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® ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY ® ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY by David A. Herzog Webster’s New World® Essential Vocabulary Copyright © 2005 by Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Published by Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department,Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, or fax 317-572-4355. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials.The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation.This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom.The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo,Webster’s New World, the Webster’s New World logo, and all related trademarks, logos, and trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Herzog, David Alan. Webster’s New World essential vocabulary / by David A. Herzog. p. cm. ISBN 0-7645-7165-6 (pbk.) 1. Vocabulary. 2. Vocabulary—Problems, exercises, etc. 3. Vocabulary—Examinations—Study guides. I.Title: Essential vocabulary. II.Title. PE1449.H445 2005 428.1—dc22 2004022068 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Willis, Gizmo, Lefty, and Archie for their furry invaluable assistance. v Dedication This book is dedicated to the memories of Rose and George Herzog, Henry Smolinski, and Allan Shaw, and to their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren on four continents. vii Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Pronunciation Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 PART I: SAT® Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 A ........ Quick Quick Quick Quick Quick Quick Quick Quick Quick Quick Quick ....................................................7 Review #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Review #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Review #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Review #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Review #5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Review #6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Review #7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Review #8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Review #9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Review #10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Review #11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Quick Review #12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Quick Review #13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 C ................. Quick Review #14 Quick Review #15 Quick Review #16 Quick Review #17 Quick Review #18 Quick Review #19 Quick Review #20 Quick Review #21 Quick Review #22 Quick Review #23 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . .45 . . . . . . .48 . . . . . . .51 . . . . . . .54 . . . . . . .57 . . . . . . .60 . . . . . . .63 . . . . . . .66 . . . . . . .69 . . . . . . .72 D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Quick Review #24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Quick Review #25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 ix x Essential Vocabulary Quick Quick Quick Quick Quick Review Review Review Review Review #26 #27 #28 #29 #30 E ................. Quick Review #31 Quick Review #32 Quick Review #33 Quick Review #34 Quick Review #35 Quick Review #36 Quick Review #37 Quick Review #38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 .83 .86 .88 .90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Quick Review #39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Quick Review #40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 G–H .............. Quick Review #41 Quick Review #42 Quick Review #43 ... .. .. .. . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . 119 . . . . . .120 . . . . . .123 . . . . . .126 I .................. Quick Review #44 Quick Review #45 Quick Review #46 Quick Review #47 Quick Review #48 Quick Review #49 Quick Review #50 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 . . . . . .129 . . . . . .132 . . . . . .134 . . . . . .137 . . . . . .139 . . . . . .142 . . . . . .145 J – K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Quick Review #51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Quick Review #52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Quick Review #53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 M–N .............. Quick Review #54 Quick Review #55 Quick Review #56 Quick Review #57 Quick Review #58 ... .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . 153 . . . . . .156 . . . . . .158 . . . . . .160 . . . . . .163 . . . . . .166 Contents xi O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Quick Review #59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Quick Review #60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 P–Q .............. Quick Review #61 Quick Review #62 Quick Review #63 Quick Review #64 Quick Review #65 Quick Review #66 Quick Review #67 Quick Review #68 Quick Review #69 ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 . . . . . .175 . . . . . .177 . . . . . .179 . . . . . .182 . . . . . .185 . . . . . .187 . . . . . .190 . . . . . .192 . . . . . .195 R ................. Quick Review #70 Quick Review #71 Quick Review #72 Quick Review #73 Quick Review #74 ... .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . 196 . . . . . .197 . . . . . .200 . . . . . .202 . . . . . .204 . . . . . .206 S.................. Quick Review #75 Quick Review #76 Quick Review #77 Quick Review #78 Quick Review #79 ... .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . 207 . . . . . .210 . . . . . .213 . . . . . .216 . . . . . .219 . . . . . .222 T ................. Quick Review #80 Quick Review #81 Quick Review #82 ... .. .. .. . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . 223 . . . . . .225 . . . . . .227 . . . . . .230 U–Z .............. Quick Review #83 Quick Review #84 Quick Review #85 Quick Review #86 ... .. .. .. .. . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . 231 . . . . . .233 . . . . . .235 . . . . . .238 . . . . . .240 PART II: GRE® Words A ................. Quick Review #87 Quick Review #88 Quick Review #89 Quick Review #90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 ... .. .. .. .. . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . 243 . . . . . .245 . . . . . .247 . . . . . .250 . . . . . .252 xii Essential Vocabulary B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Quick Review #91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 C ................. Quick Review #92 Quick Review #93 Quick Review #94 Quick Review #95 Quick Review #96 ... .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . 256 . . . . . .258 . . . . . .260 . . . . . .263 . . . . . .265 . . . . . .267 D ................. Quick Review #97 Quick Review #98 Quick Review #99 ... .. .. .. . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . 268 . . . . . .270 . . . . . .272 . . . . . .275 . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . 276 . . . . . .278 . . . . . .281 . . . . . .283 . . . . . .286 . . . . . .288 E–F ................ Quick Review #100 Quick Review #101 Quick Review #102 Quick Review #103 Quick Review #104 .. . . . . . G – H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Quick Review #105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 Quick Review #106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 I ................... Quick Review #107 Quick Review #108 Quick Review #109 .. . . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . 294 . . . . . .296 . . . . . .299 . . . . . .301 J – L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Quick Review #110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Quick Review #111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 M – N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Quick Review #112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Quick Review #113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 O–P ............... Quick Review #114 Quick Review #115 Quick Review #116 Quick Review #117 .. . . . . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . . 312 . . . . . .314 . . . . . .316 . . . . . .319 . . . . . .322 Q–R ............... Quick Review #118 Quick Review #119 Quick Review #120 .. . . . . . . . ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ . . . . . . . . . 323 . . . . . .324 . . . . . .327 . . . . . .329 Contents xiii S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Quick Review #121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 Quick Review #122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 T – U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Quick Review #123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 V – Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Quick Review #124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341 PART III: Answers to Quick Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 Quick Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 SAT Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 GRE Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 PART IV: Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 Appendix A: Prefixes and Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Appendix B: Foreign Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Introduction How’s your vocabulary? Is it okay, pretty good, or exceptional? Whatever your answer to these questions, this is the book for you. For those whose vocabulary ranges from okay to pretty good, here is the opportunity to improve it. The main content is grouped into sets of words that have been taken from the SAT and GRE examinations over the past 10 years. These approximately 1,500 words are expected by the examiners to be familiar in one form or another to college and graduate school applicants. They need to become familiar to you, too. If your vocabulary is exceptional, this is the opportunity to see whether you really understand what the words you think you know mean and whether you can correctly use them in a sentence. Each word comes complete with a label indicating its part of speech, at least one definition (often more), and usually at least two sentences using the word. Most entries also include synonyms and other forms of the word, such as past tense and gerund forms (for verbs) and adverbial and noun forms (for adjectives). Following each group of vocabulary words is a matching test so that you can check what you’ve just studied. Check Appendix A for some very useful prefixes and suffixes that often affect the meanings of words. I also recommend you check Appendix B, which lists some foreign words that have insinuated themselves into the English language. These words are commonly used by the more literate among us — in addition to everyday words like sandwich, which reminds the author that he’s getting hungry. Read on and have an enlightening and, hopefully, enjoyable experience. PRONUNCIATION KEY I’ve never much cared for the pronunciation keys used by most dictionaries because they use a whole different alphabet and set of symbols, which one must either memorize or keep referring to just to understand the sounds being represented. The key used here makes use of standard alphabet characters used in familiar words. The following is a list of the letters that are used and the sounds they make. These pronunciations are based on phonetic sounds. You might want to put a bookmark here so that you can get back to it quickly when needed. We indicate the stressed syllable of each word by using capital (KAP i tl) letters. 1 2 Essential Vocabulary Letter(s) Makes a Sound Like . . . In the Word . . . a a hat ae ai hair ah o on aw aw saw ay a day ch ch chip e e bed ea ea ear ee ee bee g g go i i bid ing ing sing oe o work oh o go oo oo moon ow ow cow oy oy toy s s kiss th th think TH th that u oo took uh u rug y y my zh s measure Introduction 3 PARTS OF SPEECH Parts of speech are indicated by italicized abbreviations: adj. (adjective), adv. (adverb), conj. (conjunction), n. (noun), pn. (pronoun), pr. (preposition), vi. (intransitive verb), and vt. (transitive verb). To review a little grammar very briefly, a noun is a person, place, or thing. An adjective modifies a noun. For example, a pretty girl gets more attention than a plain girl. In the preceding sentence, both pretty and plain are adjectives modifying two separate occurrences of the noun, girl. A verb is an action word. If the verb is transitive, it carries the action to an object. Consider the following sentence: Peter ate a grape. In that sentence, the grape receives the action of the transitive verb, to eat (past tense, ate). The verb, to eat, can also be intransitive, if nothing is receiving the action. For example, when I go to dinner, I eat. An adverb modifies a verb, another adverb, or an adjective. Look at the following sentence: The boat moved quickly. Quickly is an adverb modifying the verb, moved. Part I SAT ® WORDS Answers to Quick Review questions are found in Part III. Words followed by an asterisk (*) also have appeared as vocabulary words on the Graduate Record Examinations® (GRE® ).
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