Môc lôc
Grammar Review.........................................................................................................1
1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun).................................. 1
Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"........................................................................3
Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"..............................................................................................4
C¸ch sö dông another vµ other.................................................................................9
C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few.................................................................... 11
Së h÷u c¸ch...............................................................................................................12
Verb............................................................................................................................ 14
1. Present....................................................................................................................................... 14
1) Simple Present........................................................................................................................ 14
2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)............................................................................................ 14
3) Present Perfect : Have + PII................................................................................................... 15
4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing..................................................................... 16
2. Past............................................................................................................................................ 17
1) Simple Past: V-ed................................................................................................................... 17
2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing.................................................................................... 17
3) Past Perfect: Had + PII........................................................................................................... 18
4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing...................................................................... 18
3. Future......................................................................................................................................... 19
1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form...................................................... 19
2) Near Future............................................................................................................................. 20
3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verbing........................................................................... 20
4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII.................................................................................. 21
Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ......................................................................22
1. C¸c trêng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ.................................................................... 22
2. C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt................23
3. C¸ch sö dông None vµ No....................................................................................................... 23
4. C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng)
24
5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷..................................................................................................................... 25
6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ................................................................................................................... 25
7. C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of:............................................................................ 27
8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu.......................................................................................... 27
9. Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are................................................................................................... 28
§¹i tõ.......................................................................................................................... 30
1. §¹i tõ nh©n xng (Chñ ng÷)....................................................................................................... 30
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2. §¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷........................................................................................................... 31
3. TÝnh tõ së h÷u........................................................................................................................... 31
4. §¹i tõ së h÷u............................................................................................................................. 32
5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n........................................................................................................................ 32
T©n ng÷...................................................................................................................... 34
1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷................................................................................................ 34
2. Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷...................................................................................................... 34
3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt................................................................................................................ 35
4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ................................................................................................... 36
5. VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tríc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷.................37
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt....................................................... 39
1. Need........................................................................................................................................... 39
1) Dïng nh mét ®éng tõ thêng: ®îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã........................39
2) Need ®îc sö dông nh mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt.................................................................... 39
2. Dare............................................................................................................................................ 40
1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m".................................................................................................... 40
2) Dare dïng nh mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ............................................................................................. 40
C¸ch sö dông to be trong mét sè trêng hîp ........................................................ 42
C¸ch sö dông to get trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt......................................... 45
1. To get + P2................................................................................................................................. 45
2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g×............................................................................. 45
3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu............................................................................... 45
4. Get + to + verb........................................................................................................................... 45
5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) =
Gradually = dÇn dÇn...................................................................................................................... 46
C©u hái....................................................................................................................... 47
1. C©u hái Yes/ No......................................................................................................................... 47
2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o.................................................................................................................... 47
a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷........................................................................................................... 47
b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷........................................................................................................ 47
c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why................................................... 48
3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp....................................................................................................................... 48
4. C©u hái cã ®u«i......................................................................................................................... 48
Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh................................................................50
1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh................................................................................................................................ 50
2. Phñ ®Þnh.................................................................................................................................... 50
C©u phñ ®Þnh............................................................................................................. 52
MÖnh lÖnh thøc .........................................................................................................55
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt.............................................................................................. 56
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C©u ®iÒu kiÖn.............................................................................................................57
1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i............................................................................... 57
2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i......................................................................... 57
3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø........................................................................ 57
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau if............................... 58
Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña if................................................................................. 60
1. If... then: NÕu... th×.................................................................................................................... 60
2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn: §éng tõ ë c¸c mÖnh ®Ò diÔn biÕn b×nh
thêng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã............................................................................................... 60
3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n (Xem
thªm phÇn sö dông should trong mét sè trêng hîp cô thÓ)...................................................... 60
4. If.. was/were to.......................................................................................................................... 60
5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo................................................... 61
6. Not ®«i khi ®îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n.
61
7. It would... if + subject + would... (sÏ lµ... nÕu – kh«ng ® îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt)................61
8. If... ‘d have... ‘have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn
kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø.......................................................................................................... 62
9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l îc bá).......................................................... 62
10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh any/anything/ever/not diÔn ®¹t phñ ®Þnh..............62
11. If + Adjective = although (cho dï lµ) .................................................................................... 63
C¸ch sö dông to Hope, to Wish...............................................................................64
1. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t¬ng lai........................................................................................... 64
2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i......................................................................... 64
3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø........................................................................ 64
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh lµ, nh thÓ lµ)..........................66
Used to, to be/get used to........................................................................................67
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ would rather...................................................................68
1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷.......................................................................................................... 68
2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷........................................................................................................... 68
a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i..................................................................................................... 69
b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i............................................................................ 69
c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø........................................................................... 69
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would like.......................................................................70
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i . 72
1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ...................................................... 72
2. Should + Verb in simple form.................................................................................................. 72
3. Must + Verb in simple form...................................................................................................... 72
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C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø 74
1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®·............................................................................... 74
2. Could have + P2 = LÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng)..................................................... 74
3. Might have been + V-ing = Cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang......................................................................... 74
4. Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn................................................................................ 74
5. Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®·....................................................................................................... 74
6. Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang................................................................................ 74
C¸c vÊn ®Ò sö dông should trong mét sè trêng hîp cô thÓ................................ 76
TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ....................................................................................................... 78
§éng tõ nèi................................................................................................................ 80
C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ.................................................................82
1. So s¸nh b»ng............................................................................................................................ 82
2. So s¸nh h¬n kÐm...................................................................................................................... 83
3. So s¸nh hîp lý ......................................................................................................................... 84
4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt....................................................................................................................... 85
5. So s¸nh ®a béi.......................................................................................................................... 86
6. So s¸nh kÐp............................................................................................................................... 86
7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ®·....................................................................... 87
8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ngêi hoÆc 2 vËt................................................................................................ 88
9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt...................................................................................................................... 88
Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ..........................................................................................90
Enough.......................................................................................................................91
Mét sè trêng hîp cô thÓ dïng Much & Many.........................................................92
Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ c¸ch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/
much...........................................................................................................................94
Mét sè c¸ch dïng cô thÓ cña more & most........................................................... 95
C¸ch dïng long & (for) a long time.........................................................................97
Tõ nèi..........................................................................................................................98
1. Because, Because of................................................................................................................ 98
Because of = on account of = due to.......................................................................................... 98
2. Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶................................................................................................ 98
3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶......................................................................................... 99
4. Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c......................................................................... 100
C©u bÞ ®éng............................................................................................................. 103
§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n......................................................................................107
1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g× ............................ 107
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2. To have/to get sth done = §a c¸i g× ®i lµm............................................................................ 107
3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth............................................................................ 107
4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao.............................................................................. 107
5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao..................................................................... 107
6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai lµm g× ........................ 108
7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm g×......................................................................... 108
8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt .................................................................................................................. 108
C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ............................................................ 110
1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô.............................................................................. 110
2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô............................................................................... 110
3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô............................................................................................. 111
4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô........................................................................................... 111
5. MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc........................................................................... 111
1) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc................................................................................................... 111
2) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc.......................................................................................... 112
6. TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô.................................... 112
7. C¸ch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ......................... 113
8. Whose = cña ngêi mµ, cña con mµ........................................................................................ 113
9. C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô..................................................................................................... 114
C¸ch sö dông P1 trong mét sè trêng hîp............................................................115
10. Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ................................................................................ 115
11. P1 ®îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi........................................................................ 116
C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh
(To have + P2)........................... 118
Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that...................................................................... 120
1. That dïng víi t c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng)............................................................................. 120
2. MÖnh ®Ò that............................................................................................................................ 120
C©u gi¶ ®Þnh.............................................................................................................122
1. Dïng víi would rather that..................................................................................................... 122
2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ.................................................................................................................... 122
3. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ....................................................................................................................... 123
4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè trêng hîp kh¸c..................................................................... 124
5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time................................................................................. 125
Lèi nãi bao hµm.......................................................................................................127
1. Not only ..... but also............................................................................................................... 127
2. As well as: Còng nh................................................................................................................ 127
3. Both ..... and............................................................................................................................ 128
C¸ch sö dông to know, to know how....................................................................129
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MÖnh ®Ò nhîng bé.................................................................................................. 130
1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp................................................................................................. 130
2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu........................................................................... 130
3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× .................................................. 130
4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier ............................. 131
Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn...........................................................................132
Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c......................................................................... 135
Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ................................................................................... 137
C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell................................................................................... 139
§¹i tõ nh©n xng one vµ you................................................................................... 140
Tõ ®i tríc ®Ó giíi thiÖu........................................................................................... 141
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô...................................................142
Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ........................................................................................145
1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:............145
2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:............145
C©u thõa...................................................................................................................146
CÊu tróc c©u song song.........................................................................................147
Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp............................................................................. 148
1. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp................................................................................................ 148
§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp......................................................150
Sù ®¶o ngîc phã tõ................................................................................................ 151
1. Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u................................................................ 151
C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p .......................155
1. KiÓm tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåm.......................................................................... 155
2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh rêm rµ:........................................................................ 155
3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ® îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho nghÜa cña
bµi, ®Æc biÖt lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ.................................................................................................. 156
4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ® îc phÐp dïng trong v¨n viÕt
qui chuÈn...................................................................................................................................... 156
Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn.....................................................................................157
Phô lôc: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c:...............................................160
Giíi tõ.......................................................................................................................163
Ng÷ ®éng tõ.............................................................................................................167
Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc....................................................................170
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Grammar Review
Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm c¸c thµnh phÇn sau ®©y
SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER
(OBJECT)
DIRECT
INDIRECT
SUBJECT cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét VERB_ING,
mét ®¹i tõ, song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ mét danh tõ. Chóng bao
giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc
chia ®éng tõ. V× lµ danh tõ nªn chóng liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng
vÊn ®Ò sau:
1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc (Count
noun/ Non - count noun)
Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc: Dïng ®îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã h×nh
th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng ®îc víi "a" vµ "the".
Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc: Kh«ng dïng ®îc víi sè ®Õm, do
®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã kh«ng thÓ
dïng ®îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong mét sè trêng hîp
®Æc biÖt.
Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt.
Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã d¹ng sè Ýt/ sè nhiÒu nh nhau
chØ ph©n biÖt b»ng cã "a" vµ kh«ng cã "a"
Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.
Mét sè c¸c danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc nh food, meat, money,
sand, water ... ®èi khi ®îc dïng nh c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®Ó
chØ c¸c d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c nhau cña danh tõ ®ã.
Ex: water -> waters (Níc -> nh÷ng vòng níc)
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Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi gian" lµ kh«ng
®Õm ®îc nhng khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn"
lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc.
Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng
thêi hiÖn ®¹i)
B¶ng sè 1 trang 45 lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®îc víi c¸c danh
tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc.
ViÖc x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc lµ hÕt
søc quan träng vµ thêng lµ bíc c¬ b¶n më ®Çu cho c¸c
bµi nghe/ ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL.
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Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ
"an"
Dïng "an" tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng:
o 4 nguyªn ©m A, E, I, O.
o 2 b¸n nguyªn ©m U, Y.
o Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an heir/ an
hour)
o Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an S.O.S/ an
M.P)
o Lu ý: §øng tríc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i
dïng "a" (a university/ a uniform)
Dïng "a" tríc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.
§îc dïng tríc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ/
tÝnh chÊt/ ®Æc ®iÓm hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong
c©u.
Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè lîng nhÊt ®Þnh nh: a
lot of/ a great deal of/ a couple/ a dozen.
Dïng tríc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh thêng lµ hµng ngµn,
hµng tr¨m nh a/ one hundred - a/one thousand.
Dïng tríc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ
nguyªn vÑn: a kilo and a half, hay khi nã ®i ghÐp víi mét
danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi): a
half - share, a half - holiday (ngµy lÔ chØ nghØ nöa ngµy).
Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one
fifth.
Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ: $5 a
kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day.
Dïng tríc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®îc. trong c¸c th¸n tõ
what a nice day/ such a long life.
A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ bµ/ c« nµo ®ã
(kh«ng quen biÕt)
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Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"
Dïng tríc mét danh tõ ®· ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh
chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong
c©u.
The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ
Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.
Dïng tríc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only.
Ex: The only way, the best day.
Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In
the 1990s
The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô
Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman
Tríc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt
Ex: She is in the (= her) garden
The + danh tõ sè Ýt tîng trng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc
®å vËt
Ex: The whale = whales (loµi c¸ voi), the deep-freeze (thøc
¨n ®«ng l¹nh)
Lu ý: Nhng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÜa "loµi ngêi" tuyÖt ®èi
kh«ng ®îc dïng "the".
Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÓ tõ khi loµi ngêi sinh
sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt nµy)
Dïng tríc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng
ngêi nhÊt ®Þnh trong x· héi.
Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÖm nhá/ The top offcial:
Giíi quan chøc cao cÊp
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The + adj: Tîng trng cho mét nhãm ngêi, chóng kh«ng bao
giê ®îc phÐp ë sè nhiÒu nhng ®îc xem lµ c¸c danh tõ sè
nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i cïng víi chóng ph¶i ë
ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled
are often very hard in their moving
The + tªn c¸c vïng/ khu vùc ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc
lÞch sö
Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic
The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ
used as adjective
Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole
(B¾c/ Nam Cùc)
Ex: Ex: The East End of London
(Khu ®«ng L«n §«n)
*Nhng kh«ng ®îc dïng THE tríc c¸c tõ nµy nÕu nã ®i
liÒn víi tªn ch©u lôc hoÆc quèc gia: West Germany, North
America...
The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp xíng/ dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn/ ban nh¹c
phæ th«ng
Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia
Orchestra/ The Beatles.
The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÝ)/ tµu biÓn/ c¸c
khinh khÝ cÇu.
Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg
The + hä mét gia ®×nh ë sè nhiÒu = gia ®×nh nhµ
Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children
Dïng tríc tªn hä cña mét ngêi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ngêi ®ã trong
sè nh÷ng ngêi trïng tªn.
Kh«ng ®îc dïng "the" tríc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong
ngµy trõ c¸c trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning
Ex:
The dinner that you invited me last week were
delecious.
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Kh«ng ®îc dïng "the" tríc mét sè danh tõ nh home, bed,
church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class,
college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi c¸c ®éng tõ vµ giíi
tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã v× môc ®Ých chÝnh hoÆc ra
khái ®ã còng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh.
Ex: Students go to school everyday.
Ex: The patient was released from hospital.
Nhng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh
b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng "the".
Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.
Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork
*Lu ý: trong American English hospital vµ university ph¶i
dïng víi THE:
Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient).
Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university
as a student).
Mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt
• Go to work = Go to the office.
• To be at work
• To be hard at work (lµm viÖc ch¨m chØ)
• To be in office (®¬ng nhiÖm) <> To be out of office
(§· m·n nhiÖm)
• Go to sea = ®i biÓn (nh nh÷ng thñy thñ)
• Go to the sea = ra biÓn, thêng ®Ó nghØ
• To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÓn
• To be at sea (ë trªn biÓn) trong mét chuyÕn h¶i
hµnh.
• go to town: §i vµo trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town
(ë trung t©m) khi town lµ cña ngêi nãi.
B¶ng sö dông "the" vµ kh«ng sö dông "the" trong mét sè
trêng hîp ®iÓn h×nh
Cã "The"
Kh«ng "The"
Dïng tríc tªn c¸c ®¹i d- Tríc tªn mét hå
¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh Ex: Lake Geneva
vµ c¸c hå (ë sè nhiÒu)
Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic
Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the
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Great Lakes
Tríc tªn mét ngän nói
Ex: Mount Vesuvius
Tríc tªn c¸c d·y nói
Tríc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh
Ex: The Rocky Mountains
hoÆc c¸c chßm sao
Tríc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ Ex: Venus, Mars
duy nhÊt trong vò trô
hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi
Tríc tªn c¸c trêng nµy
Ex: The earth, the moon
nÕu tríc nã lµ mét tªn
The Great Wall
riªng
The schools, colleges, Ex: Stetson University
universities + of + danh tõ
riªng
Tríc c¸c danh tõ ®i cïng
Ex: The University of Florida
víi mét sè ®Õm
Ex: Chapter three
the + sè thø tù + danh tõ
Ex: The third chapter.
Tríc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn
tranh khu vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn
tªn khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®îc
tÝnh tõ ho¸
Tríc tªn c¸c níc më ®Çu
Ex: The Korean War (=> The
b»ng New, mét tÝnh tõ chØ
Vietnamese economy)
híng hoÆc chØ cã mét tõ
Ex:
New
Zealand,
North
Tríc tªn c¸c níc cã hai tõ Korean, France
trë lªn (ngo¹i trõ Great
Britain)
Tríc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tØnh,
Ex: The United States
tiÓu bang, thµnh phè, quËn,
huyÖn
Ex: Europe, Florida
Tríc tªn c¸c níc ®îc coi
lµ mét quÇn ®¶o hoÆc mét
quÇn ®¶o
Ex: The Philipines
Tríc tªn c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc
sù kiÖn lÞch sö
Ex: The Constitution, The
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Magna Carta
Tríc tªn bÊt k× m«n thÓ
Tríc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc
thao nµo
thiÓu sè
Ex: baseball, basketball
Ex: the Indians
Tríc c¸c danh tõ trõu tîng (trõ mét sè trêng hîp
®Æc biÖt)
Ex: freedom, happiness
Tríc tªn c¸c m«n häc nãi
chung
Ex: mathematics
Tríc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô
thÓ
Tríc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt
Ex: The Solid matter Physics
Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving
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C¸ch sö dông another vµ
other.
Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt nghÜa nhng kh¸c nhau vÒ
mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®îc
Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm
®îc
another + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc
sè Ýt = mét c¸i n÷a, mét c¸i
kh¸c, mét ngêi n÷a, mét
ngêi kh¸c.
the other + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè Ýt = c¸i cßn l¹i (cña
mét bé), ngêi cßn l¹i (cña anOther + danh tõ kh«ng
®Õm ®îc = mét chót n÷a.
mét nhãm).
anOther + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc
sè nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy The other + danh tõ kh«ng
®Õm ®îc = chç cßn sãt l¹i.
c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ngêi n÷a, mÊy
ngêi kh¸c.
The other + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i
cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), nh÷ng
ngêi cßn l¹i (cña mét
nhãm).
Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.
(another = any other book - not specific)
I don't want this book. Please give me the other.
(the other = the other book, specific)
Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi The other
lµ x¸c ®Þnh, nÕu chñ ng÷ hoÆc danh tõ ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn ë
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trªn th× ë díi chØ cÇn dïng Another hoÆc other nh mét
®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
NÕu danh tõ ®îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu: Other -> Others.
Kh«ng bao giê ®îc dïng Others + danh tõ sè nhiÒu. ChØ ®îc dïng mét trong hai.
Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one
hoÆc ones ®»ng sau another hoÆc other.
Lu ý: This hoÆc That cã thÓ dïng víi one nhng These vµ
Those kh«ng ®îc dïng víi ones.
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C¸ch sö dông little, a little,
few, a few
Little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã
khuynh híng phñ ®Þnh)
Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
A little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó
Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries
Few + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu = cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó
(cã khuynh híng phñ ®Þnh)
Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading
A few + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu: cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó
Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.
Trong mét sè trêng hîp khi danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®îc nh¾c
®Õn th× ë phÝa díi chØ cÇn dïng little hoÆc few nh mét ®¹i
tõ lµ ®ñ.
Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.
Quite a few (®Õm ®îc) = Quite a bit (kh«ng ®Õm ®îc) = Quite
a lot (c¶ hai) = rÊt nhiÒu.
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Së h÷u c¸ch
The noun's + noun: ChØ ®îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ
ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho c¸c ®å vËt.
Ex: The student's book
The cat's legs.
§èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i chØ cÇn dïng
dÊu phÈy
Ex: The students' book.
Nhng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ ®æi sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng
"s" ë ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u c¸ch.
Ex: The children's toys.
The people's willing
NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ
nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.
Ex: Paul and Peter's room.
§èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i
cã thÓ chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy vµ nhÊn m¹nh ®u«i khi ®äc
hoÆc dïng së h÷u c¸ch vµ ph¶i thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc. Tªn
riªng kh«ng dïng "the" ®»ng tríc.
Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]
Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.
Nã ®îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kØ)
Ex: The 1990s' events: nh÷ng sù kiÖn cña thËp niªn 90
The 21st century's prospects.
Cã thÓ dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m trõ mïa xu©n vµ mïa
thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho hai mïa nµy th× ngêi viÕt
®· nh©n c¸ch ho¸ chóng. Ngµy nay ngêi ta dïng c¸c mïa
trong n¨m nh mét tÝnh tõ cho c¸c danh tõ ®»ng sau, Ýt
dïng së h÷u c¸ch.
Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chiÕc l¸ cña nµng thu.
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Dïng cho tªn c¸c c«ng ty lín, c¸c quèc gia
Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products.
food.
China's
§èi víi c¸c cöa hiÖu cã nghÒ nghiÖp ®Æc trng chØ cÇn dïng
danh tõ víi dÊu së h÷u.
Ex: In a florist's
At a hairdresser's
§Æc biÖt lµ c¸c tiÖm ¨n: Antonio's
Dïng tríc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ trong mét sè
thµnh ng÷
Ex: a stone's throw from ...(C¸ch n¬i ®©u mét tÇm ®¸ nÐm).
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