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Môc lôc Grammar Review.........................................................................................................1 1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun).................................. 1 Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"........................................................................3 Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"..............................................................................................4 C¸ch sö dông another vµ other.................................................................................9 C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few.................................................................... 11 Së h÷u c¸ch...............................................................................................................12 Verb............................................................................................................................ 14 1. Present....................................................................................................................................... 14 1) Simple Present........................................................................................................................ 14 2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)............................................................................................ 14 3) Present Perfect : Have + PII................................................................................................... 15 4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing..................................................................... 16 2. Past............................................................................................................................................ 17 1) Simple Past: V-ed................................................................................................................... 17 2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing.................................................................................... 17 3) Past Perfect: Had + PII........................................................................................................... 18 4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing...................................................................... 18 3. Future......................................................................................................................................... 19 1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form...................................................... 19 2) Near Future............................................................................................................................. 20 3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verbing........................................................................... 20 4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII.................................................................................. 21 Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ......................................................................22 1. C¸c trêng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ.................................................................... 22 2. C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt................23 3. C¸ch sö dông None vµ No....................................................................................................... 23 4. C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng) 24 5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷..................................................................................................................... 25 6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ................................................................................................................... 25 7. C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of:............................................................................ 27 8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu.......................................................................................... 27 9. Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are................................................................................................... 28 §¹i tõ.......................................................................................................................... 30 1. §¹i tõ nh©n xng (Chñ ng÷)....................................................................................................... 30 i 2. §¹i tõ nh©n xng t©n ng÷........................................................................................................... 31 3. TÝnh tõ së h÷u........................................................................................................................... 31 4. §¹i tõ së h÷u............................................................................................................................. 32 5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n........................................................................................................................ 32 T©n ng÷...................................................................................................................... 34 1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷................................................................................................ 34 2. Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷...................................................................................................... 34 3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt................................................................................................................ 35 4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ................................................................................................... 36 5. VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tríc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷.................37 C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt....................................................... 39 1. Need........................................................................................................................................... 39 1) Dïng nh mét ®éng tõ thêng: ®îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã........................39 2) Need ®îc sö dông nh mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt.................................................................... 39 2. Dare............................................................................................................................................ 40 1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m".................................................................................................... 40 2) Dare dïng nh mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ............................................................................................. 40 C¸ch sö dông to be trong mét sè trêng hîp ........................................................ 42 C¸ch sö dông to get trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt......................................... 45 1. To get + P2................................................................................................................................. 45 2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g×............................................................................. 45 3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu............................................................................... 45 4. Get + to + verb........................................................................................................................... 45 5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) = Gradually = dÇn dÇn...................................................................................................................... 46 C©u hái....................................................................................................................... 47 1. C©u hái Yes/ No......................................................................................................................... 47 2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o.................................................................................................................... 47 a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷........................................................................................................... 47 b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷........................................................................................................ 47 c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why................................................... 48 3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp....................................................................................................................... 48 4. C©u hái cã ®u«i......................................................................................................................... 48 Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh................................................................50 1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh................................................................................................................................ 50 2. Phñ ®Þnh.................................................................................................................................... 50 C©u phñ ®Þnh............................................................................................................. 52 MÖnh lÖnh thøc .........................................................................................................55 §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt.............................................................................................. 56 ii C©u ®iÒu kiÖn.............................................................................................................57 1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i............................................................................... 57 2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i......................................................................... 57 3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø........................................................................ 57 C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau if............................... 58 Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña if................................................................................. 60 1. If... then: NÕu... th×.................................................................................................................... 60 2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn: §éng tõ ë c¸c mÖnh ®Ò diÔn biÕn b×nh thêng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã............................................................................................... 60 3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n (Xem thªm phÇn sö dông should trong mét sè trêng hîp cô thÓ)...................................................... 60 4. If.. was/were to.......................................................................................................................... 60 5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo................................................... 61 6. Not ®«i khi ®îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n. 61 7. It would... if + subject + would... (sÏ lµ... nÕu – kh«ng ® îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt)................61 8. If... ‘d have... ‘have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø.......................................................................................................... 62 9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l îc bá).......................................................... 62 10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh any/anything/ever/not diÔn ®¹t phñ ®Þnh..............62 11. If + Adjective = although (cho dï lµ) .................................................................................... 63 C¸ch sö dông to Hope, to Wish...............................................................................64 1. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t¬ng lai........................................................................................... 64 2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i......................................................................... 64 3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø........................................................................ 64 C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh lµ, nh thÓ lµ)..........................66 Used to, to be/get used to........................................................................................67 C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ would rather...................................................................68 1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷.......................................................................................................... 68 2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷........................................................................................................... 68 a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i..................................................................................................... 69 b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë hiÖn t¹i............................................................................ 69 c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®îc ë qu¸ khø........................................................................... 69 C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would like.......................................................................70 C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i . 72 1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ...................................................... 72 2. Should + Verb in simple form.................................................................................................. 72 3. Must + Verb in simple form...................................................................................................... 72 iii C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø 74 1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®·............................................................................... 74 2. Could have + P2 = LÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng)..................................................... 74 3. Might have been + V-ing = Cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang......................................................................... 74 4. Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn................................................................................ 74 5. Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®·....................................................................................................... 74 6. Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang................................................................................ 74 C¸c vÊn ®Ò sö dông should trong mét sè trêng hîp cô thÓ................................ 76 TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ....................................................................................................... 78 §éng tõ nèi................................................................................................................ 80 C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ.................................................................82 1. So s¸nh b»ng............................................................................................................................ 82 2. So s¸nh h¬n kÐm...................................................................................................................... 83 3. So s¸nh hîp lý ......................................................................................................................... 84 4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt....................................................................................................................... 85 5. So s¸nh ®a béi.......................................................................................................................... 86 6. So s¸nh kÐp............................................................................................................................... 86 7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ®·....................................................................... 87 8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ngêi hoÆc 2 vËt................................................................................................ 88 9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt...................................................................................................................... 88 Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ..........................................................................................90 Enough.......................................................................................................................91 Mét sè trêng hîp cô thÓ dïng Much & Many.........................................................92 Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ c¸ch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/ much...........................................................................................................................94 Mét sè c¸ch dïng cô thÓ cña more & most........................................................... 95 C¸ch dïng long & (for) a long time.........................................................................97 Tõ nèi..........................................................................................................................98 1. Because, Because of................................................................................................................ 98 Because of = on account of = due to.......................................................................................... 98 2. Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶................................................................................................ 98 3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶......................................................................................... 99 4. Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c......................................................................... 100 C©u bÞ ®éng............................................................................................................. 103 §éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n......................................................................................107 1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g× ............................ 107 iv 2. To have/to get sth done = §a c¸i g× ®i lµm............................................................................ 107 3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth............................................................................ 107 4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao.............................................................................. 107 5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao..................................................................... 107 6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai lµm g× ........................ 108 7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm g×......................................................................... 108 8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt .................................................................................................................. 108 C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ............................................................ 110 1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô.............................................................................. 110 2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô............................................................................... 110 3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô............................................................................................. 111 4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô........................................................................................... 111 5. MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc........................................................................... 111 1) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc................................................................................................... 111 2) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc.......................................................................................... 112 6. TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô.................................... 112 7. C¸ch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ......................... 113 8. Whose = cña ngêi mµ, cña con mµ........................................................................................ 113 9. C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô..................................................................................................... 114 C¸ch sö dông P1 trong mét sè trêng hîp............................................................115 10. Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ................................................................................ 115 11. P1 ®îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi........................................................................ 116 C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2)........................... 118 Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that...................................................................... 120 1. That dïng víi t c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng)............................................................................. 120 2. MÖnh ®Ò that............................................................................................................................ 120 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh.............................................................................................................122 1. Dïng víi would rather that..................................................................................................... 122 2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ.................................................................................................................... 122 3. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ....................................................................................................................... 123 4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè trêng hîp kh¸c..................................................................... 124 5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time................................................................................. 125 Lèi nãi bao hµm.......................................................................................................127 1. Not only ..... but also............................................................................................................... 127 2. As well as: Còng nh................................................................................................................ 127 3. Both ..... and............................................................................................................................ 128 C¸ch sö dông to know, to know how....................................................................129 v MÖnh ®Ò nhîng bé.................................................................................................. 130 1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp................................................................................................. 130 2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu........................................................................... 130 3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× .................................................. 130 4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier ............................. 131 Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn...........................................................................132 Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c......................................................................... 135 Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ................................................................................... 137 C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell................................................................................... 139 §¹i tõ nh©n xng one vµ you................................................................................... 140 Tõ ®i tríc ®Ó giíi thiÖu........................................................................................... 141 C¸ch sö dông c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô...................................................142 Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ........................................................................................145 1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:............145 2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:............145 C©u thõa...................................................................................................................146 CÊu tróc c©u song song.........................................................................................147 Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp............................................................................. 148 1. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp................................................................................................ 148 §éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp......................................................150 Sù ®¶o ngîc phã tõ................................................................................................ 151 1. Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u................................................................ 151 C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p .......................155 1. KiÓm tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåm.......................................................................... 155 2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh rêm rµ:........................................................................ 155 3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ® îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho nghÜa cña bµi, ®Æc biÖt lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ.................................................................................................. 156 4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ® îc phÐp dïng trong v¨n viÕt qui chuÈn...................................................................................................................................... 156 Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn.....................................................................................157 Phô lôc: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c:...............................................160 Giíi tõ.......................................................................................................................163 Ng÷ ®éng tõ.............................................................................................................167 Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc....................................................................170 vi vii Grammar Review Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm c¸c thµnh phÇn sau ®©y SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER (OBJECT) DIRECT INDIRECT SUBJECT cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét VERB_ING, mét ®¹i tõ, song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ mét danh tõ. Chóng bao giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. V× lµ danh tõ nªn chóng liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau: 1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun)  Danh tõ ®Õm ®îc: Dïng ®îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng ®îc víi "a" vµ "the".  Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc: Kh«ng dïng ®îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã kh«ng thÓ dïng ®îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt.  Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt.  Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®îc cã d¹ng sè Ýt/ sè nhiÒu nh nhau chØ ph©n biÖt b»ng cã "a" vµ kh«ng cã "a" Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.  Mét sè c¸c danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc nh food, meat, money, sand, water ... ®èi khi ®îc dïng nh c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c nhau cña danh tõ ®ã. Ex: water -> waters (Níc -> nh÷ng vòng níc) 1  Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi gian" lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc nhng khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn" lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc. Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng thêi hiÖn ®¹i)  B¶ng sè 1 trang 45 lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®îc víi c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc.  ViÖc x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ ®Õm ®îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc lµ hÕt søc quan träng vµ thêng lµ bíc c¬ b¶n më ®Çu cho c¸c bµi nghe/ ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL. 2 Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"  Dïng "an" tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng: o 4 nguyªn ©m A, E, I, O. o 2 b¸n nguyªn ©m U, Y. o Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an heir/ an hour) o Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an S.O.S/ an M.P) o Lu ý: §øng tríc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i dïng "a" (a university/ a uniform)  Dïng "a" tríc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.  §îc dïng tríc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ/ tÝnh chÊt/ ®Æc ®iÓm hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.  Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè lîng nhÊt ®Þnh nh: a lot of/ a great deal of/ a couple/ a dozen.  Dïng tríc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh thêng lµ hµng ngµn, hµng tr¨m nh a/ one hundred - a/one thousand.  Dïng tríc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn: a kilo and a half, hay khi nã ®i ghÐp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngµy lÔ chØ nghØ nöa ngµy).  Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.  Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day.  Dïng tríc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®îc. trong c¸c th¸n tõ what a nice day/ such a long life.  A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ bµ/ c« nµo ®ã (kh«ng quen biÕt) 3 Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"  Dïng tríc mét danh tõ ®· ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.  The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.  Dïng tríc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only. Ex: The only way, the best day.  Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In the 1990s  The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman  Tríc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt Ex: She is in the (= her) garden  The + danh tõ sè Ýt tîng trng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt Ex: The whale = whales (loµi c¸ voi), the deep-freeze (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh) Lu ý: Nhng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÜa "loµi ngêi" tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®îc dïng "the". Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÓ tõ khi loµi ngêi sinh sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt nµy)  Dïng tríc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ngêi nhÊt ®Þnh trong x· héi. Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÖm nhá/ The top offcial: Giíi quan chøc cao cÊp 4  The + adj: Tîng trng cho mét nhãm ngêi, chóng kh«ng bao giê ®îc phÐp ë sè nhiÒu nhng ®îc xem lµ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i cïng víi chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu. Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving  The + tªn c¸c vïng/ khu vùc ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic  The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ used as adjective Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole (B¾c/ Nam Cùc) Ex: Ex: The East End of London (Khu ®«ng L«n §«n) *Nhng kh«ng ®îc dïng THE tríc c¸c tõ nµy nÕu nã ®i liÒn víi tªn ch©u lôc hoÆc quèc gia: West Germany, North America...  The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp xíng/ dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn/ ban nh¹c phæ th«ng Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.  The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÝ)/ tµu biÓn/ c¸c khinh khÝ cÇu. Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg  The + hä mét gia ®×nh ë sè nhiÒu = gia ®×nh nhµ Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children  Dïng tríc tªn hä cña mét ngêi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ngêi ®ã trong sè nh÷ng ngêi trïng tªn.  Kh«ng ®îc dïng "the" tríc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ngµy trõ c¸c trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt. Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious. 5  Kh«ng ®îc dïng "the" tríc mét sè danh tõ nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi c¸c ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã v× môc ®Ých chÝnh hoÆc ra khái ®ã còng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh. Ex: Students go to school everyday. Ex: The patient was released from hospital.  Nhng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng "the". Ex: Students go to the school for a class party. Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork *Lu ý: trong American English hospital vµ university ph¶i dïng víi THE: Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient). Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university as a student).  Mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt • Go to work = Go to the office. • To be at work • To be hard at work (lµm viÖc ch¨m chØ) • To be in office (®¬ng nhiÖm) <> To be out of office (§· m·n nhiÖm) • Go to sea = ®i biÓn (nh nh÷ng thñy thñ) • Go to the sea = ra biÓn, thêng ®Ó nghØ • To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÓn • To be at sea (ë trªn biÓn) trong mét chuyÕn h¶i hµnh. • go to town: §i vµo trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town (ë trung t©m) khi town lµ cña ngêi nãi. B¶ng sö dông "the" vµ kh«ng sö dông "the" trong mét sè trêng hîp ®iÓn h×nh Cã "The" Kh«ng "The"  Dïng tríc tªn c¸c ®¹i d-  Tríc tªn mét hå ¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh Ex: Lake Geneva vµ c¸c hå (ë sè nhiÒu) Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the 6 Great Lakes  Tríc tªn mét ngän nói Ex: Mount Vesuvius  Tríc tªn c¸c d·y nói  Tríc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh Ex: The Rocky Mountains hoÆc c¸c chßm sao  Tríc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ Ex: Venus, Mars duy nhÊt trong vò trô hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi  Tríc tªn c¸c trêng nµy Ex: The earth, the moon nÕu tríc nã lµ mét tªn The Great Wall riªng  The schools, colleges, Ex: Stetson University universities + of + danh tõ riªng  Tríc c¸c danh tõ ®i cïng Ex: The University of Florida víi mét sè ®Õm Ex: Chapter three  the + sè thø tù + danh tõ Ex: The third chapter.  Tríc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®îc tÝnh tõ ho¸  Tríc tªn c¸c níc më ®Çu Ex: The Korean War (=> The b»ng New, mét tÝnh tõ chØ Vietnamese economy) híng hoÆc chØ cã mét tõ Ex: New Zealand, North  Tríc tªn c¸c níc cã hai tõ Korean, France trë lªn (ngo¹i trõ Great Britain)  Tríc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tØnh, Ex: The United States tiÓu bang, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn Ex: Europe, Florida  Tríc tªn c¸c níc ®îc coi lµ mét quÇn ®¶o hoÆc mét quÇn ®¶o Ex: The Philipines  Tríc tªn c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn lÞch sö Ex: The Constitution, The 7 Magna Carta  Tríc tªn bÊt k× m«n thÓ  Tríc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thao nµo thiÓu sè Ex: baseball, basketball Ex: the Indians  Tríc c¸c danh tõ trõu tîng (trõ mét sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt) Ex: freedom, happiness  Tríc tªn c¸c m«n häc nãi chung Ex: mathematics  Tríc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ  Tríc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt Ex: The Solid matter Physics Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving 8 C¸ch sö dông another vµ other. Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt nghÜa nhng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p. Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®îc Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc  another + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè Ýt = mét c¸i n÷a, mét c¸i kh¸c, mét ngêi n÷a, mét ngêi kh¸c.  the other + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè Ýt = c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), ngêi cßn l¹i (cña  anOther + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = mét chót n÷a. mét nhãm).  anOther + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy  The other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = chç cßn sãt l¹i. c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ngêi n÷a, mÊy ngêi kh¸c.  The other + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), nh÷ng ngêi cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm). Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another. (another = any other book - not specific) I don't want this book. Please give me the other. (the other = the other book, specific)  Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi The other lµ x¸c ®Þnh, nÕu chñ ng÷ hoÆc danh tõ ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn ë 9 trªn th× ë díi chØ cÇn dïng Another hoÆc other nh mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.  NÕu danh tõ ®îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu: Other -> Others. Kh«ng bao giê ®îc dïng Others + danh tõ sè nhiÒu. ChØ ®îc dïng mét trong hai.  Trong mét sè trêng hîp ngêi ta dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones ®»ng sau another hoÆc other. Lu ý: This hoÆc That cã thÓ dïng víi one nhng These vµ Those kh«ng ®îc dïng víi ones. 10 C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few  Little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh híng phñ ®Þnh) Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.  A little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc = cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries  Few + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu = cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh híng phñ ®Þnh) Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading  A few + danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sè nhiÒu: cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.  Trong mét sè trêng hîp khi danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë phÝa díi chØ cÇn dïng little hoÆc few nh mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ. Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.  Quite a few (®Õm ®îc) = Quite a bit (kh«ng ®Õm ®îc) = Quite a lot (c¶ hai) = rÊt nhiÒu. 11 Së h÷u c¸ch  The noun's + noun: ChØ ®îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ ngêi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho c¸c ®å vËt. Ex: The student's book The cat's legs.  §èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy Ex: The students' book.  Nhng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ ®æi sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng "s" ë ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u c¸ch. Ex: The children's toys. The people's willing  NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u. Ex: Paul and Peter's room.  §èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i cã thÓ chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy vµ nhÊn m¹nh ®u«i khi ®äc hoÆc dïng së h÷u c¸ch vµ ph¶i thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc. Tªn riªng kh«ng dïng "the" ®»ng tríc. Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz] Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.  Nã ®îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kØ) Ex: The 1990s' events: nh÷ng sù kiÖn cña thËp niªn 90 The 21st century's prospects.  Cã thÓ dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m trõ mïa xu©n vµ mïa thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho hai mïa nµy th× ngêi viÕt ®· nh©n c¸ch ho¸ chóng. Ngµy nay ngêi ta dïng c¸c mïa trong n¨m nh mét tÝnh tõ cho c¸c danh tõ ®»ng sau, Ýt dïng së h÷u c¸ch. Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chiÕc l¸ cña nµng thu. 12  Dïng cho tªn c¸c c«ng ty lín, c¸c quèc gia Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products. food. China's  §èi víi c¸c cöa hiÖu cã nghÒ nghiÖp ®Æc trng chØ cÇn dïng danh tõ víi dÊu së h÷u. Ex: In a florist's At a hairdresser's §Æc biÖt lµ c¸c tiÖm ¨n: Antonio's  Dïng tríc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ trong mét sè thµnh ng÷ Ex: a stone's throw from ...(C¸ch n¬i ®©u mét tÇm ®¸ nÐm). 13
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