Tài liệu Phonlogy đầy đủ và hay nhất

vbntirgNwpoasced: I. vocal folds A p r t a F e sp e r a a e g s v c :e o e s f s l i II. Articulator : tongue & lips: a. tongue : tip => blade=> front=> back b. alveolar ridge=> hard palate( roof of mouth)=> velum ( soft palate): air can pass nose and mouth  alveolar ridge: shape with the tongue v r l e a o w l i u s = m e > d = a > i r a i e s r c e a s p c e a p f r e o f m r o t m h e t h n e o s m e o u t h Articulation : the passage > larynx=> vocal tract g v n o U L p l r p o h a l o c s p w a r a l e r y t l r y n t c n x i t c a ( x s r a v u : = a v i n m > = c i m o t t y o u v y v a b o ( a b e i c a b l > c e l l i e ) p ) a b s r o c o y x = n r d > x = > s u v b + u a v l c a k o c ) o a f l c t h o e r d m s o u t h 1. 2. 3. 4.   A. III.Four stages of glottis Open for normal breathy + voiceless sound Close Narrow: when “h” is produced Tightly closed : đóng chặt lại ( cause vibration) ( glottal stop is produced) Voice sounds and voiceless sounds Oral sounds and nasal sounds (soft palate is raised) and ( soft palate is lower) IV. Criteria for consonant classification ( where , How, voicing) Places of articulation ( where) bilabial, labiodentals, interdental (dental), alveolar, alveolar –palate ( post- alveolar), velar ( velum)  Consonant sounds & voiceless sounds ilbpvra aeil ldb-tv anivre taobr a=di:rfl lear tnlger :tx a l :  B.  n a a r t e e t l t o l a d i n a d e l Consonant sounds: blocking air partially or completely : through lung=> vocal tract. Manner of articulation ( How) Articulators may close off the oral tract for a relatively long period; narrow the space considerably. a. Stop (no escape the mouth) a) Oral stop (non –nasal) ( plosives)( completely) ─ Soft palate raised =>nasal tract : blocked up+ air completely obstructed. ─ Oral stop consonants air are “explodes”=> âm bật  Nasal stop /m/: bilabial nasal ; /n/, / ŋ/: velar nasal consonant b. English fricative: blocking the air partially=> obstruction partially. /f/ ,/v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/,  Alveolar palatal fricative consonants : /s/, /z/ f r i c a t v e l s t o p s i /t/ /dʒ/: post +alve a f r c a t e s f i c. Approximants /l/, /r/, /v/, also translated as /j/ in RP & /w/  Approaches a certain place of articulation as for fricatives, but it does not /r/ channeling air through the central part of the mouth.  Approximants  /l / a l s / p i r e j p q m / r u : i o i x d v i s o m w a e n l t s s ð ð / each of the tongue => central approximant  /l/ lateral approximant b) The semi-vowels /j/ & /w/ : ½ bán nguyên âm. The way they are produced (phonetically) : no observation Phonological : distribution in English word ‘không có hai phụ âm đứng gần nhau”. Bilabial Labio-dental stops fricatives affricates Dental Alveopalatal Palatal velar vds k vd ɡ vds f θ ʃ vd v ð ʒ vds tʃ vd dʒ Nasal Retroflex lateral ŋ Semiy vowels d. The glottal fricatives /h/  Phonological/h/ is consonants & almost always found before vowels.  Phonetically:  voiceless =>isolation w  Before vowels=>partial voice.  Voiceless vowel=> follow=> quality. c) Definition :  Consonant : + blocking air; + obstruction  Vowels: without obstruction of the air stream oral cavity. d) Characteristics: 1) oral : produced by mouth (velum is raised) 2) voiced : vibration of vocal cords together / closed/ 4 trạng thái: freely air Consonant: vocal cords closed. 3) Syllabic : form a syllable. Vowels is centre => at syllable + because it in isolation +consonant not form a syllable. Vowels vs. consonants Vowels Consonants Vocoids: no obstruction in their production Not vocoids , contoids is obstruction Phonological: distribution Consonants follow by vowels. C. Classification of English vowels:  No obstruction=> no place of articulation (where) + no manner of articulation (how) a) Tongue lips i t r l f n a o l i n i w a p g e t s h u e r e s h a p e o f t h e m o u t h b) rt io n s g e u e h e ii g h t Tongue height.    Frontness/ Backness: turn position ( turn part) Tenseness/ Laxness : Long vowels/ Short vowels Lip Rounding : lips sharp l s n r i p e o p r u s e t n a r d d a l    Open vowel= o Half-close=e Close vowel= i Tongue position front high Tongue height centre iː ɪ mid e back uː ʊ ɔ ɔː ð ʌ æ æ ɛ low ɪ/ ˌɔː æ ɛ ʊ eɔ ɪ/ ˌɔː spread ʊ e ɔ aː ɒ ɑː æ ɛ ɪa/ː ˌɔː ʊ e ɔ aː round neutral Not close near=> approximants  /iː / tense=> long + spread vowel=> close front area  / ɪ/  /e/ short, lax, front, mid.  / æ/ short  /u:/ rounded, produced  /ʊ/ short, lax  /ə/: long neutral=> schwa => unstress. Resonance vowels Quality For: mạnh : phonological: đi chung với /ɜː/ short vowels=> relatively short=> không chính xác cho tất cả trường hợp. ð ð ð ð p N a g s h u s o y i n ê m o n i l l o â a g m t y i + o n v o w e l s = > s h o r t Long vowels 1) Context: fortis consonants ( âm mạnh) Quality: tongue height , tongue position, lips rounding Lengt h Short vowels +voice : yếu + voiceless: mạnh bet bed short long palatal 2) Present or absence of stress ‘record & re’cord c) Dithong: glide : trượt từ âm này sang âm khác. centre /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ closing /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɔɪ/ ending /ʊ/ /aʊ/ /əʊ/ d) Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in the language which can distinguish two words - Have to contrast in the same environment - Minimal pair: when two words are identical in every way, except one segment ( phoneme) which is the same position D. Major Class feature 1) Obstruents a o c f n n r o f s i n f t c r r a c i u n t o c e u i n a n e v t t n i e s t n ( u p a a n r t t i a l ) 2) Sonorous: nasal/approximant/vowels => không bị chặn ở đâu đó ex: o; a => continuent  Phonetic => articulation  Phonology=> distribution a) Sibilants (hissing sound) huýt sáo f s a i f r i b f i r c a l i a c t i n a t v s e s ð b) Syllabic + central part of syllable ; + vowel liquids (unstressed syllable; /l/;/r/) & nasals => syllabic consonants are not syllabic Allophones u a l s n l p a o i s r p h a i o t r n e a e d t s e / d p / :  never occur the same position  different forms of a phonemes obstruents: non- continuant (fully obstructed, orals, affricates) continuant ( partially obstructed, fricatives) sonorous: nasals, liquids, semi-vowels. Vowels: continuant Sibilants: fricative creating hissing sounds + affricate allophones: different forms of a phoneme. Nature of syllable onset (C)      - Centre (V) Coda - (C) pea Vowel (optionalk ) (C) => isolation obligatory Isolation sound: m/ s (silent ) (ask to)  (indicate agreement) Onset (C) : begin (V) Coda (not onset) : ( C) after ( V) Both onset + Coda: between 2 ( C) Structures Onset ( zero onset) : begin vowel. + 1C => C: any phoneme but ( n, ʒ rare) 2C or 3C => consonant cluster C s o n m s e o n p a h n o t n e c s l u s t e r Square /skæ(r) / /skiːm/ /stjuː/ Coda : end; zero consonant => no consonant Final consonant : !C at end ( except h, r, w, j) Pre-initial ( m, n, ŋ, l, s) + final Final + post-final ( s, z, t, d, θ) 2 types of 3C cluster Pre- + final + postFinal + post-1 + post-2 Rhyme : vần w p o o a n r sk d e tc o d e Phonemic transcription : no relationship Phonetic transcription : relationship with each other sounds: quality of the sound are more accurate. b: voice but come first => devoice an assimilation rule ex: sink / sɪŋk/ nasalization ~ + nasal 1) V 2) Devoice a) C i vl + nasal approximant o b) i Cvdf (stops/ fricatives/affricates) C vd [ bæd] +Deletion /ə/ schwa o o Optional delete unstressed vowels in rapid casual speech. Delete a / ɡ/ => before final nasal stop /m/ or /n/ Ex: sign /saɪn/ vs. signature /ˈsɪgnɪtʃə/ Delete a word-final /b/ => after an /m/ Comb /kəʊm/ bomb /bɒm/ Delete the middle consonant => complex consonant cluster esp. a plosive ; Scripts / skrɪpts/ Aspiration rules : voice stop /p,t, k/ Word 1st : p : possible / ‘pʰ ɒsɪbl] Word-internally => stress syllable : appear Voiceless and stops => unaspirated Shorteness Unstressed * glottal stop :t,d => replace button Unstressed * Flap/tap /t/, /d/ , changing Alveolar oral stops => voiced flap [D] Stressed vowel -[ D] –unstressed vowel Neutralization Allophones of English phonemes Clear [l] : before law Dark [l] ; /u:/ after a vowel or before a consonant Devoice [l] no voicing start a stressed syllable. After [p], [k] play Syllabic [l] stand as a peak of the syllable ex: cattle ɑː ʌ ə uː] dʒ æ ɛ tr /ɪ/ ˌɔː aɪ ʊ e ɔ aː ɜː /p/, /t/, /k/ and /tʃ/ ([pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ] iː /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /l/ /b/ /p/ /k//θ/ /f//ð//ɡ//ʒ//n//h//m/