Tài liệu CHUYÊN ĐỀ CÂU ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG TIẾNG ANH

CHYÊN ĐỀ DẠY ÔN THI ĐẠI HỌC MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 12 Giáo viên: Th.S Lê Thị Minh Huệ- GV tiếng anh Chức vụ: Tổ phó chuyên môn tổ NN-TD TRƯỜNG THPT BÌNH XUYÊN CHUYÊN ĐỀ CÂU ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG TIẾNG ANH INVERSION IN ENGLISH( Dự kiến thời gian: 6 tiết ) I. KHÁI QUÁT CHUNG Trong một số trường hợp các phó từ không đứng ở vị trí bình thường của nó mà đảo lên đứng ở đầu câu nhằm nhấn mạnh vào hành động của chủ ngữ. Người ta gọi đó là câu đảo ngữ. Đảo ngữ là hình thức đặt động từ/ trộ động từ trước chủ ngữ trong câu, với dụng ý nhấn mạnh về một sự việc hay một chủ thể nhất định được đề cập tới trong câu. Trong các bài thi, học sinh sẽ phải đối mặt với các lựa chọn khác nhau, vì thế việc phân biệt được ngữ cảnh và ý nghĩa của câu là rất quan trọng trong việc xác định liệu câu đó có phải là câu đảo ngữ hay không để có thể chọn đáp án cho đúng. Hay đơn giản là bài tập viết lại câu bình thường thành câu nhấn mạnh sử dụng cấu trúc đảo ngữ bắt đầu bằng một từ xác định hoặc biến đổi từ cấu trúc đảo ngữ này sang cấu trúc đảo ngữ kia và vẫn giữ nguyên ý nghĩa. Do đó, bài viết này sẽ đề cập đến những dạng đảo ngữ thường gặp trong các bài đọc, bài thi, bài kiểm tra từ đó giúp các em tự tin hơn trong phân việc phân tích và làm bài. Trong chuyên đề này, tác giả cũng trích dẫn các câu có liên quan tới câu đảo ngữ từ các đề thi đại học của bộ GD-ĐT trong những năm gần đây và các bài tập thực hành ở cả dạng trắc nghiệm khách quan cũng như tự luận. Trong tiếng Anh có 2 cách đảo chính. Cách 1: Đưa các trạng từ cần thiết lên đầu câu, tiếp đó đặt trợ động từ trước chủ ngữ rồi cuối cùng là một động từ chính của câu. Adverb + auxiliary + S + main verb Ví dụ: Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar. At no time (= never) did I say I would accept late homework. Cách 2: Đảo đặc biệt- thay đổi trật tự từ, cụm giới từ được đưa lên trước động từ rồi cuối cùng là chủ ngữ. Adverb (chỉ địa chỉ, nơi chốn) + Verb( chia theo thì) + S( phải là danh từ) 1 Ví dụ: On the grass sat an enormous frog. Along the road came a strange procession. Cách 1 được sử dụng rộng rãi với nhiều hình thức đảo khác nhau. Dưới đây là những hình thức đảo chủ yếu: II. CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP SỬ DỤNG CÂU ĐẢO NGỮ 1. Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ phủ định: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Hardly ever,.....hiếm khi mà Never/ Rarely/ Seldom /Little/ Hardly ever+ auxiliary+ S+ V Eg: Never in mid-summer does it snow. Hardly ever does he speak in the public. Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar. 2. Đảo ngữ với NO và NOT No + N + auxiliary + S + Verb(inf) Not any + N + auxiliary + S + verb(inf) Eg: No money shall I lend you from now on. = Not any money shall I lend you from now on. 3. Đảo ngữ với ONLY Only one Only later Chỉ bằng cách này/ kia Only in this way: Only in that way: Eg: Only in this way could the problem be solved Only one did I meet her Only then + auxiliary+ S+ V Only after+ N: Chỉ sau khi làm gì Eg: Only after all guest had gone home could we relax Only by V_ing/ N: Chỉ bằng cách làm gì Eg: Only by practising English everyday can you speak it fluently Only when+ clause: Chỉ khi làm gì Eg: Only when her friends told me did I know she had been well-known. Only when I understand her did I like her 2 Only with+ N: Chỉ với cái gì Eg: Only with the bank's loan could he buy the car. Only if + clause Only in + adv of time/ place 4. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có No At no time: Không bao giờ Eg: The result of the match was never in doubt => At no time/never was the result of the match in doubt On no condition On no account + auxiliary+ S+ N: Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không Eg: On no accout must this switch be touched. On no account should you be late for the Exam. Under/ in no circumstances: Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không Eg: Under no circumstances should you lend him the money. For no reason In no way: Không sao có thể Eg: In no way could I agree with you. No longer: Không còn nữa Eg: The money is not tobe paid under any circumstances = Under no circumsstances is the money tobe paid Eg: On no condition shall we accept their proposal By no means: Hoàn toàn không Eg: By no means does he intend to criticize your idea. 5. Đảo ngữ diễn tả 2 sự việc liên tiếp xảy ra No sooner.......... than.....Vừa mới...thì đã... Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely........ When/ before Eg: Hardly had I arrived home when the telephone rang. (= I had hardly arrived home when the telephone rang.) Scarcely had she finished reading when she fell asleep. (= She had scarcely finished reading when she fell asleep.) Barely had they won the match when the coach had a heart attack. 3 (= They had barely won the match when the coach had a heart attack.) No sooner had the company launched its new product than it went bankrupt. (= The company had no sooner launched its new product than it went bankrupt.) No sooner did they realize that they had made a mistake than the company went bankrupt. (= They no sooner realized that they had made a mistake than the company went bankrupt.) 6. Đảo ngữ với Not only....... but......also.....không những…….mà còn….. Not only + trợ động từ + S +V + but also + S + V… hoặc Not only + trợ động từ + S + V but.... also.......... Eg: Not only is he good at E but he also draw very well Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly Not only does he study well, but also he sings well. 7. Đảo ngữ với SO So+ adj/ adv + auxiliary + S+V+ that clause Eg: So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep. So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare. So dark is it that I can't write So busy am I that I don't have time to look after myself So difficult was the exam that few student pass it So attractive is she that many boys run after her So intelligent is that she can answer all questions in the interview 8. Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “Such” mang cấu trúc như sau: “Such + to be + Danh từ +…” Eg: Such is the moment that all greats traverse. (Thật là thời khắc trở ngại lớn lao). · Such is the stuff of dreams. (Thật là một giấc mơ vô nghĩa). Lưu ý: Thường khi gặp “so great, so much + Noun” thì ta dùng đảo ngữ với “such” Eg: The problem is so great that everybody is concerned of it. => Such is the problem that everybody is concerned of it. 4 There is so much uncertainty that I will not invest my money. => Such is there uncertainty that I will not invest my money. 9. Đảo ngữ với until/ till+ clause/ adv of time+ auxiliary+ S+ V Eg: I won't come home till 10 o'clock =Not until/ till o'clock that I will come home = It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home I didn't know that I had lost my key till I got home = Not until/ till I got home did I know that I had lost my key 10. Đảo ngữ với No where+ auxiliary+ S+V Eg: No where in Vietnam is the scenery as beautiful as that in my country. No where do I feel as comfortable as I do at home. No where can you buy the goods as good as those in my country. 11. Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện a, Câu đk loại 1: If clause = should+S+V (Lưu ý: Dùng SHOULD để nói về khả năng xảy ra ít chắc chắn hơn) Eg: Should she come late she wil miss the train. Should he lend me some money I will buy that house. b, Câu đk loại 2:If clause= Were S +to V/ Were+S (Lưu ý: Dùng WERE TO để nói về khả năng xảy ra ít chắc chắn hơn) Eg: If I were you I would work harder =Were I you........ If I knew her I would invite her to the party= Were I to know her........ c, Câu đk loại 3 : If clause = Had+S+V3ED Eg: If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam = Had my parents not encouraged me.......... 12. Đảo ngữ dạng rút gọn chỉ sự tán thành hay không đồng ý - So: dùng để thể hiện sự đồng tình với một câu khẳng định Eg: So + auxiliary + S - A: I am a student. B: I am a student, too. = So am I. - Lan: I kike English very much. Nam: I like English, too. = So do I - Neither/ Nor dùng để thể hiện sự đồng tình với một vâu phủ định Neither + auxiliary + S 5 Eg: - Tom: I’m not good at mathematics. John: I’m not good at mathematics, either. = Neither am I. - A: I can’t play tennis. B: I can’t play tennis, either. = Neither can I. 13. Các trường hợp đảo ngữ với cụm giới từ • Khi một mệnh đề mở đầu bằng các thành ngữ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc trật tự thì động từ chính có thể đảo lên chủ ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ trong trường hợp này. Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary) Eg: In front of the museum is a statue. First came the ambulance, then came the police.(Thoạt đầu là xe cứu thương chạy đến, tiếp sau là cảnh sát.) • Khi một ngữ giới từ làm phó từ chỉ địa điểm hoặc phương hướng đứng ở đầu câu, các nội động từ đặt lên trước chủ ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ trong loại câu này. Nó rất phổ biến trong văn mô tả khi muốn diễn đạt một chủ ngữ không xác định: Eg: Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen. Directly in front of them stood a great castle. On the grass sat an enormous frog. Along the road came a strange procession. • Tân ngữ mang tính nhấn mạnh cũng có thể đảo lên đầu câu: Eg: Not a single word did he say. • Các phó từ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up... có thể theo sau là một động từ chuyển động và sau đó là một danh từ làm chủ ngữ: – Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up...+ motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject. Eg: Away went the runners.Down fell a dozen of apples... – Nhưng nếu một đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ thì động từ phải để sau chủ ngữ: Eg: Away they went. Round and round it flew. – Trong tiếng Anh viết (written English) các ngữ giới từ mở đầu bằng các giới từ down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up... có thể được theo sau ngay bởi động 6 từ chỉ vị trí (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand...) hoặc các dạng động từ chỉ chuyển động, các động từ như be born/ die/ live và một số dạng động từ khác. Eg: From the rafters hung strings of onions. In the doorway stood a man with a gun. On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot. Over the wall came a shower of stones. *Chú ý: các ví dụ trên có thể diễn đạt bằng một V-ing mở đầu cho câu và động từ to be đảo lên trên chủ ngữ: Eg: Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion. Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun. Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot. III. CÁC CÂU ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG ĐỀ THI ĐẠI HỌC CAO ĐẲNG CÁC NĂM Đề thi tuyển sinh Đại học năm 2007, mã đề 254 Câu 12: _______ that she burst into tears. A. Her anger was such B. So angry she was C. She was so anger D. Such her anger was Câu 25: No sooner had she put the telephone down than her boss rang back. A. As soon as her boss rang back, she put down the telephone. B. Scarcely had she put the telephone down when her boss rang back. C. Hardly she had hung up, she rang her boss immediately. D. She had hardly put the telephone down without her boss rang back. Câu 30: Never before ______ as accelerated as they are now during the technological age. A. have historical changes been B. have been historical changes C. historical changes have been D. historical have changes been Đề thi tuyển sinh Cao đẳng năm 2008 Câu 23: _______, they would have had what they wanted. A. If they arrived at the fair early B. Had they arrived at the fair early C. Unless they arrived at the fair early enough D. Supposing they were arriving at the fair early 7 Câu 71: ______, he would have learned how to read. A. If he has been able to go school as a child B. If he could go to school as a child C. Were he able to go to school as a child D. Had he been able to go to school as a child Đề thi tuyển sinh Đại học năm 2009 Question 9: Not until the end of the 19th century ______ become a scientific discipline. A. plant breeding has B. did plant breeding C. plant breeding had D. has plant breeding Question 28: Had she worked harder last summer, she ______. A. wouldn't have been sacked B. wouldn't have sacked C. wouldn't sack D. wouldn't be sacked Đề thi tuyển sinh Cao đẳng năm 2009 Question 44: ______ he arrived at the bus stop when the bus came. A. No longer has B. No sooner had C. Not until had D. Hardly had Question 61: Only when you grow up ______ the truth. A. you will know B. you know C. do you know D. will you know Đề thi tuyển sinh Cao đẳng năm 2010 Question 42: ______ but he also proved himself a good athlete. A. Not only he showed himself a good student B. He did not show himself only a good student C. Not only did he show himself a good student D. A good student not only showed him Đề thi tuyển sinh Đại học năm 2011, mã đề 195 Question 17: Hardly did he enter(A) the room when(B) all the light(C) went (D)out. Đề thi tuyển sinh Đại học năm 2012, mã đề 426 Question 1: Not until he got (A) home he realized (B) he had forgotten to give her (C) the present (D). Question 13: …………… make a good impression on her. 8 A. Only by doing so can I B. Only so doing I can C. Only by so doing I can D. Only by doing so I can Đề thi tuyển sinh Đại học năm 2013, mã đề 475 Question42: Scarely had he stepped out the room….he heard a loud laughter within. A. until B. then C. than D. when IV. LUYỆN TẬP Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences 1. Never ______ me again. A. will she love B. she loves C. she won’t love D. she will love 2. Not only ______ but she is also intelligent. A. she is beautiful B. beautiful she is C. is she beautiful D. beautiful is she 3. No sooner _______ out than it rained. A. did I go B. I went C. had I gone D. I had gone C. he doesn’t play D. he does play 4. Seldom ______ the guitar. A. he plays B. does he play 5. Hardly _____ a word when her son came back. A. couldn’t she say B. she could say C. she couldn’t say D. could she say 6. Often ______ a meeting. A. do we have B. we do have C. have we D. we have 7. Many a time ______ he wants to marry me. A. said he B. he said C. has he said D. he has said 8. Only at weekend _____ my kids to Water Park. A. I don’t take B. do I take C. I take D. I do take C. wasn’t she D. was she 9. So old _____ that she couldn’t dance. A. she wasn’t B. she was 10. ______ here yesterday, you would have met me. A. Were you B. You were C. Had you been D. You had been 11. On the battle field _____. 9 A. the tanks did lie B. the tanks lay C. did the tanks lie D. lay the tanks 12. Nowhere ______ such cooperative staff. A. you can find B. you found C. you could find D. can you find 13. Never before ______ in an earnest attempt to resolve their differences. A. have the leaders of these two countries met B. the leaders of these two countries have meet C. have the leaders of these two countries meet D. met the leaders of these two countries 14. Only by studying hard ______ this exam. A. can you pass B. you can pass C. pass you can D. can pass you 15. Seldom ______ a newspaper. A. buy Anna B. does Anna buy C. bought Anna D. Anna does buy 16. Not only _____ at the post office, ______ at the grocery store. A. does Mary work / but she also works B. works Mary / but she also works C. does Mary work / but does she also work D. works Mary / but does she also work 17. No sooner _________ the house than the phone started to ring. A. had she entered B. she had entered C. entered she D. had entered she 18. Beside the roadside__________. A. a horse stood B. does a horse stand C. did a horse stand D. stood a horse 19. Only after they send you an application ________. A. can you apply B. you can apply C. do you apply D. did you apply 20. At no time ______ greater opportunities. A. did women had B. has women had C. does women have D. have women had 21. Not once ______ into her eyes. A. he looked B. does he looked C. did he look D. looked he 22. On no account ______in the office be used for personal materials. 10 A. the photocopy machines B. should the photocopy machines C. the photocopy machines should D. does the photocopy machines 23. Rarely _______ permission to return to homes contaminated during a toxic waste accident. A. is people given B. do people given C. people given D. are people given 24. In front of the gate ______ the guard. A. did B. does C. did stand D. stood 25. Only on rare occasions _______ to the theatre. A. do they go B. they went C. go they D. went they 26. Only once a day ______ home. A. does Mary leave B. left Mary C. Mary leaves D. will Mary left 27. On the island _______ the only presentation of the Indian’ handicraft. A. remains B. does it remain C. did it remain D. remain it C. Should D. Will C. when D. For C. knows he D. knew he 28. _______ an emergency arise, call 911. A. Can B. Does 29. _______ has the work been so easy. A. Never B. Only by 30. Little ______ what is in store for him. A. he knows B. does he know 31. _______ the reservoir, the ancient village couldn’t have been discovered. A. Had the drought not lowered B. If had the drought not lowered C. The drought had not lowered D. Not had the drought lowered 32. Up ______ when it saw its master. A. jumped the dog B. did the dog jump C. the dog jumped D. does the dog jump 33. ______ have playing cards been used for card games but also for fortune- telling. A. Not as much B. Not only C. But also D. Never 34. ______ he driving too fast, but recklessly as well. A. Not only was B. Neither was C. Was not only D. Was either 35. Only once ______ late to school. 11 A. he came B. did he came C. came he D. did he come 36. Such ______ that he would stop at nothing. A. his ambition was B. did his ambition C. does his ambition D. was his ambition 37. Scarcely _______ the expense of new equipment ______ problem. A. should / considered B. did / be considered C. should / be considered D. was / be considered 38. Down_____ for three days last week. A. the rain poured B. did the rain pour C. poured the rain D. do the rain pour 39. ______ had the restaurant opened ______ people were flocking to eat there. A. hardly / than B. no sooner / that C. no sooner / than D. hardly / that 40. Under the tree ______ full of food. A. a basket was B. was a basket C. are a basket D. were a basket KEY TO INVERSION 1.A 2. C 3.C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. D 11.D 12. D 13.A 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. A 21.C 22. B 23.D 24. D 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. C 29. A 31.A 32. A 33.B 34. A 35. D 36. D 37. C 38. C 39. C Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings 10. C 20. D 30. B 40. B 1. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted. → So………………………………………………. 2. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk. → No sooner………………………………………………………….. 3. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her. → Hardly…………………………………………………………….. 4. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later. → Only when………………………………………………………… 5. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs. John. → Nowhere………………………………………………….……….. 6. The outcome of the election was never in doubt. → At no time……………………………………………………………. 7. He forgot about the gun until he got home. 12 → Not until………………………………………………………… 8. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard everyday. → Only by……………………………….……………………………… 9. John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing. → Not until …………………………………………………………… 10. It was only when I left home that I realized how much my father meant to me. → Only when ………………………………………….…………….. 11. Alice and Charles did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second child. → Only when ……………………………………………………..…. 12. Just as she put the phone down, it rang again. → Scarcely ………………………………..……………………………......... 13. It isn’t worth considering his suggestion for a moment. → Not for a moment ……………………………………………………..….. 14. She was so disgusted at her behaviour that he severed all contract with her. → Such ……………………………………………………………..……….. 15. If you had given it on time, you would have got a high mark. → Had ……………………………………………………………………..… 16. We stepped outside the front door, and it began to rain → No sooner ………………………………………...……………………….. 17. The film had never before laid on such a sumptuous celebration. → Never ……………………………………………………………………… 18. He is my friend as well as yours. → Not only …………………………………………………………………… 19. As soon as they arrived on the beach, it started to rain. → Hardly …………………………………………………………..………… 20. He seldom gave his wife a present. → Seldom ……………………………………………………………..……... KEYS: 1. So great was her grief that she almost fainted 2. No sooner had he returned from his walk than he got down to writing the letter 3. Hardly she begun to speak when people started interrupting her 13 4. Only when they told me about it later did I realize what I had missed 5. Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs. John. 6. At no time was the outcome of the election. 7. Not until he got home did he forget about the gun 8. Only by training hard everyday can you become a good athlete 9. Not until did John receive offer of promotion in writing that he celebrated. 10. Only when I left home did I realize how much my father meant to me. 11. Only when Alice and Charles (had) had their second children did they decide to move to a bigger house. 12. Scarcely had she put the phone down when it rang again 13. Not for a moment is it worth considering his suggestion 14. Such was his disgust at her behaviour that he severed all contact with her. 15. Had you given it on time, you would have got a high mark 16. No sooner had we stepped outside the front door, and it began to rain 17. Never before had the film laid on such a sumptuous celebration 18. Not only is he your friend, but he’s mine, too / but he’s also mine. 19. Hardly had they arrived on the beach when it started to rain 20. Seldom did he give his wife a present. Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings 1. She had never been so happy before. --> Never had she been so happy before. 2. I have never heard such nonsense! --> Never have I heard such nonsense! 3. I have never seen such a mess in my life. --> Never have I seen such a mess in my life. 4. Public borrowing has seldom been so high. --> Seldom has public borrowing been so high. 5. They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony. --> Seldom had they participated in such a fascinating ceremony. 6. They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success. --> Little did they suspect that the musical was going to be a runaway success. 7. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent. 14 --> Little did the embassy staff realize that Ted was a secret agent. 8. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed. --> Hardly had I begun to apologise when the door closed. 9. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property. --> In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers’ lost property. 10. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony. --> No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony. 11. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face. --> Only when Tom saw his wife’s face did he understand the meaning of the comment. 12. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances. --> Under no circumstances can the restaurant accept animals. 13. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice. --> Rarely did the artist pay any attention to his agent’s advice. 14. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted. –> So great was her grief that she almost fainted. 15. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk. –> No sooner had he returned from his walk than he got down to writing the letter. 16. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her. –> Hardly had she begun to speak when people started interrupting her. 17. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later. –> Only when they told me about it later did I realize what I had missed. 18. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs John. –> Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs John. 19. The outcome of the election was never in doubt. –> At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt. 20. He forgot about the gun until he got home. –> Not until he got home did he remember about the gun. 15