Tài liệu Câu điều kiện

Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ( CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN ) (Tài liệu Tổng Ôn kiến thức thi THPT Quốc Gia 2016 Môn Tiếng Anh ) Nguồn : https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ Câu điều kiện gồm có hai mệnh đề: một mệnh đề nêu lên điều kiện được gọi là mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (If - clause) và một mệnh đề còn lại nêu lên kết quả được gọi là mệnh đề chính (Main clause). Ví dụ: If it rains, I will stay at home. (= I will stay at home if it rains.) If- clause: If it rains Main clause: I will stay at home. Lưu ý: - Hai mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện có thể hoán đổi vị trí cho nhau. Nếu mệnh đề điều kiện (If – clause) đứng ở đầu câu thì mệnh đề này được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính (Main clause) bằng dấu phẩy (,). Trong tiếng Anh có ba loại câu điều kiện chính: câu điều kiện loại 1,2, và 3. Tuy nhiên cần lưu ý các loại biến thể khác trong câu điều kiện. A. TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Các loại câu điều kiện) I. Conditional sentence: type 1 (Câu điều kiện loại 1) 1. Cách dùng: - Diễn tả những hành động, sự việc có khả năng thực hiện được, hoặc có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. 2. Cấu trúc: If clause Present simple If + S + V/ Vs/es Main clause Future simple S + will + V (bare inf.) Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation. If Mary does not feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor. Lưu ý: Ngoài cách dùng trên ta còn có các cách dùng khác sau đây: 1. Diễn tả sự cho phép với can: Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 1 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ Ex: If you finish your homework, you can go out. 2. Diễn tả sự khuyên bảo với should: Ex: If you want to become a good student, you should study hard. Với cách dùng mở rộng này ta có thể dùng cấu trúc sau: If clause Present simple If + S + V/ V- s/es Main clause Future simple S + can/must/should… + V (bare inf.) 3. Diễn tả sự việc có thể xảy ra nhưng rất hiếm: Ex: If I should find any dust on the chair, I will slap your face. (với những trường hợp này, thì sau if ta nên dùng thêm “should”) 4. Dùng với thì hiện tại hoàn thành: Ex: If you have finished the report, let’s go for a walk 5. Dùng trong câu mệnh lệnh: If + S + V/V-s/es, + V (bare inf.) + O... Ex1: If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me. Ex2: Please call me if you hear anything from Jane. Ex3: If Tom comes, give him this grammar book. II. Conditional sentence: type 2 (Câu điều kiện loại 2) 1. Cách dùng: - Diễn tả những hành động, sự việc không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại; hoàn toàn trái ngược với thực trạng ở hiện tại. 2. Cấu trúc: If clause Past Subjunctive If + S + V(past)/were Main clause Present Conditional S + would + V (bare inf.) Ex1: If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming. (= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming.) Ex2: If Tom were here, he would know the answer. Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 2 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ (= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.) Ex3: I would call him if I knew his phone number. (= I don’t know his phone number, so I won’t call him.) Lưu ý: Past Subjunctive: (Quá khứ giả định) là hình thức quá khứ đơn của động từ nhưng ngoại trừ động từ “to be” chúng ta chỉ dùng một hình thức WERE cho tất cả các ngôi. Theo ngữ pháp truyền thống chúng ta dùng “were” cho tất cả các ngôi, nhưng theo ngữ pháp hiện nay “was” cũng được chấp nhận cho ngôi he, she, it và I. Biến thể cơ bản: COULD và MIGHT có thể thay thế cho WOULD để chỉ khả năng: Ex1: If he tried, he might succeed in his job. (= He might succeed in his job if he tried.) Ex2: My father could speak Spanish well if he lived in Spain. (If my father lived in Spain, he could speak Spanish well.) Ex3: If John worked hard, he could pass his exam. (John could pass his exam if he worked hard.) III. Conditional sentence: type 3 (Câu điều kiện loại 3) 1. Cách dùng: - Diễn tả những sự việc, hành động không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ; hoàn toàn trái ngược với thực trạng trong quá khứ. 2. Cấu trúc: If clause Past Perfect If + S + had + V (past participle) Main clause Perfect Conditional S + would have + V(past participle) Ex1. If I had known the answer, I would have told her. Ex2. I would have gotten the scholarship if I had studied harder. Lưu ý: Các biến thể cơ bản: - Dùng chỉ sự chủ quan, sự cho phép với could. Ex1: If I had taken part in the competition last week, I could have won a prize. Ex2: If you had finished your homework last night, you could have gone to the cinema. - Dùng chỉ khả năng khách quan với might. Ex: If it had rained much, the last crop might have been better. Ngoài ba loại câu điều kiện nêu trên còn có các loại điều kiện đặc biệt sau đây: IV. Conditional sentence: type zero (Câu điều kiện loại 0) Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 3 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ 1. Cách dùng: - Chúng ta dùng câu điều kiện loại 0 khi kết quả là luôn luôn đúng, hoàn toàn chắc chắn hoặc là một sự thật. Chúng ta không quan tâm hành động, sự việc là quá khứ, hiện tại hay tương lai. 2. Cấu trúc: If clause Main clause Present simple S + V/ V- s/es Present simple If + S + V/ V- s/es Ex: If you heat the ice, it smelts Hãy xem những ví dụ sau đây: IF Condition Result Present simple Present simple If I miss the 8 o'clock bus, I am late for work. If I am late for work, my boss gets angry. If people don't eat, they get hungry. V. Mixed conditional sentence: type 3 and 2 (Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 3 và 2) 1. Cách dùng: - Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 3 và 2 để diễn tả giả thuyết trái ngược với thực tế quá khứ nhưng kết quả thì trái ngược với hiện tại. 2. Cấu trúc: If clause Past Perfect If + S + had + V (past participle) Main clause Present Conditional S + would + V (bare inf.) Ex1: If he had worked harder at high school, he would be a university student now. (Nếu anh ra học hành chăm chỉ hơn, thì giờ đây anh ta đã là một sinh viên rồi.) Ex2: If I had taken his advice, I would be rich now. Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 4 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ (Nếu tôi làm theo lời khuyên của anh ấy thì giờ đây tôi đã giàu rồi) IV. Mixed conditional sentence:type 2 and 3(Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 2 và 3) 1. Cách dùng: - Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 2 và 3 để diễn tả giả thuyết trái ngược với thực tế hiện tại nhưng kết quả thì trái ngược với quá khứ. 2. Cấu trúc: If clause Past Subjunctive If + S + V(past)/WERE Main clause Perfect Conditional S + would have + V(past participle) Ex1: If I were you, I would have learned English earlier. Ex2: If he did not love her, he would not have married her. Đối với đối tượng học sinh khá, giỏi tôi mở rộng cho các em lượng kiến thức nâng cao sau: B. CÁC CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT KHÁC CỦA CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN 1. Or Ex: Go away or I will call the police. = If you don’t go away, I will call the police. 2. Without: không có Ex: Without water, life wouldn’t exist. = If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist. 3. Unless = If ….not Ex: Unless you work hard, you will fail the exam. = If you don’t work hard, you will fail the exam. 4. Supposed (that) / Supposing (that) Provided (that) / Providing (that) Ex1: Supposed that he were in Hanoi now, I would visit him. Ex2: You can go home late provided that you do the homework. 5. On condition that Ex: I will help you on condition that you help me. 6. Assuming Ex: Assuming you went to Britain, what place would you want to visit first? 7. If only Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 5 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ Ex: If only I were 10 cm taller, I would become a basketball player. 8. Cách sử dụng will, would, could, should trong một số trường hợp khác Thông thường các trợ động từ này không được sử dụng với if trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện, tuy nhiên vẫn có một số ngoại lệ như sau: a. If you (will/would): Nếu ..... vui lòng. Thường được dùng trong các yêu cầu lịch sự. “Would” lịch sự hơn “will”. Ex: If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here. b. If + Subject + Will/Would: Nếu ..... chịu. - Để diễn đạt ý tự nguyện. Ex: If he will listen to me, I can help him. - “Will” còn được dùng theo mẫu câu này để diễn đạt sự ngoan cố: Nếu ... nhất định… Ex: If you will turn on the music loudly so late tonight, no wonder why your neighbours complain. c. If you could… : Xin vui lòng. - Diễn đạt lịch sự một yêu cầu mà người nói cho rằng người kia sẽ đồng ý như là một lẽ đương nhiên. Ex: If you could open your book, please. d. If + Subject + should +... + command: Ví phỏng như. - Diễn đạt một tình huống dù có thể xảy ra được song rất khó. Ex: If you should find any difficulty in using that TV, please call me. 9. Cách sử dụng if trong một số trường hợp khác a. If... then: Nếu... thì Ex: If she cannot come to us, then we will have to go and see her. b. If dùng trong dạng câu suy diễn logic (không phải câu điều kiện): - Động từ ở các mệnh đề diễn biến bình thường theo thời gian của chính nó. Ex1: If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice. Ex2: If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand. Ex: If that was Marry, why didn’t she stop and say hello? c. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... - Diễn đạt sự không chắc chắn. Ex: If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. d. If.. was/were to... Diễn đạt điều kiện không có thật hoặc tưởng tượng (gần giống câu điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại). Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 6 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ Ex1: If our boss was/were to come in now, we would be in real trouble. ( If the boss came in now, we would be in real trouble.) Ex2: What would we do if I was/were to lose my job. Hoặc có thể diễn đạt một ý lịch sự khi đưa ra đề nghị Ex: If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down. Lưu ý: Cấu trúc này tuyệt đối không được dùng với các động từ tĩnh tại hoặc chỉ trạng thái tư duy Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you. Incorrect: If I was/were to know her name, I would tell you. e. If it + to be + not + for: Nếu không vì, nếu không nhờ vào. Thì hiện tại: Ex: If it wasn’t/weren’t for the children, that couple wouldn’t have any thing to talk about. Thì quá khứ: Ex: If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what to do. Lưu ý: Not đôi khi được thêm vào những động từ sau if để bày tỏ sự nghi ngờ, không chắc chắn. (Có nên ... hay không ...) Ex: I wonder if we shouldn’t ask the doctor to look at Mary. f. It would... if + subject + would... (sẽ là... nếu – không được dùng trong văn viết) Ex1: It would be better if they would tell everybody in advance. Ex2: How would we feel if this would happen to our family. g. If + S + would + have + V(pp), + S + would + have + V(pp): Dùng trong văn nói, không dùng trong văn viết, diễn đạt điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ Ex1: If I’d have known, I’d have told you. Ex2: If she’d have recognized him it would have been funny. h. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bị lược bỏ) Ex1: If in doubt, ask for help. = If you are in doubt, ask for help. Ex2: If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good night sleep. = If you are about to go on a long journey, try to have a good night sleep. k. If dùng với một số từ như any/anything/ever/not - Để diễn đạt ý phủ định Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 7 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ Ex1: There is little if any good evidence for UFOs. (There is little evidence, if there is any at all, for UFOs) Ex2: I’m not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised. Cách nói này còn diễn đạt ý kiến ướm thử: Nếu có... Ex1: I’d say he was more like a father, if anything. Ex2: He seldom if ever travel abroad. Ex3: Usually, if not always, we write “cannot” as one word l. If + Adjective = although (cho dù là) nhưng nghĩa không mạnh bằng although Dùng để diễn đạt quan điểm riêng hoặc vấn đề gì đó không quan trọng. Ex1: His style, if simple, is pleasant to read. Ex2: The profits, if little lower than last year’s, are still extremely wealthy - Cấu trúc này có thể thay bằng may..., but Ex: His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read. 10. Hình thức đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện a. Type 1: If-clause = Should + S (+not) + V(bare-inf.)… Ex1: If he has money, he will buy a new car.  Should he have money, he will buy a new car. Ex2: If Linda does not do her homework, she will be punished.  Should Linda not do her homework, she will be punished. b. Type 2: If-clause = Were + S (+not) + to V… Ex1: If he knew the answer, he would tell you.  Were he to know the answer, he would tell you. Ex2: If I were you, I would go abroad for studying.  Were I you, I would go abroad for studying. c. Type 3: If-clause = Had + S (+ not) + V (pp)… Ex: If they hadn’t gone to Huong pagoda by coach, they would not have got carsick  Had they not gone to Huong pagoda by coach, they would not have got carsick. CÁC DẠNG BÀI TẬP VỀ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN A. DẠNG BÀI TẬP TỰ LUẬN Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 8 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. (Conditional sentences: Type 1) Example: If he runs, he will get there in time. The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail. 1. David will leave for Rent tomorrow if the weather .......................... (be) fine. 2. What will you do if you ............................ (not / go) away for the weekend ? 3. The game .......................................... (start) if you put a coin in the slot. 4. If you ................................... (be) scared of spiders, don’t go into the garden. 5. We’ll have to go without John if he ( not arrive)…………….soon. 6. Please don’t disturb him if he ...................................... (be) busy. 7. If she ........... (accept) your card and roses, things will be very much hopeful. 8. If a holiday .................................... (fall) on a weekend, go to the beach. 9. If she (come)…………………………. late again, she’ll lose her job. 10. If he (wash)…………………………..my car, I’ll give him $20. 11. He’ll be late for the train if he (not start)………………………….. at once. 12. If I lend you $100, when you (repay)………………………… me? 13. Unless I have a quiet room I (not be able)……………..... to do any work. 14. If we leave the car here, it (not be)…………………….. in anybody’s way. 15. Someone (steal)…………………………. your car if you leave it unlocked. 16. Unless he (sell)………………….more, he won’t get much commission. 17. If you come late, they (not let)………………………. you in. 18. If you (not go)……………………….. away I’ll send for the police. 19. If he ..................................... (eat) all that, he will be ill. 20. What .................................. (happen) if my parachute does not open? * ANSWER KEY 1. is 6. is 11. doesn’t start 16, sells 2. don’t go 7. accepts 12. will you repay 17. won’t let 3. will start 8. falls 13. won’t be able 18. don’t go 4. are 9. comes 14. won’t be 19. eats 5. doesn’t arrive 10. washes 15. will steal 20. will happen Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 9 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. (Conditional sentences: Type 2) Example: If I had a map, I would lend it to you. If I were you, I’d plant some trees round the house. = Were I you, I’d plant some trees round the house. If I were you, I would love him. = Were I you, I would love him. 1. If I knew his address, I (write)............. to him. 2. If the sun (be)................ shining now, we would go to the beach 3. If you (paint)…………….the walls white, the room would be much brighter. 4. If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come)………………………. 5. I (buy)…………………..shares in that company if I had some money. 6. If you drove more carefully, you (not have)………….. so many accidents. 7. If I (be)……….. you, I (not worry)………...............about going to university. 8. If I (have)…………………any money, I would give you some. 9. Mary doesn’t study hard. She (not pass)…………….… the examination unless she worked harder. 10. What you (buy)…………………….if your father gave you $200? 11. If I ( know)………..his phone number, I would call him. 12. We would need less money if we ( live)…………….in the country 13. How (you/ feel)……………. if you were in my position? 14. If he ............................ (get) up earlier, he’d get to work on time. 15. If I ....................... (be) you, I ...................... (tell) them the truth. 16. They would go to the beauty spot if they ........................... (have) time. 17. If we .............................. (have) a car, we would drive to work every day. 18. Where you .......................... (choose) if you could live anywhere in the world ? 19. You ................................ (catch) the train if you left earlier. 20. If I ...................................... (pass) the exam, he would be astonished. 21. I wouldn’t agree with him if he ............................ (tell) me about his plan. 22. If she ................(elect) the Prime Minister, she would invest more on education. 23. If I ............................... (be) rich, I would live in a castle. 24. If you ............................. (not – work) so hard, you would find the time. Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 10 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ 25. If he .................................. (work) harder, the result would be better. *ANSWER KEY 1. would write 10. would you buy 19. would catch 2. were 11. knew 20. passed 3. painted 12. lived 21. told 4. wouldn’t come 13. would you feel 22. were elected 5. would buy 14. got 23. were 6. wouldn’t have 15. were – would tell 24. didn’t work 7. were - wouldn’t worry 16. had 25. worked 8. had 17. had 9. wouldn’t pass 18. would you choose III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. (Conditional sentences: Type 3) Example: - If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life. - If the patient had got the treatment, he wouldn’t have died. - Had he studied hard, he would have passed the exam 1. If Mary (wear)…………a raincoat, she would not have got a cold. 2. There (not have)….....……an accident if the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly. 3. If she had eaten something, she (not feel)………………………. hungry. 4. If I (have)………………a sound sleep last night I would have been well. 5. If it (not rain)…………yesterday we would have had lunch in t he garden. 6. If it had not been very expensive I (buy)…………………………..it. 7. If the teacher (speak)………more slowly Peter would have understood the lessons. 8. If I ................. (have) my camera with me yesterday, I ...................... (take) a picture of Alex standing on his head. 9. The cowboy pulled his gun to shoot at the rattlesnake, but he was too late. If he ..............(be) quicker to pull the trigger, the snake ................ (not-bite) him on the foot. 10. If you ......................... (be) more careful, you wouldn't have cut yourself. 11. If Martin had set his alarm clock, he ................................ (not oversleep). Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 11 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ 12. If you (speak)......................more slowly, he might have understood you. 13. If he had known the whole story, he (not be)..........................so angry. 14. If I (be)...............ready when he called, he would have taken me with him. 15. I didn't know you were in hospital. If I ................ (know), I ....................(go) to visit you. *ANSWER KEY 1. had worn 6. would have bought 11. wouldn’t have overslept 2. wouldn’t have had 7. had spoken 12. had spoken 3. wouldn’t have felt 8. had had – would have taken 13. wouldn’t have been 4. had had 9. had been – wouldn’t 14. had been have bitten 5. hadn’t rained 10. had been 15. had known – would have gone IV: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1. If I (be)…………… you, I (apply) …………for a job as soon as possible. 2. I could understand the French teacher if she (speak)....................... more slowly. 3. If you (make) ………………………a run for it, you’ll catch the train. 4. If Laura (not eat) ………………so much, she wouldn’t have put on weight. 5. I (accept)................................... if they invite me to the party. 6. The earthquake would have caused less damage if the house (be) …………..of stronger construction. 7. If there (be) ………………a good breeze on Sunday, we’ll go hang-gliding. 8. You can get there more quickly if you (take) …………the short cut across the playing field. 9. If he (be) ……………taller, he (be able) ………………to join the police. 10. If she (read)............................ in bad light, she’ll ruin her eyes. 11. If I were you, I (wear)..........…some warm clothes today. It’s quite cold outside. 12. Don’t worry about getting home. If you (miss) ……..…the last bus, I’ll give you a lift in my car. 13. Jim would get better marks at school if he (do) …………more homework. 14. He (not leave) …………………his last job if the salary had been better. 15. What you (do) ………………if you saw someone drowning in the sea? 16. If I had any news, I (phone) ………………………you yesterday. Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 12 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ 17. I don’t have much money, but if I (have) …....…, I (travel) ….…around the world. 18. If you (tell) ……………me he was ill, I (visit) ………him. 19. If you go in the rain without a raincoat, you (catch) ………………a cold. 20. If you had been at the party last Sunday, you (meet) …….....…some old friends. 21. I’d change this old motorcycle if I (have) …………...……enough money. 22. He would have died if the doctors (not operate) …………………on him. 23. If I had a car, I (give) ………………………you a ride. 24. If I meet Paul tomorrow, I (give) ………………………him your letter 25. If the weather (be)……nice next weekend, they (go) ………to the country. 26. If people (not eat) ……………so many sweets, their teeth wouldn’t fall out. 27. If we (take) ……………………your advice, we’d have saved a lot of time. 28. If you don’t hurry, we (be) ………………………late for the match. 29. If you didn’t smoke so many cigarettes, you (feel) ………………better. 30. She would be better-looking if she (not have) ………………such a big nose. *ANSWER KEY 1. were – would apply 11. would wear 21. had 2. spoke 12. miss 22. hadn’t operated 3. make 13. did 23. would give 4. didn’t eat 14. wouldn’t have left 24. will give 5. will accept 15. would you do 25. is – will go 6. had been 16. would phone 26. didn’t eat 7. is 17. had – would travel 27. had taken 8. take 18. had told – would have visited 28. will be 9. were – would be able 19. will catch 29. would feel 10. reads 20. would have met 30. didn’t have V. Rewrite the following sentences using “Unless” * “Unless” = If... not (nếu ...không, trừ phi) Example: If you don’t study hard, you will fail the exam.  Unless you study hard, you will fail the exam. If she doesn’t water these trees, they will die. Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 13 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/  Unless she waters these trees, they will die. If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.  Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster. Form: If- clause -> Unless Thể phủ định -> Khẳng định Thể khẳng định -> Khẳng định Main clause Không đổi. Đổi động từ sang thể ngược lại. 1. I won’t go to school if I don’t feel better. Unless ..................................................................................... 2. Tony will talk to you if you question him. Unless ..................................................................................... 3. If you don’t put on your overcoat, you’ll be cold. Unless ..................................................................................... 4. You will fail the exam if you don’t work hard. Unless ..................................................................................... 5. You’ll get a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry. Unless ..................................................................................... 6. If I don’t leave now, I’ll miss my flight. Unless ..................................................................................... 7. If you aren’t going to the party, I won’t go. Unless ..................................................................................... 8. I can’t send you a postcard if you don’t give me your address. Unless ...................................................................................................... 9. If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d build a school for the poor. Unless....................................................................................... 10. I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone. Unless……………………………………………………… Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 14 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ * ANSWER KEY 1. Unless I feel better, I won’t go to school. 2. Unless you question Tony, he won’t talk to you. 3. Unless you put on your overcoat, you’ll be cold. 4. Unless you work hard, you will fail the exam. 5. Unless you keep your feet dry, you will get a cold. 6. Unless I leave now, I’ll miss my flight. 7. Unless you are going to the party, I won’t go. 8. Unless you give me your address, I can’t send you a postcard. 9. Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a school for the poor. 10. Unless you leave me alone, I’ll call the police. VI. Changing situations into conditional sentences * So + clause => Main clause * That’s why + clause => Main clause * Because + clause => If- clause * Indicating clause of cause => If – clause Clause of result => Main clause Example: They don’t have enough time so they cannot do me a favour. => If they had time, they could do me a favour. She has a sore throat. She doesn’t stop smoking. => If she stopped smoking, she wouldn’t have a sore throat Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences: type 2 1. They are poor, so they can’t help us. If they ......................................................................... 2. He doesn’t do his homework. He is always punished. If he ............................................................................. 3. He doesn’t have enough time. He can’t help me. If he ............................................................................. 4. She doesn’t take any exercise, so she is overweight. If she ......................................................................................................... Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 15 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ 5. He doesn’t have a bicycle, so he always goes to class late. He wouldn’t ............................................................................................. 6. I am bad at English, so I can’t do homework. I could ...................................................................................................... 7. He doesn’t practise speaking French, so he doesn’t speak it fluently. If he .......................................................................................................... 8. The meeting can be cancelled because it snows heavily. If it ..................................................................................................... 9. We don’t go because it will rain. If it ........................................................................................................ 10. John is fat because he eats so many chips. If John .................................................................................................. * ANSWER KEY 1. If they weren’t poor, they could help us. 2. If he did his homework, he wouldn’t be punished. 3. If he had enough time, he could help me. 4. If she took some exercise, she wouldn’t be overweight. 5. He wouldn’t go to class late if he had a bicycle. 6. I could do homework if I weren’t bad/ were good at English. 7. If he practised speaking French, he would speak it fluently. 8. If it didn’t snow heavily, the meeting couldn’t be cancelled. 9. If it didn’t rain, we would go. 10. If John didn’t eat so many chips, he wouldn’t be fat. Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences: type 3 1. He didn't hurry, so he missed the train. If ................................................................................................................... 2. We didn't go because it rained. If it hadn't .................................................................................................... 3. We got lost because we didn't have a map. If we ............................................................................................................. Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 16 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ 4. He lost his job because he was late every day. If he .............................................................................................................. 5. The airport was closed. She didn't fly to Rome. If ................................................................................................................... 6. Sue felt sick because she ate four cream cakes. If Sue ............................................................................................................ 7. My brother didn't leave the car keys, so I couldn't pick him up at the station. If my brother ................................................................................................ 8. We didn't go on holiday because we didn't have enough money. If we ............................................................................................................. 9. He didn't have the ticket to the game last week. He wasn't be able to get in. If ................................................................................................................... 10. Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes. If Robert ....................................................................................................... * ANSWER KEY 1. If he had arrived, he wouldn’t have missed the train. 2. If it hadn’t rained, we would have gone. 3. If we had had a map, we wouldn’t have got lost. 4. If he hadn’t been late every day, he wouldn’t have lost his job. 5. If the airport hadn’t been closed, she could have flown to Rome. 6. If Sue hadn’t eaten four cream cakes, she wouldn’t have felt sick. 7. If my brother had left the car keys, I could have picked him up at the station. 8. If we had had enough money, we would have gone on holiday. 9. If he had had the ticket to the game last week, he could have got in. 10. If Robert hadn’t started smoking cigarettes, he wouldn’t have got a bad cough. Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given cues. 1. It’s too cold, they can’t go swimming. If it……………………………………………………………………….. 2. We didn’t know you were in hospital, so we didn’t visit you. If we………………………………………………………………………….. 3. The doctors can’t find out the remedy, they can’t save a lot of people. Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 17 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ If the doctors………………………………………………………… 4. We don’t use public bus service; we will not get rid of pollution in the city. If we………………………………………………………………………… 5. The patient didn’t get the treatment so he died. If……………………………………………………… 6. I didn’t have an umbrella so I got wet in the rain. If……………………………………………………… 7. I am tired so I can’t cycle to work. If I ………………. ……………………………………………. 8. That house is too expensive, so I can’t buy it. If ………………………………………………………………… 9. Because he didn’t work hard last term, he lost his job. If ……………………………………………………………….. 10. It was cold yesterday, so I didn’t go for a walk. If it ……………………………………………………………… 11. Mary didn’t have money with her, so she couldn’t buy that present. If ……………………………………………………………….. 12. There was a test yesterday. You didn’t know that, so you didn’t study. If I had known that ….. ………………………………………….. 13. The building is too high, so he can’t climb up. If ……………………………………………………………………. 14. I don’t know her phone number so I can’t phone her. If……………………………………………………………………… 15. He won’t receive the letter tomorrow if you don’t post it today. Unless ...................................................................................................... * ANSWER KEY 1. If it weren’t too cold, they could go swimming. 2. If we had known you were in hospital, we would have visited you. 3. If the doctors could find out the remedy, they could save a lot of people. 4. If we used public bus service, we would get rid of pollution in the city. 5. If the patient had got the treatment, he wouldn’t have died. 6. If I had had an umbrella, I wouldn’t have got wet. Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 - Trang | 18 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ 7. If I weren’t tired, I could cycle to work. 8. If that house weren’t too expensive/ were cheaper, I could buy it. 9. If he had worked hard last term, he wouldn’t have lost his job. 10. If it hadn’t been cold yesterday, I would have gone for a walk. 11. If Mary had had money with her, he would have bought that present. 12. If I had known that there was a test yesterday, I would have studied. 13. If the building weren’t too high, he would climb up. 14. If I knew her phone, I would phone her. 15. Unless you post it today, he won’t receive. B. DẠNG BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM I. Choose the best answer by circling A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences. 1. If I …………hungry now, I……………..five sandwiches, but I’m not. A. am – can eat B. were – can eat C. were – could eat D. were – will eat 2. What would you do if you ……………..a lottery. A. win B. will win C. won D. had won 3. If you………………….a millionaire, you might be happy. A. became B. will become C. become D. had became 4. If you had tried your best, you…………………………the job. A, will get B. got C. had got D. would have got 5. If he …………………now, he…………………..the rush hour. A. leaves / missed B. leaves / will miss C. leaves / would miss D. left / missed 6. If I…………..in his shoes, I ……………..the Browns. A. am / wouldn’t invite B. were / wouldn’t invite C. were / won’t invite D. would be/ invite 7. If he…………………..late, he would have caught his bus. A. worked B. has worked C. had not worked D. would work 8. It ............................... quicker if you use a computer. A. will be B. would be C. were D. been 9. If I knew his address, I ................................. round and see him. A. go B. will go Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 C. would go D. went - Trang | 19 - Hoc mai.vn – Website học trực tuyến số 1 tại Việt Nam Tài liệu học tập group https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/ 10. If we want to get higher salary, we………………….harder. A. work B. would work C. worked D. must work 11, If I …………………her, I……………….her your love. A. see / would give B. see / will give C. saw / gave 12. If I were him, I………………..somebody for help A. asked B. would ask C. will ask 13. If you fell, you……………….yourself. D. saw / will give D. had asked A. would hurt B. are hurting C. will hurt 14. What …………..you do if you stop this work? D. hurt. A. would D. will. B. do C. are 15. If I ….. time, I’ll help you A. have B. had C. had had D. will have 16. If I found a wallet in the street, I ……….take it to the police. A. will B. should C. would D. B and C 17. What would you do if you …. a million pounds? A. win B. won C. will win D. A and C 18. If Ken ……….. the train, he would have been late for his interview. A. missed B. has missed C. miss D. had missed 19. It ............................. be a pity if she married Fred. A. will B. would C. can D. may 20. I know I’ll feel better if I .................................. smoking. A. will stop B. stopped C. stop D. had stopped 21. I … that coat if I ….you. A. wouldn’t buy/ were B. didn’t buy/ were C. don’t buy/ am D. won’t buy/ am 22. If the driver in front … so suddenly, the accident wouldn’t have happened A. hasn’t stopped B. hadn’t stopped C. didn’t stop D. don’t stop 23. If I … a lot of money now, I … .....a new car. A. have/ will buy B. have/ would buy C. had/ will buy D. had/ would buy 24. If you ….here yesterday, you …me. A. were/ would meet were/ would have met Tổng đài tư vấn: +84 (4) 3519-0591 B. had been/ would meet C. D. had been/would have been - Trang | 20 -