CHlfONG
1
C A C L O A I H 0 P C H A T V6 CCf
HE THONG HOA KIEN THL/C
1. Mo'i q u a n
tu'o'ng ho givLa c a c l o a i hgfp c h a t v6 cof
0X1
NGUYEN TO
OXIT KHONG TAO MUO'l
OX IT
OXIT TAO MUOl
OXIT BAZO
OXIT L J O N G T I N H
OXIT AXIT
+ H,0
+ H,0
AXIT
BAZO
MUdi
1
MUOl TRUNG HOA
MUQl BAZO
MUOl AXIT
2. O x i t
a) Khdi qudt ve si/ pJidii loai oxit
OXIT
(Nguyen to + oxi)
Oxit khong tao muoi
Oxit bazo
Oxit axit
Oxit lL/3ng tinh
Oxit trung tinti
(Kim loai* + oxi)
(Phi kill! + oxi)
(ZnO, AIA...)
(CO, NO,..)
* M o t so k i m loai k h i ket ho'p vo'i oxi 6' mile hoa t r i cao la oxit axit:
CrOs tifo'ng ufng vo'i axit H2Cr04, Mn20T tu'o'ng ilng vo'i axit H M n 0 4 .
5
b) Tinh
chat
hod hoc cda
3. A x i t , bazcf, m u o i
oxit
Oxit axit
Oxit
baza
a) Phdn
loai axit,
baza vd
muoi
Tinh chat hoa hoc~~~
Tac dung v61 H2O
IVlot so oxit axit khi tac dung
IVlot so oxit bazo tac dung v61 ni/6c
vo'i nuo'c tao thanh dung dich
tao thanh dung dich bazo (kiem).
axit. Dung dich thu du'Oc lam
Dung dich thu duoc lam ddi mau quy
doi mau quy tim thanh do.
ti'm thanh xanh.
Vi du: CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3
Vi du: CaO + HaO
-
- Oxit bazo tac dung vOi nuOc: Na20,
Oxit axit tac
dung
vOi
Ca(0H)2
nu6c: SO2, SO3, N2O5, P2O5...
BaO, K2O...
Axit
CO oxi
-
-
HN03
Oxit axit khong tac dung
vOi nu'6'c: Si02...
Tac dung v6i axit
CAC HdP CHAT VO CO'
(Axit -'Bazo - Muoi)
Oxit bazo khong tac dung vfli
nu'o'c: AI2O3, FeO, Fe203, Fe304...
Khong phan ung
Axit + oxit bazo
muoi + nu'o'c
Vi du:
H3PO4
HCIO...
Bazo khong
tan trong
nu'Oc
Fe(OH),
Baza tan
trong nu6c
(kiem)
NaOH
KOH
Ba(OH)^...
Axit
khong
CO oxi
HCI
HBr
HI. HF...
Fe(0H)3
Ai(0H)3
Muoi axit
NaHCOj
NaHSO,
Ba(HC03),,..
IVIufi'i
trung hoa
NaCI
Na.SO,
Na^CO,
BaCOj...
Cu(OH),...
AI2O3 + 3H2SO4 ^ Al2(S04)3 + 3H2O
Fe304 + 8HCI -> FeCb + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O
Tac dung vol bazo
BazO((jd) + oxit axit -> muoi axit
kiem
hoac muoi trung hoa + H2O.
Khong phan u'ng
b) Thanh
Ten cua axit
l//c'w.-C02 + l\laOH~^NaHC03
2
<1
'^NaOH
Tac dung vOi oxit
1 bazo
Khong phan ung
Oxit axit + oxit bazo
Oxit bazo + oxit axit -> muoi
Khong phan u'ng
Vi du: CaO + CO2
Oxit lu'dng tinh
Oxit trung tinh (oxit l 2AICI3 + 3H2O
Tac dgng vOi bazo
lIVlgS04
^""""---.-.^P/Tan loai
Tinh chat
muoi
ti2 axit
Cong
hoa hoc
l\la2C03 tao 2 muoi Nal-IC03
Tac dung vo'i oxit
axit
cda phdn
thu'c
CO2 + 2(\laOH -> IMajCOa + H2O
1<
phcln
Nguyen tu'
So
nhom
kirn loai
hidroxit (-0H)
Na
1
NaCI, Na2S04, Na3P04...
Natri hidroxit
NaOH
Tham gia phan ung oxi hoa - khu'
Kali hidroxit
KOH
K
1
KNO3, K2SO4, KCI...
2N0 + O2 ^ 2NO2
Canxi hidroxit
Ca(0H)2
Ca
2
Ca(N03)2, CaS04, Ca3(P04)2...
Bar! hidroxit
Ba(0H)2
Ba
2
BaCi2, Ba(N03)2, BaS04...
Nhom hidroxit
AI(0H)3
Al
3
AICI3, AI(N03)3, Al2(S04)3-
3C0 + Fe203
2Fe + 300?.
* Nh'u-ng oxit nao tac dung voi nu'o'c? Nhffng axit, bazo' nao tan
trong nu'o'c t h i oxit do tac dung yd'i nu'o'c.
d) Tinh
chat hod hoc ciia axit,
Axit
^"~~^~-~--„.P/?£n ioai
baza
Tinh chat hoa hoc^
Bazo'
Axit
Bazo
Phan ung nhiet
Tinh chat hoihoc~~Tac dung v6i giay
Giay quy tim chuyen til mau
Giay quy tim chuyen tii' mau tim
quy tim
tim sang mau do khi cho vao
dung djch axit.
sang mau xanh khi cho vao dung
Tac dung vo'i dung
Khong lam ddi mau dung djch
Dung djch bazo lam ddi mau dung
djch phenoiphtalein
phenoiphtalein.
djch phenoiphtalein tu' khong mau
phan
djch bazd (kiem).
Mot so axit
oxit axit + nu'Oc
Vi du: H2SO4
' % SO3 + H2O
2HNO3
2N0, + H2O +
^
Tac dyng vo'i i FeCIs + Hzt
3H2S04(to,9) + 2AI->Al2(S04)3 +
e) Tilth
chat hod hoc cila
-
Kim loai + miidi
loai
Vi du: Fe + CUSO4
muoi moi + kim loai mOi
FeS04 + Cu
- Kim loai dung tru'o'c (trii' Na, K, Ca...) day kim loai du'ng sau
(trong day hoat dong hoa hoc cua kim loai) ra khoi dung djch muoi
cua Chung.
- Kim loai Na, K, Ca... khi tac dung vo'i dung dich muoi thl khong
cho kim loai mo'i vi: Na + CUSO4 - >
2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2
Vi du: CU + 2H2SO4 (dac)
CUSO4 + 2NaOH ^ Na2S04 + Cu(0H)2i.
CUSO4 + S02t + 2H2O.
Bazd + axit -> muoi + nu'o'c
Mot so hidroxit luBng tinh (AI(0H)3),
Vi du:
Zn(0H)2) tac dung vo'i kiem;
NaOH + HCI -> WaCI + H2O
AI(0H)3 + NaOH ^ NaAI02 + H2O
Fe(0H)2 + 2HCI
Zn(0H)2 + 2l\laOH
Tac dung vdi axit
Tac dung vo'i bazo
Axit + oxit bazd
bazd
Vi du: CaO + H2SO4
muoi +.nu6'c
CaS04 +
NaHS03
Mot so oxit luBng tinh: ZnO, AI2O3,
Cr203... tac dung vo'i dung djch bazo
Axit + mu6i(dd)
mu6i,ma) + axit,ma)
Vi du:
HCI + AgNOs
8azO(dci) + muoi(dd)
Dieu l(ien phan u'ng xay ra: Muoi mdi hoSc bazo mdi sinh ra la chat
Tac dung vol muoi
l//'c'u.-2KOH + CuS04^K2S04 +
H2SO4 + BaCl2
BaS04i + 2HC1
+ Cu(0H)2i
Lu'u y: Nhan biet goc SO4 bang 2l\laOH + FeCb -> 2NaCI + Fe(0H)2i
dd BaCl2 tao ket tua trang BaS04.
8
Muoi(dd) + mudi(dd)
muoi mo'i + muoi mo'i
Vi du: BaClj + Na2S04
BaS04i + 2NaCI
Dieu l Na2S03 + H2O.
Tac dyng v6i oxit
AgCli + HNO3
mo'i siph ra hoSc axit mo'i sinh ra la chat de bay ho'i hoSc la axit
yeu hon axit tham gia phan u'ng.
hoac muoi trung hoa + nu'dc
l//cfu.'S02 + NaOH
muoi mdi + axit mOi
Dieu l muoi axit
Muoi + axit
Vi du: AgNOj + HCI
+ 2H2O.
Khong phan u'ng
AI2O3 + 3H2O.
Dieu l 2NaAI02 + 3H2T
Zn + 2NaOH
Vidu: Cu(0H)2
2AI(0H)3
+ 3H2T
Tac dgng v6i bazd
2
oxit bazo +
+ nu'Oc
Fe(0H)2
.I02.
chuyen thanh mau hong.
(I 2 N a C l + H2O
A. CANXI OXIT
C a O + H2SO4
> C a S 0 4 + H2O
CuO + H2SO4
> CUSO4 + H2O
1. Bang phuong phap hoa hoc nao cd the nhan biet duOc tung chat trong
moi day chat sau:
a) Hai chat ran mau trang la CaO va Na20.
d) CO2, SO2 t a c dung v d i dung dich bazo' tao t h a n h muo'i v a nu'dc:
CO2 + 2 N a O H
> NaaCOa + H2O
SO2 + 2 N a O H
> Na2S03 + IhO.
b) Hai chat khi khong mau la CO2 va O2.
Viet nhOng phu'Ong trinh phan ung hoa hoc.
Ldl
5. Co hon ho'p khi CO2 va O2. Lam the nao c6 the thu du'oc khi O2 t(i hon
a) L a y m o t i t m o i c h a t cho t a c d u n g v d i nu'dc, sau do d e m l o c , nu'dc
hop tren? Trinh bay each lam va viet.phudng trinh phan u'ng hoa hoc.
Ipc c u a cac d u n g d i c h n a y du'pc thuf b a n g k h i CO2 h o a c d u n g d i c h
L O / GIAI
N a 2 C 0 3 . N e u c6 k e t t i i a t r S n g t h i c h a t b a n d a u l a C a O , n e u k h o n g cd
D i n h o n ho'p k h i CO2 va O2 d i qua b i n h du'ng dung dich k i e m
k e t t u a t h i c h a t b a n d a u l a N a 2 0 . Phu'Ong t r i n h p h a n u'ng:
(Ca(0H)2, NaOH...) k h i CO2 b i giuf l a i t r o n g b i n h , do c6 p h a n ufng sau:
CO2 + C a ( 0 H ) 2
Hoac
CaO + H2O
> C a C O a i + H2O
Hoac
6*. Cho 1,6g dong (II) oxit tac dung voi lOOg dung dich axit sunfuric cd nong
do 20%.
'
> C a C O s i + H2O
C a ( 0 H ) 2 + NaaCOa
> CaC03i + 2NaOH
(mau ti'Sng)
Na20 + H20
a) Viet phu'Ong trinh phan u'ng hoa hoc.
2 N a O H + CO2
b) Ti'nh nong dp phan tram cac chat c6 trong dung dich sau khi phan
u'ng ket thuc.
Ldl
> Ca(0H)2
C a ( 0 H ) 2 + CO2
> NaaCOg + H2O.
CO2 + 2 N a O H
GIAI
,
GIAI
i,
> 2NaOH
> Na.COa + II2O.
b ) Sue h a i c h a t k h i k h o n g m a u v a o h a i o'ng n g h i e m c h i l a nu'dc v o i
C a ( 0 H ) 2 t r o n g . O n g n g h i e m n a o h i v a n due, t h i k h i b a n d a u l a CO2,
k h i c o n l a i l a O2.
= 0'02 m o l ;
ncuo = 1^
nH^s04 "
* ^'2 " ^ o l
i
a) Phu'Ong t r i n h p h a n ufng:
CuO
+
H2SO4
0,02 m o l
— ^
0,02 m o l
CUSO4
+ H2O
0,02 m o l
;
P
-
;
CUSO4 tao t h a n h , t i n h theo so m o l CuO:
ncuS04 = " c u O = 0,02 m o l
:
mc,so4 = 160 x 0,02 ^ 3,2g
N o n g do p h a n t r a m cac chat t r o n g dung dich sau p h a n i l n g :
C%e.,o
CUSO4
C%Hso
H2SO4
12
. 3 , 2 x 1 0 0 % ^ ^
(100 + 1,6)
'
=iMiiiiOO!^.
17,76%.
(100 + 1,6)
Viet cac phiJOng trinh phan Qng hoa hoc.
GIAI
t a n t r o n g nu'dc la CaCOs.
b ) L a y m o t i t m o i c h a t cho t a c d u n g v d i nu'dc, c h a t n a o t a n l a C a O ,
c h a t k h o n g t a n l a M g O . H o a c cd t h e cho h a i c h a t t a c d u n g v d i d u n g
K h o i Itrpng H2SO4 dii sau p h a n ufng:
\h H C l . S a u do c h o d u n g d i c h N a O H v a o d u n g d i c h sau p h a n iJng,
dung dich nao tao k e t tua t r S n g (Mg{0H)2) t h i chat ban dau l a M g O ,
mH2S04 = 2 0 - (98 X 0,02) = 18,04g
-
b) CaO, MgO.
a) C h a t n a o p h a n li'ng m a n h vd'i nu'dc v a t o a n h i e t l a C a O , k h o n g
ufng h e t , H2SO4 con du".
K h o i iMng
a) CaO, CaCOa
Ldl
b) Theo phiTOng t r i n h p h a n u'ng t r e n t h i liTpng CuO t h a m gia p h a n
-
2. Hay nhan biet tu'ng cap chat trong moi nhdm chat sau b l n g phu'Ong
phap hoa hpc:
I
d u n g d i c h k h o n g cd k e t t u a t h i c h a t ban d a u l a C a O .
M g O + 2HC1
MgCl2 + 2 N a O H
> M g C l s + H2O
> M g t O H ) . ! + 2NaCl
(man Lriing)
CaO + 2HC1
'
> C a C L + H2O.
13
3*. 200ml dung dich HCI c6 nong d6 3,5 mol/lit hoa tan vC/a du 20g h6n hop
B. L U U H U V N H D I O X I T
CuOvaFegOg.
1 . Viet phu'Ong trinh hoa hoc cho moi bien doi sau:
a) Viet cac phu'Ong trinh phan ung hoa hoc.
I
b) Ti'nh khoi lu'o'ng cua moi oxit bazo c6 trong hon ho'p ban d a u .
r.n
a) Phu'o'ng t r i n h p h a n u'ng h o a h o c :
2HC1
> CuCl2
2x m o i
+ 6HC1
y moi
+ II2O
> FeClg
+ SHaO
^
[2x + 6 y = 0,7
(1)
S + O2
(2)
S O 2 + CaO
hay
S O 2 + C a ( 0 H ) 2 ,dd)
(3)
SO2 + H2O
(4)
H2SO3 + 2 N a O H
(5)
b ) D y a v a o phu'Ong t r i n h p h a n u'ng t r e n t a c6:
(6)
> H2SO3
> NaiSO-,
+ 2H2O
NasSOs + H 2 O
> NaaSCi + SOgt + H 2 O
> 2NaCl + S 0 2 t + H2O
SO2+ 2NaOH
> ISiaSO^
+ H2O
> NaaSOg.
2 . Hay nhan biet tu'ng chat trong moi nhom chat sau bang phuo'ng phap
hoa hoc:
a) Hai chat ran mau trSng la CaO va P2O5.
a) Viet phuong trinh phan u'ng.
b) Hai chat khf khong mau la SO2 va O2.
b) Ti'nh nong do mol cua dung dich Ba(0H)2 da dung.
Viet cac phu'Ong trinh hoa hoc.
c) Tinh khoi luong chat ket tua thu duOc.
LOI
GIAI
GIAI
a) C h o nu'o'c v a o h a i d'ng n g h i e m c6 chu'a C a O v a P2O5. Sau do cho
2 24
quy
t i m vao dung dich t r o n g h a i ong n g h i e m , dung dich nao doi m a u
quy t i m t h a n h x a n h , c h a t b a n d a u l a C a O , d u n g d i c h n a o d o i m a u q u y
a) Phu'Ong t r i n h p h a n u'ng h o a h o c :
t i m t h a n h d o , c h a t b a n d a u l a P2O5.
Ca(0H)2
^ BaCOaU
0,1 m o l
0,1 m o l
H2O
CM,^^,,^,,,^, = M
c) D y a v a o phu'o'ng t r i n h p h a n y n g t r e n t a c6:
CaO + H2O
P2O5 + 3 H 2 O
b ) D y a v a o phu'o'ng t r i n h p h a n iTng t r e n t a n h a n t h a y :
nBa(0ii.2 - n c o , - O , l m o l
> CaSO^ + I I 2 O
v i H C I d§ b a y ho'i n e n k h i S O 2 t h u du'o'c se k h o n g t i n h k h i e t .
4 . Biet 2,24 lit khi CO2 (dktc) tac dung vua du voi 200ml dung dich Ba(0H)2
san pham sinh ra la BaCOa va H2O.
0,1 m o l
> CaSOs
NaaSOs + H2SO4
hoac S O 2 + N a 2 0
+
GIAI
> SO2
Na2S03 + 2HC1
mcuo = 0,05 X 80 = 4 g
CO2
SO2
K h o n g n e n d u n g p h a n u'ng:
f x = 0,05 m o l
" ^ [ y - 0 , 1 0 mol
LCfl
NagSOa
NajSOa
hoac H2SO3 + NaaO
6y m o i
8 0 x + 1 6 0 y = 20
^
LOU
G o i X , y l a so m o i ciia C u O v a Fe^Oa.
FeaOs
H2SO3 -^h
I
^
" " ^ ' = - T o o o - = °''"^'^^-
CuO +
X moi
CaSOa
S _(1L> SO2
L 0 7 GlAl
3,5x200
^
^ 0,5 m o l / l i t .
> Ca(0H)2 (kiem)
> 2H3PO4 (axit).
b ) D a n h a i k h i v a o h a i o n g n g h i e m chu'a nu'o'c, sau do cho q u y t i m
v a o cac
ong n g h i e m , dung dich t r o n g ong n g h i e m nao doi m a u quy
t i m t h a n h do t h i c h a t b a n d a u l a k h i S O 2 , k h i O2 k h o n g p h a n u'ng.
H o a c d u n g t h a n h o n g t r e n que d o m de thuf, k h i O2 l a m b u n g c h a y que
dom,
c o n k h i S O 2 k h o n g p h a n u'ng.
SO2 + H 2 O
> H2SO3.
15
3. Co nhu'ng khi am (khi c6 iSn hoi nuoc): cacbon dioxit, oxi, luu huynh
dioxit. Khi nao c6 the lam kho bang canxi oxit? Giai thich.
LCfl
GlAl
C a O CO t i n h h u t a m ( h o i nu'o'c) t a o t h a n h C a ( 0 H ) 2 , d o n g t h o ' i l a
mot
o x i t bazc' ( t a c d u n g vo'i a x i t ) . D o do C a O c h i d u n g l a m k h o cac
McaSOa = 120 ;
Mca(OH)2 = ^4
a) Phu'o'ng t r i n h p h a n u'ng h o a h o c :
+
SO2
Ca(0H)2
0,005 m o l
> C a S O a i + H2O
0,005 m o l
0,005 m o l
• b ) T i n h k h o i Itfo'ng cac c h a t sau p h a n i l n g :
k h i a m la hidro a m , oxi a m .
4. Co nhu'ng chat khi sau: C O 2 , H2, O2, SO2, N2. Hay cho biet chat nao c6
tinh chat s a u :
a) Nang ho'n khong khi.
D i f a vao phu'o'ng t r i n h p h a n tfng t r e n t a n h a n t h a y : nca(0H)2 > i^sOg
n e n c h i t a o m u o i CaSOa.
' n s o , = ncasoa = 0>005
b) Nhe ho'n khong khi.
c) Chay daoc trong khong khi.
^
m^so,
= 0-005 x 120 = 0,6g
nic3(0H)2du= ( 0 , 0 0 7 - 0 , 0 0 5 ) X 74 = 0,148g.
d) Tac dung vo'i nu'o'c tao thanh dung dich axit.
'
c) N o n g do m o l ciia s a n p h a m sau p h a n u'ng:
e) Lam due nude voi trong.
0,002x1000
Ci.,,n
g) Doi mau giay quy tim am thanh do.
,r,lI^
^
~
„
« 2,857mol/lit.
^M(Ca(0H)2)dU
'
LCflGIAI
T i n h c h a t hoa h o c cua axit
a) N h f f n g k h i n a n g ho'n k h o n g k h i : CO2, O2, SO2.
1. TL/ M g , MgO, Mg(0H)2 va dung dich axit sunfurie loang, hay viet cac
b ) N h u ' n g k h i n h e ho'n k h o n g k h i : H 2 , Ng.
phUdng trinh phan u'ng hoa hoc dieu che magie sunfat.
c) N h u ' n g k h i c h a y du'o'c t r o n g k h o n g k h i : H 2 .
LCfl
d) N h i J n g k h i t a c d u n g vo'i nu'o'c t a o t h a n h d u n g d i c h a x i t : CO2, SO2.
PhLTo'ng t r i n h p h a n iJng h o a h o c :
e) N h u ' n g k h i l a m due nu'o'c v o l t r o n g : CO2, SO2.
g) N h u ' n g k h i l a m d o i m a u q u y t i m a m t h a n h d o : CO2, SO2.
5. Khi lu'u huynh dioxit diioc tao thanh til'cap chat nao sau day:
a) K2SO3 va H2SO4
b) K2SO4 va HOI
d) Na2S04 va CuCJa
e) NajSOa va NaCI.
c) Na2S03 va NaOH
LOIGIAl
K h i SO2 du'o'c t a o t h a n h t u ' c a p c h a t :
K2SO3 + H2SO4
> K2SO4 + SO2T + H 2 O .
6. Dan 112ml khi SO2 (dktc) di qua 700ml dung dich Ca(0H)2 c6 nong dp
0,01 mol.
a) Viet ph'u'dng trinh phan u'ng h o a h p c .
b) Tfnh khdi lu'dng cac chat sau phan u n g .
c) Tinh nong do mol c u a san pham sau phan d n g .
Ldl
GIAI
noo =
=0,005 mol;
^^•^
22400
nca(OH)2 ^
16
700x0,01
,
^QQQ = 0,007 m o l
• •:
Ji^^ '
•
GIAI
M g + H2S04 (loang)
MgO
> MgS04 +
+ H2SO4
> M g S 0 4 + H2O
M g ( 0 H ) 2 + H2SO4
> MgS04 + 2 H 2 O .
2. Co nhu'ng chat sau: CuO, Mg, AI2O3, F e ( 0 H ) 3 , Fe203. Hay chon mot
trong nhOng chat da cho tac dung vdi dung dich HCI sinh ra:
a) Khi nhe hdn khong khi va chay du'o'c trong khong khi.
, ,,,,
b) Dung dich CO mau xanh lam.
c) Dung dich CO mau vang nau.
.
d) Dung dich khong CO m a u .
,
Viet cac phu'dng trinh phan u'ng.
LCfl
GIAI
a) K h i n h e ho'n k h o n g k h i v a c h a y du'o'c t r o n g k h o n g k h i l a k h i H 2 .
M g + 2HC1
^MgCla + H a t ,
b ) D u n g d i c h c6 m a u x a n h l a m l a d u n g d i c h CuCl2.
Cu0
+ 2HC1
^CuCla + HaO
c) D u n g d i c h c6 m a u v a n g n a u l a d u n g d i c h F e C l s .
Fe(0H)3 + 6HC1
> FeCh
+ SHaO
THi; VIENTINHBINHTHUAN
17
Hoac
FeaOg + 6 H C 1
c) Chat ket tua mau t r i n g khong tan trong nUdc va axit?
> 2 F e C l + SHzO
d) Dung dich khong mau va nUdc?
d ) D u n g d i c h k h o n g m a u l a cac d u n g d i c h MgCl2, A I C I 3 .
AI2O3 + 6 H C 1
Viet tat ca cac phUOng trinh phan u n g .
> 2AICI3 + 3H2O
M g + 2HC1
LCfl
> MgCl2 + H a t .
3 . Hay viet cac phaong trinh phan ufng trong moi trUdng ho'p sau:
a) Magie oxit va axit nitric
c) Nhom oxit va axit sunfuric
Cac p h i i d n g t r i n h h o a h o c :
\
'
b) Dong (II) oxit va axit clohidric
a) C h a t k h i c h a y dUdc t r o n g k h o n g k h i l a k h i H j .
d) Sat va axit clohidric
Zn + 2HC1
e) K e m va axit sunfuric loang.
LCfl
a) M g O + 2HNO3
> CuCla + H2O
c) AI2O3 + 3H2SO4
d) Fe + 2 H C 1
e) Z n + H2SO4
' '
> Al2(S04)3 + 3H2O
> FeCh
CuO
+ 2HC1
CuO
+ H2SO4
> BaS04i + 2HC1
d) D u n g d i c h k h o n g m a u l a : Z n C l a , Z n S 0 4 .
ZnO
+ 2HC1
ZnO
+ H2S04
> ZnCl2 + H2O
> Z n S 0 4 + H20.
2 . San xuat axit sunfuric trong cong nghiep can phai c6 nhij'ng nguyen lieu
chu yeu nao? Hay cho biet muc dich cua m6i cong doan san xuat axit sunfuric
va dan ra nhOng phan L i n g hoa hoc.
a) Phadng phap hoa hoc. Viet phUdng trinh hoa hoc.
Ldl
b) Phaong phap vat If.
(Biet rang dong khong tac dung vdi axit HCI va axit H2SO4 loang).
LCfl GlAl
a) P h t r c n g p h a p h o a h o c : N g a m h 6 n h d p h o t C u v a F e t r o n g d u n g
d i c h H C I d u . P h a n i l n g x o n g , loc l a y c h a t rin,
rufa n h i e u I a n t r e n g i a y
loc. L a m k h o c h a t r a n do l a h o t C u , c a n , g i a suf du'o'c 7,2g. Suy r a
t r o n g h o n h d p c6 7 2 % , c o n l a i 2 8 % l a F e . P h a o ' n g t r i n h p h a n ufng:
Fe + 2 H C 1
> FeCh
+ H-^^
-
M u c d i c h cua m 6 i c o n g doan s a n x u a t a x i t s u n f u r i c :
•
D o t lu'u h u y n h t r o n g k h o n g Idhi de san x u a t lu'u h u y n h d i o x i t :
S + O2
•
> SO2
O x i h o a SO2 (V2O5) de san x u a t SO3:
•
1 , Co nhung chat: CuO, BaCl2, Zn, ZnO. Chat nao noi tren tac dung voi
dung dich HCI va dung dich H 2 S O 4 loang, sinh ra:
b) Dung dich c6 mau xanh lam?
>H2S04.
3 . Bang each nao c6 the nhan biet dJdc tung chat trong moi cap chat sau
fheo phuong phap hoa hoc:
Mot so axit quan trong
a) Chat khi chay dUdc trong khong khf?
2SO3
C h o SO3 t a c dung vo'i H 2 O de s a n x u a t H2SO4:
SO3 + H2O
difdc 2 , 8 g b o t F e .
nguyen
l i e u l a lu'u h u y n h ( h o a c q u a n g p i r i t ) , k h o n g k h i v a nUo'c.
2SO2 + O2
c h a m bang m a n h nilon m o n g va nho. Cha nhieu I a n ta cung thu
GIAI
S a n x u a t a x i t s u n f u r i c t r o n g c o n g n g h i e p c a n p h a i c6
> k h o n g phan ilng.
b ) Phiro'ng p h a p v a t I I : D u n g t h a n h n a m c h a m , sau k h i d a boc d a u
18
> CUSO4 + H2O
B a C l 2 + H2SO4
+ Hat
— > ZnS04 + H2t.
4. Co 10g h6n hop bot cac kim loai dong va sat. Hay gidi thieu phadng
phap xac dinh thanh phan phan tram (theo khoi lUo'ng) cua m5i kim loai trong
hon hdp theo:
nam
> CUCI2 + H2O
c) C h a t k e t t u a t r S n g k h o n g t a n t r o n g nu'dc v a a x i t l a BaS04.
(loang)
Cu + H C I
> ZnS04 + Hat
b ) D u n g d i c h c6 m a u x a n h l a m : CuCl2, CUSO4.
dng:
> M g ( N 0 3 ) 2 + H2O
b) C u O + 2 H C 1
> ZnCl2 + H 2 t
Z n + H2SO4
GlAl
P h a c n g t r i n h h o a h o c cua cac p h a n
GIAI
'
a) Dung dich HCI va dung dich H 2 S O 4 .
b) Dung dich NaCI va dung dich N a 2 S 0 4 .
c) Dung dich N a 2 S 0 4 va dung dich H2SO4.
Viet cac phUdng trinh phan ufng.
19
Ldl
GIAI
a) Cho dung dich BaCl2 vao h a i ong n g h i e m c6 chiJa dung dich H C l
va dung dich H2SO4, chat t r o n g ong n g h i e m nao clio k e t t u a mau
t r a n g , suy r a chat ban dau la H2SO4, chat t r o n g o'ng n g h i e m k h o n g c6
h i e n tu'o'ng g i xay r a la H C l .
BaCla + H2SO4
5. Hay sCf dung nhung chat c6 s i n : Cu, Fe, CuO, KOH, CeHigOg (glucozcf),
dung dich H2SO4 loang, H2SO4 dac va nhung dung cu thi nghiem can thiet de
lam nhung thi nghiem chiing minh rang:
a) Dung dich H2SO4 loang c6 nhOng tinh chat chung cua axit.
b) H2SO4 dac C O nhung tfnh chat hoa hpc rieng.
Viet phapng trinh hoa hpc cho 6 moi thi nghiem.
> B a S 0 4 i + 2HC1
(Ngoai BaCls r a c6 the dung Ba(N03)2 hoac dung dich Ba(0H)2).
b) D u n g m o t t r o n g nhiJng thuo'c thiJ nhu' cau a).
c) Cho giay quy t i m vao h a i ong n g h i e m chila Na2S04 va H2SO4,
Ldl
GIAI
a) Dung dich H2SO4 c6 nhu'ng t i n h chat hoa hpc chung ciia axit.
L a m nhffng t h i n g h i e m :
,
chat t r o n g ong n g h i e m nao l a m quy t i m doi mau t h a n h do la dung
H2SO4 + Fe
dich H2SO4, con chat t r o n g ong n g h i e m Ida quy t i m k h o n g doi mau la
H2SO4 + CuO
Na2S04.
H2SO4 + CuCOa
> CUSO4 + CO2 + H 2 O
Co the n h a n bie't Ii2S04 bang k i m loai boat dong (Zn, Fe, M g ,
Al...) CO k h i H2 bay len.
H2SO4 + 2 K 0 H
> K2SO4 + 2H2O
4*. Bang dadi day cho bie't ket qua cua 6 thi nghiem xay ra giu'a Fe va dung
djch H2SO4 loang. Trong m5i thi nghiem nguoi ta dung 0,2g Fe tac dung vo'i
the tich bang nhau cua axit, nhu'ng c6 nong dp khac nhau:
> FeS04 + H2T
> CUSO4 + H2O
b) H2SO4 dac C O nhu'ng t i n h chat hoa hpc r i e n g . L a m nhu'ng t h i
nghiem:
2H2SO4 , d a c , + Cu
CUSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
^"^'°'"-'-) 6 H 2 O + 6C.
CeHi20s
Thf nghiem
Nong dp
axit
Nhiet dp
axit (°C)
Trang thai
sat
1
1IV1
25
La
190
2
2M
25
Bpt
85
a) Viet phUPng trinh hoa hpc.
3
2M
35
La
62
b) Tfnh khoi iLfpng mat sSt da tham gia phan u'ng.
4
2M
50
Bot
15
c) Tinh nong dp moi cua dung dich HCl da dung.
5
2IV1
35
Bpt
45
6
3IV1
50
Bpt
11
Thoi gian
phan Qng xong (s)
6. Cho mot khoi lu'Png mat sat du'vao 50ml dung dich HCl. Phan u'ng xong
thu du'pc 3,36 lit khi (dktc).
Ldl
ni-K.-R
khiH2
NhQng thi nghiem nao chung to rang;
a) Phan ufng xay ra nhanh hpn khi tang nhiet dp.
Lfng
Fe
xay ra nhanh hPn khi tang nong dp axit?
LOIGIAI
Qua bang k e t qua ciia 6 t h i n g h i e m ta n h a n t h a y :
22,4
=
0,15
moi
a) Phu'o'ng t r i n h hoa hpc cua p h a n li'ng:
b) Phan Lfng xay ra nhanh hPn khi tang dien tich tiep xuc.
c) Phan
=-^^^
GIAI
+
0,15 moi
2HC1
> FeCL + H2
0,3 moi
mpe
= 0,15
X
•/ .
56 = 8,4g.
c) N o n g dp moi ciia dung dich H C l .
b) So sanh T N 3 va T N 5 chufng to p h a n u'ng xay r a n h a n h h o n k h i
t a n g dien t i c h tiep xuc.
npici = Snji^ = 0,3 moi
20
' ,
b) T i n h k h o i lu'Png m a t sat, du'a v a o phu'o'ng t r i n h t r e n t a c6: . :
a) So sanh T N 4 va T N 5 chufng to p h a n ting xay r a n h a n h hPn k h i
t a n g n h i e t dp.
c) T N 4 va T N 6 chufng to p h a n ufng xay r a n h a n h ho'n k h i t a n g
n o n g dp cua dung dich H2SO4.
,
0,15 moi
'
Du'a vao phu'o'ng t r i n h hoa hpc t r e n , ta c6:
=^
C^'KilCD-
0,3x1000
„
,,,,,
go
= 6mol/lit.
21
:
7*. Hoa tan hoan toan 12,1g h6n hop bot CuO va ZnO can 100ml dung djch
HCI 3 M .
Luyen tap:
Ti'nh chat hoa hpc cua oxit va axit
a) Viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc.
b) Tinh phan tram theo khoi lapng cua mSi oxit trong hSn hop ban dau.
c) Hay tinh khoi luo'ng dung dich H2SO4 c6 nong do 2 0 % de hoa tan
hoan toan h5n hop cac oxit tren.
Ldl
GIAI
3x100
CuO + 2HC1
ZnO + 2HC1
> CuCU
+ H2O
(1)
> ZnCls
+ H2O
(2)
_ 0,05x80x100%
——
12,1
> CuSO,,
+ H2O
>.ZnSO| + H2O
=98.(0,05 +0,1) = 14,7g
K h o i lufo'ng dung dich H2SO, 20% can dung:
14,7x100
22
c) NazO
b) CuO
d) CO2
. e) P2O5.
GIAI
CuO + CO2T
Cu(0H)2 ^
0,1 mol
20
a) H2O
p) N h f l n g o x i t l a : CuO, CO2 (phan hiiy CuCOs hoac Cu(0H)2 duo'c
(3)
0,05 mol
"^112804 =
p) Phan u'ng hoa hop va phan ung phan hCiy? Viet phu'Ong trinh hoa hpc.
CuCOs
Diia vao phu'o'ng t r i n h (3) va (4), ta c6:
^112804
a) Phan ii'ng hoa hop? Viet phu'ong trinh hoa hoc.
CuO, p h a n huy CaCOg du'o'c CO2).
=33%
c) Kho'i luo'ng H2SO4 can dung:
0,1 mol
2. NhOng oxit nao daoi day CO the dieu C h e bang:
cac phUo'ng t r i n h hoa hoc (hpc sinh tu" viet).
y = 0,1.
%mzno = 100% - 33% = 67%.
ZnO + H2SO4
(Hoc sinh iiX v i e t cac phtfo'ng t r i n h hoa hoc).
a) Ca 5 oxit da cho c6 the dieu che bang p h a n ufng hoa ho'p. V i e t
G i a i he phu'o'ng t r i n h t r e n ta c6: x = 0,05;
0,05 mol
c) N h f f n g oxit tac dung vo'i dung dich N a O H : CO2, SO2.
LCfl
•80x + S l y = 12,1
[2x + 2y = 0,3
CuO + H2SO4
;
b) Nhufng oxit tac dung vo'i dung dich H C I : CuO, NaaO.
b) T i n h t h a n h phan h o n ho'p, diia vao phiio'ng t r i n h hoa hoc (1), (2)
v a da k i e n de bai cho ta c6 he phu-o'ng t r i n h dai so:
=^
GIAI
a) Nhu'ng oxit tac dung vd'i n^o'c: SO2, Na20, CO2.
2y mol
/omcuo -
c) Natri hidroxit?
b) Axit clohidric
LCfl
2x mol
y mol
a) Nadc
,
a) PhLTOng t r i n h hoa hoc xay ra:
mol
tac dung du'oc vdi:
Viet cac phiJOng trinh hoa hpc.
D a t X va y la so mol CuO va ZnO t r o n g h6n ho'p.
X
1. Co nhu'ng oxit sau: SO2, CuO, Na20, COg. Hay cho biet nhQng oxit nao
"
(4)
CaCOa ^
CuO + H2O
CaO + CO.T.
3. Khi CO dupe dung lam chat dot trong cong nghiep, c6 l i n tap chat la
cac khi CO2 va SO2. Lam the nao c6 the loai bo du'pc nhu'ng tap chat ra khoi
CO bang hoa chat re tien nhat? Viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc xay ra.
'
LO'I GIAI
Cho h6n ho'p k h i CO, CO2, SO2 l o i tii tii qua dung dich Ca(0H)2.
CO2 va SO2 tac
dung vo'i dung dich Ca(0H)2 tao chat k h o n g t a n
CaCOa va CaSOg con l a i k h i CO k h o n g tac dung thoat ra.
CO2 + Ca(0H)2
> CaCOsi + H2O
SO2 + Ca(0H)2
> CaSOyi + H2O.
23
4 . Can phai dieu che mot lUpng mud'i dong sunfat. Phaong phap nao sau
day tiet kiem dapc axit sunfuric:
a) Axit sunfuric tac dung vdi dong (II) exit.
T a t ca cac chat k i e m deu la bazd. V i du: N a O H , Ba(0H)2,
Giai thi'ch cho cau tra 161.
-
K h o n g p h a i t a t ca cac
+ CuO
Cu
+
2H2SO4 BaCL +
\
H2SO4
...
. i
CuO +
H2O
H2O
cac chat Idem Ba(0H)2, N a O H .
CO2 + N a O H
CO2
SO2
/1"
+ 2NaOH
CO2 + Ba(0H)2
> NaHCOa
> Na2C03 +
H2O
> BaCOai +
H2O
d) Doi mau quy t i m t h a n h x a n h : cac I d e m N a O H , Ba(0H)2.
3. lii nhu'ng chat cd s i n la Na20, CaO, H2O. Hay viet cac phu'dng trinh
oa hoc dieu che cac dung dich bazd.
+ NaOH"
Na2S03
> NaCl +
H2O
b) B i n h i e t p h a n huy d n h i e t do cao: nhu'ng bazd k h o n g t a n :
•Na2S04
NagSOa
+ NaOfNs^
> CuCla +
Ba(0H)2 + 2HC1
(9)\
S^o^S02-^S03
Cu(0H)2 + 2HC1
SO2
H2SO4
"
a) T a t ca cac bazd da cho deu p h a n u'ng vol dung dich H C I .
5 . H§y thu'c hien nhOng chuyen doi hoa hoc sau bang each viet nhQng
phUOng trinh hoa hoc (ghi dieu kien cua phan u'ng, neu c6).
SO3
- .
Viet cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc.
de t i e t k i e m t a n e n t h e o p h a n ufng (1) (phUo'ng p h a p a) t h i liJo'ng a x i t
SO2 ^
.
d) Do'i mau quy tim thanh xanh?
Qua p h a n \ing (1) v a (2) t a n h a n t h a y m u o n d i e u che a m o l CUSO4
SO2
la chat k i e m . V i du: A1(0H)3,
2 . Co nhu'ng bazd sau: Cu(0H)2, NaOH, Ba(0H)2. Hay cho biet nhOtig
bazd nao:
(1)
H2O
a mol
+
bazd deu
KOH.
Cu(0H)2, F e ( 0 H ) 3 . . . V i cac bazd nay deu la chat ke't tua.
GIAI
> CUSO4
a mol
S
GIAI
-
H2SO4
b)
L6I
b) Axit sunfuric dac tac dung vdi kirn loai dong.
LOI
a)
Co phai tat ca cac bazd deu la chat kiem khong? Dan ra cong thu'c hoa
hoc cua nhu'ng bazd de minh hoa.
Na2S04^5^BaS04i
( H o c s i n h t y v i e t cac phUo'ng t r i n h hoa
hoc).
Tinh chat hoa hoc cua bazd
1. Co phai tat ca cac chat kiem deu la bazd khong? DSn ra cong thuc hoa
hoc cua vai ba chat kiem.
LO'I
GIAI
D i e u che cac dung dich bazo (Idem):
NaaO + H2O
CaO
+ H2O
> 2NaOH
> Ca(0H)2.
4*. Cd 4 Ip khong nhan, m5i Ip dung mot dung dich khong mau sau: NaCI,
Ba(OH)2 va Na2S04. Chi du'dc dung quy tim, lam the nao nhan biet dung dich
du'ng trong mdi lo bang phu'dng phap hoa hoc? Viet cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc.
25
I^Cfl
GlAl
- C h o q u y t i m v a o tCrng m S u thii
lam hai nhom:
Mot so bazd quan trong
cua c a c d u n g d i c h t r e n , r o i c h i a
•
N h o m I : Quy t i m doimau thanh xanh: Ba(0H)2 v a NaOH.
•
N h o m I I : Q u y t i m k h o n g d o i m a u : N a C l v a Na2S04.
1 . C o 3 lo k h o n g n h a n , m 6 i lo d d n g m o t c h a t rSn s a u : N a O H , B a { O H ) 2 ,
N a C l . H a y t r i n h b a y e a c h n h a n b i e t c h a t d u n g t r o n g m 6 i lo b a n g p h u ' O n g p h a p
h o a hoe. Viet e a c phu'Ong trinh h o a h o c n e u c 6 .
LCflGIAI
P h a n b i e t c a c c h a t t r o n g c a c n h o m : L a y tCfng c h a t c u a n h o m I
-
do v a o tCrng c h a t c u a n h o m I I , t a n h a n t h a y c 6 h a i c h a t do v a o n h a u
cho k e t t u a t r S n g l a B a ( 0 H ) 2 v a Na2S04, h a i c h a t c o n l a i k h o n g p h a n
ling
A. N A T R I H i D R O X I T
la N a O H v a NaCl.
H o a t a n cac c h a t rin
v a o nUo'c r o i thuf c a c d u n g d i c h b a n g q u y
t i m , quy t i m khong doi m a u la dung d i c h
NaCl, quy t i m doi m a u
t h a n h xanh la dung dich N a O H , Ba(0H)2. N h a n biet dung dich N a O H
B a ( 0 H ) 2 + Na2S04
> B a S O . i + 2NaOH.
5. C h o 1 5 , 5 g n a t r i oxit N a j O t a c d u n g voi nuoc, t h u dude 0,5 lit d u n g d j c h
v a B a ( 0 H ) 2 b a n g d u n g d i c h N a 2 C 0 3 : c6 k e t t u a l a d u n g d i c h B a ( 0 H ) 2 ,
k h o n g CO k e t t u a l a d u n g d i c h N a O H .
Ba(0H)2 + Na2C03
bazd.
a) V i e t p h J d n g t r i n h h o a h o e va tinh n o n g d o mol cua d u n g d i c h bazd
thu dUde.
b) T i n h t h e tieh d u n g d i c h H2SO4 2 0 % , e o k h o i lu'dng n e n g 1,4 g / m l c a n
d u n g de t r u n g h o a d u n g d i c h b a z d n o i t r e n .
LCfl
15,5
^NaaO = - T T 0 . 2 5
62
a) Phu'o'ng t r i n h h o a h o c :
0,5
> FegOs + HgO
b) H2SO4 + ...
> N a 2 S 0 4 + H2O
c) H 2 S 0 4 + ...
> ZnS04 + H20
d) N a O H + ...
> NaCI + HgO
... + CO2
> Na2C03 + H20.
F e 2 0 3 + 3H2O
a) 2 F e ( O H ) 3 -A
= 1M.
b ) Phu'o'ng t r i n h h o a h o c :
b ) H2SO4 + 2 N a O H
> N a a S O j + 2H2O
c) H2SO4 + Z n ( 0 H ) 2
> Z n S 0 4 + 2H2O
> N a C l + H2O
d) N a O H + H C I
2 N a O H + H2SO.,
^
LdlGIAI
0,5 m o l
0,5
trinh h o a h o e .
> 2NaOH
0,25 m o l
--M (NaOH) =
2. C o n h u n g c h a t s a u : Z n , Z n ( 0 H ) 2 , N a O H , F e ( 0 H ) 3 , CUSO4, N a C l , H C I .
H a y e h p n n h u n g c h a t t h i c h h d p d i e n v a o s O d o p h a n u'ng s a u v a l a p p h u o n g
e)
NaaO + H 2 O
> k h o n g p h a n li'ng.
N a O H + Na2C03
a) ...
GIAI
> BaCOyi + 2NaOH
> Na2S04 + H 2 O
e ) 2 N a O H + CO2
+ H2O.
— ^ Na^CO,
3. D i n tu til' 1,568 lit k h [ C 0 2 (dktc) v a o m o t d u n g djch c 6 h o a t a n 6,4g N a O H .
2 mol
1 mol
0,5 mol
0 , 2 5 mol
a) H a y x a c d i n h k h o i lu'o'ng m u o i t h u du'pc s a u phan u'ng.
b) C h a t n a o d a l a y 6\J va d a la b a o n h i e u (lit h o a c g a m ) ?
" ^ H 2 S 0 4 can dimg - 0 , 2 5 X 9 8 = 2 4 , 5 g
LO/
a) K h o i
™duiig dich H2SO4 = ^ ' ^ ' ^ Q ^ ^ ^
"^dLLug
26
dich
H.^so^
122,5g
=^~~-'^OT,5ml.
GIAI
lu'o'ng m u o i t h u du'o'c: Tru'd'c t i e n t a p h a i x e m m u o i n a o
duo'c t a o t h a n h ( N a H C O g h a y N a 2 C 0 3 ) .
0,07 m o l
CO2
22,4
27
HNaOH
=
= 0,16
—7-
LdlGIAI
mol
40
^ N a O H > 2ncQ,^ n e n m u o i sau p h a n u'ng l a N a a C O a .
+ CO2
2 mol
> Na2C03+
=
0,07 m o l
(0,16
-
0,07 m o l
0,14)
X 40
(4)
=
CO2
0,8g.
+ H2O
CaCOg
(5)
Ca(N03)2
1 . H a y d a n ra m o t d u n g d i c h muoi k h i t a c d u n g v d i m o t d u n g d i c h c h a t
k h a c thi t a o ra:
a) C h a t k h i
(2)
C a O + H2O
(3)
C a ( 0 H ) 2 + CO2
(4)
CaO + 2HC1
(5)
C a ( 0 H ) 2 + 2HNO3
Viet c a c p h u o n g trinh h o a h o c .
CaCOa + H2SO4
> CaCOg + HoO
> CaClg + H . O
> Ca(N03)2 + H2O.
2 . C o 3 l o k h o n g n h a n , m o i lo d u n g m o t c h a t r § n m a u t r a n g : C a C O s , C a O ,
C a ( 0 H ) 2 . H a y n h a n biet c h a t d y n g t r o n g m o i lo b a n g phu'Ong p h a p h o a h o c .
V i e t c a c phu'Ong t r i n h h o a h o c .
GIAI
L a y m o t i t m o i c h a t cho v a o nu'Oc, c h a t r S n t a n c6 t o a n h i e t l a
CaO, chat r S n t a n m a k h o n g toa n h i e t la Ca(0H)2 va chat r a n con l a i
k h o n g t a n l a CaCOa.
3. H a y v i e t c a c phu'Ong t r i n h h o a h o c k h i c h o d u n g d i c h N a O H t a c d u n g v d i
d u n g d i c h H2SO4 t a o r a :
28
NaHC03)
loang):
> Ca(0H)2
a) M u o i natri h i d r o s u n f a t
a) T a o r a c h a t k h i , v i d u m u o i c a c b o n a t ( C a C 0 3 , N a 2 C 0 3 ,
h o a c d u n g d i c h m u o i s u n f i t (Na2S03) t a c d u n g v d i a x i t ( H C l , H2SO4
CaO + C O .
L07
b) C h a t k e t t u a .
LdlGIAI
Phu'o'ng t r i n h h o a h o c c u a cac p h a n li'ng:
CaCOs
> H2CO3.
Tinh chat hoa hoc cua muoi
LOIGIAI
(1)
GIAI
la axit yeu, c6 p H = 5 .
Ca(0H)2 ^
CaCl2
2 mol.
Dung dich bao hoa CO2 trong nUo'c tao r a dung dich axit cacbonic
1 . V i e t c a c p h u d n g t r i n h h o a h o c thUc h i e n nhO'ng c h u y e n d d i h o a h o c s a u :
CaO
> Na2S04 + 2H2O
+ 2NaOH
L07
B. C A N X I H I D R O X I T
CaCOa
+ H2O
4. M o t d u n g d i c h b a o h o a khf CO2 t r o n g nu'dc c 6 p H = 5. H a y g i a i t h i c h v a
l u ' g n g c h a t du' sau p h a n iJng:
mNaOH
1 mol
> NaHS04
v i e t phu'Ong t r i n h h o a h o c c u a CO2 v o l n u o c .
mNaaCOg - 0.07 x 106 = 7,42g.
b ) Khoi
1 mol
1 mol
H2O
1mol
0,14 m o l
+ NaOH
H2SO4
P h u o n g t r i n h h o a h o c c u a p h a n li'ng:
2NaOH
H2SO4
b) IVluoi n a t r i s u n f a t .
Na2C03 + H C l
N a 2 S 0 3 + H2SO4
> C a S 0 4 + CO2T + H 2 O
> N a C l + C 0 2 t + H2O
> Na2S04 + S O a t + H2O
b) T a o r a chat k e t tiia, v i du dung dich m u o i ( B a C L , Ba(CH3COO)2,
N a ( N 0 3 ) 2 . . . ) t a c d u n g v o i d u n g d i c h H2SO4 t a o r a k e t t u a B a S 0 4 .
B a C l 2 + H2SO4
> B a S 0 4 i + 2HC1
B a ( C H 3 C O O ) 2 + H2SO4
> B a S 0 4 + 2CH3COOH
(axit axetic)
H o a c n h i J n g d u n g d i c h m u o i b a r i t a c d u n g vo'i d u n g d i c h m u o i
c a c b o n a t ( N a 2 C 0 3 , K2CO3) t a o r a BaCOg k e t t u a .
B a ( N 0 3 ) 2 + Na2C03 — ^ B a C O g i + 2 N a N 0 3 .
2I .. C o 3 lo k h o n g n h a n , m S i lo d u n g d u n g d i c h m u o i s a u : CUSO4, A g N O a ,
N a CZ\.
I . H a y d u n g nhu'ng d u n g d i c h c 6 s S n t r o n g p h o n g t h i n g h i e m d e n h a n b i e t
c h a t d a n g t r o n g m d i l o . V i e t c a c phUOng t r i n h h o a h o c .
29
Ldl
PhUo'ng t r i n h hoa hoc cua cac phan u'ng:
GIAI
Cho dung dich N a O H vao b a ong nghiem chijfa cac muoi t r e n ,
chat t r o n g ong nghiem nao cho ke't tiia mau xanh l a m la C U S O 4 , chat
t r o n g ong nghiem cho k e t tiia t r a n g sau chuyen t h a n h mau den la
AgNOs- Chat t r o n g ong nghiem con l a i khong c6 h i e n tuo'ng gi l a N a C l .
Pb(N03)2 + NaaCOa
Pb(N03)2 + 2KC1
BaCl2 + NazCOs
2AgOH
> A g O H l + NaNOs
doi.
a) Dung dich NaOH
d) Khong cd chat mdi nao dUpc sinh ra, chi c6 mot phan dinh sSt b'l hoa
tan.
c) Dung dich AgNOs.
Giai thi'ch cho sii Itfa chon do va viet phJOng trinh phan dng xay ra.
Neu CO phan u'ng, hay viet cac phu'Ong trinh hoa hoc.
Ldl
Ldl
GIAI
a) Tac dung v d i dung dich N a O H l a dung dich c a c muoi Mg(N03)2
v a CuClz v i s i n h r a M g ( 0 H ) 2 k e t tua; Cu(0H)2 k e t tua.
Mg(N03)2 + 2 N a O H
> MgCOHJai + 2NaN03
> 2 A g C U + CuCNOg)..
4. Cho nhu'ng dung dich muoi sau day phan dng vdi nhau tdng doi mot,
hay ghi dau ( x ) neu c'6 phan u'ng, dau (0) neu khong:
KCI
Na2S04
Cau c dung.
Fe + CUSO4
6*. I r o n 30ml dung dich cd chda 2,22g CaClg vdi 70ml dung dich cd chiJa
1,7g AgNOs.
a) Hay cho biet hien tupng quan sat du'pc va viet phu'dng trinh hoa hpc.
b) Ti'nh khoi lao'ng chat ran sinh ra.
c) Tinh nong do mol cua chat con lai trong dung dich sau phan dng.
ho rang the ti'ch cua dung dich thay do'i khong dang ke.
LCflGIAI
ncaci2
BaCIa
= f f f " 0,02mol;.
m^^^Q^
= j ^
=
0,01 m o l
a) Phu'o'ng t r i n h p h a n dng:
d 6 c6 dau ( x ) .
Ldl
> FeS04 + Cu
K h i cho d i n h sat vao dung dich CUSO4, d i n h sSt b i hoa t a n , k i m
NaNOa
Pb(N03)2
hoc
• -
(tao n e n FeS04) n e n mau x a n h cua dung dich ban dau b i n h a t dan.
c) Tac dung v d i dung dich AgNOy l a dung dich muoi CuCl2 tao
AgCl ket tua trSng.
NajCOg
GIAI
loai dong b a m ngoai d i n h sat, dung dich CUSO4 t h a m gia p h a n dng
> C u ( 0 H ) 2 i + 2NaCl
b) K h o n g muoi nao tac dung v d i dung dich H C I .
30
c) Mot phan dinh sSt bi hoa tan, kim loai dong bam ngoai dinh sSt va
mau xanh cua dung dich ban dau nhat dan.
b) Dung dich HCI
V i e t phUo'ng t r i n h hoa
'
b) Kim loai dong mau do bam ngoai dinh sat, dinh sSt khong cd sU thay
3. Co nhO'ng dung dich muoi sau: Mg(N03)2, CuClj. Hay cho biet muoi nao
CO the tac dung vdi:
Hay
'
a) Khong c6 hien tiidng nao xay ra.
AgaO + H2O
den)
CuCla + 2AgN03
> BaCOgi + 2NaCl
5. Ngam mot dinh s§t sach trong dung dich dong (II) sunfat. Cau tra Idi
nao sau day la dung nhat cho hien tudng quan sat du'pc?
(mau
CuCl2 + 2 N a O H
> PbS04i + 2NaN03
BaClz + Na2S04 — > B a S 0 4 i + 2 N a C l .
> Cu(0H)2^ + Na2S04
( m a i l xanh)
AgNOa + N a O H
> P b C l a l + 2KNO3
Pb(N03)2 + Na2S04
PhUo'ng t r i n h p h a n iJng:
CUSO4 + 2 N a O H
> PbCOgi + 2NaN03
GIAI
NazCOs
KCI
Na2S04
NaNOa
Pb(N03)2
X
X
X
0
BaCl2
X
0
X
0
CaCla
+ 2AgN03
1 mol
2 mol
> 2 A g C U + CaCNOsla
(mau trSng)
H i e n tu'o'ng quan sat dufoc: Tao r a k e t t u a mau t r S n g , iSng dan
xudng day co'c, do la AgCl.
b ) T i n h k h o i Itfo'ng c h a t r a n s i n h r a , p h a i x e m c h a t n a o c o n dii.
CaCla
+ 2AgN03
1 mol
2 mol
> 2AgCU +
L a p t i so': ^'^^ > ^'^^
J.
Ca(N03)2
3. a) Viet phucng trinh dien phan dung dich muoi an (co mang ngan xop).
b) Nhung san pham cua sU dien phan dung dich NaCI 6' tren co nhieu
Lfng dung quan trpng:
CaCl2 d\J, n e n t i n h k h o i lu'o'ng c h a t r a n
^
t h e o AgNOa:
0,005 m o l
mAgci
c)
0,01 m o l
= 0,01
X
0,01 m o l
0,005 m o l
143,5 = l , 4 3 5 g
ncaciadu = 0'02 - 0,005 = 0,015 m o l
ncu(N03)2 - 0.005 m o l
a)
1. Co nhOng muoi sau: CaCOs, CaS04, Pb(NQ3)2, NaCI. Muoi nao noi tren:
a) Khong dUo'c phep co trong nUdc an vi tfnh doc hai cua no?
b) Khong doc nhung cung khong dude co trong nude an vi vi man cua no?
c) Khong tan trong nu'dc, nhung bj phan huy d nhiet do cao?
d) Rat ft tan trong nUdc va kho bi phan huy d nhiet dp cao?
GIAI
c) C a C 0 3
d) CaS04.
-
Natri hidroxit dung de:
1) ... ;
2 N a C l + 2H.;0
-
P h a n iJng t r u n g hoa H C l hkng
HCl + NaOH
-
-
32
2) ... ;
3) ...
,
GIAI
P ' ^ ' " > 2 N a O H + H g t + Cl2t
K h i clo dung de: 1) t a y t r a n g v a i , s d i giay; 2) s a n xuat a x i t H C l ;
K h i h i d r o dung de: 1) h a n cat k i m loai; 2) l a m n h i e n lieu dong
N a t r i h i d r o x i t dung de: 1) nau x a phong; 2) san xuat n h o m ; 3)
che b i e n dau mo.
4. Dung dich NaOH co the dung de phan biet hai muoi co trong mdi cap
chat sau du'pc khong? (Neu du'Pc thi ghi dau x, neu khong thi ghi dau 0 vao
cac 6 vuong).
GIAI
a) Dung dich CUSO4 va dung dich F e 2 ( S 0 4 ) 3
•
b) Dung dich Na2S04 va dung dich CUSO4
•
c) Dung dich NaCI va dung djch BaCl2
•
Viet cac phu'png trinh hoa hoc neu co.
•
LO'I
> N a C I + H2O
M u o i + a x i t : NazCOs + 2HC1
> 2NaCl + C 0 2 t + H2O
M u o i + muoi: Na2S04 + B a C l 2
> B a S 0 4 i + 2NaCl
Na2C03 + B a C l 2
> BaCOsi + 2NaCl
> Cu(0H)2i + 2NaCl.
GIAI
Dung dich N a O H co the dung de p h a n biet du'o'c h a i muoi co
dung dich N a O H :
P h a n ufng trao doi giUa:
Muoi + kiem:CuCl2 + 2NaOH
3) ...
CO n i a n g n g a n
M u o i N a C I l a s a n p h a m cua p h a n dng h a i dung dich sau:
-
2) ... ;
C O t e n lijfa; 3) bom k h i cau, bong t h a m khong.
2. Hai dung dich tac dung vdi nhau, san pham thu dUdc cd NaCI. Hay cho
biet hai cap dung dich cac chat ban dau cd the da dung. Minh hoa bang cac
phUdng trinh hoa hpc.
LCfl
-
1) ... ;
3) ...
3) s a n xuat chat deo P V C .
l o t so m u o i quan t r o n g
b) N a C l
Khi hidro dung de:
2) ... ;
b) D i e n cac chu':
-
a) Pb(N03)2
-
'
(30 + 70)
Ldl
1) ... ;
LOU
0,005x1000
CM(Ca(N03)2) -
Khi d o dung de:
Dien nhung ung dung sau day vao nhung cho de trong 6' tren cho phu
hdp: Tay tr§ng vai, gia'y; nau xa phong; san xuat axit clohidric; che tao hoa
chat tru' sau, diet co dai; han c§t kirn loai; sat trung, diet khuan nu'dc an; nhien
lieu cho dpng cP ten lua; bPm khi cau, bong tham khong; san xuat n h o m ; san
xuat chat deo PVC; che bien dau mo.
p
0,015x1000
CM(CaC.2)--(^0770^-0,15M
p
-
t r o n g cac cap a (tao t h a n h Cu(0H)2 k e t tua mau x a n h , F e ( 0 H ) 3 k e t
tua m a u v a n g nau) v a cap b (tao t h a n h Cu(0H)2 k e t t i i a m a u x a n h ,
con Na2S04 k h o n g phan u'ng).
5. Trong phong thi nghiem co the dung nhu'ng muoi KCIO3 hoac KNO3 de
dieu che khi oxi bang phan u'ng phan huy.
a) Viet cac phu'png trinh hoa hpc xay ra doi vdi moi chat.
Il
I
b) Neu dung 0,1 mol moi chat thi the tich oxi thu dupe c6 khac nhau
33
khong? Hay ti'nh the ti'ch khi oxi thu diJOc.
phan bon kep.
c) Can dieu che 1 , 1 2 lit khi oxi, hay tinh khoi lu'gng m6i chat can dung.
Cac the tich khi du'oc do o' dieu kien tieu chuan.
Ldl
c) Trpn nhij'ng phan bon nao vol nhau ta du'oc phan bon kep NPK?
LCSI
GIAI
a) T e n h o a h o c cua p h a n b o n :
a) Cac phUCng t r i n h p h a n u'ng p h a n h i i y :
K C I : K a l i clorua; NH4NO3: A m o n i n i t r a t ; NH4CI: A m o n i clorua;
2KNO3
2 K N O 2 + O2T
(1)
( N H 4 ) 2 S 0 4 : A m o n i p h o t p h a t ; Ca3(P04)2: C a n x i p h o t p h a t ;
2KCIO3
2KC1 + S O . t
(2)
Ca(H2P04)2: C a n x i d i h i d r o p h o t p h a t ;
phan
NH4H2PO4: Amoni dihidrophotphat;
b) Theo phu'o'ng t r i n h (1) va ( 2 ) : so mol h a i muoi t h a m gia
Ling
GIAI
nh\J nhau ( 0 , 1 mol), nhung so m o l oxi s i n h r a k h o n g nhu' nhau.
Theo phiro'ng t r i n h ( 1 ) :
1-^^03:
Kali nitrat.
b) H a i n h o m p h a n b o n :
-
no^ = ^n^.^^.^^ = -'1 = 0,05 mol
P h a n b o n do'n: K C I , N H 4 N O 3 , N H 4 C I , (NH 4)2S04, C a ( H 2 P 0 4 ) 2 ,
•Ca3(P04)2.
= 0 , 0 5 x 2 2 , 4 = 1,12 l i t
Theo phu-o'ng t r i n h (2):
-
P h a n b o n k e p : ( N H 4 ) 2 H P 0 4 , (NH4)3P04, N H 4 H 2 P O 4 , KNO3.
c) P h a n b o n k e p N P K : T r o n cac p h a n b o n N H 4 N O 3 , ( N H 4 ) 2 H P 0 4
nQ^ = | n K c i 0 3 = ^'^^
v a K C I t h e o t i le t h i c h ho'p, du'o'c p h a n b o n N P K .
2*. Co ba mau phan bon hoa hoc khong ghi nhan la: phan kali KCI, phan
= 0 , 1 5 x 2 2 , 4 = 3,36 l i t .
dam N H 4 N O 3 va phan superphotphat (phan Ian) Ca(H2P04)2. Hay nhan biet
= 10
= 0,05mol;
MKC103 ^ ^22,5
M^^Og = 1 0 1 ;
moi mSu phan bon tren b§ng phu'o'ng phap hoa hoc.
LOI
2K:NO3 ^
2KNO2
+ O2
2 mol
Phu'o'ng p h a p h o a h o c n h a n b i e t K C I , N H 4 N O 3 v a C a ( H 2 P 0 4 ) 2 :
1 mol
0,1 mol
0,05
2KCIO3
2KC1
+
C h o d u n g d i c h N a O H v a o cac o'ng n g h i e m chii'a b a m a u p h a n
bon
mol
NH4NO3 + NaOH ^
3 mol
2x0,05
~—
mol
X 101
=
o'ng n g h i e m n a o cho k e t t u a t r ^ n g la C a ( H 2 P 0 4 ) 2 , c h a t t r o n g
10,Ig
can d u n g =
~
~
X
ong
n g h i e m k h o n g p h a n u'ng l a K C I .
2x005
mKcio,
> N H a t + H.O + NaNOs
(mCii khai)
C h o d u n g d i c h C a ( 0 H ) 2 v a o h a i o'ng n g h i e m c o n l a i , c h a t t r o n g
0,05 mol
" ^ I W 0 3 can d u n g = 0,1
t r e n v a d u n n o n g , c h a t t r o n g o'ng n g h i e m n a o c6 m u i k h a i l a
NH4NO3.
3O2
2 mol
GIAI
2Ca(OH)2 + Ca(H2P04)2
122,5 = 4,08g.
> Ca3(P04)2i + 4 H 2 O .
3. Mot ngu'oi lam vuon da dung 500g ( N H 4 ) 2 S 0 4 de bon rau.
a) Nguyen to dinh duong nao c6 trong loai phan bon nay?
Phan bon hoa hoc
1. Co nhu'ng loai phan bon hoa hoc: KCI, NH4NO3,
Ca3(P04)2, Ca(H2P04)2, KNO3.
b) Tinh thanh phan phan tram cua nguyen to dinh duong trong phan bon.
NH4CI,
c) Tinh khoi luong cCia nguyen to dinh duong bon cho ruong rau.
(NH4)2S04,
Ldl
a) N g u y e n t o d i n h du'o'ng l a d a m (nito').
a) Hay cho biet ten hoa hoc cua nhung phan bon noi tren.
b) Hay s i p xep nhung phan bon nay thanh hai nhom phan bon dOn va
34
GIAI
-"
b ) T h a n h p h a n p h a n t r a m cua N t r o n g (NH4)2S04:
35
> NaCl + H 2 O
HCl + NaOH
M(NH4)2S04 = 1 3 2 ;
%N=
—
Ba(OH)2 + 2HC1
x 100% = 21,21%.
B a ( 0 H ) 2 + H2SO4
c) K h o ' i liTo'ng cua n g u y e n to' d i n h du'o'ng b o n cho r u o n g r a u :
+ 2H2O
> B a S 0 4 i + 2H2O.
3. V i e t phu'Ong trinh h o a h o c c h o nhu'ng c h u y e n ddi h o a h o c sau:
T r o n g 1 3 2 g (NH4)2S04 c6 2 8 g N
T r o n g 5 0 0 g (NH4)2S04 c6 x g N
> BaCU
=>
FeCIs
x = ^^""^^^ = 1 0 6 g N .
132
b)
CuO
M o i q u a n h e giu'a c a c h o p c h a t v 6 cci
1. Mot t r o n g nhu'ng t h u o c thu' n a o sau d a y c6 the d u n g d e p h a n b i e t d u n g
d i c h natri s u n f a t v a d u n g d i c h natri c a c b o n a t :
a) D u n g d i c h bari c l o r u a
b) D u n g d i c h axit c l o h i d r i c
c) D u n g d i c h chi nitrat
d) D u n g dich b a c nitrat
a) (1)
e) D u n g d i c h natri hidroxit.
G i a i t h i c h v a viet phuo'ng trinh h o a h o c .
LO'I
GIAI
Thuo'c t h u " b), d u n g d i c h a x i t c l o h i d r i c .
-
D u n g d i c h H C l t a c d u n g vd'i N a 2 C 0 3 cho l^ hi C O 2 b a y l e n
con
Na2S04 l i h o n g tac d u n g .
2HC1 + N a 2 C 0 3
-
> 2 N a C l + CO.'t
+H2O
K h o n g n e n d u n g t h u o c thuf d), d u n g d i c h A g N O a . V i h i e n tu^ang
q u a n s a t se l i h o n g r o r e t : Ag2C03 l i h o n g t a n v a Ag2S04 i t t a n .
2. a) Cho cac d u n g d i c h sau day p h a n u n g vd'i n h a u tu'ng d o i m o t , hay ghi
d a u (x) n e u c6 p h a n u'ng xay ra, daiu (0) n e u k h o n g c6 p h a n u n g :
NaOH
HCl .
H2SO4
Fe2(S04)3 + SBaCh
GIAI
> 3 B a S 0 4 i + 2B^eCl3
(2)
FeCls + 3 N a 0 H
> Fe(0H)3i + 3NaCl
(3)
Fe2(S04)3 + 6 N a 0 H
> 2Fe(0H)3i +
(4)
2 F e ( 0 H ) 3 + 3H2SO4
> Fe2(S04)3 + 6H2O
(5)
2Fe(OH)3
(6)
Fe-zO,
3Na2S04
Fe203 + 3 H 2 O
+ 3H2SO4 — >
Fe2(S04)3 + 3 H 2 O .
b) (1)
2Cu + O2
(2)
CuO + H 2
(3)
CuO + 2HC1
(4)
CuCl2 + 2 N a O H
> CuCOH).! + 2 N a C l
(5)
Cu(0H)2 + 2HC1
> CuCl2 + 2H2O
(6)
Cu(0H)2 ^
> 2CuO
Cu + H 2 O
•
.
> CuCla + H 2 O
's'
j , ,
CuO + H 2 O .
4*. Co nhu'ng chat: NagO, Na, N a O H , N a 2 S 0 4 , N a j C O a , N a C I .
CUS04
a) DUa v a o moi quan he giu'a cac chat, hay sSp xep c a c chat tren thanh
HCl
pt day chuyen hoa.
Ba(0H)2
b) Viet cac phu'Ong trinh hoa hoc cho m6i day chuyen hoa.
b) V i e t c a c p h U o n g trinh h o a h o c ( n e u c 6 ) .
LO'I
LdlGIAI
GIAI
NaOH
HCl
H2S04
CUS04
X
0
0
HCl
X
0
0
Ba( 011)2
0
X
X
CUSO4 + 2 N a O H
a) D a y c h u y e n h o a cac c h a t da cho c6 t h e l a :
Na
Na20
> C u ( 0 H ) 2 i + Na2S04
NaOH
Na2C03 - i i ' ^ ^
Na2S04
NaCl.
b) Cac phu'Ong t r i n h h o a hoc:
4Na + O2
b) Phu'o'ng t r i n h p h a n li'ng:
36
Ldl
NazO + H 2 O
> 2Na20
> 2NaOH
37
2 N a O H + CO2 — > Na^COs + H , 0
b) H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2
—> NaaSO, + C O , t + H 2 O
NaaCOs + H2SO4
BaSO.,! + 2 N a C l .
NaaSO,! + BaCla -
4.
Luyen tapchudng 1
C a c loai h d p c h a t v 6 c d
1. C a n cu' v a o s o d o b i e u thj n h u n g t i n h c h a t h o a h o c c u a c a c h o p c h a t v6
b) Oxit b a z o + ...
> m u o i + nu'dc
a ) BazO + ...
c) Oxit a x i t + ...
> axit
d) Oxit axit + ...
> muoi +nude
e) Oxit axit + oxit b a z o
> m u o i + nU&c
c ) B a z o + ...
> muoi + bazo
d ) B a z o — > oxit b a z o + n u d e
e ) 2KC103
> A g C l i + NaNOa
+ Cu
> FeSOi
2KC1 + 3O2T.
2. D e m o t m a u natri h i d r o x i t t r e n t a m k i n h t r o n g k h o n g khi, s a u vai n g a y
c h a t rSn t h a y c d k h i t h o a t ra, k h i n a y l a m d u e nu'dc v o i t r o n g . C h a t ran m a u
a) Oxit t r o n g k h o n g khf.
b) H o i nu'dc t r o n g k h o n g k h i .
a) M u o i + ... — > axit + m u o i
b) A x i t + ...
> m u o i + nu'dc
b) M u o i + ...
c) A x i t + ...
> muoi + nude
c ) M u o i + ...
d) A x i t + ...
> m u o i + axit
d) Muoi
LOI
> F e ( 0 H ) 3 i + 3NaCl
t h a y CO c h a t ran m a u t r a n g p h u n g o a i . N e u n h o vai g i o t d u n g d i c h H C I vao
4. Muoi
a) A x i t + ... — - > m u o i + h i d r o
Muoi
t r a n g la s a n p h a m p h a n Lfng c u a natri h i d r o x i t v d i :
\
3. Axit
> B a S 0 4 i + 2HC1
d) Fe + CUSO4
> m u o i + nuo'c
b) BazO + ...
> ...
d) H2SO4 + B a C l 2
c) AgN03 + NaCl
2. B a z d
> bazo
> Ca(N03)2 + H 2 O
b) FeCl3 + S N a O H
cho moi hop chat:
a) Oxit b a z o + ...
c) 2 H N O 3 + CaO
a) Ca(N03)2 + H 2 S O 4 . - — > CaS04 + 2 H N O 3
CO, c a c e m h a y c h o n nhu'ng c h a t t h i c h h o p de v i e t c a c phu'Ong t r i n h h o a h o c
1. Oxit
> CaS04 ( i t tan) + 2 H 2 O
c) C a c b o n dioxit v a oxi t r o n g k h o n g khf.
> muoi + bazo
d) C a c b o n dioxit v a hdi nu'dc t r o n g k h o n g k h i .
>muoi + muoi
> ... + ...
e) C a c b o n dioxit t r o n g k h o n g k h i .
GIAI
G i a i t h i c h v a v i e t phu'Ong t r i n h h o a h o c m i n h h o a .
Ldl GlAl
1. O x i t
a) CaO + H 2 O
> Ca(0H)2
b) M g O + 2 H C 1
b) SO3 + I I 2 O
e ) CaO + CO2
> CaCOa
a) 2 N a O H + H2SO4
b) Ca(0H)2 + CO2
> CaCOg + I L O
c) 2 N a O H + CuCL
> Cu(OH)24 + 2 N a C l
Fe203 + 3 H 2 O
Axit
a) H C I + Z n
38
> Na.SO.i + 2 H 2 O
> NaaCOg + H 2 O
2HC1 + Na2C03
> Na.COs + I L O
2. BazoT
3.
2 N a O H + CO2
> H2SO4
d) CO2 + 2 N a O H
d) 2 F e ( O H ) 3 ^
Cau e d u n g .
> MgCh + H2O
> 2 N a C l + CO2T + H 2 O
N a O H CO tac d u n g v d i H C I n h a n g k h o n g g i a i p h o n g k h i . D e c6
khi
bay r a l a m due ntrdc v o i t h i N a O H tac dung v d i CO2 t r o n g k h o n g
khi
cho NaaCOa n e n k h i cho c h a t n a y tac dung v d i H C I m d i cho k h i
(CO2)
l a m due nu'dc v o i t r o n g .
3*. I r o n m o t d u n g d i c h c d hoa t a n 0,2 m o l C u C l g v d i m o t d u n g d i c h c d hoa
t a n 2 0 g N a O H . L o c h o n h d p c a c c h a t s a u p h a n u'ng, du'dc k e t t u a v a n d d c loc.
N u n g k e t t u a d e n khi k h o i IdOng k h o n g dd'i.
a) V i e t c a c phu'Ong t r i n h h o a h o c .
b) Ti'nh kh,6i lu'Ong c h a t ran t h u du'dc s a u khi n u n g .
> ZnCla + H2T
c) T i n h k h o i lu'Ong c a c c h a t c d t r o n g n u d e loc.
39
LCJI
n N a O H = - — = 0,5
CHUONG
GIAI
KIM LOAI
mol
40
2
a) PhLro'ng t r i n h hoa hoc cua phan iJng:
2 N a O H + CuCl2
2 mol
1 mol
Cu(0H)2
^
> Cu(0H)2i +
2NaCl
1 mol
CuO + H2O
1 mol
I. HE THONG HOA KIEN THLfC
(1)
1. T i n h c h a t c h u n g c i i a k i m l o a i
(2)
'
1 mol
Kim loai
Tinh chat vat li
- Din dien va dan nhiet tot.
b) K b o i luo-ng chat r a n t h u duUc sau k h i nung:
- De dat mong, de keo sgi.
Theo phu-o'ng t r i n h (1):
nNaOH = ^"^CMCI^
~ 0,2
X 2 -
0,4
Tinh chat hoa hoc
mol
Vdi kim loai
n N a O H di( -
0,5
-
0,4
= 0,1
mol
don chat
T i n b k h o i lu'o'ng chat r a n CuO, theo (1) va (2) t a c6:
ncuo
= ncu{0H)2
m c u o = 0,2
" "CuCl2 ^
X 80 =
0,2 m o l
- Thuting xet phan ung voi CI2, O2, S.
V6i H2O
Mot so kim loai phan ii'ng v6i H2O:
2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2T
- HCl va H2SO4 loang: kim loai dung tru'6c hidro.
Vcii axit
- H2SO4 d3c va HMOs vfli moi kim loai tru' Pt va Au.
=
- H2SO4 dac, nguoi va HNO3 dac, nguoi khong phan ung v6i Al va Fe.
4g
Kho'i luo'ng N a C l t r o n g nu'o'c loc:
n N a c i = n N a O H = 0,4
mNaCi
= 0,4
X
- Tac dung v6i hau het cac kim loai 5 nhiet do cao.
phi kim
K h o i lu'o'ng N a O H du:
X 40
Khong c6 phan u'ng.
16g.
c) Kho'i lu'o'ng cac chat t r o n g nUo'c loc:
m N a O H = 0,1
- Co anh kim.
mol
58,5 = 23,4g.
^
Vcii bazo va
oxit bazo
Chi xet phan u'ng vo'i Al,.Zn...
V6i muoi
Kim loai manh day kim loai yeu hon ra khoi dung dich muoi cua
chung. Tru' cac kim loai phan ung du'Oc v6i nu'o'c (l\la, K, Ca...).
2AI + 2NaOH + 2H2O
'
:
2NaAi02 + 3H2
2. D a y b o a t d p n g h o a h o c c i i a k i m l o a i
•
Do boat dong boa hoc ciia k i m loai g i a m dan:
1
Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, IVlg, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au
TCr M g t r d di k i m loai m a n h day k i m loai yeu r a k h o i dung.dich
muoi ciia chiiiig.
Kim
loai dilng tru'o'c H phan li'ng v o l dung dich H C l , H2SO4
loang g i a i phong H2.
Lu'u
y : H2 k h o n g k b i i diio'c cac oxit k i m loai ciia k i m loai boat
dong boa hoc m a n h tCr A l t r o ' v e tru'o'c.
40
'
.
41
3. S o s a n h t i n h c h a t c i i a A l v a F e
Ti'nh chat
Tinh chat
vat li
Al (NTK: 27)
Fe (IMTK: 56)
- Kim loai mau trang c6 anh kim, - Kim loai CO mau trang xam, c6
nhe, dan nhiet tot, nhiet do nong anh kim, d i n dien, dan nhiet tot
chay 660°C.
nhung kern nhom, nhiet do nong
- Co tinh deo, de dat mong.
chay 6'1539°C.
- Co tinh deo nen de ren, la kim
loai nana.
Tinh chat hoa hoc
V6i phi kim
2AI + 3S -> AizSj
Vo'i axit
2AI + 6HCI -> 2AICI3 + 3H,r
2Fe + 3CI2
Fe + 2HCI
Al va Fe khong tac dung v61 H,SO. dac. nnnni
2FeCl3
FeCIo + H . t
v.i mn.
-
• • -C •
ri.v nn„ni
Vo'i dd muoi
2AI + 3FeS04 -> Ai2(S04)3 + 3Fe
Vo'i dd kiem
Fe + 2AgN03
2AI + 2NaOH + 2H?0 -> 2NaA102 + 3H2
Hop chat
AI2O3 CO tinh Iu8ng tinh:
Fe + NaOH -> khong nhan unn
Ai.Os + 6HCI ^ 2AICI3 + 3H2O
AI2O3 + 2l\laOH ^ 2IMaAI02 + H2O
FedMO,), + 2Aasl
- FeO, Fe203 va Fe304 la oxit bazo
khong tan trong nu'o'c.
- Fe(0H)2i mau trang.
- F e ( 0 H ) 3 i mau do nau.
4. Hofp k i m sat: G a n g , t h e p
, a) Hop kim
L a chat r a n t h u du'o'c sau k h i l a m nguoi hon ho'p nong chay cua
n h i e u k i m loai khac nhau hoac h o n hop k i m loai va p h i k i m . Ho'p k i m
ciia sat c6 nhieu uTng dung l a gang va thep.
b) Nguyen tdc sdn xudt gang, tliep
(1) Nguyen tic san xuat gang: Dung cacbon khii' oxit sAt d n h i e t
do cao t r o n g 15 cao.
(2) Nguyen tac san xuat thep: L o a i k h o i gang p h a n 16'n cac
nguyen to cacbon, silic, mangan, photpho, luu h u y n h . . .
c) Qua triiiJi sdn xudt gang, thep
- Oxi trong Ichong Idii phan u'ng vol than coc tao thanh khi CO:
CO2 + C
2C0
- K h i CO khuf oxit sat t r o n g quang t h a n h sAt:
SCO + Fe.Oa
42
SCO. + 2Fe
Sat nong chay hoa tan cacbon, silic, photpho, luU huynh tao t h a n h
gang.
(2) K h o n g k h i giau oxi hoac oxi se oxi hoa I a n lUo't cac t a p chat
t r o n g gang nong chay Si ^ Si02; M n -> M n O ; C ^ CO; S
SO2;
p _> P2O5. Sau k h i cac t a p chat t r o n g gang b i oxi hoa h e t se c6 m o t
phan Fe b i oxi hoa. Luc n a y t a ngUng n e n k h i vao 16. San p h a m t h u
du'o'c l a thep.
5. S\i a n m o n k i m l o a i
a) T/ie ndo Id siC an mon kim loai?
Sq pha hiiy k i m loai, ho'p k i m trong moi trLf6ng t q nhien du'o'c goi
la sq an m6n k i m loai.
b) Nliiing yeu to anh hu'dng den su' an mon kim loai
(1) A n h hu'o'ng cua cac chat trong moi trUo'ng: Sq an m 6 n k i m loai
xay r a nhanh, cham hoac khong xay r a phu thuoc vao moi tru'6ng. K i m
loai b i a n m 6 n do k i m loai tac dung vo'i cac chat nhU nu'o'c, oxi (khong
khi) cac chat hoa hoc khac... trong moi tru'6ng. V i du: d i n h sSt b i g i
nhieu t r o n g khong k h i am, 6' vung bien...
(2) A n h hu'o'ng t h a n h phan k i m loai: Sq an mon k i m loai xay ra
nhanh hay cham phu thuoc vao t h a n h phan ciia k i m loai.
(3) A n h hu'o'ng cua nhiet do: (5 nhiet do cao, sq a n mon k i m loai
xay r a nhanh ho'n.
c) Lam the ndo de bdo ve kim loai khong bi an mon
.
(1) Ngan khong cho k i m loai tiep xiic vo'i moi tru'6'ng.
,
{2) Che tao hop k i m i t bi a n mon. V i dq: Thep khong gi (inox).
Thep chufa 12% Cr khong b i an m6n...
6. Hu'o'ng d a n g i a i mpt so b a i t a p
(1) - Quang, t h a n co'c, da v o i c6 kich thuo'c vifa p h a i dUa vao
m i e n g 16.
C + O2 — ^ CO2 ;
M o t so oxit khac c6 t r o n g quang n h u M n O , Si02... cung b i khuf
tao t h a n h M n , Si.
,,,,,,,
a) Tradng hop gap bai toan cho biet lu'Ong cua ca hai chat t h a m gia
va yeu cau t i n h lu'o'ng chat tao t h a n h . Trong so h a i chat t h a m gia phan
ijfng se CO m o t chat phan ilng het, chat k i a c6 the phan ufng het hoac
du'. Lu'Ong chat tao t h a n h t i n h theo lu'Ong chat nao phan tfng het, do do
phai t i m xem trong hai chat cho bi§'t, chat nao phan ufng het.
Cdch gidi:
Lap t i so', v i dq phuo'ng t r i n h phan u'ng: A + B
C+D
43
So" mol (hoac kho'i lu'o'ng) cha't A (theo de bai)
So' mol (hoac kho'i lu'o'ng) chat A (theo phu'o'ng t r i n h )
c) Nhom duoc dung lam vat lieu che tao v6 may bay la do
So' mol (hoac Idio'i lu'o'ng) chat B (theo de bai)
So' mol (hoac k h o i lu'o'ng) chat B (theo phu'o'ng t r i n h )
e)
So sanh hai t i so, t i so nao 16'n ho'n chat do du', chat k i a phan ufng
he't. T i n h lu'o'ng cac chat theo chat p h a n u'ng het.
b) T r n d n g ho'p bai toan t h a n h k i m loai m a n h day k i m loai yeu r a
k h o i dung dich muo'i ciia chiing, neu do bai cho k h o i lu'o'ng t h a n h k i m
loai t a n g hoac g i a m so vo'i k h o i lu'o'ng ban dau, t h i e t lap m o i quan he
a n so vo'i gia t h i e t de bai cho:
(1) Neu de bai cho l
-
x -
X
1
3
= 10cm
Thu'c h i e n tu'o'ng t\i vo'i K va Cu.
5. Hay ke ten ba kim loai du'o'c su dung de:
•
a) Lam vat dung gia dlnh.
b) San xuat dung cu, may moo.
Ldl
GIAI
a) Ba k i m loai du'o'c sii' dung de lam vat dung trong gia dinh: sat,
nhom, dong.
b) Ba k i m loai du'o'c sd' dung l a m dung cu, may moc: sSt, nhom, niken.
45
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