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Tài liệu How to prepare and organize a successful speaking lesson for high school students

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ACKOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lan, M.A, without whose valuable comments and guidance, my thesis would not have been accomplished. My special thanks go to all teachers of Foreign Languages Faculty and English major students from Course 35 at Hanoi Pedagogical University N0.2 in the academic year of 2012-2013. They helped me to complete my graduation. Finally, I am immensely grateful to my family and friends for their non-stop encouragement and support during the research’s finalization. i ABSTRACT Many researchers have done many studies on speaking in general and speaking lesson in particularly. They give principles, problems, and characteristics of a speaking lesson. In addition, they mention many other factors in a speaking lesson, i.e. teacher and students’ role, effective ways of organizing a speaking lesson. It is obvious that students together with the teacher are the most important ones. Modern teaching methods of foreign languages count on involving the use of different forms of organizing activities and activities used in a speaking lesson. The thesis focuses on finding the most common ways of preparing and organizing a good speaking lesson. Primary data was collected from fifty trainee teachers from K35A of Faculty of Foreign Languages at Hanoi Pedagogical University N0.2. Some limitations and directions have been indicated for future research. ii STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Title: HOW TO PREPARE AND ORGANIZE A SUCCESSFUL SPEAKING LESSON FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS (Submitted in partial fulfillment for Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English) I certify that all the materials in this study which are not my own work have been identified and acknowledged, and that no material is included for which a degree has been conferred upon me. Date submitted: May 2013 Student Supervisor Pham Thi Thu Trang Nguyen Thi Phuong Lan, M.A. iii TABLE OF CONTENT ACKOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................i ABSTRACT........................................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ....................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENT .........................................................................................iv PART ONE INTRODUCTION I. Rationale .............................................................................................................. 1 II. Research presupposition ..................................................................................... 2 III. Research objectives ........................................................................................... 2 IV. Research scope .................................................................................................. 2 V. Research tasks .................................................................................................... 2 VI. Research methods ............................................................................................. 2 VII. Significance of the proposed research .............................................................. 2 VIII. Design of the research work ........................................................................... 3 PART TWO DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I. Literature review .................................................................................................. 4 II. Overview of the speaking lesson......................................................................... 5 iv II.1. Characteristics of a successful speaking activity .............................................. 5 II.2. Problems with speaking activities .................................................................... 6 II.3. Stages of a speaking lesson .............................................................................. 7 II.3.1. Warm-up ....................................................................................................... 7 II.3.2. Introduction .................................................................................................. 8 II.3.3. Presentation .................................................................................................. 8 II.3.4. Practice ......................................................................................................... 8 II.3.5. Review .......................................................................................................... 9 II.4. Forms of organizing activities in a speaking lesson.......................................... 9 II.4.1. Whole-class .................................................................................................. 9 II.4.2. Group work................................................................................................. 10 II.4.3 Pair works .................................................................................................... 11 II.4.4 Individual work............................................................................................ 13 II.5. Teacher’s roles during a speaking lesson ....................................................... 13 II.6. Students’ roles in a speaking lesson ............................................................... 14 II.7. Tips for teachers on preparing and organizing a speaking lesson ................... 15 II.7.1. Preparing a speaking lesson ........................................................................ 15 II.7.1.1. Preparing the lesson plan ......................................................................... 15 II.1.2. Planning for out-of-class learning ............................................................... 16 II.7.1.3. Choosing appropriate teaching methods ................................................... 16 II.7.1.4. Selecting appropriate teaching aids .......................................................... 16 II.7.2. Organizing a speaking lesson ...................................................................... 17 II.7.2.1. Warm-up .................................................................................................. 17 II.7.2.2. Introduction ............................................................................................. 20 v II.7.2.3. Presentation ............................................................................................. 21 II.7.2.4. Practice .................................................................................................... 21 II.7.2.5. Review ..................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO: THE RESULTS I. Survey................................................................................................................ 24 I.1. Rationale for the use of survey questionnaire .................................................. 24 I.2. Purpose of the survey ...................................................................................... 24 I.3. Population of the survey.................................................................................. 24 I.4. Construction of the survey .............................................................................. 24 I.5. Try-out ............................................................................................................ 25 I.6. Steps of the data analysis II. Results of the survey......................................................................................... 25 II.1. Preparing a speaking lesson ........................................................................... 25 II.2. Organizing a speaking lesson ......................................................................... 26 II.2.1. Warm-up ..................................................................................................... 26 II.2.2. Introduction ................................................................................................ 27 II.2.3. Presentation ................................................................................................ 28 II.2.4. Practice ....................................................................................................... 29 II.2.5. Review ........................................................................................................ 30 II.3. Students’ reaction .......................................................................................... 30 III. Sub-conclusion ................................................................................................ 31 PART THREE CONCLUSION I. Summary of the study ........................................................................................ 33 vi II. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further study ................................ 33 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 35 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................................. 36 vii PART ONE INTRODUCTION I. Rationale In the globalization age today, English assumes as a more and more important part as a means of international communication than ever. Therefore, in some recent years, the focus of teaching has been promoting oral skills in order to respond to the students’ needs for effective communication. However, due to some objective and subjective reasons, teaching and learning English in general and teaching and learning speaking in particular does not come up to the study aims. Despite teachers’ efforts to provide students with opportunities to develop their communicative skills, how to teach and learn speaking effectively is still a challenging question to both teachers and students at many high schools in Vietnam. English teaching program for high school students in Vietnam has been changed since the academic year 2006- 2007. Therefore, there are many unprecedented things in the textbook in which a unit is divided into five lessons, i.e. reading, speaking, listening, writing, and language focus. Speaking is one of new skills in teaching program. It is said that speaking is the skill students have a lot of difficulties in learning. Students seem to be reluctant, and reluctance to speak is seen as the biggest challenge. Moreover, a speaking lesson depends on both teacher and learners. While a teacher is trying to organize a speaking lesson, his students do not pay attention to the lesson or in other words, they do not take part in speaking activities at class. As a result, the lesson’s objectives could not be achieved. Through the process of teaching practice at Nguyen Van Huyen High School and discussion with English teachers there, I realize that it is necessary to give some ways to prepare and organize more successful speaking lessons. 1 II. Research presupposition This study is about speaking lesson and I am making an analysis in preparing and organizing a speaking lesson so that the question is raised: What are the effective ways to prepare and organize a speaking lesson? III. Research objectives The study is carried out to find out effective ways of preparing and organizing a speaking lesson at high schools. IV. Research scope The general research scope of this study is methodology. The population involved in the study is 50 students from K35 English major of Foreign Language Faculty at Hanoi Pedagogical University N0.2. V. Research tasks The paper studies reality of preparing and organizing speaking lessons at high schools and documents that gives tips of preparing and organizing a speaking lesson to finish the research objective VI. Research methods To achieve the objectives of the study, the following methods have been applied: - Documents collection - Analysis - Survey questionnaire VII. Significance of the proposed research In the context of Foreign Languages Faculty at Hanoi Pedagogical University No.2, the study was carried out to give a clear picture about ways the students used to prepare and organize a speaking lesson when they have a period of 2 teaching practice. Therefore, hopefully, the thesis is beneficial to both students and teachers in preparing and organizing a speaking lesson. VIII. Design of the research work The study has three main parts: Introduction, Development, and Conclusion. Part one is the Introduction. In this part, the rational, the aims, research questions, the scope of the study, methods of the study and also its design are presented. The next part, Development consists of two chapters. Chapter one is entitled “Theoretical Background” dealing with literature review, overview of speaking lesson (characteristic of a successful speaking lesson, problems with speaking activity, stages of a speaking lesson, forms of organizing speaking activities, teachers’ and students’ roles in a speaking lesson, tips for preparing and organizing a successful speaking lesson). Chapter two is named “The Results” including overall of survey and the result of survey. The last part is the Conclusion which includes the summary of the study, limitations of the study and suggestions for further study. References and Survey questionnaire are presented in the last pages of the study. 3 PART TWO DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I. Literature review Many researchers, i.e. Terry (2008), Richards (2011), Harmer (2001) and Byrne (1991), have done many studies on speaking in general and speaking lesson in particularly. Terry (2008) presented that a speaking lesson consists of three main stages. Specifically, in the pre-communicative stage, teachers are supposed to introduce the communicative function, highlight the fixed expression, point out the target structure and provide students with the necessary vocabulary and the language of interaction. In the practice stage, teachers prompt and correct students if necessary. In the last stage of communicative interaction, teachers encourage language negotiation among students, take notes of any aspects that may hinder communication such as pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc. After this stage, teachers give students feedback on pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary and ask students to repeat the task if necessary. In the book “Creating effective language lessons”, Richards and Bohlke (2011) introduce four possible ways to arrange a class: whole class teaching, individual work, group works, and pair works. These four forms of organizing activities at class depend on the type of lesson and on the particular stage of the lesson. Whole-class involves teaching all students together, and when carefully carried out, it can lead to the quick and effective achievement of lesson objectives. Individual work allows students to work at their own pace and to work on activities suited to their level or interest. Whereas, pair works can take into consideration between two students, and students who are not familiar with this learning arrangement may need careful orientation and preparation for pair-work 4 activities. Lastly, group works are said that they increase students’ talking time and can increase students’ motivation by providing a risk-free environment for language practice. Teachers play important roles in a speaking lesson. Byrne (1991) divides the roles of the teacher according to the type of interaction activity (fluency and accuracy activities). In addition, Harmer (2001) mentions three basic roles that teachers take on including: prompter, participant, and feedback provider. In short, many researchers have done many research on speaking lesson, however they have not paid much attention to how to prepare and organize a speaking lesson for high schools students. Therefore, it is essential to carry out this study on how to prepare and organize a successful speaking lesson for high school students. II. Overview of the speaking lesson II.1. Characteristics of a successful speaking activity Successful speaking activities are highly motivating, have a real purpose to prompt communication and can use almost any type of language. There are many characteristics of a successful speaking activity which are introduced by Ur (1996) as follows:  Learners talk a lot: As much as possible of the period time allotted to the activity is in fact occupied by learner talk. This may seem obvious, but often most time is taken up with the teacher and talk and pauses.  Participation is even: Classroom discussion is not dominated by a minority of talkative participants: all get a chance to speak and contributions are fairly evenly distributed.  Motivation is high: Learners are eager to speak because they are interested in the topic and have something new to say about it, or because they want to contribute to achieving a task objective. 5  Language is of an acceptable level: Learners express themselves in utterances that are relevant, easily comprehensible to each other and of an acceptable level of language accuracy. In practice, however, few classroom activities succeed in satisfying all the criteria mentioned above. Therefore, language teachers should make great efforts to employ a variety of effective techniques to create some of the mentionedabove criteria. II.2. Problems with speaking activities According to Ur (1996), there still exists some problems with speaking activities as follows:  Inhibition: Unlike reading, writing and listening activities, speaking requires some degree of real-time exposure to an audience. Learners are often inhibited about trying to say things in a foreign language in the classroom: worried about making mistakes, fearful of criticism or losing face, or simply shy of the attention that their speech attracts.  Nothing to say: Even if they are not inhibited, you often hear learners complain that they cannot think of anything to say: they have no motive to express themselves beyond the guilty feeling that they should be speaking.  Low or uneven participation: Only one participant can talk at a time if he or she is to be heard, and in a large group this means that each one will have only very little time talking. This problem is compounded by the tendency of some learners to dominate, while others speak very little or not at all.  Mother-tongue use: In classes where all, or a number of, the learners share the same mother tongue, they may tend to use it: because it is easier, because it feels unnatural to speak to one another in a foreign language, and because they feel less “exposed” if they are speaking their mother tongue. If they are talking in small groups it can be quite difficult to get some classes6 particularly the less disciplined or motivated ones- to keep to the target language. In order for the learners to develop their communicative skills, it is advised that the language teachers should help the learners to overcome these problems with speaking activities. II.3. Stages of a speaking lesson It is advised that a successful speaking lesson often includes five stages: warmup, introduction, presentation, practice, and the last, review. II.3.1. Warm-up According to Kerns (2006), warm-up is defined as an activity to focus learner’s attention on the lesson objective. Having a good warm-up activity is important to an English language lesson, as it sets the student up for success on many different levels. The warm up of a lesson often receives less attention than it should. Teachers spend a lot of time preparing explanations and worksheets to introduce and practice the target language, for example. They then enter the classroom without preparation or not well for the first five minutes. Because it's the first activity of the lesson, the warm up sets the tone for the next forty-five minutes. A fun warm up, therefore, raises energy levels. Fun activities help students relaxed, comfortable and even confident. With the right warm up, teacher will create a positive atmosphere to practice and experiment with the language. A warm up should generally last about five minutes. Without enough time to get warmed up, though, students will continue to make mistakes during the early stages of the lesson - important time needed to present and drill the new material. Students may be slow to understand, too, because those wheels aren't turning yet. As a final comment, if the warm up takes too long, then valuable 7 time gets lost from the main focus of the lesson. Students have less time to acquire the new material. II.3.2. Introduction The introduction of an effective lesson plan will set up the activities to follow. This part of the lesson plan will introduce students to the concepts and goals of the lesson. It will also help students understand how the lesson plan relates to previous lessons and future lessons (Burden & Byrd, 2003). Giving students a guideline of what they will gather from the plan will help the class achieve the goals. The introduction also provides interest and motivation to the students. It focuses students' attention on the lesson and its purposes. It also convinces students that they will benefit from the lesson. II.3.3. Presentation The presentation part of the lesson is when teacher presents new information and checks for comprehension. In order to help students actually digest the new information rather than just swallow it, this portion of the lesson must be paired with clear explanations of the grammar, new words along with examples. It is highly recommended to show several clear and concise examples, in context. Before moving on to next part of the lesson, make sure students have some understanding of the material they just learned, as well as an understanding of its meaning and proper use. II.3.4. Practice The practice is defined as when learners are provided opportunities to practice the new knowledge that has been presented. The practice stage of the lesson is where the student gets involved. The goal of the practice stage is that students use the material teacher presented in context. This is where the teacher provides activities/exercises for students. The teacher’s role in this part of the lesson is to manage students, and encourage them to use 8 the new language by working in groups or pairs. The activities or exercises teacher can prepare for this stage may vary: a short role-play, games, fill-in-the blanks, guided dialogue, information gaps, and problem solving activities are all some great ideas. The practice in a speaking lesson should focus on oral. Upon termination, the teacher can collect these activities to grade and return, or review the answers in class together. This part of the lesson will take up the bulk of class time. It will serve to ensure students have a solid grasp on the material teacher had just presented. It's best to use a large range of practice activities to keep students intrigued and excited. II.3.5. Review Review is the stage teacher provides an activity that assesses learners on their attainment of the lesson objective. Teacher should aim to leave about 5 minutes at the end of a 45-minute lesson to this stage. Not only does it signify to the students that the lesson is coming to an end, but it also allows the instructor to address any problems and clarify what the students learned. II.4. Forms of organizing activities in a speaking lesson A successful lesson obviously depends on the kinds of interaction you provide for during the lesson. This will include opportunities for interactions between you and the students as well as interactions among the students themselves. There are four possible ways to arrange a class: whole-class teaching, individual work, group work, and pair work. II.4.1. Whole-class Whole-class teaching is defined by Richards and Lockhart (1999) as follows: “The teacher leads the whole class through a learning task.” In addition, Harmer (1992) provides another name for the whole-class teaching, i.e. lockstep method. He states that “Lockstep is the class grouping where all the students are working 9 with the teacher, where all the students are ‘locked into’ the same rhythm and pace, the same activity.” This mode of teaching involves teaching all the students together; the use of whole-class teaching depends on the type of lesson you are teaching and on the particular stage of the lesson. Whole-class teaching is most common used for the beginning of lesson. (Richards, Lockhart 1999) Whole-class teaching can aim at focusing students’ attention quickly on a learning task. And it enables teaching large numbers of learners at the same time and can serve as a preparation for the subsequent activities. However, the unavoidable disadvantage is the little opportunity for learners’ oral practice. To conclude, when planning your teaching, you need to consider when wholeclass teaching is appropriate in order to promote lesson’s efficiency. II.4.2. Group work In Adrian Doff (1991), group work is described as follows: “In group work, the teacher divides the class into small groups to work together (usually four or five students in each group).” Group work has not only great advantages but also considerable disadvantages. Advantages of group work By dividing the class into groups, students get more opportunities to talk than in full class organization, and each student can say something. Penny Ur (1996) recommends that teachers working with a large class should divide them into small groups which are the most effective organization for practicing speaking. Working in a group, children are more engaged not only intellectually but emotionally as well. They have to think, contribute to the group, evaluate what other members of the group say, share information, and prepare a presentation together. They also use information previously given by the teacher or 10 contributed by the members of the group to express themselves more fully and improve the quality of their performance. In the long run, group work develops learners' independence. At first preparing a group presentation may requires more effort from the student. However, using this technique regularly students become more efficient and skilled at practicing the language. Students learn how to learn and gradually take responsibility for their own learning. Disadvantages of group work In the process of working, there would be unavoidable problems which might occur with the students. Because there are usually four or five students in each group, they can make noise while working on the task, and do not concentrate on the task if the task is not clear and goes for too long. When learners work in groups, it is impossible for the teacher to listen and correct all the mistakes they make and this is not the purpose of the activity. However, the teacher can reduce the number of mistakes before the students start working by demonstrating the activity to the class first and by asking groups to perform in front of the class afterwards and discussing what they said and pointing out the most common mistakes. (Doff, 1988:141) To sum it up, group work tends to support cooperative learning, and may give confidence and encourage shy students when handling the target language. II.4.3 Pair works To begin with, Bryne (1991) divides pair work into three kinds: open pairs, fixed pairs, and flexible ones. During open pair work, a student talks to another across the class under the teacher’s control. While learners work with the same partner in order to complete a task in fixed pairs. Finally, working in the flexible pairs presupposes that students keep changing their partner (for example, interviewing other classmates). 11 On the other hand, Doff (1991) defines pair work as follows: “in pair work, the teacher divides the whole class into pairs. Every student works with his or her partner, and all the pairs work at the same time.” Similarly as group work, pair work has its own advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of pair work Harmer (2001) describes five advantages of pair work in a speaking lesson as follows: It increases the amount of speaking time when students get in class. It also allows students to work and interact independently without the guidance of the teacher, thus promoting students’ independence. It allows teacher time to work with one or two pairs while others continue working. It helps promoting cooperation in the class because “two head are betters than one”. If the teacher gets students make decisions in pairs, they would share responsibility rather than having to face up to the task themselves. Finally, it is relatively quick and easy to organize. Disadvantages of pair work Harmer (2001) also states disadvantages of pair work beside its advantages. Pair work is very noisy and some teachers and students dislike this. Teachers worry that they will lose control of their class. Students in pairs can have different point of an exercise, so the chance of ‘misbehavior’ can take place in the class. It is not always popular with students, many of whom want to relate to the teacher and do not interact with another learner who may be just as weak as they are. The actual choice of paired partner can be problematic especially if students have to work with someone who they are not keen on. 12 II.4.4 Individual work Harmer (2001) calls it with other name ‘students on their own’. At the opposite of the spectrum of whole-class grouping, students work with the pattern of individualized learning. Students must do exercises in their own in class while teachers are able to spend time working with other students. And Harmer (2001) also states that “Such individualized learning is a vital step in the development of learner autonomy.” Advantages of individual work Students work at their own pace, they are confident about what they know and what they need to send more time on, they can use their preferred learning styles and strategies. “It can develop learner autonomy and promote skills of self-reliance and investigation over teacher-dependence.” (Harmer, 2001) It can be a way for teachers to control class in peace and avoid a ‘noisy and chaotic situation’. (Harmer, 2001) Disadvantages of individual work Students don’t get the benefit of learning from and working with their peers. When giving individual students different tasks, it means that teachers have a great preparation of thought and materials than whole-class teaching. When teachers work with individual students, it takes much more time than interacting with the whole class. (Harmer, 2001) II.5. Teacher’s roles during a speaking lesson Caroline Terry (2008) describes teacher roles during a speaking lesson. A teacher can act as an organizer, a prompter, an observer, a participant, an assessor, a feedback provider, and the last, a resource.  Teachers can act as an organizer means that the teachers can do the task of getting students engaged and getting the activity. 13
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