Tài liệu Luyện thi bài viết b1 chbk 2016 (1)

Hanoi, 2013 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION ENGLISH MATERIALS Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem KHTN 14 Rewrite sentences TYPES OF SENTENCES 1. Simple sentence (SV) (SVO) Example: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 2. Compound sentence = Independent clause + Independence clause Example 1: The ship was wrecked, but the crew was saved. Example 2: Take your raincoat with you, it may rain.  FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So 3. Complex sentence = Main clause + Subordinate clause Example: He says that his father is ill. a. Subordinate clause 1: Noun clause What you are doing seems very difficult. She told me that the debt had been paid. b. Subordinate clause 2: Adjective clause This is the boy who broke the window. This is the car that I would like to buy. c. Subordinate clause 3: Adverb clause When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. Seeing that you won’t help me, I must do it myself. PRACTICE EXERCISE Write 5 sentences of your own and decide the sentence structures. 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 2 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 1 Because of Due to Because As + Clause Since Owing to + Noun/Gerund As a result of On account of Example 1. Because she behaves well, everybody loves her. Because of her good behavior, everybody loves her. 2. As he has behaved badly, he must be punished. Because of his had behavior, he must be punished. 3. Since I can’t read Italian, I’ve had to have the book translated into English. Because of my impossibility to read Italian, I’ve had to have the book translated into English. Exercise 1. He couldn’t come because of his serious illness. Because ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. My father retired last month because of his illness. Because ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Tom eats very little so as not to put on weight. Tom eats very little because ……………………………………….…………………………………………………………………… 4. Because his mother was there, I said nothing about it. Because of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. My sister gets high pay because she works well. My sister ………………………………………………….. because of …………………………………………………………………. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 3 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 2 Despite Although Though + Noun/Gerund In spite of + Clause Even though In spite of the fact that + Clause Despite the fact that Example 1. Although he was not guilty, they executed him. In spite of his innocence, they executed him. 2. Though he was inexperienced, he got a good salary. Despite his inexperience, he got a good salary. 3. Even though the team played well, they lost. Despite the team’s good performance, they didn’t win. Exercise 1. Although it was very noisy, we continued to study our lesson. Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Mary went to the party though she felt depressed. In spite of the …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Although both his legs were broken in the crash, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded. Despite his ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. Despite living in the same street, we hardly ever see each other. Though ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. In spite of Mary’s sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile. Though ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 4 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 3 Too + adjective + for + ……………. + to do something …………….. so + adjective + that + clause ……………… such (a/an + adjective) + noun Example 1. The box was too heavy for the child to carry. The box was so heavy that the child couldn’t carry it. It was such a heavy box that the child couldn’t carry it. 2. The boy is too young to get married. They boy is so young that he can’t get married. Exercise 1. These questions are too difficult for us to answer. These questions ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. He spoke too quickly for me to understand. He spoke ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. The tea was too hot for him to drink. It was ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. The air is too polluted for us to breathe. The air …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. The furniture was too expensive for me to buy. The furniture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 5 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 4 Too + adjective + (for + ……………. +) to do something Not + adjective + enough + (for + ……………. +) to do something Example 1. Mary is too young to get married. Mary is not old enough to get married. 2. The tea was not cold enough for her to drink. The tea was too hot for her to drink. Exercise 1. The garden is too small to play football in. The garden isn’t ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Unfortunately my stay here will be too short for me to visit many of the tourist attractions. Unfortunately I shan’t …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. This raincoat is too small for him to wear. This raincoat isn’t ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. The weather is too bad for us to go for a picnic. The weather isn’t ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Tom is not tall enough to reach that picture. Tom is …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 6 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 5 Adjective + enough + for ………………. + to do something …………….. so + adjective + that clause …………….. such (a/an + adjective) + noun Example This question is easy enough for us to answer. This question is so easy that we can answer. It is such an easy question that we can answer. Exercise 1. The box was light enough for him to carry. The box …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 2. The work is hard enough for him to ask his friend for some help. The work ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. This song is simple enough for her to sing. It is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... The song …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. The film was interesting enough for us to see twice. It was …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... The film was ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 7 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 6 So + adjective + that + clause Such + (a/an + adjective) + noun + that + clause Too + adjective + for somebody + to do something Adjective + enough + for somebody + to do something Example 1. This raincoat is so small that she can’t wear it. This raincoat is too small for her to wear. 2. It was such an interesting novel that I read it many times. The novel was interesting enough for me to read many times. Exercise 1. It was such good weather that we went swimming. The weather …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it. The water was not …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. I won’t swim in the sea because it’s too cold. The sea is not …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. The house was so expensive that my brother couldn’t buy it. The house was ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it. The tea was ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 8 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 7 So + adjective + that + clause Such + (a/an + adjective) + noun + that + clause Example 1. The film was so good that I saw it three times. It was such a good film that I saw it three times. 2. It is such a bad book that nobody reads it. This book is so bad that nobody reads it. Exercise 1. This holiday is so expensive; I don’t think I can go. It is such …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. He has such big feet that he has difficulty finding shoes to fit him. His feet …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. That scientific discovery is so important that it has affected every man’s way of life ever since. That was such …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. It was such good weather that we went swimming. The weather ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. The dog was so fierce that nobody would visit them. They had such …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 9 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 8 To do something + be + adjective  It + be + adjective + to do something  It + be + adjective + gerund  How + adjective + (it + be) + to do something Example To sit here with you is so nice.  It’s so nice to sit here with you.  It’s so nice sitting here with you.  How nice it is to sit here with you. Exercise 1. To listen to music all day is wonderful. It’s ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. To lie on the beach all day is wonderful. It’s …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. To find a house in this city is difficult. It’s …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. To live on your salary must be hard. It must be ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. To speak English fluently is very difficult. It’s …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 10 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 9 To do something + be + adjective/noun S + V + it + adjective/noun + to do something Example 1. To live on my salary must be hard. I find it hard to live on my salary. 2. To be accurate is a good thing. I think it a good think to be accurate. Exercise 1. To finish that work is hard. I find ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. To spend all that money was a shame. We considered ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. To understand this lesson is very hard. She thinks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. To be there on time is important. I find ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. To swim across this river is very dangerous. I find ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 11 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 10 Present Situation If (past subjunctive) Past Situation If (perfect subjunctive) Example 1. I can’t see the play because it is sold out. If the play were not sold out, I could see it. 2. We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money. If we had had enough money we would have gone on holiday. Exercise 1. I’m having a lot of trouble now because I lost my passport last week. If I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. My brother didn’t buy that car because he didn’t have enough money. If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Unless you star at once, you’ll be late. If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. We didn’t go because it rained. If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly. If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 12 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 11 If Unless Example 1. If you missed the program you couldn’t really understand their intention. Unless you saw the program you couldn’t understand their intention. 2. Unless you phone immediately you won’t get any information. If you phone immediately you will get some information. Exercise 1. Tom never does anything if you don’t tell him what to do. Unless ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. If it doesn’t rain soon, millions of pounds’ worth of crop will be lost. Unless ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Unless scientists get energy from the wind and the sun, fossil fuels will be more expensive. If …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. We can’t see most of the stars. We don’t use a giant telescope. Unless …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Tom is a careless driver. If he doesn’t take more care, he’ll have an accident. Unless …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 13 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 12 Present situation Wish + past subjunctive Past situation Wish + past perfect subjunctive Future situation Wish + would + bare infinitive Example 1. My wife can’t speak French. I wish my wife could speak French. 2. What a pity you failed in your driving test. I wish you hadn’t failed in your driving test. 3. She won’ visit me again. I wish she would visit me again. Exercise 1. I’m not a millionaire. I wish ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Mary goes to bed late. Her mother wishes ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Tom regretted buying the second-hand car. Tom wished …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. You’re making a lot of noise. I wish …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. I’m sorry that I didn’t finish my homework last night. I wish ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 14 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 13 S + V (Present Perfect) + for/since + Time It is + time + since + S + V (Past Simple) Example 1. Tom and Mary have been married for five years. It is five years since Tom and Mary got married. 2. I haven’t seen my father for one month. It is one month since I last saw my father. Exercise 1. Tom has not had his hair cut for over three months. It is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. My father hasn’t been to Hanoi for two years. It is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years. It is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. I haven’t eaten this kind of food for two years. It is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Mary hasn’t rung for hours. It is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 15 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 14 S + have/has + not + done + since/for + time S + last + did + when + clause The last time + S + did + was + time Example 1. I haven’t heard him since August. The last time I heard him was in August. 2. I haven’t seen him since I was a student. I last saw him when I was a student. Exercise 1. I haven’t played football since 1970. The last time …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. We haven’t seen Tom since he moved to Bristol. We last …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. It hasn’t rained for a fortnight. The last time …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Lucy hasn’t worn that dress since Barbara’s wedding. The last time …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. My father hasn’t been to Vung Tau for 2 years. The last time …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 16 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 15 S + have/ has + not + done ……….. before ……….. the first time + S + have/has + done Example 1. I haven’t seen that man here before. It’s the first time I have seen that man here. 2. I have never read this book before. It’s the first time I have read this book. Exercise 1. My father hasn’t driven a car before. This is the first time ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. I’ve never met such a famous singer before. It’s the first time ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. She has never been to the ballet before. It’s the first time ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. She hasn’t drunk Coca Cola before. This is the first time ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. My grandfather hasn’t been in hospital before. This is the first time ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 17 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 16 S + did ………… + time ago S + have/has + been doing …………. + since/for + time Example He started working for this factory a year ago. He has been working for this factory for a year. He has been working for this factory since last year. Exercise 1. Tom began playing the piano 4 years ago. Tom has ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. I started cooking for the party 4 hours ago. I have ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. She started working as a secretary 4 years ago. She has …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. My sister began to study English a year ago. She has ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. My father is reading a newspaper. He started 2 hours ago. My father has ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 18 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 17 S + V ………………… time It + take + somebody + time + to do something Example 1. She typed the letter in 20 minutes. It took her 20 minutes to type the letter. 2. I walked to my office in 10 minutes. It took me 10 minutes to walk to my office. Exercise 1. The flight to Hanoi lasted 3 hours. It took ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. They built a new house in five years. It took …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. He had breakfast in 10 minutes. It took ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. She found the bill in several seconds. It took ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. The doctor examined the patient in 20 minutes. It took ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 19 Rewrite sentences SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION MODEL 18 S + V + not ……………. until ……………….. It was not until ……………. that + S + V Example 1. Tom didn’t begin to read until he was eight. It was not until Tom was eight that he began to read. 2. The doctor was not out until 2 o’clock in the afternoon. It was not until 2 o’clock in the afternoon that the doctor was out. Exercise 1. I couldn’t speak English well until the third year. It was not until ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. The noise next door did not stop until after midnight. It was not until ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. The carpenter didn’t finish his work until Monday. It was not until ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Regular radio broadcast didn’t begin until 1920. It was not until ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. I didn’t know how to use a computer until I was ten. It was not until ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by Dang Thanh Diem | Page 20