17
col., mn., 1.5226
Ca(SH)26H2O
CaS
CaSO32H2O
CaC4H4O64H2O
Ca(CNS)23H2O
CaS2O36H2O
CaWO4
214.32
72.14
156.17
260.21
210.29
260.30
287.92
col. pr.
col., cb.
wh., cr., 1.595
col., rhb.
wh., delq. cr.
col., tri., 1.56
wh., tet., 1.9200
C
C
C
CO2
12.01
12.01
12.01
44.01
bk., amor.
col., cb., 2.4195
bk., hex.
col. gas
CS2
76.14
col. lq.
CO
oxychloride (phosgene)
oxysulfide
COCl2
COS
C3O2
CSCl2
2CeO23H2O
Ce(OH)(NO3)33H2O
CeO2
Ce(SO4)24H2O
Ce
28.01
98.92
60.08
68.03
114.98
398.28
397.18
172.11
404.30
140.12
Cerous sulfate
sulfate
Cesium
Chloric acid
Chlorine
Ce2(SO4)3
Ce2(SO4)38H2O
Cs
HClO37H2O
Cl2
568.42
712.54
132.91
210.57
70.91
hydrate
Chloroplatinic acid
Chlorostannic acid
Chlorosulfonic acid
Chromic acetate
chloride
chloride
fluoride
hydroxide
Cl28H2O
H2PtCl66H2O
H2SnCl66H2O
HOSO2Cl
Cr2(C2H3O2)62H2O
CrCl3
CrCl36H2O*
CrF3
Cr(OH)3
215.03
517.90
441.54
116.52
494.29
158.36
266.45
108.99
103.02
Cr(OH)32H2O
Cr(NO3)39H2O*
Cr(NO3)37aH2O
Cr2O3
Cr2(SO4)3
Cr2(SO4)35H2O
Cr2(SO4)315H2O
Cr2(SO4)318H2O
Cr2S3
139.05
400.15
373.13
151.99
392.18
482.26
662.41
716.46
200.19
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrate
oxide
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfide
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
CaSO42H2O
monoxide
suboxide
thionyl chloride
Ceric hydroxide
hydroxynitrate
oxide
sulfate
Cerium
Formula
weight
col., poisonous,
odorless gas
poisonous gas
gas
gas
yel.-red lq.
yel., gelatinous
red, mn.
wh. or pa. yel., cb.
yel., rhb.
steel gray, cb. or
hex.
wh., mn. or rhb.
tri.
silv. met., hex.
lq.
rhb., or gn.-yel. gas
rhb.
red-brn., delq.
delq.
col. lq.
gn.
pink, trig.
vl. or gn., hex. pl.
gn., rhb.
gn. or blue,
gelatinous
gn.
purple pr.
purple, mn.
dark gn., hex.
rose pd.
gn.
vl.
vl., cb., 1.564
brn.-bk. pd.
Specific
gravity
2.32
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
−1aH2O, 128
−2H2O, 163
d. 15
2.815°
−2H2O, 100
d.
d. 650
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
Hot water
0.2230°
0.25750°
v. s.
d.
0.004318°
0.0370°
s.
71.29°
0.2
v. s.
d.
0.002790°
0.2285°
v. s.
d.
Other reagents
s. a., gly., Na2S2O3,
NH4 salts
s. al.
s. a.
s. H2SO3
sl. s. al.
v. s. al.
i. al.
s. NH4Cl; i. a.
1.87316°
6.06
d.
1.8–2.1
3.5120°
2.2620°
lq. 1.101−87°;
1.53 (A);
solid 1.56−79°
22°
lq. 1.261 20
;
2.63 (A)
lq. 0.814−195°
4 ;
0.968
(A)
1.392 19°
4
lq. 1.24−87°;
2.10 (A)
lq. 1.1140°
1.50915°
>3500
>3500
>3500
−56.65.2atm.
4200
4200
4200
subl. −78.5
i.
i.
i.
179.70° cc
i.
i.
i.
90.120° cc
i. a., alk.
i. a., alk.
i. a., alk.
s. a., alk.
−108.6
46.3
0.20°
0.01450°
s. al.; et.
−207
−192
0.00440°;
3.50° cc
0.001850°
2.3220° cc
s. al., Cu2Cl2
−104
−138.2
8.2756mm
−50.2760mm
v. s. sl. d.
1330° cc
d.
40.330° cc
s. ac., CCl4, bs.; d.a.
v. s. alk., al.
−107
7761mm
73.5
d.
s. et.
s. a.; sl. s. alk. carb.; i. alk
7.3
3.91
6.920° cb.;
6.7 hex.
3.91
2.88617°
1.9020°
1.28214.2°
lq. 1.56−33.6°;
2.490° (A)
1.23
2.431
1.97128°
1.78725°
1950
645
5.21
3.012
1.86717°
1.722°
3.7719°
i.
0°
−8H2O, 630
28.5
<−20
−101.6
d. 9.6
60
19.2
−80
15°
2.757
1.835 25°
4
3.8
1400
d.
i.
s. d.
i.
670
d. 40
−34.6
151.5765mm
1200–1500 d.
subl. 83
>1000
d.
−2H2O, 100
36.5
100
1900
d. 100
d.
100
−10H2O, 100
−12H2O, 100
−S, 1350
18.98
250°
d.
v. s.
1.460°;
31010° cc
s.
v. s.
s.
d.
s.
i.§
v. s. d.
i.
i.
i.
s.
s.
i.
i.†
s.
s.
12020°
i.
Slowly
oxidized
0.4100°
7.640°
s. H2SO4, HCl
s. dil. H2SO4
s. dil. a.; i. al.
s. a., al., NH3
0.57 ;
17730° cc
30°
v. s.
sl. s.
i.
s.
s.
i.
d. 67°
d.
d.
s. alk.
s. alk.
s. al., et.
d. al.; i. CS2
4.7615° m. al.
i. a., act., CS2
s. al.; i. et.
sl. s. a.; i. al., NH3
s. a., alk.; sl. s. NH3
s. a., alk.
s. a., alk., al., act.
sl. s. a.
i. a.
s. al., H2SO4
sl. s. al.
s. al.
s. h. HNO3
Chromium
trioxide (chromic acid)
Chromous chloride
hydroxide
oxide
sulfate
sulfide (daubrelite)
Chromyl chloride
Cobalt
carbonyl
sulfide, diCobaltic chloride
chloride, dichro
chloride, luteo
chloride, praseo
Cobaltic chloride, purpureo
chloride, roseo
hydroxide
oxide
sulfate
sulfide
Cobalto-cobaltic oxide
Cobaltous acetate
chloride
chloride
nitrate
oxide
sulfate
sulfate
Cr
52.00
gray, met., cb.
CrO3
CrCl2
Cr(OH)2
CrO
CrSO47H2O
CrS
CrO2Cl2
Co
Co(CO)4
CoS2
CoCl3
Co(NH3)3Cl3H2O
Co(NH3)6Cl3
Co(NH3)4Cl3H2O
Co(NH3)5Cl3
Co(NH3)5Cl3H2O
Co(OH)3
Co2O3
Co2(SO4)3
Co2S3
Co3O4
Co(C2H3O2)24H2O
CoCl2
CoCl26H2O*
Co(NO3)26H2O
99.99
122.90
86.01
68.00
274.17
84.06
154.90
58.93
170.97
123.06
165.29
234.40
267.48
251.43
250.44
268.46
109.96
165.86
406.05
214.06
240.80
249.08
129.84
237.93
291.03
red, rhb.
wh., delq.
yel.-brn.
bk. pd.
blue
bk. pd.
dark red lq.
silv. met., cb.
or. cr.
bk., cb.
red cr.
CoO
CoSO4
CoSO4H2O
74.93
155.00
173.01
brn., cb.
red pd.
red pd., mn.(?),
1.639
red, mn., 1.483
brn. nd.
yel.-red met., cb.
or., mn.
gn., rhb.
rhb.
brick red
bk.
bk.
blue cr.
bk. cr.
bk., cb.
red-vl., mn., 1.542
blue cr.
red, mn.
red, mn., 1.4
7.1
2.70
2.75
1615
d.
3.97
1.92
8.920°
1.7318°
4.269
2.94
1.701620°
1.847
25°
1.819 25
1550
−96.5
1480
51
5.18
d. 100
−1aH2O, 100
d. 900
4.8
6.07
1.705318.7°
3.356
25°
1.924 25
25°
1.883 25
−4H2O, 140
subl.
86
<100
5.68
3.71025°
3.13
d. 1800
d. 880
d.
25°
1.948 25
5.4518°
8.9220°
1.930 20°
4
1.882
96.8
>1100
1083
−7H2O, 420
115
240 d.
1.98
d. 110
1.81
3.88
d. 150
d. 220
ammonium sulfate
carbonate, basic (azurite)
CuSO44NH3H2O
2CuCO3Cu(OH)2
245.75
344.67
blue, tet., 1.670,
1.744
blue, rhb.
blue, mn., 1.758
carbonate, basic (malachite)
chloride (eriochalcite)
CuCO3Cu(OH)2
CuCl2
221.12
134.45
dark gn., mn., 1.875
brn.-yel. pd.
3.9
3.054
d.
498
chloride
chromate, basic
cyanide
dichromate
ferricyanide
ferrocyanide
formate
hydroxide
lactate
nitrate
nitrate
CuCl22H2O
CuCrO42CuO2H2O
Cu(CN)2
CuCr2O72H2O
Cu3[Fe(CN)6]2
Cu2Fe(CN)67H2O
Cu(HCO2)2
Cu(OH)2
Cu(C3H5O3)22H2O
Cu(NO3)23H2O*
Cu(NO3)26H2O
170.48
374.66
115.58
315.56
614.54
465.15
153.58
97.56
277.72
241.60
295.65
gn., rhb., 1.684
yel.-brn.
yel.-gn.
bk., tri.
yel.-gn.
red-brn.
blue, mn.
blue, gelatinous
dark blue, mn.
blue, delq.
blue, rhb.
2.3922.4°
2.28618°
−2H2O, 110
−2H2O, 260
d.
−2H2O, 100
1.831
3.368
−H2O
2.0473.9°
2.074
114.5
−3H2O, 26.4
*Usual commercial form.
†Also a soluble modification.
277.47
dark gn., mn.
gn.
117.6
2900
d. 52
subl.
ammonium chloride
281.10
91.00
63.55
181.63
199.65
1013.79
i.
i.
0°
197 d.
CoSO47H2O*
CoS
Cu
Cu(C2H3O2)2
Cu(C2H3O2)2H2O
(CuOAs2O3)3
Cu(C2H3O2)2*
CuCl22NH4Cl2H2O
sulfate (biebeorite)
sulfide (syeporite)
Copper
Cupric acetate
acetate
aceto-arsenite (Paris green)
2200
1049
−6H2O, 110
d.
164.9
v. s.
d.
i.
12.350
i.
d.
i.
i.
i.
s.
s.
4.260°
v. s.
0.2320°
16.120°
i.
i.
d.
i.
i.
s.
457°
116.50°
84.030°(anh.)
i.
25.60°
s.
2300
−HNO3, 170
206.7
v. s.
i.
i.
d.
s. HCl, dil. H2SO4;
i. HNO3
s. H2SO4, al., et.
sl. s. al.; i. et.
s. conc. a.
i. dil. HNO3
sl. s. al.
v. s. a.
s. et.
s. a.
s. al., et., CS2
s. HNO3, aq. reg.
s.
12.7446.5°
1.03146.5°
24.8716°
i.
i.
i.
s.
10596°
17780°
334.990°
(anh.)
i.
83100°
s.
s. a.; al.
i. al., NH4OH
s. a.; i. al.
i. al.
sl. s. HCl
s. a.; i. al.
s. a.
s. H2SO4
d. a.
s. H2SO4; i. HCl, HNO3
s. a., al.
31 al.; 8.6 act.
v. s. et., act.
10012.5° al.; s. act.;
sl. s. NH3
s. a., NH4OH; i. al.
1.0418° m. al.; i. NH8
3380°
0.0003818°
i.
s.
7.2
i.
s.
20
7 al.; s. et.; gly.
s. a., NH4OH
33.80°
99.380°
s. a.
18.05
i.
d.
d.
i.
70.70°
d.
107.9100°
i. al.
s. NH4OH, h. aq.
NaHCO3
s. KCN; 0.03 aq. CO
5315° al.; 6815° m. al.
110.40°
i.
i.
sl. s.
i.
i.
12.5
i.
16.7
38140°
243.70°
192.4100°
21.5°
Forms Cu2Cl2
993
d.
100°
i.
d.
i.
d.
d.
45100°
66680°
∞
2.58° al.
s. a., aq. reg.
s. HNO3, h. H2SO4
s. al.; et., NH4Cl
s. HNO3, NH4OH
s. KCN, C5H5N
s. a.; NH4OH
s. NH4OH; i. HCl
s. NH4OH; i. a., NH8
0.25 al.
s. a., NH4OH, KCN, al.
sl. s. al.
10012.5° al.
s. al.
2-13
2-14
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
CuO
CuO
CuCl22CuO4H2O
Cu3P2
CuSO4
79.55
79.55
365.60
252.59
159.61
CuSO45H2O*
CuS
249.69
95.61
tartate
Cuprous ammonium iodide
carbonate
chloride (nantokite)
cyanide
CuC4H4O63H2O
CuINH4IH2O
Cu2CO3
Cu2Cl2
Cu2(CN)2
265.66
353.41
187.10
198.00
179.13
bk., cb.
bk., tri., 2.63
blue-gn.
bk.
gn.-wh., rhb.,
1.733
blue, tri., 1.5368
blue, hex. or mn.,
1.45
1 gn. pd.
rhb. pl.
yel.
wh., cb., 1.973
wh., mn.
ferricyanide
ferrocyanide
fluoride
hydroxide
oxide (cuprite)
Cuprous phosphide
sulfide (chalcocite)
sulfide
Cyanogen
Cu3Fe(CN)6
Cu4Fe(CN)6
Cu2F2
CuOH
Cu2O
Cu6P2
Cu2S
Cu2S
C2N2
402.59
466.13
165.09
80.55
143.09
443.22
159.16
159.16
52.03
brn.-red
brn.-red
red cr.
yel.
red, cb., 2.705
gray-bk.
bk., rhb.
bk., cb.
poisonous gas
Fe(OH)(C2H3O2)2
190.94
brn., amor.
Name
Cupric acetate (Cont.)
oxide (paramelaconite)
oxide (tenorite)
oxychloride
phosphide
sulfate (hydrocyanite)
sulfate (blue vitriol or
chalcanthite)
sulfide (covellite)
Cyanogen compounds, cf. table
of organic compounds
Ferric acetate, basic
ammonium sulfate, cf. Alum
chloride (molysite)
chloride
ferrocyanide (Prussian blue)
hydroxide
lactate
nitrate
oxide (hematite)
sulfate
sulfate (coquimbite)
Ferroso-ferric chloride
ferricyanide (Prussian green)
oxide (magnetite;
magnetic iron oxide)
oxide, hydrated
Ferrous ammonium sulfate
Formula
Specific
gravity
6.40
6.45
Melting
point, °C
6.35
3.60615°
d. 1026
d. 1026
−3H2O, 140
d.
d. >600
2.286 15.6°
4
4.6
−4H2O, 110
tr. 103
4.4
3.53
2.9
d.
422
474.5
3.4
6.0
6.4 to 6.8
5.6
5.80
lq. 0.866−17.2°;
1.806 (A)
−O, 1800
1100
1130
−34.4
−20.5
2.804
282
37
d.
Fe(OH)3
Fe(C3H5O3)3
Fe(NO3)36H2O
Fe2O3
106.87
323.06
349.95
159.69
red-brn.
brn., amor., delq.
rhb., delq.
red or bk., trig.,
3.042
rhb., 1.814
yel., trig.
yel., delq.
gn.
bk., cb., 2.42
3.4 to 3.9
−1aH2O, 500
303.59
392.14
chloride (lawrencite)
chloroplatinate
ferricyanide (Turnbull’s blue)
ferrocyanide
formate
hydroxide
nitrate
oxide
FePtCl66H2O
Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
Fe2Fe(CN)6
Fe(HCO2)22H2O
Fe(OH)2
Fe(NO3)26H2O
FeO
571.73
591.43
323.64
181.91
89.86
287.95
71.84
126.75
bk.
blue-gn., mn.,
1.4915
gn.-yel., hex.,
1.567
yel., hex.
dark blue
blue-wh., amor.
i.
i.
i.
i.
14.30°
Hot water
i.
i.
75.4100°
s. a.; KCN, NH4Cl
s. a., KCN, NH4Cl
s. a.
s. HNO3; i. HCl
i. al.
24.30°
0.00003318°
205100°
1.18° al.
s. HNO3, KCN
0.0215°
d.
i.
1.5225°
i.
0.1485°
s. a., KOH
s. NH4I
s. a., NH4OH
s. HCl, NH4OH, al.
s. KCN, HCl, NH4OH;
sl. s. NH3
s. NH4OH; i. HCl
s. NH4OH; i. NH4Cl
s. HF, HCl, HNO3; i. al.
s. a., NH4OH
s. HCl, NH4Cl, NH4OH
s. HNO3; i. HCl
s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act.
s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act.
230020° cc al.; 50018° cc et.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.000518°
0.000518°
45020° cc
i.
i.
i.
i.
s. a.; al.
0°
100°
v. s. al.; et. +HCl
s. al., act., gly.
s. HCl, conc. H2SO4;
i. al., et.
s. a.; i. al., et.
i. et.
s. al., act.
s. HCl
535.8
∞
d.
i.
v. s.
1500°
i.
i.
v. s.
∞
d.
d.
s.
5.2
d. 50
d. 180
1538 d.
sl. s.
440
s.
i.
i.
i.
s. d. h. HCl
i. al.
1.864
d.
d.
i.
180°
i.
10075°
s. a.
i. al.
64.410°
105.7100°
100 al.; s. act.; i. et.
v. s.
i.
i.
sl. s.
0.00067
2000°
i.
v. s.
20°
1.684
5.12
35
1560 d.
3.09718°
2.1
d. 480
2.7
d.
delq.
2.714
d.
3.4
5.7
315
280
Other reagents
74.4
2460°
i.
d.
lt. gn.
cr.
bk.
subl. 1100
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
i.
11°
bk.-brn., hex. delq.
red-yel., delq.
dark blue
Fe3O44H2O
FeSO4(NH4)2SO4
6H2O
FeCl2
1366
d.
908
−aH2O, 360
1235
162.20
270.30
859.23
399.88
562.02
775.43
1662.61
231.53
Forms CuO,
650
−5H2O, 250
d. 220
d.
FeCl3
FeCl36H2O*
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe2(SO4)39H2O
FeCl22FeCl318H2O
Fe′′′
4 Fe′′
3 [Fe(CN)6]6
Fe3O4
Boiling
point, °C
60.5
1420
i. H2SO4, NH3
s. abs. al.
i. dil. a., al.
30025°
i.
s. a., NH4Cl
s. a.; i. alk.
phosphate (vivianite)
silicate
sulfate (siderotilate)
sulfate (copperas)
sulfide
cf. also under iron
Fluoboric acid
Fluorine
Fe3(PO4)28H2O
501.60
FeSiO3
FeSO45H2O
FeSO47H2O*
FeS
131.93
241.98
278.01
87.91
blue, mn., 1.592,
1.603
mn.
gn., tri., 1.536
blue-gn., mn.
bk., hex.
1550
s.
14950°
i. al.
i. al.
s. a.; i. NH3
−223
130 d.
−187
∞
d.
∞
s. al.
s.
s.
s.
s.
i.
s.
i.
s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a.
s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a.
0.970° cc
∞
s.
∞
v. s.
s.
174.910°
v. s.
v. s.
3.05522°
∞
4250010° cc
∞
∞
∞
∞
2210°
1.0850° cc
∞
Absorbed by Pt
s. al.
∞
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞ al.; i. et.
sl. s. al.
s. al.
144.09
157.25
309.44
yel. met., cb.
blue to vl.
19.3
1063
2600
12.1
0.1368 (A)
1.011 15°
4
>1700
<−272.2
1.4
128
−40
>3200(?)
−268.9
113.5
Au
Au
196.97
196.97
Hf
He
N2H4
N2H42HCO2H
N2H4H2O
N2H4HCl
N2H42HCl
N2H4HNO3
N2H42HNO3
N2H4aH2SO4
N2H4H2SO4
HN3
HI
HIH2O
HI2H2O
HI3H2O
HI4H2O
HBr
HBrH2O
178.49
4.00
32.05
124.10
50.06
68.51
104.97
95.06
158.07
81.08
130.12
43.03
127.91
145.93
163.94
181.96
199.97
80.91
98.93
hex.
col. gas
col. lq.
cb.
col.
yel. lq.
wh., cb.
cr.
nd.
delq. pl.
rhb.
col. lq.
col. gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. gas; 1.325 (lq.)
col. lq.
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid)
HBr (47.8% in H2O)
HBr2H2O
HCl†
HCl (45.2% in H2O)
HCl2H2O
HCl3H2O
HCN
80.91
118.96
36.46
36.46
72.49
90.51
27.03
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
HF
HF (35.35% in H2O)
H2
20.01
20.01
2.02
col. lq.
wh. cr.
col. gas; 1.256 (lq.)
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
poisonous gas or
col. lq., 1.254
gas or col. lq.
col. lq.
col. gas or cb.
H2O2‡
H2Se
H2S
NH2OH
NH2OHHCl
NH2OHHNO3
NH2OHaH2SO4
34.01
80.98
34.08
33.03
69.49
96.04
82.07
2-15
*Usual commercial form.
†Usual commercial form about 31 percent.
‡Usual commercial forms 3 or 30 percent.
delq. cr.
col. lq., 1.333
col. gas
col. gas
rhb., delq.
col., mn.
col. cr.
col., mn.
20°
1.0321°
1.42
1.378
4.40° (A)
1.715°
2.710° (A)
1.78
1.486
2.11−15°
1.2680° (A)
1.48
1.46 −18.3°
4
18°
0.697
0.98813.6°
1.15
lq. 0.0709−252.7°
0.06948 (A)
1.438 20°
4
2.12−42°
1.1895 (A)
1.3518°
1.6717°
s. a.; i. ac.
s.
32.80°
0.00061618°
H2SiF6
Gd
GaBr3
lq. 1.51−187°;
1.3115° (A)
i.
−5H2O, 300
−7H2O, 300
d.
87.81
38.00
col. lq.
gn.-yel. gas
i.
64
1193
HBF4
F2
Fluosilicic acid
Gadolinium
Gallium bromide
Glucinum cf. Beryllium
Gold
Gold, colloidal
Gold salts cf. under Auric
and Aurous
Hafnium
Helium
Hydrazine
formate
hydrate
hydrochloride
hydrochloride, dinitrate
nitrate, disulfate
sulfate
Hydrazoic acid (azoimide)
Hydriodic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic acid
peroxide
selenide
sulfide
Hydroxylamine
hydrochloride
nitrate
sulfate
2.58
3.5
2.2
1.89914.8°
4.84
198
70.7
104
85
254
−80
−50.8
−43
−48
−36.5
−86
−11
−111
−15.35
0
−24.4
−14
−83
−35
−259.1
−0.89
−64
−82.9
34
151
48
170 d.
118.5739.5mm
subl. 140
d.
37
−35.5
127774mm
−67
d.
d.
26
∞
s.
82.30°
∞
∞
∞
∞
19.4
120
−252.7
∞ 0° to 19.4°
v. s.
2.10° cc
126
−85
760mm
151.4
−42
−59.6
56.522mm
d.
d. <100
∞
3774° cc
4370° cc
s.
83.317°
v. s.
32.90°
27.6560°
∞
v. s.
130100°
s.
56.160°
i. al.
v. sl. s. abs. al.
∞ al.
s. al.
∞ al.
s. al.
s. al.
s. al.
s. al.
Stable at −15.5° and
1 atm., and at −11.3°
and 2.5 atm.
s. al.
s. al., et.
s. al.
s. al.
s. al.
∞ al., et.
v. s.
0.8580° cc
sl. s. Fe, Pd, Pt
27022.5° cc
18640° cc
d.
v. s.
d.
68.590°
s. a., et.; i. petr. et
s. CS2, COCl2
9.5415° cc al.; s. CS2
s. a., al.
s. al.; i. et.
v. s. abs. al.
v. sl. s. al.; i. et., abs. al.
2-16
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued)
Name
Formula
Hypobromous acid
Indium
Iodic acid
HBrO
In
HIO3
Iodine
oxide, pentaIodoplatinic acid
Iridium
Iron, cast†
pure
steel
white pig
wrought
carbide (cementite)
carbonyl
nitride
I2
I2O5
H2PtI69H2O
Ir
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe3C
Fe(CO)5
Fe2N
silicide
sulfide, di- (marcasite)
sulfide, di- (pyrite)
sulfide (pyrrhotite)
Cf. also under ferric and
ferrous
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lead
FeSi
FeS2
FeS2
Fe7S8
acetate
acetate (sugar of lead)
acetate
acetate, basic
acetate, basic
acetate, basic
arsenate, monobasic
arsenate, dibasic (schultenite)
arsenate, metaarsenate, pyroLead azide
bromide
Formula
weight
96.91
114.82
175.91
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
yel.
soft, tet. met.
col., rhb.
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
7.320°
4.6290°
155
110 d.
Boiling
point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
Hot water
4050mm
1450
s.
i.
2860°
d.
i.
576101°
0.01620°
187.412°
s. d.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
d.
0.0956660°
blue-bk., rhb.
wh., trimetric
brn., delq. mn.
wh. met., cb.
gray
silv. met., cb.
silv. gray
gray
gray
pseudo hex.
pa. yel. lq.
gray
4.9320°
4.799 25°
4
113.5
d. 300
184.35
22.420°
7.03
7.8620°
7.6 to 7.8
7.6 to 7.8
7.86
7.4
1.45721°
6.35
2350
1275
1535
1375
1075
1505
1837
−21
d. >560
>4800
83.93
119.98
119.98
647.44
yel.-gray, oct.
yel., rhb.
yel., cb.
hex.
6.1 20°
4
4.87
5.0
4.6 20°
4
d.
d.
i.
0.00049
0.0005
i.
i.
tr. 450
1171
d. >700
Kr
La
Pb
83.80
138.91
207.20
col. gas
lead gray
silv. met., cb.
2.818 (A)
6.1520°
20°
11.337 20
−169
826
327.5
−151.8
1800
1620
11.050° cc
d.
i.
3.5760° cc
Pb(C2H3O2)2
Pb(C2H3O2)23H2O†
Pb(C2H3O2)210H2O
Pb2(C2H3O2)3OH
Pb(C2H3O2)2
Pb(OH)2H2O
Pb(C2H3O2)2
2Pb(OH)2
PbH4(AsO4)2
PbHAsO4
Pb(AsO3)2
Pb2As2O7
PbN6
PbBr2
325.29
379.33
505.44
608.54
584.52
wh. cr.
wh., mn.
wh., rhb.
wh.
wh. nd.
3.251 20°
4
2.55
1.689
280
−3H2O, 75
22
807.72
wh. nd.
489.07
347.13
453.04
676.24
291.24
367.01
tri., 1.82
wh., mn., 1.9097
hex.
rhb., 2.03
col. nd.
col., rhb.
4.46
5.94
6.4215°
15°
6.85 15
253.81
333.81
1120.66
192.22
55.85
55.85
55.85
55.85
55.85
179.55
195.90
125.70
15°
3000
102.5760mm
d. 140
d. >200
−H2O, 280
6.66
802
expl. 350
373
918
22150°
200100°
s.
5.55
18.2
d.
0.05100°
4.75100°
0.0001120°
d.
i.
3.34100°
i.
i.
18100° d.
i.
267.21
wh., rhb., 2.0763
6.6
d. 315
2PbCO3Pb(OH)2†
PbCl2
PbCrO4
PbCrO4PbO
Pb(HCO2)2
3PbOH2O
Pb(NO3)2
775.63
278.11
323.19
546.39
297.23
687.61
331.21
6.14
5.80
6.12
d. 400
501
844
4.56
7.592
4.53
d. 190
−H2O, 130
d. 470
i.
0.6730°
0.00000720°
i.
1.616°
0.014
38.80°
oxide, suboxide, mono- (litharge)
Pb2O
PbO
430.40
223.20
wh., hex.
wh., rhb., 2.2172
yel., mn., 2.42
or.-yel. nd.
wh., rhb.
cb.
col., cb. or mn.,
1.7815
bk., amor.
yel., tet.
8.34
9.53
d. red heat
888
i.
0.006818°
oxide, mono (massicotite)
PbO
223.20
yel., rhb., 2.61
s. a.
v. s. 87% al.; i. abs. al.
et., chl.
s. al., KI, et.
i. abs. al., et., chl.
sl. s. aq. reg., aq. Cl2
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.
s. al., H2SO4, alk.
s. HCl,
H2SO4
i. aq. reg.
i. dil. a.
i. dil. a.
sl. s. al., bz.
s. a.
s. HNO3; i. c. HCl, H2SO4
s. gly.; v. sl. s. al.
s. gly.; sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.
s. al.
d.
i.
d.
i.
i.
0.45540°
PbCO3
8.0
i.
19.70°
45.6415°
s.
v. s.
v. s.
carbonate (cerussite)
carbonate, basic
(hydrocerussite; white lead)
chloride (cotunnite)
chromate (crocoite)
chromate, basic
formate
hydroxide
nitrate
954760mm
d.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
Other reagents
sl. s.
138.8100°
s. al.
s. HNO3
s. HNO3, NaOH
s. HNO3
s. HCl, HNO3; i. sc.
v. s. ac.; i. NH4OH
s. a., KBr.; sl. s. NH3;
i. al.
s. a., alk.; i. NH3, al.
s. ac.; sl. s. aq. CO2
sl. s. dil. HCl, NH3, i. al.
s. a., alk.; i. NH3, ac.
s. a., alk.
i. al.
s. a., alk.
8.822° al.
s. a., alk.
s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl,
CaCl2
oxide, mono-
PbO
223.20
amor.
9.2 to 9.5
oxide, red (minium)
oxide, sesquioxide, di- (plattnerite)
silicate
sulfate (anglesite)
Pb3O4
Pb2O3
PbO2
PbSiO3
PbSO4
685.60
462.40
239.20
283.28
303.26
9.1
Pb(HSO4)2 H2O
PbSO4PbO
PbS
Pb(CNS)2
Li
LiC7H5O2
LiBr
419.36
526.46
239.27
323.36
6.94
128.05
86.85
LiBr2H2O
Li2CO3
LiCl
122.88
73.89
42.39
citrate
fluoride
formate
hydride
hydroxide
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrate
oxide
phosphate, monobasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, tribasic
salicylate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate, acid
Lutecium
Magnesium
acetate
acetate
aluminate (spinel)
Li3C6H5O74H2O
LiF
LiHCO2H2O
LiH
LiOH
LiOHH2O
LiNO3
LiNO33H2O
Li2O
LiH2PO4
Li3PO4
Li3PO412H2O
LiC7H5O3
Li2SO4
Li2SO4H2O†
LiHSO4
Lu
Mg
Mg(C2H3O2)2
Mg(C2H3O2)24H2O†
MgO·Al2O3
281.98
25.94
69.97
7.95
23.95
41.96
68.95
122.99
29.88
103.93
115.79
331.98
144.05
109.94
127.96
104.01
174.97
24.31
142.39
214.45
142.26
red, amor.
red-yel., amor.
brn., tet., 2.229
col., mn., 1.961
wh., mn. or rhb.,
1.8823
cr.
col., mn.
lead gray, cb., 3.912
col., mn.
silv. met. cb.
wh. leaflets
wh., delq., cb.,
1.784
wh. pr.
col., mn., 1.567
wh., delq., cb.,
1.662
wh. cr.
wh., cb., 1.3915
col., rhb.
wh., cb.
wh. cr.
col., mn.
col., trig., 1.735
col.
col., 1.644
col.
wh., rhb.
wh., trig.
col.
col., mn., 1.465
col., mn., 1.477
pr.
ammonium chloride
ammonium phosphate
(struvite)
ammonium sulfate
(boussingaultite)
benzoate
carbonate (magnesite)
carbonate (nesquehonite)
carbonate, basic
(hydromagnesite)
Magnesium chloride
(chloromagnesite)
chloride (bischofite)
hydroxide (brucite)
nitride
oxide (magnesia; periclase)
perchlorate
MgCl2NH4Cl6H2O
MgNH4PO46H2O
256.79
245.41
MgSO4(NH4)2SO4
6H2O
Mg(C7H5O2)23H2O
MgCO3
MgCO33H2O
3MgCO3Mg(OH)23H2O
360.60
col., mn.
320.58
84.31
138.36
365.31
wh. pd.
wh., trig. 1.700
col., rhb., 1.501
wh., rhb., 1.530
95.21
sulfate, acid
sulfate, basic (lanarkite)
sulfide (galena)
thiocyanate
Lithium
benzoate
bromide
bromide
carbonate
chloride
2-17
*See also a table of alloys.
†Usual commercial form.
MgCl2
MgCl26H2O†
Mg(OH)2
Mg3N2
MgO
Mg(ClO4)2†
203.30
58.32
100.93
40.30
223.21
i.
i.
d. 500
d. 360
d. 290
766
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
1336 5
3.464 25°
4
547
1265
0.00280°
0.000118°
0.004418°
0.0000918°
0.0520°
d.
3325°
1430° (2H2O)
0.005640°
6.92
7.5
3.82
0.5320°
1170
d.
977
1120
d. 190
186
2.110°
2.068 25°
4
44
618
614
d.
1360
24620°
1.540°
670°
9.375
6.49
6.2
2.29521.5°
1.46
0.820
2.54
1.83
2.38
2.013 25°
4
d.
870
−H2O, 94
680
445
261
29.88
1670
925
d.
subl. <1000
61.215°
0.2718°
49.20°
d.
12.70°
22.310°
53.40°
v. s.
forms LiOH
s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl,
CaCl2
s. ac., h. HCl
s. a., alk.
s. ac., h. alk.; i. al.
s. a.
i.
s.
d.
40100°
266100°
(1H2O)
0.72100°
127.5100°
66.7100°
0.13535°
346.6104°
17.5100°
26.880°
19470°
∞
s. conc. a., NH4 salts; i. al.
sl. s. H2SO4
sl. s. H2SO4
s. a.; i. alk.
s. KCNS, HNO3
s. a., NH3
7.725°, 1078° al.
s. al., act.
s. al.
s. dil. a.; i. al., act., NH3
2.4815° al.; s. et.
sl. s. al., et.
s. HF; i. act.
sl. s. al., et.
i. et.
sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.
s. al., NH3
2.22
2.06
2.12313°
>100
837
100
d.
860
−H2O, 130
170.5
silv. met., hex.
wh.
wh., mn. pr., 1.491
col. cb., 1.718–23
1.7420°
1.42
1.454
3.6
651
323
80
2135
wh., rhb., delq.
col., rhb., 1.496
1.456
1.715
−4H2O, 195
d. 100
1.72
>120
16.86
130
4.525° (anh.)
0.0106
0.151819°
0.04
s.
3.037
1.852
2.16
−3H2O, 110
d. 350
−H2O, 100
d.
d.
0.011
s. act.
s. a., aq. CO2; i. act., NH3
s. a., aq. CO2
s. a., NH4 salts; i. al.
col., hex., 1.675
2.32525°
712
1412
52.80°
73100°
50 al.
wh., delq., mn., 1.507
wh., trig., 1.5617
gn.-yel., amor.
col., cb., 1.7364
wh., delq.
1.56
2.4
118 d.
d.
d.
2800
d.
d.
2810°
0.000918°
i.
0.00062
99.625°
918100°
50 al.
s. NH4 salts, dil. a.
s. a.; i. al.
s. a., NH4 salts; i. al.
2425 al., 51.825° m. al.;
0.29 et.
2.461
2.53717.5°
1.645
3.65
2.6025°
1110
0.03418°
v. sl. s.
12826°
35.340°
43.60°
d.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
i.
sl. s. d.
v. s.
v. s.
16.7
0.02310°
s.
0.019580°
0°
3600
29.9100°
35100°
s. a., NH4Cl; i. act.
v. s. al.
i. act., 80% al.
i. 80% al.
s. a., NH4 salts
5.2515° m. al.
v. s. al.
v. sl. s. dil. HCl; i. dil.
HNO3
s. a.; i. al.
100°
d.
v. s.
.PDF 
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