Tài liệu động từ nguyên thể, danh động từ và các dạng bài tập liên quan

Phần mở đầu: I. Lý do chọn đề tài: Năm học 2009- 2013 là sáu thứ năm áp dụng hình thức thi trắc nghiệm đối với môn tiếng anh THPT, thi ĐH của bộ GD&ĐT. Trong chương trình tiếng anh hệ 7 năm, mảng “Động từ nguyên thể và danh động từ” là một mảng kiến thức quan trọng, nằm trong phần ôn tập cho các kỳ thi tốt nghiệp và đại học. Muốn phân biệt và làm tốt được các bài tập tr¾c nghiệm liên quan đến mảng kiến thøc này thì học sinh cần phải nắm vững được những kiến thức cơ bản liên quan đến cách dùng của “Động tõ nguyên thể”(INFINITIVES) cũng như “Danh động từ”(GERUNDS) trong các trường hợp riêng lẻ , phân biệt được khi nào thì dùng động từ nguyên thể, khi nào thì dùng danh động từ trong các trường hợp đặc biệt đồng thời nắm được các dạng bài tập liên quan đến mảng kiến thức này. Vì vậy tôi đã chọn đề tài “Động từ nguyên thể, danh động từ và các dạng bài tập liên quan” làm vấn đề nghiên cứu trong s¸ng kiến kinh nghiệm của mình. II. Mục đích: Khi viết s¸ng kiến kinh nghiệm này, tôi chỉ mong được góp thêm một vài ý kiến của mình về các vấn đề liên quan đến “Động từ nguyên thể và danh đông từ” và cách áp dụng cho các dạng bài tập tự luận đặc biệt là các bài tập trắc nghiệm liên quan giúp giáo viên có thể tham khảo thêm trong việc ôn tập cho học sinh chuẩn bị cho các kỳ thi sắp tới. III. Đối tượng nghiên cứu Trong chương trình tiếng anh hệ bảy năm, động từ nguyên thể và danh động từ được đưa vào giảng dạy ở khối 10 và khối 11 là mảng lý thuyết hết sức quan trọng giúp học sinh khối 12 ôn tập cho các kỳ thi sắp tới của mình. Trong đề tài nghiên cứu của mình, tôi chỉ tập trung vào một số vấn đề lý thuyết liên quan đến cách dùng của động từ nguyên thể, danh động từ và 1 một số trường hợp đặc biệt đồng thời giới thiệu một số bài tập viết, bài tập trắc nghiêm liên quan đến mảng kiến thức trên, nhằm giúp học sinh hiểu và nắm được những kiến thức cơ bản và nâng cao của “Động từ nguyên thể và danh động từ” trong tiếng anh để các em có thể vận dụng cho các bài tập tự luận đồng thời làm tốt các bài tập trắc nghiệm về “Động từ nguyên thể và danh động từ” IV. Phạm vi nghiên cứu: Năm học 2012 -2013 V. Cơ sở nghiên cứu: Tôi nghiên cứu đề tài này dựa trên những cở sau: - Dựa vào thực tế giảng dạy trong chương trình mới hệ 7 năm. - Dựa vào một số tài liệu tham khảo về “Động từ nguyên thể và danh động từ”. - Dựa vào một số ý kiến của đồng nghiệp. Phần nội dung I. Cách dùng của động từ nguyên thể và danh động từ: A. Cách dùng của động từ nguyên thể: * INFINITIVES 1.Động từ nguyên thể không to(The bare infinitive) được dùng sau một số động từ, cụm động từ, và các động từ khiếm khuyết .LET, MAKE,WOULD RATHER/ SOONER, HAD BETTER, CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, WILL, SHOULD, MUST + bare infinitive .BE MADE+ To infinitive 2 Eg*: Let’s take a taxi You had better stay in bed for a few days She makes her husband clean the house every Sunday Eg**: Her husband was made to clean the house every Sunday 2. Động từ + danh từ/đại từ + động từ nguyên thể VERBS + NOUN/ PRONOUN + TO INFINITIVE . advise, allow, beg, cause, enable, encourage, entitle, expect, forbid, invite, order, remind, recommend, order, teach, (it)takes, tell, warn, want, help, ask, force, would like, persuade, invite He reminds me to send him some flowers. I’d like you to listen carefully. It took ages to download the pictures from the Internet. 3. Động từ + động từ nguyên thể VERBS + TO INFINITIVE agree, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, beg, begin, can’t afford, can’t wait, cease, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fail, fear, happen, help, hesitate, hope, , intend, long, love, manage, mean, need, guarantee, plan, prepare, promise, prove, 3 pretend, refuse, want, seem, tend, offer, neglect, prefer, threaten, wish, omit, swear, pretend, turn out, undertake I mean to come home early. My sister arranged to meet him last Sunday. I can’t wait to see your new dress. 4. Động từ + tân ngữ + động từ nguyên thể VERBS + O + TO INFINITIVE know, consider, discover, find, imagine, prove, suppose, think, understand Instead of: People know that he is an honest man We can say: People know him to be an honest man 5. Tính từ + động từ nguyên thể ADJECTIVES + TO INFINITIVE Bad, awful, cheap, clever, certain, convenient, dangerous, delighted, difficult, foolish, generous, good, polite, right, wrong, rude, selfish, silly, wicked, afraid, anxious, ashamed, careful, curious, eager, exciting, fascinating, fit, free, frightened, glad, agreeable, amusing, boring, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, keen, likely, 4 sorry, safe, moved, astonished, content, reluctant, surprised, determined, thankful, useless, willing, sure. It is useless to talk to him. He is keen to know the result of the story. It is delighted to see you. Lan is likely to be at home 6. Chúng ta thường dùng cấu trúc * IT + BE + ADJ + FOR + O + TO Adjectives: anxious, awful, INFINITIVE để chỉ mục đích cheap, convenient, dangerous, difficult, eager, easy, exciting, expensive, friendly, good, happy, horrible, impatient, important, interesting, marvelous, necessary, nice, normal, polite, possible, ready, safe, sensible, silly, stupid, terrible, useful, willing, wonderful, wrong Would it be possible for you to move your car, please? Tam was anxious for the match to begin. It was good for you to go for a walk. 5 ** IT + BE + ADJ + OF + O + TO INFINITIVE để chỉ ai đó cư xử như thế nào Adjectives: brave, careless, clever, foolish, generous, good, helpful, honest, intelligent, kind, mean, nice, polite, sensible, silly, stupid, wrong It is kind of you to drive me home. It was clever of Minh to work out the answer. It was good of you to go for a walk with me 7. Danh từ + động từ nguyên thÓ NOUN+ TO INFINITIVE . Verbs: I decided to go to school early Nouns: It’s my decision to go to school early .Adjectives: I am determined to work out the answer to your question Nouns: It is my determination to work out the answer to your question agreement, arrangement, decision, demand, desire, determination, eagerness, failure, offer, plan, promise, refusal, tendency, threat, willingness. 8. Động từ + từ hỏi + động từ nguyên thể VERBS + WH + TO INFINITIVE 6 WH: What, where, when, how, which, who, whether, whose, how much, how many  Before the question word we can use a verb such as ask, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, say, think, understand, wonder. I am wondering how to get there in time. Have you decided when to go to Nha Trang yet? It was a real situation. I couldn’t think what to do  Sometimes there is a verb + object before the question word advise, ask, show, teach, tell My teacher showed me how to do the exercises * We can use some adjectives before the question word such as clear, obvious, sure and the expressions have an idea and make up your mind. I am not sure who to ask for help now. Have you made up your mind how to solve the problem? Mai wasn’t sure whether to ring the doctor or not. B.Exercises on INFINITIVES 7 Exercise 1: Supply suitable infinitive forms for the verbs given in brackets. 1 let’s………..to the cinema.( go) 2 I was made…………..floors.(scrub) 3 They didn’t let her ………………jeans.(wear). 4 You’d better………………near the edge. (go) 5 I’d rather ……….for a walk in the rain……………nothing at all (go-do) 6 I don’t really want to see that play. I’d sooner …………at home. (stay) 7 You’d better………….. what you think.(not say). 8 Let me ……………that letter for you.(post). 9 This kind of music makes me ……………….. (good). 10 They might not ……………….. the letter until next week. (receive) Exercise 2: Complete the sentences using the structure S + V+ Toinfinitive 1 He’d like to buy a car. He can’t afford it. He can’t afford…. 2 I didn’t pass my driving test. I failed… 3 I don’t want to speak to the manager. I want you …. 4 Take out a loan. My bank manager advised me… 5 He’ll pay for all of us. He’s offering… Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences using the structure V+ O + To -infinitive 1 I imagine that he works very hard. I imagine…. 2 I beieve that she is guity. I….. 3 I found that the job was too difficult. I………. 4 We discovered the claim was false. We………… 5 I know that she has an interest in the company. I……… 8 Exercise 4: Complete the sentences using the structure S + be + adj + Toinfinitive 1 He was foolish. He left the firm. He was foolish… 2 You want to ask for more money. You would be stupid if you don’t. You would be… 3 Ring me later. Would you be so good? Would you… 4 Open the window. Would you be glad…. 5 He worked out the answer. It was clever of him. It was… Exercise 5: Complete the sentences using the structure It + be + adj + FOR + to –infinitive. Eg: Daniel: Andrew should take it easy. That would be best. Matthew: Yes, you are right. It would be best for him to take it easy. 1. Trevor: Our new computer should arrive soon Laura: Me neither. I ……………………………………………………… 2. Rachel: Matthew shouldn’t marry Emma. It would be wrong. Vicky: I think so too. ……………………………………………………. 3. Customer: Advertisements should tell the truth. It’s important. Mark: I agree. ………………………………………………………… Exercise 6: A Japanese company called Sanko is going to open a new factory in a town in England. Write the sentences from the local newspaper, using FOR or OF Eg: Marvelous/ the town / have / some new jobs. It will be marvelous for the town to have some new jobs. Clever/ our local council / bring / Sanko / here. It was clever of our council to bring Sanko here. 9 1. difficult/ the town/ attract / new industry . It has been……………………………………………………….. 2. very generous/ the council / give / the land / to Sanko. It was ……………………………………………………………. 3. the company/ eager / production / begin / soon. The company…………………………………………………… Exercise 7: Look at the questions and then complete the paragraph about a man coming out of prison. Use a question word and a to- infinitive. .How he should a new life 1. What can he expect? 4. What should he do? 2. Where should he go? 5. Who can he contact? 3. How can he find somewhere to live? This man will have problems when he leaves prison. He needs advice on how to start a new life. After a long time in prison, he isn’t sure (1) …………………….in the outside world and he has no idea (2) …………………….. . He doesn’t know (3) ………………a place to live either. But he won’t be completely alone. A social worker will advise him (4)…………………, so he’ll know (5)……………………if he needs help. Exercise 8: Complete the sentences using the structure Noun + to -infinitive 1 I decided to wait, which was wise. My decision to wait was wise. 2 He refused to help, which surprised us. His … 3 She failed to get into college, which disappointed her parents. Her... 4 I am pleased to be with you. It’s a… 5 They were eager to help, which pleased me. Their… 10 C. Cách dùng của danh động từ ** GERUNDS 1. Động từ + danh động từ VERBS + Gerund * Verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, fancy, feel like, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, recall, resent, resist, risk stop, suggest, understand, mention,. My mother resents my being here (gets angry) I mentioned going to the movie but he didn’t mind (reminded) She recalls seeing him somewhere. (remembers) *Verbs : COME, GO + gerund to refer outdoor activities( climbing, driving, fishing, riding, sailing, shopping, skiing, walking, waterskiing) Why don’t you come sailing with us? Do you want to go shopping with us tomorrow morning? 2 . Tính từ sở hữu/sở hữu cách + Danh động từ POSSESSIVE+ Gerund ( My, Lan’s) Verbs : appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, postpone, risk, suggest 11 We appreciate your helping us. Don’t delay your answering any more. 3. Tính từ + giới từ + danh động từ ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS+ Gerund . afraid, ashamed, aware, capable, conscious, certain, fond, frightened, sure, tired + OF . amused, annoyed, clever, delighted, surprised, furious, embarrassed, good, pleased, scared, upset + AT . absorbed, fortunate, happy, , interested, right, skill, slow, wrong +IN . accustomed, pleasant + TO . angry, content, bored + WITH . excited, worried + ABOUT . far, different +FROM She is conscious of being watched by the police (know) Everybody in our village is aware of protecting our environment. 4. Động từ + giới từ + danh động từ 12 VERBS + PREPOSITIONS + Gerund .approve, accuse, complain, consist, dream, think, take, talk +OF .apologize, blame, care, compensate, excuse, thank + FOR . carry, count, confess, depend, keep, plan, rely, insist + ON . confess, get, go back, lead, look forward, object, return +TO . believe, end, persist, result, succeed + IN . give up, think about, mean by, safe from, prevent from, forget about, hesitate about, worry about, put off, advise against. She relied on my coming early (expected) The boy confessed on stealing the money(admit) She always dreams of seeing her beloved mother. 1. Danh động từ theo sau một số thành ngữ COMMON EXPRESSIONS . can’t/ couldn’t (help, stand, face, bear, resist) . it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, it’s no good . feel like It’s no use complaining to him He didn’t feel like helping her. She was so lazy. I think Tom is very amusing. I can’t help laughing at his funny stories 13 7. Danh động từ theo sau THE, THIS, THESE THE, THIS, THESE + Gerund It’s your turn to do the ironing 8.Động từ + tân ngữ + danh động từ VERBS + O + GERUND dislike, imagine, involve, keep, mind, prevent, remember, risk, stop Mai is so serious. I can’t imagine him having a good time. A new law has stopped the traffic going into the city centre. D. Exercises on GERUNDS Exercise 1: Supply any suitable verb in a suitable form: 1 Our neighbors are very considerate. They avoid…..a lot of noise. 2 Just imagine….in a country where it is always warm and sunny. 3 The police questioned me at some length and I didn’t enjoy…. 4 What does the job involve? It involves…. the engine apart. 5 I missed an interesting programme on TV last night. I really mind…. it. 6 We often go….during the weekend. Would you like to come…..with us? 7 Look at the state of those windows! They really need… Exercise 2:Match A and B A B 14 1We very much appreciate…. a) my leaving till the next day 2 He strongly denied….. b) their meeting that afternoon 3 We enjoyed…… c) her taking more responsibility 4 The chairman suggested….. d) the band’s playing very much 5 I agreed to delay….. e) our postponing the question till later 6 He should consider…. f) your helping us Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences, add prepositions after adjectives. 1 I am interested….. …….. (act) 2 I was afraid…………you (disturb) 6. I’m worried………..the train( miss) 3 We’re bored………..cards (play) 7. He’s fond………….(sail) 4 She’s clever……….(sew) 8. I’m surprised………you in (find) 5 I’m sorry…………..(complain) 9. We’re keen…………(ride) 10 You’re very slow… ..(understand) Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences by adding a suitable preposition after each verb and change the verbs in brackets into gerunds. 1 I advised you …………..that.(do) 2 Thank you …………..(help) 3 She believes ……………hard (work) 4 I apologize …………time (interrupt) 5 They accuse him ………….(steal) 15 6 Who’ll compensate me …………..(lose) 7 Excuse me …………..you (disturb) 8 They charged him ……….money (steal) 9 I must congratulate you ……..(pass) 10 We aim …………..in this business (succeed) 11 You can’t blame me ………..(try) 12 I often dream……….you again (see) 13 They insisted ………………(enter) 14 Everything depends …………it right ( get) 15 I prevented them …………(enter) Exercise 5: Comment on these situations. Join each pair of sentences using a preposition and an ING form. Eg: The police prevented the crime. It didn’t take place. The police prevented the crime from taking place. 1. Laura blamed Trevor. He forgot the tickets. Laura…………………………………………………….. 2. The doctor succeeded. They saved the driver’s life. The doctors……………………………………………… 3. The customers complained. They didn’t receive the goods. …………………………………………………………... 4. Emma has accused Matthew. She says Matthew broke his promise. …………………………………………………………… 5. Melanie is insisting. She’s going to cook a meal for David. ……………………………………………………………. Exercise 6: Complete Emma’s letter to her friend Kristy. Put in a preposition and an ING- form. 16 Thank you for inviting (invite) me to come and see you next month. I’m already excited (1) ______________ (see) you again. You must be very pleased (2) _________________(get) the job you wanted. Congratulations. Personally, I wouldn’t be keen (3) _________________ (travel) forty miles to work. I apologize (4) _________________ (not write) sooner, but a week in bed with flu has prevented me (5) _________________(do) anything. II. Một số trường hợp đặc biệt dùng động từ nguyên thể hoặc danh dộng từ. *** INFINITIVES OR GERUNDS- Special cases: 1. Động từ theo sau ADVISE, ALLOW, ENCOURAGE, RECOMMEND a) advise, allow, encourage, recommend + O + TO-infinitive My teacher advises us to work hard. They allow us to camp in their field. b) advise, allow, encourage, recommend + O + ING I wouldn’t recommend walking alone at midnight. They allow fishing here. 2: Các động từ chỉ giác quan có thể theo sau bởi động từ nguyên thể không to, danh động từ, động từ nguyên thể có to tùy vào từng trường hợp: The BARE INFINITIVE or the ING form, the TO INFINITIIVE 17 Verbs: feel, hear, listen, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch . Bare infinitive đề cập tới một hành động mang tính hoàn tất (a complete action) : Eg: I watched an artist draw a picture ( from start to finish) We saw Trevor plant the tree. (He planted the tree. We saw him do the whole job) . The ing thường đề cập tới hành động đang diễn ra (an action in progress): Eg: I watched an artist drawing a picture( I saw part of the action). We saw Trevor planting the tree. ( He was planting the tree. We saw him in the middle of the job.) Đối với dạng bị động của các động từ chỉ giác quan có thể theo sau bởi Toinfinitive hoặc –ing tùy theo động từ trong câu chủ động ở dàng hoàn tât hay tiếp diễn .Hear, observe, perceive, see in the passive +To-infinitive or- ing form Eg1: An artist drew a picture. He was watched. An artist was watched to draw a picture. Eg2: The thieves were breaking into the house. They were seen. The thieves were seen breaking into the house 18 3. Động từ nguyên thể không to hoặc danh động từ có thể theo sau HAVE tùy từng trường hợp. * HAVE + O+ BARE INFINITIVE :Nhờ ai đó hoặc bảo ai đó làm gì cause someone do something Have the patient come in , please! ** HAVE+ O + ING: đề cập đến kết quả theo dự tính hoặc hậu quả không mong đợi intended results, and unintended consequences. You’ll have the neighbours complaining 4. Động từ nguyên thể không to hoặc danh động từ theo sau USED TO  USED TO + BARE INFINITIVE: dùng để nói lên việc gì đó xảy ra vào một khoảng thời gian trong quá khứ một cách thường xuyên và bây giờ không còn nữa. Eg: We used to go to school by bike when I was a schoolgirl. (We no longer go to school by bike now.) Did you use to live in London?  * BE/GET USED TO + -ING: dùng để chỉ ai đó quen với việc gì. Eg: I am used to getting up early. (I do it every day.) Most visitors to Britain aren’t used to driving on the left. 19 After her husband died, the old woman had to get used to living on her own. 5. Động từ nguyên thể hay giới từ + danh động từ theo sau AFRAID, ANXIOUS, ASHAMED, INTERESTED OR SORRY a) AFRAID Afraid + to- infinitive: sợ làm việc gì David is afraid to climb the ladder. (= He doesn’t want to climb the ladder because he is afraid) Claire was afraid to wander too far from the hotel. Afraid of + ING: sợ bị làm sao David is afraid of falling. (= He is afraid because he might fall) She was afraid of getting lost. b) ANXIOUS Anxious + to- infinitive: nóng lòng/ muốn làm gì Lan is anxious to meet you( Lan really want to meet you) Zedco are anxious to increase their sales. Anxious about + ING: lo lắng về việc gì hay lo lắng phải làm gì 20