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Tài liệu Ielts leader vocabularylist

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WORD LIST 1 : TEST 1 oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om REGULATION (n) - Sự điều chỉnh,quy định, quy tắc - an authoritative rule If you're trying to remember what a regulation is, think about the phrase "rules and regulations." regulations are often set by governing bodies of a sport or other activity - thus, there is an accepted regulation-size soccer ball, set by fifa, professional soccer's governing body. Eg 1 : Other european countries, notably the netherlands, adopted stricter regulations. Eg 2 : Many government agencies are in charge of regulating industries, setting up regulations that companies need to follow to keep us all safe. DIVERT (v) - Làm trệch đi, làm trệch hướng - turn aside; turn away from To divert means to shift or turn from one thing to another. a magician might attempt to divert your attention as he shoves the rabbit into the hat Eg 1 : Russian president vladimir putin retaliated by saying moscow would divert more energy resources to asia. Eg 2 : What heavy lifting it would take to divert wealth back downwards. COMPLACENT (adj) - Tự mãn,bằng lòng, vừa ý, thoả mãn - contented to a fault with oneself or one's actions Someone who is complacent has become overly content : the junk-food-eating couch potato might be feeling complacent about his health Eg 1 : If you go in complacent, you wind up on the losing end Eg 2 : But mr. scaroni knows he cannot be complacent. LEVY (v, n) - Thu thuế,tuyển quân - impose and collect,assemble or enlist in the military Use the word levy as you would use the word tax: "when the state government imposed a levy on soft drinks, thousands of citizens took to the streets in protest" Eg 1 : A hefty tax is usually levied on cash brought back from overseas. Eg 2 : Last fall, medicare began sharing the pain, levying financial penalties such as reduced reimbursements to hospitals when too many recently released patients return. Eb ELIMINATE (v) - Loại ra, loại trừ,hủy - terminate, end, or take out As eliminate means "get rid of or do away with," it has become used to refer to the end of a problem or even an entire species. we need to eliminate sources of pollution in order to maintain a healthy world Eg 1 : Others already have axed sports teams and even eliminated teaching positions, but still may have to tap savings just to make it through year’s end. Eg 2 : Officials this year eliminated high school math and science teaching positions and cut baseball, crosscountry and swimming. PARAMETER (n) - Thông số, tham số, tham biến - a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves A parameter is a limit. in mathematics a parameter is a constant in an equation, but parameter isn't just for math anymore: now any system can have parameters that define its operation. you can set parameters for your class debate Eg 1 : While setting some parameters is necessary, overly restricting social media use is counter-productive. Eg 2 : The commissioner knew what parameters were acceptable and moved in that direction. EXEMPTION (n) - Sự miễn (thuế...) - an act exempting someone 106 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com When you get an exemption, you don't have to do something. in the sixties, some people got exemptions from military service during the vietnam war. Eg 1 : Tax exemption is a powerful tool, as the boy scouts of america are about to find out. Eg 2 : Exemption can cover income taxes and property taxes too. oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om BELATED (adj) - đến muộn, đến chậm - after the expected or usual time; delayed Something belated comes after the fact. if you are late to deliver a birthday greeting, then make it a "happy belated birthday" card Eg 1 : He simply wanted the money, perhaps a belated birthday present after he turned 50 last month. Eg 2 : Sixty years later, mr. brickman has helped to see belated justice done. OBSOLESCENCE (n) - Sự mai một - the process of becoming obsolete; falling into disuse or becoming out of date Fashion trends come and go, and often return after a time. but gimmicky fads quickly fall into obsolescence, losing appeal and falling out of sight - do you know anyone who still has a pet rock? Eg 1 : And in our own fallen times, when record stores are heading toward obsolescence? Eg 2 : Under a strategy of planned obsolescence, consumers are being asked to discard their technology devices long before their useful life has ended. SPECIFICATION (n) - Ghi rõ, định rõ, chi tiết, đặc điểm - a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work In the 17th century, the word specification emerged with the meaning of giving something a specific quality. the technical meaning, applied to building and engineering plans, developed in the late 18th century. the meaning of the word is precise, referring to specific plans, although just because it's a specification doesn't mean it is accurate. Eg 1 : In the past, boeing had given its suppliers very detailed specifications. Eg 2 : Qualcomm has not released any detailed specifications at this point. Eb CONCEPTUAL (adj) - Thuộc quan niệm, nhận thức - being or characterized by concepts or their formation Something is conceptual when it deals primarily with abstract or original thoughts. a conceptual plan is one in an early stage. to make it work, you'll need to flesh out the details. Eg 1 : Some of this labor involves the french moving into conceptual space that was seen, not so long ago, as indisputably american. Eg 2 : If you're conceptual, writing down goals probably seems pointless. REPLICATE (v) - Bản sao - make an exact copy of; reproduce Did you just figure out how to make that excellent pizza you had in philadelphia? then what you've done is replicate it, meaning you've been able to reproduce it. Eg 1 : Graduate students could, in addition to learning the guidelines, train by replicating published studies. Eg 2 : Energy and infrastructure loan programs first put into action in the last four years are being replicated by numerous other countries around the world. SOLDER (v, n) - Hợp kim (để) hàn, chất hàn - join or fuse with solder If you want to be a metalsmith you'll have to become familiar with solder, which is the substance you use to fuse two metal surfaces Eg 1 : That meant lanza required special supervision when using soldering tools, for instance Eg 2 : Solder these two pipes together 107 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com RELIABILITY (n) - Sự đáng tin cậy - the quality of being dependable or reliable It's nice when someone compliments your reliability because it means they think you are dependable. things that are known for reliability? your best friend, sunrise, sunset and unfortunately also taxes. Eg 1 : In the context of the electric power grid, resilience is not reliability. Eg 2 : But reliability alone is not an adequate customer draw. oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om MANUFACTURE (v) - Sản xuất - produce naturally To manufacture something, is to make or construct it, usually for industry and sale. unless you make all your own clothes, a company probably had to manufacture them. Eg 1 : Across europe, surveys showed manufacturing contracting in every country except germany. Eg 2 : The dog food, all manufactured at a plant in kansas city, kansas, was recalled across eight midwestern states. COMPLIANCE (n) - Bằng lòng, ưng thuận - the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another Compliance is what you do when you try to fit standards set down by someone else. a restaurant chef's compliance with a new sugar-free menu might inspire even the pastry chefs to follow the recipes Eg 1 : We will be increasing both compliance and customer support staff in the coming weeks Eg 2 : The compliance board rejected several arguments the regents advanced seeking to justify what happened. INTEGRAL (adj, n) - Phần quan trọng - existing as an essential constituent or characteristic Something that is integral is very important or necessary. if you are an integral part of the team, it means that the team cannot function without you Eg 1 : Seller financing is an integral part of today's business-for-sale marketplace Eg 2 : In fact, they play an integral role in the city's vibrant informal economy. Eb LEGISLATION (n) - Lập pháp,pháp luật - the act of making or enacting laws Legislation is the act or process of making or enacting laws. some people think there should be more legislation in the area of education and some people think there should be less - governments debates the matter periodically. Eg 1 : Call me cynical, but the legislation might have a marginal effect at best. Eg 2 : The bonus rules will come as part of wider legislation setting higher capital standards for banks, increasing their costs and curbing freedom to hike salaries. VENDOR (n) - Người buôn bán - someone who promotes or exchanges goods or services for money If you are a vendor, it means you're a person selling something, whether it's hot dogs from a food cart or computer software for a tech company Eg 1 : Managers were authorized to make small purchase decisions and vendor selections. Eg 2 : During strata 2013, i had nearly 30 vendor meetings in three days. SUBSTANCE (n) - Chất,của cải - the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists Any material that possesses physical properties is called a substance. the word also refers to the gist or main idea of something. if you remember the main point of a lesson, you've got the substance Eg 1 : He reportedly has been charged with possession of controlled substance, cannabis and paraphanalia. Eg 2 : Sugar, salt and fat get lumped together in physiological terms as addictive substances. AGITATE (v) - Lay động, rung động,xúi giục, khích động - move or cause to move back and forth 108 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Agitate means to stir up. if you watch a horror movie at bedtime, you may be too agitated to sleep. movies like that can agitate all sorts of adrenaline responses in the body. Eg 1 : The implication agitated him, but lewis said he was “too blessed to be stressed”. Eg 2 : Unlike other republican leaders, walker doesn't have to worry about impatient conservatives agitating for change. oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om CATHOLIC () - Rộng khắp; phổ biến;đạo thiên chúa, công giáo - free from provincial prejudices or attachments When capitalized, catholic refers to the catholic church. with a lower-case "c," catholic means "universal" and "inclusive." if you listen to anything from hip-hop to baroque, you have catholic taste in music Eg 1 : He said his son started a music career in oakland after attending two catholic high schools. Eg 2 : Roman catholic church hopes to name replacement for pope benedict before easter. PROGENY (n) - Con cái, con cháu, dòng dõi - the immediate descendants of a person A sing-song rhyme may help in remembering the word progeny: "all of you, all of me, together we make progeny." the "you" and "me" can be a man and a woman making a baby, or trees and plants making little offshoots, or progeny of their own. Eg 1 : Mohammad is just a man; progeny of human beings. Eg 2 : Natural selection might be expected to favour the progeny of men who enjoy bringing them up. COMPATIBLE (adj) - Thích hợp, phù hợp - able to exist and perform in harmonious or agreeable combination A word that comes up a lot in discussions of both food and people pairings, compatible speaks to a person or thing's ability to exist agreeably with something or someone else Eg 1 : But mobile devices are less compatible with one another. Eg 2 : Rusu said the company looked at offerings last summer and liked that embrane's product was compatible with any underlying hardware. Eb PROPAGATE (v) - Truyền bá, lan truyền - become distributed or widespread To propagate is to be fruitful and multiply, by the usual routes of reproduction, or by spreading something around - like a rumor Eg 1 : "there are many chefs unintentionally propagating this phenomena," she said. Eg 2 : In fact, the radio waves cannot propagate unless the tunnel walls are separated by more than half a wavelength. HYBRID (n) - Ghép ,lai - a composite of mixed origin A hybrid is a mixture of two different things, resulting in something that has a little bit of both. Eg 1 : It has been interesting see people inventing hybrid models. Eg 2 : Even hybrids will have trouble reaching below 90 grams of co/km. COAST (n) - Bờ biển - the shore of a sea or ocean The noun coast describes the area where the land meets the sea - the seashore. when you're mom says, "we're going to the coast," pack your bathing suit, because you'll be near the ocean Eg 1 : There are typically 11 cyclones per season off australia northwest and northeast coasts Eg 2 : The coast guard then lost communications with the caller, officials said. PRESERVE (v) - Bảo quản, bảo tồn, duy trì - keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction When you preserve something, you maintain its condition, like trying to preserve your good health by exercising 109 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com regularly and eating right Eg 1 : Mass spectrometry identified organic molecules characteristic of creosote and frankincense, both used for preserving tissue Eg 2 : Royal decree has preserved this eloquent testimony of atrocity so that the people might no longer remain in forgetfulness. oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om ACCOMPANY (v) - đi cùng,kèm theo - go or travel along with The verb accompany means to keep someone company, or to be their companion on a trip or journey. in a musical sense, accompany means to play background music for the lead singer or soloist Eg 1 : Obama wants cuts accompanied by closing tax loophole for the wealthy, in effect new taxes. Eg 2 : Kids between 12 and 17 are welcome if accompanied by a parent. GENUS (n) - Phái, giống,loại - group containing one or more species A genus is a class or group of something. in biology, it's a taxonomic group covering more than one species Eg 1 : There may be other such unique systems in this genus as well. Eg 2 : Attapsenius, a distantly related genus found solely within the fungus gardens of leaf cutter ants in south america, serves to demonstrate. CONSIDERABLE (adj) - đáng kể, to tát - large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree Use the adjective considerable to describe something that is large in amount. things you probably spend a considerable amount of time on: homework and laundry. things you'd rather spend time on: anything that isn't homework and laundry! Eg 1 : No experience or reservations required, but expect considerable exercise. Eg 2 : Twelve months later, this past june, butte residents rejected the ordinance by a considerable margin. UTILIZE () - Lợi dụng, sử dụng - put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose To utilize is to use what you have or what's available, and it's a three-syllable word meaning the same thing as the one-syllable "use." Eg 1 : Utilizing the human need to feel included has another added virtue. Eg 2 : Utilize data whenever possible, and avoid logical fallacies at all costs. Eb PALATABLE (adj) - Có thể chấp nhận được - acceptable to the taste or mind Something that is palatable is acceptable to one’s sense of taste-literally or figuratively. if it's palatable, then you can put up with it - whether it's leftovers or a mediocre made-for-tv movie Eg 1 : adaptation in brain reward circuitry underlie palatable food cravings and anxiety induced by high-fat diet withdrawal•. Eg 2 : Native peoples in both hemispheres seem to have considered beech oranges at least palatable. FREQUENCY (n) - Tần suất - the number of occurrences within a given time period Frequency measures how often things repeat over time. city buses often reach stops at a frequency of every 15 minutes, unless it's snowing or raining really hard. in that case, the frequency will slow Eg 1 : Fishing for compliments.post frequency: daily.pet content: high, always dog Eg 2 : Spins rotate around the applied magnetic fields with a distinct frequency CONSUMPTION (n) - Sự tiêu thụ, sự tiêu dùng - the act of consuming something 110 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Consumption means using, buying or eating something. if we don't reduce our energy consumption, we will run out of fuel. conspicuous consumption is buying something to show off Eg 1 : He said increases planned in excise taxes were likely to have a bigger impact on consumption. Eg 2 : She hopes to continue studying problematic alcohol consumption and drug abuse. oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om MARINE (adj) - (thuộc) biển - of or relating to the sea If it has to do with the ocean or sea, you can call it marine. your friend in us armed services who is a marine probably spends a lot of time near the ocean Eg 1 : Her research is on ecosystem-based management, ecosystem services valuations, and marine spatial planning. Eg 2 : The varied and widespread symptoms of nitrogen pollution are grassland changes, acidic soils, stressed biodiversity, marine pollution, algal blooms and dying fish. TERRESTRIAL (adj) - ở trên mặt đất,ở cạn - of or relating to or characteristic of the planet earth or its inhabitants Not straying far from its latin root "terra" meaning "earth," terrestrial means "of the earth." if it's terrestrial, you'll find it on earth. if it's extra terrestrial, you'll find it emerging from a ufo Eg 1 : Changes in terrestrial plant and animal species ranges are shifting the location and extent of biomes, and altering ecosystem structure and functioning Eg 2 : Terrestrial species are moving up in elevation at rates 2 to 3 times greater than initial estimates SUPPLANT (v) - Hất cẳng (ai) - take the place or move into the position of Kate was out sick for a month with mono, and when she came back to school, jessie had supplanted her as the funny girl at the lunch table. supplant means to take the place of. Eg 1 : That prospect has receded, supplanted by talk of a bigger single currency area. Eg 2 : The computer has supplanted the slide rule Eb ULTIMATE (adj) - Tối đa,tối cao - furthest or highest in degree or order The last in a series can be described as the ultimate. a cheeky kid, when asked what she wants to be when she grows up, might say, "i want to be an actress, a singer, and a veterinarian, but my ultimate goal is to be president of the united states." Eg 1 : The appeals court's ultimate decision after wednesday's hearing could be the final word on the matter. Eg 2 : Grandma was recognized as the ultimate authority in the clark house. COMMONPLACE (adj) - Tầm thường,cũ rích - completely ordinary and unremarkable Eg 1 : The author and his family are not immune from the broken homes, drug abuse, alcoholism, prostitution and violence so commonplace in the city. Eg 2 : Kids exposed to a commonplace chemical early in life are more likely to have asthma, according to a published today. COMPLEMENT (n) - Bổ sung,làm đầy - something added to complete or embellish or make perfect A complement is something that makes up a satisfying whole with something else. those shiny red shoes you just bought complement your shiny red purse. Eg 1 : All the other mediums are being augmented and complemented by social Eg 2 : A fine wine is a perfect complement to the dinner 111 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com COLLEAGUE (n) - đồng nghiệp - an associate that one works with A colleague is someone you work with at your job. when you are a teacher, the other teachers are your colleagues. when you work as a cashier at 7-11, the guy at the deli counter is your colleague as well Eg 1 : Nina kraus and her colleagues at the auditory neuroscience laboratory at northwestern university are doing interesting work in this area Eg 2 : More importantly, tucker and his colleagues said they were still keen on quantitative easing oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om REVENUE (n) - Thu nhập - the entire amount of income before any deductions are made Revenue is money earned by a business, or income received by the government from taxes. the government is always interested in dreaming up new sources of revenue, and so is the average head of a company unless she doesn't want to be the head anymore. Eg 1 : Any new revenue gained from closing tax loopholes, he said, should now be put into lowering tax rates. Eg 2 : Metropcs reported a 65 percent fall in quarterly net profit last week as revenue growth slowed for the eighth straight quarter. PRESENCE (, n) - Sự có mặt - the state of being present; current existence Presence is the state of being somewhere. when you get an invitation that reads "your presence is requested," you are being asked to show up. your style of being there - your demeanor or bearing - is also your presence Eg 1 : Despite a modest measure of charm in private conversations, louis never developed a compelling public presence Eg 2 : The decline has been largely attributed to the increased presence of armed guard detachments on board merchant vessels INSURMOUNTABLE (adj) - Không vượt qua được (vật chướng ngại...) - not capable of being surmounted or overcome The adjective insurmountable describes some barrier that is incapable of being overcome. the great wall of china was meant to be an insurmountable deterrent to would-be invaders Eg 1 : There are two seemingly insurmountable obstacles plaguing solar manufacturers right now: silicon prices and china. Eg 2 : So long as standards are properly set, and enforced, these differences should not prove insurmountable. Eb ENHANCE (, v) - Cải thiện - increase Many people use the expression "enhance your chance" to point out ways to increase your chances of winning or earning a contest or prize. when you enhance something, you heighten it or make it better Eg 1 : This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat Eg 2 : This will enhance your enjoyment IMMEDIACY (n) - Sự lập tức, sự tức thì - the quickness of action or occurrence This word is a member of the "immediate" family Eg 1 : Ms. jensen said these personal introductions were in keeping with the immediacy of his work Eg 2 : Municipal debt may be much smaller, but sometimes immediacy counts more than size CONSCIOUS (adj) - Tỉnh táo, có ý thức - intentionally conceived Conscious is a latin word whose original meaning was "knowing" or "aware." so a conscious person has an awareness of her environment and her own existence and thoughts. if you're "self-conscious," you're overly aware and even embarrassed by how you think you look or act. but that sounds better than being unconscious, or 112 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com totally unaware and out of it Eg 1 : But many millennials did, in fact, become more conscious about conserving energy Eg 2 : We kind of stopped doing that in later years, but this time, we made a conscious decision oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om EFFICACY (n) - Tính hiệu quả; hiệu lực - capacity or power to produce a desired effect Efficacy is a more formal way to say effectiveness, both of which stem from the latin verb efficere "to work out, accomplish." the effectiveness, or efficacy, of something is how well it works or brings the results you hoped for. Eg 1 : There is still only limited data on the device’s efficacy Eg 2 : A scientist does research to determine the efficacy of a vaccine or medicine under development. if it is efficacious, it will cure or prevent a disease. DISPARAGE (v) - Chê bai; coi rẻ, xem thường - express a negative opinion of If you haven't got anything nice to say, then it's time to disparage someone. it means to belittle or degrade a person or idea. Eg 1 : Usually the perpetrator turns up and he's very disparaging about the victim. Eg 2 : This movement twisted historical events and wrote material brimming with native valour, disparaging to other countries COMPRESSION (n) - Sự ép, nén, cô đọng - applying pressure Whenever something is squished together, compression takes place, like a tight bandage around your sprained ankle - the compression helps protect it from further injury Eg 1 : Most other image compression systems, such as the widely used jpeg format, are applied after an image has been snapped Eg 2 : While in the hospital, he sustained a compression fracture in his lower spine, then developed an infection in that same area Eb OBSTACLE (n) - Sự cản trở,chướng ngại vật - something that stands in the way and harm your intention When the road is blocked ahead of you, that blockage is an obstacle that keeps you from getting where you want to go Eg 1 : But security remains a major obstacle to rebuilding. Eg 2 : There are formidable obstacles in the way of this particular scheme 113 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com WORD LIST 2 : TEST 2 oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om OPTIMISTIC (adj) - Lạc quan - expecting the best in this best of all possible worlds An optimistic person thinks the best possible thing will happen, and hopes for it even if it's not likely. someone who's a tad too confident this way is also sometimes called optimistic. Eg 1 : With four days left on kickstarter, we are remaining optimistic that the community can pull this one out in dramatic fashion Eg 2 : Second sight said it was optimistic that insurance would cover it IMPLEMENT (n, v) - Thi hành, thực hiện,bổ sung - pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue or apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design The noun implement is a very useful word for just about anything you want to describe as a tool or a thing that helps you do something. an implement can be as simple as chimpanzees using a stick to eat ants with or a bulldozer that moves huge amounts of earth in building. the word relates to something that "fills up" a house, as in all sorts of things that allow a house to work properly Eg 1 : Patents were never intended to protect broad, abstract concepts that can be implemented in many different ways Eg 2 : A complete redesign could take around nine months to implement, he said CONSULTATIVE (adj) - Tư vấn - giving advice You’re probably familiar with the verb consult, which means "get advice." consultative is just the adjective form of that verb. consultative can be used to describe anything or anyone in the business of providing advice or counsel. It’s often used to refer to a formal group, such as a consultative committee that advises a government, or a company that provides consultative services in a particular area of expertise. Eg 1 : Denis bradley of the consultative group on the past said northern ireland had moved forward politically. Eg 2 : In important matters, as well as in the smallest, she has both a consultative and deliberative voice Eb EXPLICIT (adj) - Rõ ràng, dứt khoát, nói thẳng - anything explicit is very clear, whether it's instructions or a dirty movie. Thanks to parental-advisory warnings about "explicit language" or "explicit violence," you might think this word only applies to things that are dirty, naughty, or adult in some way. that is a common meaning of explicit, but it's not the only meaning. this also means anything that is clear and easy to understand. explicit orders are easy to carry out; explicit instructions are easy to follow. when someone is explicit, they're not beating around the bush or being confusing Eg 1 : Once again, the relationship between data and advertising is made explicit Eg 2 : Flexible pay could increase to twice fixed salary, but only with explicit shareholder approval SEGMENT (n, v) - đoạn, khúc, đốt, miếng - one of the parts into which something naturally divides A segment is one of several pieces that together create a whole. you could offer a segment of your orange to your girlfriend as a valentine's day gift. She’ll probably enjoy the orange, but she may break up with you. Eg 1 : Woo believes the company will focus on more than just growing new segments of its business going forward Eg 2 : Still, there are ways to wall off or split up the most critical segments of infrastructure-and to monitor further efforts to break in GEAR (n, adj) - Cơ cấu, thiết bị,lên số,đẩy nhanh - equipment consisting of miscellaneous articles needed for a particular operation or sport etc. 151 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com The noun gear refers to several things. first, it’s the equipment we need for a sport or event. a gear is also a wheel with teeth that interlocks with another gear to transmit motion in a machine. Eg 1 : As iran gears up for elections in june, the fanfare of vetting a presidential candidate list is once again in full swing Eg 2 : He struggled mightily in his first month, with defenses geared up to shut him down oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om INCENTIVE (n) - Sự khuyến khích,động cơ (thúc đẩy làm việc gì) - a positive motivational influence If your mom wants you to mow the lawn but you don't feel like it, she might offer to treat you to ice cream after as an incentive. an incentive is something that stimulates you to take action or work harder Eg 1 : Government incentives, including taxes, rebates and guaranteed electric pricing, have propelled the solar market's growth worldwide Eg 2 : A sharp drop in inventories over the last year has given developers more incentive to build homes. FUNDAMENTAL (n, adj) - Cơ bản, cơ sở, chủ yếu - the foundation,essential, principles Fundamental has its roots in the latin word fundamentum, which means "foundation." so if something is fundamental, it is a key point or underlying issue -the foundation, if you will - that the thing is built upon. teachers argue that math fundamentals include memorizing the times tables and understanding long division. many people would also argue that math fundamentals should include knowing how to use a calculator and knowing where the calculator's extra batteries are kept Eg 1 : At every level there are fundamental laws governing a particular system which we have to understand Eg 2 : He said it was "fundamental" to discuss the american movie industry's ways of portraying iran in order to prevent "an insane war." CRITERION (n) - Tiêu chuẩn, tiêu chí - standard A criterion is a category for judging, but can also be a prerequisite for an achievement. it might be an application requirement for a teaching job that you have taught already for two years. if you haven’t, then we say you haven’t "met the criterion" for job experience. likewise, if you establish the model for something, say you deliver an exciting, profound graduation speech, we might say you "set the criterion" for future speakers Eg 1 : Some products are changing to meet the criteria. Eg 2 : There is no special selection criteria for the rental screenings Eb COMMITMENT (n) - Lời cam kết; điều ràng buộc - the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action Making a commitment involves dedicating yourself to something, like a person or a cause. before you make a commitment, think carefully. a commitment obligates you to do something Eg 1 : There is no funding beyond a two-year research and development commitment by tito Eg 2 : As i made commitments and accumulated things, he remained devoted to his craft, never doubting his talent CORRUPT (v, adj) - đút lót,đồi bại, thối nát - make illegal payments to in exchange for favors or influence When you corrupt someone, you convince them to do something wrong or even illegal. if you talk your little brother into stealing cookies from the cookie jar, you're corrupting him. something corrupt is rotten, spoiled, or out of commission, like a file that makes your computer crash. a corrupt person a criminal, a crook, or a cookie thief brings society down with immoral and dishonest behavior. corrupt goes back to the latin roots cor-, "altogether," and rumpere, "break" Eg 1 : Afghanistan's banking system is a corrupt mess and the country's financial institutions are not trusted 152 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Eg 2 : Corrupt practices OPERATION (n) - Sự hoạt động;ca mổ;chiến dịch - process or manner of functioning or operating Operation can refer to medical surgery, a military campaign, or mathematical methods, such as multiplication and division Eg 1 : I stopped being so involved in the operations and became more of an adviser. Eg 2 : On an adjusted basis, earnings from continuing operations fell to $1.64 per share from $2.18 a year earlier. oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om TRANSPARENT (adj) - Trong suốt, rõ ràng - able to be seen through with clarity You can see right through something transparent. a window is transparent, but so are the intentions of a peeping tom looking through that window. Eg 1 : This team places great store in preparing properly, works hard on building team spirit and tries to be as transparent as possible Eg 2 : Instead, policies such as those promoted by labour - for transparent trading - should be supported DIVERSITY (n) - đa dạng, phong phú - variety To have diversity, you need a mix of whatever you're talking about. if you like science fiction, romantic comedies, cartoons, and action movies, then you like a diversity of types of films. if you like nothing but kungfu films, then you don't like a diversity of films. no matter what kind of diversity you're talking about, there needs to be a real mix, kind of like a huge box of crayolas. Eg 1 : Values such as diversity could mean one thing in the united states and another in south africa Eg 2 : Did pop begin in uniformity and then explode into diversity? WRENCH (n) - Vặn mạnh, xoắn; giật mạnh - to grab or pull something with a lot of physical force Maybe you have a wrench at home, that is, a hand tool that is used to hold or twist a nut or a pipe joint. if so, you also have a great way to remember what wrench the verb means. just imagine you're twisting with a wrench, except instead of using a tool, you’re using your hands. if something is heart wrenching, it makes you feel very sad. if you wrench a part of your body, you strain, pull or twist it, injuring yourself in some way. Eg 1 : Then came wrenching abdominal pain, which she said doctors dismissed as psychosomatic Eg 2 : The facts of the current case are no less wrenching Eb SUPERIOR (adj, n) - Cao cấp - higher quality or performance Superior comes from the latin word meaning above and it literally means something that is above others in quality or status. sometimes being superior can be perceived as a negative, as in the woman who acts superior to all of her friends, having a high opinion of herself just because she has millions of dollars in the bank after winning the lottery Eg 1 : The pennsylvania superior court is one of two appellate courts in the state. Eg 2 : Viewers may also know her from channel 5's superior interiors MODERATE (adj, v) - Vừa phải; phải chăng; điều độ - not extreme,make less strong or intense; soften A moderate voter is someone who is politically speaking, in the center. in other words, they are not quite left or right, but somewhere in the middle. Eg 1 : A moderate amount of cushioning improves running efficiency, he has found Eg 2 : Those are sensible deals - low risk, moderate reward - in keeping with alderson's pattern. VERTICAL (n, adj) - Cực điểm,thẳng đứng - upright in position or posture 153 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Vertical can also describe the right angle at which something rises up from a baseline, like the walls of your house - they're vertical to the foundation. you may hear the terms vertical and horizontal used in relation to each other to describe directions. a vertical line goes up and down, and a horizontal line goes from left to right. an easy way to remember which way vertical goes is by its first letter, "v," which points down Eg 1 : In the personal computing landscape, apple is more vertical than any company right now Eg 2 : Instead of banks of boxes, stock is held in a vertical grid system, with robots running across the top on rails oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om TENSION (n) - Sự căng thẳng - the action of stretching something tight When things feel so tight they might snap, that's tension. if you buy your girlfriend a vacuum cleaner when she wanted diamonds, you will experience tension. just before she storms out of the room. Eg 1 : Tensions are rising among various factions in the country Eg 2 : Tension and anticipation is rising in the west bank a month before u.s RELEASE (v) - Sự giải thoát,sự phóng thích - grant freedom to; free from confinement To release something or someone is to set it free, like a caged animal or a prisoner.”i shall be released”• is a famous refrain from a 1967 bob dylan song that has come to symbolize political freedom around the world. Eg 1 : Two washington area residents were on the pardons list released friday. Eg 2 : The white house did not comment immediately friday on the higher number of immigrants released. COMPONENT (n) - Hợp thành, cấu thành - a part that can be separated from or attached to a system It's not surprising that component is related to a latin word that means "to put together." you simply can't put something together without all of the correct components. technically speaking, a component is an element of a system or a part of a machine. but a component can also be a factor or ingredient, such as the components of a decision or the components of a really good chocolate cake. Eg 1 : However, what was once innovative is now looking like a standard component Eg 2 : Soon he began building electrical gadgets from components harvested from junkyards Eb INFALLIBLE (adj) - Không thể sai được; không thể hỏng - incapable of failure or error This word is often used to describe human capacity for error - no one is infallible. and yet, we are able to be infallible in certain ways: children are infallibly curious, teenagers infallibly hungry. interestingly, infallible derives from the latin in- "not" + fallere "deceive." when did making a mistake and deception become the same thing? Eg 1 : Only if you believe that human judgment is infallible Eg 2 : But no one is infallible, and mr. miller stumbled in 2008 by betting on a recovery in united states financial stocks that never happened BURGLAR (n) - Kẻ trộm - a thief who enters a building with intent to steal A criminal who takes property belonging to someone else with the intention of keeping it or selling it Eg 1 : A burglar had broken into my car in spokane, so i was missing a front passenger window Eg 2 : Ten convicted felons, mostly burglars, all on parole, who would each receive a warning EXTEND (v) - Kéo dài,mở rộng - stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point Extend, as a verb, is used in many ways. you extend (hold out) your hand when you offer to shake. you extend (push forward) a deadline when you add a few days to it. your belly might extend (broaden) after a holiday dinner. a telescope extends (expands) your range of vision. if the list of definitions for extend were infinite, you could extend (add to) that list forever and ever. but your patience might not extend that far. 154 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Eg 1 : Outside, down the atlantic city boardwalk, the line extended into infinity Eg 2 : It also extends to both published and unpublished works. oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om APATHETIC (adj) - Lãnh đạm, thờ ơ, hờ hững - showing little or no emotion or animation Apathetic is an adjective that describes the feeling of being bored with what's going on around you. if you don't care one way or another, you're apathetic. Eg 1 : South of the border in england, polls show people are largely apathetic Eg 2 : Urban voters, traditionally considered apathetic, also turned out in large numbers CORRESPONDENCE (n) - Sự tương ứng; phù hợp,thư từ; quan hệ thư từ - communication by the exchange of letters or the relation of corresponding in degree or size or amount Correspondence is a body of letters or communications. if you've ever had a pen pal or an email buddy, you’ve written plenty of correspondence Eg 1 : A scottish government spokesman said: "we will consider any correspondence and respond in due course." Eg 2 : The einstein papers project aims at making accessible einstein’s writings and correspondence in a carefully annotated, scholarly edition ETHICAL (adj) - Thuộc đạo đức,đúng nội quy - conforming to accepted standards of social or professional behavior For someone who is honest and follows good moral standards, use the adjective ethical. an ethical teacher will grade your papers honestly - even if she catches you sticking your tongue out at her. Eg 1 : Ethical leaders, in business as well as in public service, are the future," he argues. Eg 2 : The first is by leading their communities to make ethical choices, such as becoming energy efficient or eschewing illegal wildlife products. STIMULATE (v) - Kích thích, khuyến khích - cause to occur rapidly If the economy is starting to stall, the president can't just sit there. he has to stimulate - turn it on, bring it to life, perk it up. you can stimulate practically anything: a person, a conversation, a mind, or even the growth of a plant. Eg 1 : The chip helps generate at least partial vision by stimulating intact nerve cells in the retina. Eg 2 : In some sectors, the government is moving to stimulate investment Eb AGGRESSION (n) - Sự gây sự, sự gây hấn; - a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack Aggression is hostile, purposely unfriendly behavior that can sometimes be violent. a motorist who shows aggression for another may follow too closely, honk the horn, or otherwise try to intimidate. Eg 1 : "usually they ask with aggression, or are exploitive," mr. maltz said Eg 2 : Do you believe current scientific studies have conclusively proven a causal link between video games and aggression in children? MANIFEST (v, adj) - Rõ ràng, hiển nhiên - reveal its presence or make an appearance,clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment Choose the verb manifest when someone shows something for everyone to notice. you might manifest your dislike of school food by stirring it around into a big pile of slop on your tray. Eg 1 : Sometimes this manifests in sketchnoting, also known as scribing, or graphic recording. Eg 2 : In younger women, the disposition to blood clotting can manifest during pregnancy EPIDEMIC (n) - Dịch - an epidemic is a disease that spreads rapidly among many people in a community at the 155 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com same time. Epidemic can be used figuratively to refer to something that spreads or grows rapidly: an epidemic of laziness has taken over the tenth grade. this word is from french epidemique, ultimately from greek epidemia "staying in one place, among the people." the related word pandemic refers to a disease that spreads throughout an entire country or throughout the world. Eg 1 : He was accused of causing a measles epidemic Eg 2 : The number reflects an epidemic of diabetes, uncontrolled high blood pressure and bad diets oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om MIGRATE (v) - Di trú; ra nước ngoài - move from one country or region to another and settle there When we think of the word migrate we think of movement from place to place. sometimes that movement is seasonal, as when birds migrate north in summer and south in winter. but sometimes a person or group will migrate from one place to another with the intention of settling there. in both cases, there is a definite shift in locales, one temporary, the other permanent. Eg 1 : Best buy has come under pressure as shoppers have migrated online Eg 2 : "pollen from the olive tree is wind-transported, so it can migrate long distances" he said. PERCEIVE (v) - Hiểu, nhận thức - to become aware of through the senses When we perceive something, we become aware of or notice it. sometimes we perceive things by using our senses of sight, hearing, and smell. Eg 1 : It is based on how consumers perceive each brand in seven categories: quality, safety, value, performance, design, technology and green attributes. Eg 2 : Happy things are perceived to be cynical commercialism PERMEABLE (adj) - Thấm được, thấm qua được - allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through A permeable surface allows materials like liquids to pass through - either in or out. Eg 1 : Wish i hadn't worn my permeable sweater to the picnic when the weatherman called for thunderstorms. the rain seeped right through the fabric, soaking me to the skin Eg 2 : The equipment within needs ventilation, so the facade must be permeable Eb IMPERVIOUS (adj) - Không thấm,không bị ảnh hưởng, không bị tác động - not admitting of passage or capable of being affected An impervious surface is one that can't be penetrated. the word is often followed by "to," as in "his steely personality made him impervious to jokes about his awful haircut." Eg 1 : Yet video games have proved nearly impervious to this anxiety Eg 2 : Despite the continued boom in psychoanalysis, argentina is not impervious to global treatment trends PROFOUND (adj) - Sâu sắc, uyên thâm, thâm thuý - situated at or extending to great depth; too deep to have been sounded or plumbed When you need a word that's deeper than "deep," consider profound. Eg 1 : These details will have profound effects on the model's output Eg 2 : Longer naps have an even more profound impact than shorter ones INSUFFICIENT (adj) - Không đủ, thiếu - if something is insufficient, it isn't enough Something adequate is sufficient, and something inadequate is insufficient Eg 1 : He said there was insufficient funding available to carry out extensive and meaningful trials to prove the worth of alternative therapies 156 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Eg 2 : A lot of people are getting insufficient sleep oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om INSULATOR (n) - Chất cô lập, chất cách ly - a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity Any material that keeps energy such as electricity, heat, or cold from easily transferring through is an insulator. Eg 1 : Wood, plastic, rubber, and glass are good insulators. swiss cheese... not so much. Eg 2 : Objects made of rubber, such as the balloon, are electrical insulators, meaning that they resist electric charges flowing through them CUSHION (v, n) - Cái đệm,làm nhẹ bớt, làm yếu đi - to protect from impact or a soft bag filled with air or a mass of padding such as feathers or foam rubber etc. The noun cushion can also refer to anything that is used to soften an impact or absorb shocks. in modern cars, for example, sometimes in a crash or accident, air bags will deploy and act as cushions for the passengers to prevent them from injuring themselves on hard surfaces like the dashboard or steering wheel. a cushion isn't necessarily a physical one, however, as you may want to keep an emergency fund as a cushion in case of unexpected expenses. as a verb, cushion means to protect from the impact of negative information so if you have bad news, you'll want to cushion the blow as much as possible. Eg 1 : But as to whether cushioning prevents injuries, he said, "i doubt that there are good data" Eg 2 : Last month's hiring should cushion the impact of the higher social security taxes that most consumers are paying this year. INTIMATE (v, adj) - Thân mật,riêng tư - being close,marked by close acquaintance, association, or familiarity This adjective can mean very friendly, or very personal or private. the original spelling was intime, from french, from latin intimus "innermost," from intus "within." the related verb intimate means to hint or suggest. intimate is also a noun meaning a close friend or associate. and when you get intimate with someone, it can mean that you're sexually involved. Eg 1 : A small restaurant is called intimate because you're sitting close to the other people Eg 2 : And your best friends are considered your intimate friends Eb AVENUE (n) - đại lộ - a wide street or a line of approach An avenue is a street, especially a wide one lined with trees. an avenue is also any approach to doing something. for example, this web site might be a new avenue you have found for learning words. Eg 1 : Walking out of the parsons building on seventh avenue, mr. pinault inquired about some of the works on display Eg 2 : The boy was pronounced dead at the scene in haybridge avenue after going into cardiac arrest. 157 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com WORD LIST 3 : TEST 3 oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om TREACLE (n) - Nước mật đường - writing or music that is excessively sweet and sentimental Use the noun treacle to describe a book or a song that is so sweet and sappy that it makes you feel a little sick Eg 1 : I've just about given up using it, because it runs like treacle. Eg 2 : For the same distressing, disabling disease, some people spread treacle on brown paper, and apply hot to the part affected. GRATITUDE (n) - Lòng biết ơn, sự nhớ ơn - a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation Gratitude means thanks and appreciation. it's the warm feeling you get when you remember the person who told you to drop your 1980s hairstyle and get with the new millennium already Eg 1 : Their gratitude is genuine, and i like living on the road tethered to my phone Eg 2 : Israel would provide the united states iron dome know-how for its own potential use in gratitude for u.s. funding, the official said PSYCHOLOGIST (n) - Nhà tâm lý học - a scientist trained in psychology A psychologist is a scientist who studies the mind. unless specified, you should assume the psychologist studies the human mind -as opposed to, for example, a pet psychologist Eg 1 : Chess involves a lot of reasoning, so some kids might boost their reasoning skills by playing chess, a hypothesis psychologists are now investigating Eg 2 : In the laboratory, psychologists often measure narcissism using the narcissistic personality inventory VOLUNTARY (n) - Tự ý, tự nguyện, tự giác - a person who freely enlists for service Voluntary is an adjective that describes something you do because you want to, without being influenced or forced into it. usually a voluntary act is something you consciously choose to do, like going into work even on a snow day Eg 1 : Voluntary evacuation orders were issued on thursday but lifted as of friday, they said Eg 2 : More recently, the agriculture department has published voluntary guidelines for grading olive oil. Eb CLUMP (n, v) - Lùm, bụi (cây);cục, hòn (đất) - a grouping of a number of similar things A clump is a "bunch" or a "cluster." if you're a gardener, the last thing you want to see is a clump of weeds growing in the middle of your newly groomed lawn Eg 1 : Clumps of ragged grass sprouted from the muck, cutting the waterway into a thousand braided channels Eg 2 : We see clumps of woodland sedges as well, now bearing tiny triangular fruits favored by many songbirds DEVISE (v) - Sáng chế, phát minh - come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort To devise is to figure out a plan. men twirling long mustaches might devise a plan to tie someone to the railroad tracks. Eg 1 : You are devising a system that will make price spikes and disruptions worse Eg 2 : The white house let congress devise a complicated and ineffectual set of new banking regulations CONDUCT (v) - Chuyển hướng - to carry out Conduct is about how you behave "conduct unbecoming" and also about carrying something through - "the survey was conducted in may and june." Eg 1 : Department of justice also advised sands it was conducting an investigation, the company said in its annual report filing Eg 2 : I can fail at conducting an interview, writing an essay or making a video 193 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com POLARIZE (v) - Phân cực - cause to concentrate about two conflicting or contrasting positions To polarize is to divide. something that's been polarized has been split into two sides that are so different, it seems as though they're from opposite ends of the earth - like the north pole and the south pole Eg 1 : In politically polarized washington, debt reduction is about as bipartisan as apple pie and the sun rising in the east Eg 2 : Mr. kennedy said he was used to polarized reactions to his work oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om BOUNDARY (n) - đường biên giới, ranh giới - the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something If you play a sport you are familiar with the term "in bounds," which refers to the boundary, or limits of the playing field that the players must stay within. it is also the outer limits of any space Eg 1 : Even though disciplinary boundaries are observed, some departmental barriers have been broken down Eg 2 : Crossing disciplinary boundaries is acceptable at some german universities but frowned on at others, says lawrence ISOLATE (v) - Cô lập - place or set apart When you remove or set apart one thing from others, you isolate it. you could isolate yourself from people by living in a remote hut or, if you're a biologist, you could isolate a chromosome. Eg 1 : Eight years ago, researchers isolated another strain called lactobacillus hammesii from a french sourdough starter Eg 2 : Outback aboriginal communities were evacuated and isolated schools closed INTEGRATE (v) - Hợp nhất - make into a whole or make part of a whole To integrate is to make parts of something into a whole. it also means to become one unit, or to make a place (like a school) open to people of all races and ethnic groups Eg 1 : What does a more integrated approach look like Eg 2 : While other teams integrated new players early in a shortened season, the familiar hawks arrived with instant chemistry COLLIDE (v) - Va chạm - crash together with violent impact It could be protons bouncing around in a particle accelerator, two cars failing to stop at an intersection, or the priorities of two people with very different goals. when things crash together, they collide Eg 1 : Two passenger trains have collided in south africa near the capital, pretoria, injuring at least 100 people Eg 2 : Police said it struck another vehicle before colliding with the cyclists Eb PARALLEL (adj) - Song song - being everywhere equidistant and not intersecting In math, parallel means two lines that never intersect - think of an equals sign. figuratively, parallel means similar, or happening at the same time. a story might describe the parallel lives of three close friends Eg 1 : This is not completely parallel, but think about Eg 2 : There are connections and parallels, of course, but also wild variations in tone and effectiveness SYMMETRICAL (adj) - đối xứng - having similarity in size, shape, and relative position of corresponding parts If you can draw a line down the center of something and get two similar halves, it's symmetrical. shapes like squares and circles are symmetrical. unless you've had a serious injury like losing a limb, the human body is symmetrical. some people think that faces that are more perfectly symmetrical are more beautiful than other faces. Eg 1 : Essentially, the two ways of doing so are symmetrical Eg 2 : In other words, drawing a line down the center results in symmetrical halves MAGNET (n) - Nam châm - a device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field 194 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com This also means a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts Eg 1 : Neodymium is used in the magnets of motors in electric cars Eg 2 : The magnet can be thought of as a tiny loop of wire in which negatively charged electrons run through stationary positive ions oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om CREST (n, v) - Mào,đỉnh nóc, chỏm, ngọn - the top or extreme point of something,reach a high point A crest is a showy tuft of feathers on the head of a bird. it's easy to identify a male cardinal by its bright red color and the tufted crest on its head. Eg 1 : Though the head crests of domesticated pigeons can vary quite a bit, their presence is due to the same mutation. Eg 2 : The river crested last night HUNCH (n, v) - Linh cảm,khom xuống, gập cong, uốn cong - an impression that something might be the case When you pose for pictures with short friends, you hunch over so you don't tower above them - you scrunch up your shoulders, bend your knees, and try to look smaller. Eg 1 : I was hunched over my laptop, adult swim playing in the background Eg 2 : I looked around nervously, and hurried on my way, head down, hunched over a little RIDGE (n, v) - Chóp, chỏm, ngọn, đỉnh - a long narrow natural elevation or striation or throw soil toward (a crop row) from both sides A ridge is a long, narrow, elevated strip of land or any raised strip or band. a ridge is a line that rises above what it is attached to Eg 1 : On my aborted expedition i was going to take five different measurements of every ridge i crossed Eg 2 : Dashboard of pickup truck located on ridge top about 14 km north of mount st. helens CONVECTION (n) - Sự đối lưu - the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion Convection is the circular motion that happens when warmer air or liquid - which has faster moving molecules, making it less dense - rises, while the cooler air or liquid drops down Eg 1 : Convection is the mass movement of a fluid: hot water rising, for example Eg 2 : That means that convection heaters are the only horse left in this race Eb RIDICULE (n) - Nhạo báng,chế nhạo - language or behavior intended to mock or humiliate When you ridicule someone, you mock or make fun of them. they become the object of your ridicule or mockery. your bad behavior might bring ridicule on your parents, who raised you to know better Eg 1 : Aerospace enthusiasts ridiculed the problems on message boards Eg 2 : Central park had become so dangerous it was ridiculed by late-night comedians FAME (n) - Tiếng tăm, danh tiếng - the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed "fame puts you where things are hollow" sang bowie, reflecting the increasing darkness of his personal life, the sense of alienation that celebrity had amplified Eg 1 : A spot in the maryland hall of fame, given grudgingly no doubt Eg 2 : Though ms. young is known for dressing celebrities, that fame may be rubbing off HONOR (n) - Vinh dự,danh dự - a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction Honor has many uses, all of them good. if you are called a man of honor, you are respected. if someone honors you, they recognize and award you for your achievements Eg 1 : It is an honor to be nominated as central bank governor 195 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Eg 2 : Post office released a postage stamp honoring her PROSPECT (n) - Cảnh, toàn cảnh, viễn cảnh - the possibility of future success A prospect is the possibility that something fabulous will happen. after you graduate top of your class at harvard, for example, your job prospects look great. Eg 1 : His prospects as a writer are excellent Eg 2 : But attacks by washington politicians may have damaged its prospects at the academy awards oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om VIGOROUS (adj) - Mãnh liệt, mạnh mẽ - characterized by forceful and energetic action or activity Anything vigorous is done with force and energy. vigorous exercise makes you sweat, and a vigorous denial makes someone else sweat Eg 1 : America has turned to younger, more vigorous people Eg 2 : Business leaders have previously said the welsh government has not been vigorous enough in assessing the impact the law may have on firms ASSIGN (v) - Phân công,ấn định,nhượng lại - select something or someone for a specific purpose To assign is to specify something or someone for a specific purpose. if your sisters fight over whose turn it is to sit in the front seat, your parents may have to assign turns. Eg 1 : The teacher assigned him to lead his classmates in the exercise Eg 2 : The ministry of defense was assigned to make sure all u.s. special forces are out of the province within two weeks DRIFT (v, n) - Sự trôi giạt,mục đích, ý định - be in motion due to some air or water current,the pervading meaning or tenor If you get my drift, you get the basic meaning of what i'm saying. or, if you move around without a seeming fixed destination, you are said to drift - whether you're a snowflake or a homeless person. Eg 1 : Since last year's second quarter, staffing levels have drifted lower Eg 2 : Anglers wading the river, casting from shore and drifting it had pretty good success Eb CONTINENT (n) - Lục địa, đại lục - one of the large landmasses of the earth A continent is one of the seven largest landmasses found on earth. asia, australia, and africa are three continents. can you name the other four? Eg 1 : No inhabited continent will be more affected by it than africa Eg 2 : Deadly droughts, flash floods and falling water tables are recurring themes in conversations across the continent EMERGE (v) - Nổi lên, hiện ra - come out into view, as from concealment To emerge means to come out into view or come forth. you might hope to emerge from an epic perming session looking like a beauty queen, but chances are it will just look like you got electrocuted Eg 1 : "it's an emerging civil rights issue that we'll need to address," he says Eg 2 : It's a problem those focused on emerging markets say they already have solved. GENERATE (v) - Phát ra,sinh ra - bring into existence,give or supply Generate as well as other similar words such as generation and genesis come from a greek word meaning "origin" or "creation." let's say you have two siblings. in that case, your parents' marriage has generated three children Eg 1 : In a hydroelectric power plant, water generates power Eg 2 : Last year, trackleaders generated $80,000 in revenue tracking 60 events, including u.s 196 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com HOSTILITY (n) - Sự thù địch - the feeling of a hostile person Hostility is the state of ill will and bad feeling. if a teacher embarrasses you in front of the whole class, you will probably regard him or her with hostility for the remainder of the school year Eg 1 : My work looks specifically at hostility, not necessarily violence Eg 2 : Meantime, hostilities continued at the final whistle and players had to be separated oo k Vo tie n ca ga b9 n h .co .c m om DEPRESS (v) - Làm giảm,làm chán nản - press down Depress means to lessen the activity or power of something. if you want to depress the spread of poverty, you need to find ways to slow it down, like by bringing education and skill-building resources into the poorest communities. Eg 1 : Despite its slightly depressing subject matter, ask is the smiths at their most upbeat Eg 2 : But the increases are coming from depressed levels as sales plummeted to a record low in 2011 INVESTIGATE (v) - điều tra nghiên cứu - conduct an inquiry or investigation of To investigate is to look into something systematically. if you don't understand how tornadoes work, for example, investigate the forces of wind and find out Eg 1 : Texas child welfare authorities also are investigating allegations of child abuse and neglect Eg 2 : Chicago police are investigating the death as a murder SUFFER (v) - Chịu đựng - undergo or be subjected to,endure The verb suffer means to feel pain or something equally unpleasant. you'd probably do anything you could to be sure your beloved cat didn't suffer when she got old and sick Eg 1 : He suffered very much through being victimised and demonised Eg 2 : She suffered a grave head injury and her life support was turned off several days later DEPLOY (v) - Sự dàn quân, sự dàn trận, sự triển khai - place troops or weapons in battle formation The word deploy is mainly used in military contexts and to refer to the strategic arrangement of fighting forces Eg 1 : An army spokesman in dhaka said two platoons of troops had been deployed in the town Eg 2 : Security forces in riot gear patrolled in pickup trucks and deployed on street corners on saturday Eb RIGOROUS (adj) - Nghiêm khắc,khắc nghiệt - rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard If you are rigorous when you do something, you do it strictly by the book and leave nothing to chance. a rigorous inspection of your tax records has revealed the government owes you money. congratulations! Eg 1 : Both papers are rich and rigorous studies of growth hiccups Eg 2 : Rigorous application of the law COUNTENANCE (n, v) - Sự tán thành - the appearance conveyed by a person's face The noun countenance means the face or its expression. if you're a great poker player, you probably have a calm countenance. Eg 1 : Like rodgers, tom werner refuses to countenance cashing in on suárez Eg 2 : His opponent in the american election, mitt romney, has at times seemed more willing to countenance a unilateral israeli strike ENVISAGE (v) - Dự tính, nhìn thẳng vào - imagine something that does not yet exist Martin luther king jr. envisaged a time when black and white americans would no longer be segregated by race. Eg 1 : About 30 patients have used the envisage programme so far Eg 2 : Designers envisaged users working with several papertabs simultaneously, brotman said 197 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com
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