Tài liệu Bức tranh toàn cảnh về các ngôn ngữ ở việt nam

VIEN KHOA HQC XA HQI VIET NAM VIEN NGON NGtT HOC DE TAI CAP BO BXfC TRANH TOAN CANH VE CAC NGON NGtT 6 VIET NAM BAO CAO TOM TAT TONG QUAN BAO CAO BE XUAT KIEN NGHI NHCrNG NGUOI THlTC HIEN: PGS. TS BOAN VAN PHUC (chu nhiem) Ths. PHAN LlTONG HUNG (Thu ki) Ths. NGUYEN MINH HOAT GS.TS NGUYEN VAN KHANG PGS. TS HOANG VAN MA Ths. BO ANH VU HA N 0 I -2 0 1 1 1 BtTC TRANH TOAN CANH VE CAC NGON NGU* d VIET NAM (BAO CAO TOM TAT T6N G QUAN) 1. TOM TAT VE NHIEM VU VA VIEC TRIEN KHAI BE TAI 1.1. Viet Nam la mot qu6c gia da dan toe va da ngon ngu. Cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam thuoc ^5^)igu he: Han-Tang, Thai-Kadai, Hmong-Dao \ 1 r / (Hmong-Mien), Nam Bao va Nam A. Vi vay, nghien cuu canh huong ngon r / ngu (CHNN) cr Viet Nam la mot viec het sue quan trong, lien quan true tiep den ca sor de xay dung chinh sach ngon ngu (CSNN) b quoc gia da dan toe, / A da ngon ngu. Trong nghien cuu CHNN, mot trong nhung van de quan trong f t * nhat la phai chi cho ra dugc vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu. Vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu se la mot ca sa cho viec hoach dinh chinh sach phat trien ngon ngij quoc gia, bao ton va phat huy cac ngon ngu dan toe thieu so (DTTS), bao ton su da dang ve ngon ngu va van hoa Viet Nam. _ r * m Tu thap nien sau muai cua the ki XX, da co mot so cong trinh nghien cuu ve van de ngon ngu hoc xa hoi a Viet Nam, trong do de xuat nhieu van de lien quan den CSNN, van de bao ton cac ngon ngu DTTS, gan voi vi the cua cac ngon ngu DTTS nay. Dae biet, tir nhung nam tam muai cua the ki XX, cac van de ve ngon ngu hoc xa hoi ve cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam ngay r > cang dugc nhieu nguai quan tam hon. Vao thap ki 90 cua the ki XX va dac biet trong nhimg nam gan day, hang loat nhung bai viet, nhung cong trinh nghien cuu da chu y den nghien cuu CHNN a Viet Nam. Vao nhung nam cuoi thap ki 90, Vien Ngon ngu hoc co mot Be tai doc lap cap nha nude ve "Chinh sach cua Nha nuac CHXHCN Viet Nam trong ITnh vuc ngon ngir" 2 (da nghiem thu nam 2001). Tuy vay, chirong trinh nay cung ^hdng^ghien cuu nhieu ve vin de/CHNN)cung nhir vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu, dac biet la cac ngon ngu DTTS. G in day, da co hang loat bai viet ve van de nay1. Khi ban ve vi the, chuc nang cua mot so ngon ngu DTTS, chung ta mod chi r ' » t thay dugc mot vai suy nghi, nhan xet buac dau, ma chua the danh gia dugc T thuc_sy vi the, chuc nang cua tieng pho thong cung nhu ngon ngu DTTS, thai do cua ho doifv^Tngdn ngu ma ho dang su dung trong cong dong, trong dai song kinh te - xa hoi cua dat nuoc2. Do la li do chinh de de tai “Bite \ r r tranh toan canh cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam ” dugc de xuat va ki ket. 1.2. Muc tieu va nhiem vu cua de tai • • • 1.2.1. Muc tieu r > f - Dieu tra toan dien, nghien cuu vi the va chuc nang cua tieng Viet va cac ngon ngu DTTS; thai do (ngon ngu) cua nhung ngudi su dung ngon ngu (doi vai tieng pho thong cung nhu doi vai tieng me de - TMD va ngon ngu1 dan toe xung quanh) trong boi canh dat nuac a thai ki cong nghiep hoa (CNH), hien dai hoa (HDH) va hoi nhap quoc te. ■> z \ r - Ket qua cua nhung nghien cuu tren se la ca sa khoa hoc de de xuat r f \ cac giai phap nang cao vi the, vai tro, chuc nang cua tieng Viet (a vung dong bao dan toe), cung nhu vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS, cung vai van de bao ton su da dang ngon ngu - van hoa - toe nguai. 1 D 6 la nhitag bai v ilt trong cuon "Canh huSng va chinh sdeh ngon n gu a Viet Nam" (N xb. KHXH., 2002), hay mpt s6 bai viet trong HOi thao "Vi t h i cua ngon n gu quSc g ia tron g qudc g ia d a dan tQc - da ngon ngic" (tap Ki y§u HOi thao khoa hoc Viet - N ga \h ngon ngtr hoc xa hgi, 2002), hoSc co th l thSy trong cac Hoi thao khoa hpc trong nuac va qu6c te. H&u het cac bai viet cung m ai chi nhin nhan v6 C H N N Viet - dan toe, hay dan toe - Viet a mot vai dja ban nhit djnh. 2 Xin xem c&c cong trinh, bai viet cua Nguyen V&n Hieu (1998), Trim Tri D5i (2000, 2004), Hoang Van Hanh (2002), Hoang Thi Chau (2001), N g u y ln Van Khang (1999, 2002, 2003), Bui Thi Minh YSn (2002), N gu yln HOu Hoanh (2002), Ta Van Th6ng (2002), Mai Xuan Huy (2002), Pham Tat T h in g (2002),... 3 - Thuc hien cac nghien curu trirong hap (case studies) nhu nhung dien hinh v6 vi th6, chuc nang, thai do ngon ngu vai ngon ngu nguy cap nhu nhung diln hinh lam co so loai suy cho nhung truang hop tuang tu. - K iln nghi cac van de li luan va thuc tien nham nang cao vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam va bao ton su da dang ngon ngu - van hoa - toe nguai, trong do co van de cac ngon ngu* co nguy ca tieu vong. 1.2.2. Nhiem vu nghien cuu f \ De tai se tap trung lam ro mot so noi dung chinh sau day: 1.2.2.1. Giai thieu khai quat nhat nhung dac diem cac dan toe a Viet Nam lien quan tai vi the va chuc nang cac ngon ngu nhu: dan so hoc toe nguai; su phan bo cu dan cua cac dan toe, su phan bo dan xen, su tiep xuc vai cu dan cac toe nguai a ngoai lanh tho quoc gia,... cung dac diem coi nguon, cau true, loai hinh cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam. 1.2.2.2. Nghien cuu dac diem su dung ngon ngu a cac DTTS xet trong pham vi ca nuac, xet trong pham vi vung mien, cac khu vuc dia li (rong, hep), xet trong pham vi noi bo dan toe; dac diem su dung ngon ngu cua cu •> dan cac dan toe cung cu tru tren mot dia ban, mot khu vuc dia li lanh tho. ^ / > 1.2.2.3. Nghien cuu vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet trong cong dong cac dan toe a Viet Nam vai tu each la ngon ngu giao tiep chu yeu giua cac cong dong cu dan toe nguai khac nhau tren lanh tho nuac ta; va nghien cuu vi the va chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS. 1.2.2.4. Nghien cuu de xuat cac giai phap cu the de nang cao vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet va cac ngon ngu DTTS a vung dong bao dan toe; dac biet luu y tai giai phap doi vai cac ngon ngu co qua it nguai su dung dang va se co nguy ca / tiem an nguy ca tieu vong. 4 1.3. Phmmg phap nghien cihi Hai phuang phap ca ban dugc ap dung la: Phucmg phap nghien cuu di6n da d! thu thap tu lieu; va Phucmg phap mieu ta vai cac thu phap luan giai ben trong va luan giai ben ngoai (phan loai, thong ke, so sanh, thu phap r ___ xa hoi - ngon ngu hgc, thu phap tarn li-toc nguai,...). Trong qua trinh viet, de tai con ap dung cac phuang phap quy nap, loai suy. 1.4. Qua trinh thirc hien de tai De tai da thuc hien cac noi dung nghien cuu gom: 1.4.1. Thu thap va tong hap cac tai lieu nghien cuu truac day (hoac co lien quan) ve vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam, tham khao ve vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu a ca khu vuc Dong Nam A, Trung Quoc va the giai. 1.4.2. Tap hap cac tu lieu da co, bo sung cac tu lieu mai qua dien da a r t > ' cac dia phuang, tien hanh phan tich va tong hgp cac tu lieu ve vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet va cac ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam. a) Tren thuc tl, ngoai cac tu lieu da co ve ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam, de tai da tien hanh mot so cuoc khao sat dien da q(lO tinl^de dieu tra, bo sung tu lieu. Cac tinh do la: San La (cac huyen Moc Chau, Mai Chau, Mai San) de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Thai, Muang, Khang, Kha mu, Dao. Lai Chau (huyen Sin Ho, huyen Tam Duong, thi xa Lai Chau) de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Khang, Hmong, Thai, Mang. Dien Bien (cac huyen: Tua Chua, Tuan Giao, Thuan Chau, thanh pho Dien Bien) de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Hmong, Thai, dac 5 biet la sir hoa nhap, tiep xuc ngon ngu co anh huang tai vi the, chuc nang ngon ngu cua cu dan cac DTTS tai dinh cu thuy dien San La, Lai Chau; Cao Bing: Thi xa Cao Bing, huyen Trung Khanh de khao sat vi the chu^nang cac ngon ngu Tay, Nung; D ie Lie (Thanh pho Buon Ma Thuot va cac huyen: Ea Hleo, Krong f t F ^ Pach, Lac): de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Viet, E de, Mnong, Muang, Tay..., _ \ f r f Kon Turn (huyen Sa Thay): doi tuong la vi the chuc nang cua tieng / / Viet, Ra mam, Gia rai, Xa dang..., va dac biet luu tam den tieng Ra mam mot ngon ngu co qua it nguai su dung va chi co nuac ta. Gia Lai (huyen An Khe, Kong Chro, Krong Pa, thi xa Ayun Pa): de r /s khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Viet, Gia rai, Ba na, E de. _ ? f Soc Trang (huyen My Xuyen): de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Viet, Kha me, Hoa. TP H6 Chi Minh: de khao sat vi the chuc nang cua tieng Hoa vai tu cach la ngon ngu DTTS a day. --------- ^ . Thua Thien Hue (huyen A Luai va Nam Dong): de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Viet, Ta oi (bao gom Ta oi, Pa co, Pa hi) va Ca tu. r r Tai cac dia phuang, cac doan chu yeu tap trung vao mot so phuang dien cu the: Tinh hinh su dung ngon ngu (TMD; tieng Viet; cac ngon ngu khac) a cac cong dong tai dia phuang, trong cac boi canh giao tiep khac nhau; vai tro cua viec su dung ngon ngii doi vai dai song xa hoi a cac cong dong, dac biet trong cac linh vuc van hoa-thong tin, giao due; thai do va y _ > \ r nguyen cua cu dan cac DTTS ve ngon ngu (bao gom ca chu viet). 6 b) K6t qua thu thap tu lieu a cac tinh, dia phucmg: - Khao sat, dieu tra ngon ngu hoc-xa hoi d u g cill5 7 phi§uj(vi the, * chuc nang cua ngon ngu; thai do ngon ngu; tinh hinh su dung song ngu; van de day-hoc tieng DTTS.. .thong qua giao vien va hoc sinh pho thong). - Ghi am dugc[l8 bang cat xetTgfam] 16 bang phong van can bo, nhan dan ve ngon ngu DTTS a dia phuang ve cac ngon ngu: Thai, Khang, Dao, ___ ___ A Hmong, Tay, Nung, Pa co, Ta oi, E de, Gia rai, Cham Hroi, Ba na, Ra mam, f > Hoa, Kha me; 02 bang ve tu vung tieng Ra mam. - Suu tap, tim kiem dugc mot so lugng lcml^ach (khoang 50 cu6n))ve tieng DTTS (sach day-hoc tieng, tu dien dan toe - Viet, Viet - dan toe, kinh thanh Tin Lanh, tai lieu viet bang chu DTTS...), sach nghien cuu chuyen sau ve khoa hgc xa hoi va nhan van a cac dia phuang 1.4.3. X u U tu lieu, viet bao cao, hoi thao nhom - Tien hanh phan loai, thong ke tu lieu theo cac bieu mau dugc thiet r v t #' ke, go bang, tong hgp tu lieu, viet cac bao cao dien da. \ t r r r \ - Hoi thao nhom 8 lan de ban bac, thong nhat cac van de, noi dung r > \ \ khai thac tu lieu, de cuang van de trong cac chuyen de. r % 1.4.4. Thuc hien viet cac chuyen ae r r > > Theo du kien, ket qua cua de tai “Buc tranh toan canh ve cac ngon ngu d Viet N am ” la tap bai viet 12 bao cao chuyen de, gom khoang 250 r r trang (che ban giay A4). Tren thuc te, tap 11 bai viet chuyen de da dugc hoan thanh, vai hinh thuc va noi dung tuang doi sat thuc so vai hinh dung ban dau. Ket qua cua de tai da dugc the hien chu yeu trong tap bai viet nay vai 420 trang. Ben 7 canh do, de tai con kien nghi cac bien phap nang cao vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS. Ve cau true, |^12 chuyen de c^a~Bdo~cdot6ng^ a n | dugc sap xep thanh 4 phan va cac chuong de tien theo doi. Phan 1: Mot so van de chung Phan 2: Vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet a vung DTTS Phan 3: Vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS r r Chuong 1: Vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS vung Bac Bo Chuomg 2: Vi thi, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS vung Trung Bo va Tay Nguyen Chuong 3: Vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS vung Nam Bo Chuong 4: Vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam Phan 4: Kien nghi 1.5. Mot so tac dong cua ket qua nghien ciru dugc du kien tren co so san pham cua de tai: - De tai “Buc tranh toon canh ve cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam ” la mot nghien cuu co ban, tren co so phan tich va tong hgp cac tai lieu da co va cac tu lieu mai thu thap dugc ve vi thi, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS. - Tap bai vilt chuyen de co the dugc su dung nhu mot tai lieu tham khao doi vai cac nha nghien cuu, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, nhung nha quan li va thuc thi cong tac van hoa va giao due doi vai cac cong dong DTTS a Viet Nam trong boi canh dat nuac va the giai hien nay. 8 1.6. Then gian, lure ltro'ng va kinh phi thu-c hien: - Theo hap dong, thai gian thuc hien de tai la 2 nam (tu thang 1,0 nam 2008 den het thang 9 nam 2009) - Luc luong tham gia de tai: gom cac can bo va 02 nghien cuu sinh a Vien Ngon ngu hoc. - Kinh phi thuc hien de tai: 335.000.000d (ba tram ba muai lam trieu d6ng) Tren thuc te, de tai da dugc thuc hien trong mot hoan canh dac biet: cac van ban dugc ki ket qua muon (mac du van ban ghi ngay 31/12/2008, song thuc t§ thi cu6i thang 5/2009 mai dugc ki, cham han so vai van ban la 5 thang). Vi vay, kinh phi cho viec trien khai nghien cuu dien da qua cham, r f •> ? * ' anh huang den tien do tong ket tu lieu va viet cac chuyen de. 1.7. NhCrng diem moi cua de tai De tai co( 1.7.1. L in dau tien, mot de tai cap Bo tien hanh khao sat, nghien cuu tuang doi ki, diy du ca chidu rong lan chieu sau vi the, chuc nang, tinh hinh su dung cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS. r > \ f 1.7.2. Chu y dieu tra, khao sat van de vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS theo khu vuc dia li, vung mien mang tinh dai dien. Tuy nhien, qua cac nghien cuu trucmg hgp cu the a mot so dan toe, ket hgp vai nhung cong trinh, tai lieu di truac, va theo phuang phap loai suy, cac chuyen de da khai quat dugc vi the khong chi cua mot ngon ngu trong khu vuc dia li dugc khao sat, ma chi ra nhung dac diem vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS trong khu vuc do va toan quoc. 9 1.7.3. Da tien hanh nghien cuu tnjO T ^hgpjnotjigoi^gu (hien chi co duy nhat a Viet Nam) co nguy ca/ tiem an nguy co tiei^yong, bai so luang nguai su dung qua it. Dong thai, cung qua truong hop nay, de tai kien nghi cac giai phap nham bao ton ngon ngu nay, cung nhu nhieu ngon ngu khac. 2. TOM TAT TdNG QUAN KET QUA NGHIEN Cl'TlJ “BUC TRANH to An canh ve c Ac ngon ngit 6 viet nam ” Sau day la tom tat nhung noi dung chinh da dugc trinh bay trong r > “Buc tranh toan canh ve cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam ” la Vj the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS Viet Nam. 2.1. ©ac diem cac ngon ngu- dan toe o’ Viet Nam voi vi the, chirc nang cua chung 2.1.1. Dac diem phan bo dan cu va cac ngon ngit - toe nguai Viet Nam la quoc gia da dan toe, da van hoa, da ngon ngu. Cac ngon ngu - toe nguai a Viet Nam chiu su tac dong manh me cua mgi bien co lich su, kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa cua dat nuac va khu vuc. Sau nam 1975, mot lan song di dan di tim dat mai cua kha nhieu DT a phia bac vao cac tinh a phia nam da lam cho buc tranh ve su phan bo ngon ngu - toe nguai: dan so 9 r hgc toe nguai, nai cu tru hien nay la het sue phong phu, da dang. Co the noi, f f 9 r y cho den thai diem nay, chung ta chua the nam dugc mot cach day du va chinh xac ve dan so, nai cu tru cua hau het cac DTTS su dung cac ngon ngu Nam A, Han Tang, Thai - Kadai, Hmong - Dao... Theo cac tai lieu chinh thuc, tren lanh tho Viet Nam co 54 dan toe cung chung song, trong do co 53 DTTS. Thuc ra ve cac ngon ngu - toe nguai, tinh hinh con phong phu va s 4 > phuc tap han nen viec xac dinh thanh phan cac dan toe a nuac ta con nhieu f > \ f van de can tiep tuc nghien cuu. 10 9 \ F Dac diem ve dan toe va phan bo ngon ngu - toe nguai a Viet nam co •» x nhung diem can luu y: a) Tinh phuc tap ve thanh phan dan toe, su da dang ve sac thai van r y r f hoa, loi cu tru phan tan xen ke, su chenh lech ve so lugng nguai noi, sir tiep nhan va pha tron cac sac thai van hoa, tham chi ca nhan chung... la san pham tat yeu cua lich su Viet Nam. b) Cac dan toe co dan so it, cu tru xen ke phan tan, trinh do phat trien kinh te xa hoi con het sue thap, chiu anh hucmg tu cac dan toe khac dong r y *> ' r hon nen bi pha tron, mat dan dac diem van hoa truyen thong va ngon ngu. / t m f * c) Mot so dan toe co so dan rat it (duai chuc ngan nguai), dac biet co dan toe chi co con so hang tram, kieu nhu: Ra mam, Brau, O du se co vi the f r \ r F t yeu, dang mat dan ban sac va co nguy ca / tiem an nguy ca bi bien mat trong thai gian khong xa. 2.1.2. Dac diem ngon ngu cac dan toe & Viet Nam 2.1.2.1. Dac diem ve quan he coi nguon Theo cac tai lieu chinh thuc, a nuac ta co 54 dan toe cung su dung rat > F F nhieu ngon ngu thuoc 5 ngu he khac nhau a Dong Nam A la: Nam A, Nam Bao, Thai - Kadai, Hmong - Dao, Han -Tang. Cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam the hien day du nhung dac trung cac ngon ngu khu vuc Bong Nam A. Nhung 7 I F F ' f F dac diem nay co the la dau vet cua quan he coi nguon, cung co the la ket qua F \ t 1 t / 1 cua qua trinh hang nghin nam tiep xuc. Ve quan he coi nguon, gia thuyet ve moi lien he than thuoc giua cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam van la nhung gia thuyet thu vi, dang dugc tiep tuc thao man. 2.1.2.2. Dac diem loai hinh 11 Tat ca cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam deu thuoc loai hinh ngon ngu don lap, nhung ngon ngu ma a do tu khong co hinh thai, quan he ngu phap giua f r > cac tu dugc bieu thi khong phai bang cac phu to chua trong ban than tu, ma bang nhung phucmg tien nam ben ngoai tu. Tuy deu thuoc loai hinh ngon ngu don lap, nhung muc do tinh don lap bieu hien a cac ngon ngu co khac nhau. Co nhung ngon ngu co the dugc xem la “dien hinh” cua loai hinh nay, co nhung ngon ngu khong the coi nhu vay. Chung thuoc ve nhung tieu loai hinh khac nhau. * ' 2.1.2.3. Dac diem cau true Dac diem ve loai hinh cac ngon ngu dan toe a Viet Nam co moi lien he kha chat che vai cac dac diem ve cau true (ngu am, tu vung, ngu phap) cua chung. Va a moi tieu loai hinh, cac ngon ngu co nhung dac diem cau true khac nhau. 2.1.2.4. Dac diem chit viet Trong 53 DTTS a nuac ta, mot so dan toe da co chu viet, mot vai dan r * toe co hai, ba thu chu khac nhau, trong khi mot so dan toe chua co bat ki mot dang chu viet nao. Mot so nguai khang dinh rang, trong 53 DTTS, 26 dan toe r F 3 da co chu viet, con lai 27 dan toe chua co chu viet rieng cua minh . Nhin chung, nguon goc, lich su ra dai, cau true, tu dang, chuc nang xa hoi, muc t r r r ' do pho bien, thai do cua nguai ban ngu doi vai cac chu viet dan toe rat khac •> r * nhau. Co the phan chu viet cac dan toe thanh mot so nhom theo cac dac diem: Ve tu dang, nguon goc lich su lau dai, ve chuc nang... Duai day la mot so net chinh ve tinh hinh su dung cac bo chu viet DTTS do. 3 Nam 2006, de t&i "Nghien cicu m a hoa chit viet co truyen cac dan toe thieu so a Viet Nam" do GS. TS N guyln Van Lai chu tri da suu tim dirac: 02 ban pho t6 (anh chup) sach chu c6 cua ngucri Lu (ct Nam Tam, huyen Sin H6, va Ban Hon, huiyen Tam Ducmg) a Lai Chau. Vi vay, co the noi co 27 dan toe thieu so a Vi6t Nam da co chO v ilt. 12 a) Cac chu viet co truyen r \ r r t Nhung he chu viet co truyen thong lau dai, hien nay tucmg doi pho bien la chu Han (cua nguai Hoa), chu Thai co, chu Khmer, chu Cham. Cac •> \ ___ t \ f chu co truyen Lo Lo, chu Lu, chu Dao... hau nhu khong con pho bien trong cac dan toe nay cr nuac ta. Cac bo chu viet co truyen co dac diem ve cau true, xa hoi-ngon ngu khac nhau. r b) Cac chu viet tu dang La Tinh Tuy co lich su khong dai, nhung cac he thong chu viet tu dang La t / r \ Tinh a nuac ta co mot so lugng phong phu va pho bien han nhieu so vai cac bo chu viet co truyen. Cac chu viet nay co uu diem la phan anh tuang doi r \ chinh xac he thong ngu am cac ngon ngu dan toe bang cac chu cai theo cac qui tac dan gian han so vai cac chu viet tuorng hinh. Mat khac, cac chu viet tu dang La Tinh co cung tu dang va rat gan gui vai chu Quoc ngu trong cach bieu thi cac am. Tuy nhien, nhung bo chu viet tu dang La tinh cua cac DTTS a nuac ta ra dai trong nhung hoan canh, thai ki khac nhau nen tinh khoa hoc va horn thien cung khac nhau. Tham chi, co nhung bo chu chua that khoa hoc, xa chu Quoc ngu, lai kha phuc tap. Mot so dan toe co tai 2 - 3 chu viet: vira co he chu viet do nguai Phap lam tu truac nam 1945, lai co he chu do to t \ t chuc SIL (My) de nghi, tham chi ca chu viet cai tien sau nam 1975. r f e 2.1.3. Dac diem tiep xuc, trinh do phat trien va vi the cua cac ngon ngir 2.1.3.1 Dac diem tiep xuc giita cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam Dac diem ve su hinh thanh va phat trien cong dong cac dan toe Viet Nam co lien quan true tiep vai su tiep xuc ngon ngu va van hoa giua cac dan toe trong cong dong quoc gia da dan toe. Lich su Viet Nam la lich su doan 13 r r p ket, hoa hop, thong nhat cac toe nguai. Cac dan toe a Viet Nam da hinh r •> thanh va phat trien trong su tiep xuc ngon ngu va van hoa vai mot khoang thai gian rat dai trong lich su. Dieu nay da anh huang khong nho tai su phat trien cua cac ngon ngu trong su tiep xuc va sir tiep bien van hoa. Canh huong ngon ngu hien nay a nuac ta la ket qua cua mot qua trinh hinh thanh va bien doi cac ngon ngu trong tiep xuc theo hai huang trai ngugc nhau: phan li va qui tu. Do tinh chat phuc tap cua qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua cong dong dan toe anh em tren dat nuac ta, cung vai qua trinh tiep xuc ngon ngu va van hoa, cho nen viec xac dinh thanh phan, so lugng cac r f y \ f ngon ngu dang con mot so van de can dugc tiep tuc thao luan them. 2.1.3.1 9 * r r Dac diem trinh do phat trien gan vai vi the cua cac ngon ngit o Viet Nam ■> t \ Khi noi tai trinh do phat trien cua ngon ngu la noi tai su phat trien ve chuc nang xa hoi va su phat trien ve cau true noi bo cua ngon ngu. Vay cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam hien nay phat trien ra sao ? Mot ngon ngu phat trien la r ngon ngu co kha nang lam phuang tien giao tiep hieu qua cho mot cong dong xa hoi co nen kinh te, van hoa va khoa hgc ki thuat phat trien. Muc do phat trien cua ngon ngu ti le thuan vai cac chuc nang xa hoi ma no co the thuc hien dugc. C5 Viet Nam, co the noi trinh do phat trien cua cac ngon ngu (tilng Viet va ngon ngu cac DTTS) la khong nhu nhau bai chinh chuc nang r f xa hoi, phuc vu giao tiep xa hoi cua cac ngon ngu khong giong nhau. Tu lau ' • «' (dac biet tu sau nam 1945), tieng Viet, ngoai chuc nang la cong cu giao tiep 7 t cua nguai Kinh, no con la “ngon ngu pho thong”, “ngon ngu giao tiep chung” giua cac dan toe trong cong dong quoc gia dan toe Viet Nam. Trong khi do, khong co mot ngon ngu cua mot DTTS nao co dugc cai chuc nang do. Ngon ngu cua da so cac DTTS chi co chuc nang phuc vu viec giao tiep 14 / trong cong dong toe nguai cua ho, chi dugc su dung trong pham vi giao tiep \ gia dinh, thon ban, va co the trong sinh hoat tin nguang, van hoa-van nghe dan gian cua dan toe. Co mot so ngon ngu DTTS lai con la cong cu giao tiep nai cong cong, tham chi ca trong giao tiep hanh chinh cua nhieu dan toe tren dia ban nhu mot “ngon ngu pho thong vung”. Trinh do phat trien cua cac ngon ngu gan lien vai trinh do phat trien kinh te-xa hoi cua cac dan toe. Neu * nhin vao su phat trien kinh te-xa hoi cua cac DTTS co so lugng nguai noi •> f dong la han han trinh do phat trien kinh te-xa hoi a cac DTTS co so lugng nguai it han. Va khi trinh do phat trien kinh te-xa hoi phat trien han thi keo j \ r 9 theo su phat trien cua ngon ngu ca ve cau true lan chuc nang de phan anh cai thuc tai khach quan do. Dieu do co nghia la: su phat trien chuc nang xa hoi cua cac ngon ngu dong mot vai tro het sue quan trgng bai no con tac dong den su phat trien cau true noi bo cua ngon ngu. Vai mot ngon ngu co dong > ? > IV nguai su dung thuang co dieu kien phat trien ca ve cau true lan chuc nang. Chinh dieu nay lam cho vi the cua cac ngon ngu (ke ca cac ngon ngu DTTS) co dong nguai su dung de dang co vi the cao han trong khu vuc cu tru so vai cac ngon ngu co it nguai su dung (trong cung khu vuc). Chu viet co vai tro lan trong su phat trien cua ngon ngu. Chinh nha co chu viet ma trong giao tiep ngon ngu- cua cong dong hinh thanh nen mot loai hinh giao tiep mai: giao tiep bang van ban. Tu chu viet cua minh ma dan dan ngon ngu cua dan toe se hinh thanh ngon ngu van hoc, thuc day sir phat trien cua chinh ngon ngu do. Tat ca nhung dieu trinh bay a tren ve moi quan he giua tiep xuc ngon ngu, ve trinh do phat trien va vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu vira la nguyen li, vua la thuc trang sir phat trien cua cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam hien nay. Nhung dieu nay co lien quan tai dac diem dan toe (phan bo dan cu, so 15 lirang nguai noi, dac diem tarn li toe nguai...), tai dac diem cac ngon ngu (nguon goc, loai hinh, chu viet...) anh huang true tiep tai van de su phat trien cua cac ngon ngu cung nhu vi the cua chung trong dieu kien kinh te-xa hoi hien nay a Viet Nam. 2.2. Vi the, chirc nang cua tieng Viet voi tir cach la ngon ngfir quoc gia f trong giao tiep khau ngu nham phan biet vai tieng me de cua hg. r r * 2.2.2. Vi the, chicc nang cua tieng Viet vai tu cach la ngon ngit quoc gia a vung DTTS the hien a Chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nuac r •» Cac van ban phap quy, cac van kien cua Dang the hien vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet. Chinh sach xuyen suot cua Dang va Nha nuac Viet r ^ r r Nam ve ngon ngu la, moi nguai dan Viet phai biet va su dung tot tieng Viet vai tu cach la cong cu giao tiep chinh thuc cua ngon ngu nuac nha. Dieu do 16 f > co nghia rang, nguai DTTS ben canh viec su dung tieng me de (TMD) thi can phai biet tieng Viet. Doi vai nguai DTTS, chu truang cua Dang la uu tien, tao dieu kien cho nguai DTTS co the hoc va su dung dugc tieng Viet. Dang va Nha nuac can cu vao tung giai doan cu the de dua ra chinh sach cung nhu cac bien phap phu hop nham phat huy vai tro cua tieng Viet tai vung DTTS. Co the thay mot so diem noi bat ve chinh sach nay tai cac cac vung dan toe a tung giai doan cu the cua each mang Viet Nam. Do la cac giai doan: tu nam 1945 - 1954; tu nam 1954 - 19754; Giai doan tu nam 1975 den nay. Trong qua trinh xay dung Nha nuac phap quyen xa hoi chu nghia, nhieu bo luat da ra dai, dugc Quoc hoi thong qua va di vao cuoc song, trong do co Luat Giao due. Theo do, ngon ngu la mot trong nhung dieu khoan cua Luat Pho cap giao due tieu hoc (1991); Luat giao due (1998); Luat Giao due (2005); Luat Giao due sua ddi (2009). Ngoai ra con co rat nhieu van kien cua Dang va Nha nuac, cac van ban phap quy deu quan tam den viec * * ' hoc tieng va chu pho thong cua dong bao cac DTTS. Chinh sach ngon ngu doi vai nguai DTTS la: nguai DTTS mot mat nam vung va su dung dugc tieng pho thong (tieng Viet, chu quoc ngu) dong F \ 9 f t thai khuyen khich, tao dieu kien de hgc va su dung tieng noi chu viet DTTS, truac het la TMD cua dan toe minh5. 4 Nghi quySt cua Khu uy V iet B5c s6 50-NQ /KU, ngay 10 thing 5 n£m 1962,VS phuang huang va nhiem vu nam 1962; Chi thi cua Ban B i thu s6 54-CT/TW , 01/10/1962, vS v in dh tang cu an g cong tac x u it ban; QuySt dinh 153-CP ngay 20/8/1969 cua Cinh phu v§ X ay dimg, cait tien va sur dung chu vi6t dan toe thieu s6. 5 Cdc van kien D ang cung thS hien chinh sach d6i vai tiln g Viet va cac ng6n ngu DTTS, nhu: Phuang huang nhiem vu kS hoach phat trien kinh tS - x3 hoi 5 nam 1996 - 2000 (B ao cao cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Dang kh6a VII tai D ai h6i dai bieu toan qu6c liin thu VIII cua Dang), Chi thi cua Ban B i thu So 23CT/TW, ngay 15/11/1977 vk cong tac dan toe it ngirdri a cac tinh mikn Nam trong tinh hinh hien nay; Nghj quySt Hoi nghj lin thu nam Ban C hip hanh Trung uang Dang (khoa VIII) ve xay dung va phat trien n6n van hoa Viet N am tien tien, dam da ban s ic dan toe; Chien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hoi 2001 - 2010. 17 Quyet dinh 53-CP ngay 22/2/1980 cua Chinh phu da danh gia “tieng 9 » ' va chu pho thong ngay cang duac pho cap sau rong trong dong bao cac dan toe thieu so vai tu cach la ngon ngu chung cua ca. nuac, da va dang gop phan thiet thuc thuc day su phat trien cac mat a cac vung dan toe thieu so 2.2.3. Vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet vai tu cach la ngon ngit quoc ______ r gia a vung DTTS qua thuc te su dung r y y 1/ Kha nang su dung tieng Viet cua dong bao dan toe ve ca ban la thong thao, tuy co su khac nhau nhat dinh giua cac dan toe va giua cac vung khac nhau trong mot dan toe6. Tuy nhien, khong it dong bao DTTS khong noi dugc tieng Viet hoac ? r iv / r y "> kha nang dung tieng Viet de dien dat con rat yeu. Dieu nay cung dugc the hien trong dieu tra ve kha nang su dung tieng Viet doi vai nguai Hmong. Theo dieu nam 1999 tai mot so dia diem a huyen Bae Ha va Mu Cang Chai tinh Lao Cai cho thay, cu 100 nguai Hmong thi chi co khoang 12 den 20 nguai biet su dung tieng Viet, so nguai khong biet giao tiep bang tieng Viet chiem tren 60%.;v.v... w 1 y f Mac du vay, van co the khang dinh rang, tieng Viet da tra thanh mot trong nhung cong cu giao tiep quan trong cua dong bao DTTS. Tuy nhien, muc do su dung va nang luc su dung co khac nhau do nhung tac dong cua * hang loat cac nhan to xa hoi-ngon ngu. 2/ Khai niem thong thao hay biet tieng Viet a day dugc su dung giai han de noi ve viec giao tiep khau ngu bang tieng Viet ma khong noi tai each 6 V i du, d6i vai dan toe M uang thi c6 85% nguai M uang biSt tieng Viet; nhung vdi nguai Thai thi 71,11% tu danh gia la thao tiln g V iet. C6n v6i 390 nguai D ao vai ngufri thi tit ca 390 nguai d§u biet tiSng Viet. BiSu tra \h n5ng luc tieng V iet cua d6ng bao Cham tai Ninh thuan Binh T huln, An Giang, Phu Yen cung cho thky tren 90% n guai Cham co th i giao tilp duac bang tieng Viet. Tinh hinh cung tuang tu nhu vay tai m6t s6 x3 nhu Hien Luang, Cao San, M uang Chieng thuoc huyen Da B5c tinh Hoa Binh nai c6 d6ng bao M uang, Dao, Thy, Kinh cong cu; cac thon cua xa Man D uang thuoc huyen D 6ng M o tinh Lang San nai co d6ng b&o Tay, N ung, Kinh cong cu; mot s6 thon cua x3 Ldt cua huyen B ao Lam, tinh Lam D6ng nai co d6ng bdo Leich, Chil, C a ho, Kinh, v.v... cong cir; mot s6 thon cua xa Loc Nam cua huyen Bao Lam, tinh Lam B 6ng noi c6 ddng bao C a ho, Hoa, Tay, Nung, Muimg, Kinh, v.v... cong cu. 18 r y r r r giao tiep chinh thurc bang tieng Viet cung nhu viec biet chu quoc ngu. Vi / r . ' f r * neu de cap den kha nang biet chu quoc ngu cua nguai DTTS lai la mot van de khac. Ti le tai mu chu chu quoc ngu cua dong bao DTTS la mot diem • ' H f r dang chu y va do nhieu nguyen nhan . Cho den nay, tinh hinh mu chu quoc ngu hoac nang luc yeu kem ve nang luc tieng Viet, chu quoc ngu van la mot van de nan giai a cac vung DTTS. r r 3/ Chuc nang cua tieng Viet trong giao tiep gia dinh thap han rat nhieu r f •> so vai tieng dan toe - TMD cua nguai dan toe. Co the noi, giao tiep trong gia dinh ma cac thanh vien cung mot dan toe thi hau nhu deu su dung TMD8. Nhung dieu tra cua chung toi mai day ve tinh hinh song ngu cua cac em hoc sinh thuoc cac dan toe Muang, Tay, Dao trong giao tiep gia dinh cho r r r r \ thay co sir phan bo su dung xap xi 50:50 giua TMD va tieng Viet.. Dieu nay phan anh mot xu the su dung tieng Viet dang co chieu huang gia tang a lap nguai dan toe thieu so tre tuoi. Nhin a mat tong the, hien tai, trong giao tiep gia dinh noi chung, chuc nang cua tieng Viet it dugc phat huy han so vai TMD cua hg. Nhu vay, trang thai song the ngu trong giao tiep a gia dinh nguai dan toe a dang tong quat la: chuc nang cua tieng dan toe trong gia dinh dan toe la ngon ngu cao (H) con tieng Viet la ngon ngu thap (L). 4/ Tinh hinh su dung ngon ngu ngoai xa hoi cua dong bao dan toe tra > _ nen da dang han nhieu. Do moi truang rong lan va cac chu canh giao tiep vai cac chu de giao tiep rat ma nen viec dong bao dan toe su dung ngon ngu 7 Bui Thi N goc D iep cho rin g trong nhieu nguyen nhan dan den mu chif va tai mu thi co mot nguyen nhan d ing chu y l i "chung ta ditng chuong trinh day tieng Viet cho tre em d e x o a mu ch u cho nguai lorn, va dung chuang trinh p h o thong cua n guai Kinh d e day cho n guai dan toe" va "dong nhat viec day tiin g Viet va i tu cach la TMD v a i tieng Viet la ngon ngu: thu hai cua dong bao dan toe thieu so", Van de day tieng Viet va tieng dan toe cho hoc sinh dan to e thieu so trong truang tieu hoc Viet N am , Bao cao de dSn tai Hoi thao song ngft do Bp Giao due v i D io tao t6 chirc tai Ninh Thuan, 1999. 8 Vi du, theo tai lieu di£u tra da cong bo a mot s6 diem cho thiy, ngu6i Mir&ng: 100%; nguai Thai: 100%; Mong: 93,5%; ngirai Dao: 98,5% su dung TMD trong giao tiep gia dinh. 19 r r t r nao (tieng Viet hay tieng dan toe) la tuy thuoc vao hoan canh giao tiep cu the. 5/ Cung do kha nang song ngu tieng dan toe - tieng Viet nen trong giao tiep gia dinh va cong d6ng cua minh, nguai DTTS thuang chuyen ma hoac tron ma giua tieng Viet va TMD. 6/ Trong he thong giao due nha trucmg, tieng Viet la ngon ngu chinh thuc theo quy dinh cua luat phap va thuc te su dung cung nhu vay. Day thuc su la mot kho khan va la mot thach thuc lan doi vai giao due lap mot noi rieng va cac nam dau cap hoc noi chung cs vung DTTS. 7/ Ve van de thu huang giao due tieng Viet vai viec xoa mu chu bang tieng Viet doi vai dong bao DTTS co the noi vua la quyen lgi vua la nghia r _ __ ____ > \ > > vu. Theo nhung cong bo cua tac gia Tran Tri D5i khi dieu tra ve nhu cau thu huang giao due tieng Viet cua dong bao DTTS a ba tinh San La, Nghe An va Tuyen Quang: d6ng bao DTTS d£u co nguyen vong thu huang giao due tieng Viet vai muc dich rat cu the va khac nhau, nhung rat chinh dang. Dieu nay them mot lan nua khang dinh tieng Viet thuc sir da dam nhiem vai tro va r / chuc nang cua mot ngon ngu quoc gia, la ngon ngu giao tiep chung giua cac dan toe, la cau noi cho tinh doan ket, giao liru hoa hop trong mot chinh sach chung la hoa hop, doan ket cac dan toe trong dai gia dinh Viet Nam. Vay, r % mot cau hoi dat ra la, dong bao dan toe da dugc thu huang giao due tieng Viet nhu the nao? r \ Ro rang, nguyen vong dugc thu huang giao due tieng Viet cua dong bao dan toe la chinh dang. Viec truyen ba vi the cua tieng Viet bang viec giao due tieng Viet cho dong bao dan toe la mot huang di dung. Nhung viec r ^ f * thuc thi con nhieu han che: han che do phuang phap day hgc, han che do \ / ■ > \ r nhung dieu kien toi thieu ve kinh te xa hoi,v.v. 20