Tài liệu Bài học tiếng trung cho người mới bắt đầu - bài 1

1.01 Pronouns 您 我 你 Wǒ I Nǐ You Nín You (respected) 他 她 它 Tā He Tā She Tā It 你们 我们 他们 Nǐmen Wǒmen Tāmen You all We They 1.02 Pronouns and the verb "to be" 您是 我是 你是 Wǒ shì I am Nǐ shì You are Nín shì You are (respected) 他是 她是 它是 Tā shì He is Tā shì She is Tā shì It is 你们是 我们是 他们是 Nǐmen shì Wǒmen shì Tāmen shì You all We are They 1.03 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complement "student" 我是学生。Wǒ shì xuésheng. I am a student. 你是学生。Nǐ shì xuésheng. You are a student. 您是学生。Nín shì xuésheng. You (respected) are a student. 他是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. He is a student. 她是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. She is a student. 我们是学生。Wǒmen shì xuésheng. We are students. 你们是学生。Nǐmen shì xuésheng. You all are students. 他们是学生。Tāmen shì xuésheng. They are students. 1.04 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complement "teacher" and "business person". 我是老师。 Wǒ shì lǎoshī. I am a teacher. 你是商人。 Nǐ shì shāngrén. You are a business person. 您是老师。 Nín shì lǎoshī. You (respected) are a teacher. 他是商人。 Tā shì shāngrén. He is a business person. 她是老师。 Tā shì lǎoshī. She is a teacher. 我们是商人。 Wǒmen shì shāngrén. We are business people. 你们是老师。 Nǐmen shì lǎoshī. You all are teachers. 他们是商人。 Tāmen shì shāngrén. They are business people. 1.05 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complements "man" and "woman" 你是男人。Nǐ shì nánrén. You are a man. 你是女人。Nǐ shì nǚrén. You are a woman. 他是男人。 Tā shì nánrén. He is a man. 她是女人。 Tā shì nǚrén. She is a woman. 他们是男人。Tāmen shì nánrén. They are men. 她们是女人。Tāmen shì nǚrén. They are women. 1.06 You cheeky monkey! 你... Nǐ... 你是... Nǐ shì... 你是木头人! You... You are... You are a blockhead! Nǐ shì mùtóurén! In this first lesson we will learn the pronouns, the verb "to be", and the occupations "student", "teacher", and "businessperson". After all, aren't we a little bit of all three? The simple sentence pattern of pronoun + be + complement is a a quick and easy way to convey information about people - "He is an American", "They are students", "She is my coworker" etc. Once you get in the basic form, it's simply a matter of plugging in additional vocabulary (which we will do in later lessons). 1.01 Pronouns 您 我 你 Wǒ I Nǐ You Nín You (respected) 他 她 它 Tā He Tā She Tā It 你们 我们 他们 Nǐmen Wǒmen Tāmen You all We They Notes: He and she have the same pronunciation in Mandarin, tā; in the written language they are differentiated by their characters, 他 for he and 她 for she. To make the plural of any pronoun just add 们 men to the singular form of the pronoun. Please note that the distinction between plural and singular is not quite as important in Chinese, often the plural will simply be implied by the context. 1.02 Pronouns and the verb "to be" 您是 我是 你是 Wǒ shì I am Nǐ shì You are Nín shì You are (respected) 他是 她是 它是 Tā shì He is Tā shì She is Tā shì It is 你们是 我们是 他们是 Nǐmen shì Wǒmen shì Tāmen shì You all We are They Notes: The verb to be 是 shì does not decline, that is to say that its form stays the same no matter who is performing the action. Compared to the English "I am", "You are", "He is", it is actually much easier, right? Also, please be aware that there are no spaces between the words in a Chinese sentence! 1.03 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complement "student" 我是学生。Wǒ shì xuésheng. I am a student. 你是学生。Nǐ shì xuésheng. You are a student. 您是学生。Nín shì xuésheng. You (respected) are a student. 他是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. He is a student. 她是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. She is a student. 我们是学生。Wǒmen shì xuésheng. We are students. 你们是学生。Nǐmen shì xuésheng. You all are students. 他们是学生。Tāmen shì xuésheng. They are students. Notes: Nouns in Mandarin Chinese usually have a single form that is used whether the noun is singular or plural. That is why 学生 xuésheng remains the same for 他是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. and 他 们是学生。Tāmen shì xuésheng. You can add 们 men to create a special plural form of the noun, but this is really only used in special situations, often for rhetorical effect. Vocabulary point: 学 xué is, on its own, a verb that means to study. Paired with the character 生 shēng it creates a new noun, student 学生 xuésheng. Pronunciation point: You may have noticed that on its own, 生 shēng has a line over it, whereas when it is paired with 学 xué it does not. That is because the 生 shēng in 学生 xuésheng changes to a neutral tone, due something known as "tone sandhi", which is Sanskrit for "incredibly coy linguistic term". What "tone sandhi" means is that you pronounce words differently based on the words that come before or after it. Native speakers of Chinese do this intuitively, as do practiced foreign speakers of Chinese. As a beginner student, it really isn't worth worrying about, and as an intermediate level student there will be some tricks you can learn that will help you along. 1.04 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complement "teacher" and "business person". 我是老师。 Wǒ shì lǎoshī. I am a teacher. 你是商人。 Nǐ shì shāngrén. You are a business person. 您是老师。 Nín shì lǎoshī. You (respected) are a teacher. 他是商人。 Tā shì shāngrén. He is a business person. 她是老师。 Tā shì lǎoshī. She is a teacher. 我们是商人。 Wǒmen shì shāngrén. We are business people. 你们是老师。 Nǐmen shì lǎoshī. You all are teachers. 他们是商人。 Tāmen shì shāngrén. They are business people. >> Listen to the MP3 (right click to save) Vocabulary point: 老 lǎo means old, but that is not an exact translation, For starters, it is only used in reference to people, never things. Secondly, it is often combined with other characters to make positions and titles of respect, such as 老师 lǎoshī teacher. People often point out that 老 lǎo carries positive connotations that old does not carry in the West. Since 老 lǎo refers only to people and never to things, we could translate it as senior, an English word that has both the meaning of "aged" as well as "having more authority". 商 shāng means business, and 人 rén means person or people, thus 商人 shāngrén literally means "business person". 1.05 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complements "man" and "woman" 你是男人。Nǐ shì nánrén. You are a man. 你是女人。Nǐ shì nǚrén. You are a woman. 他是男人。 Tā shì nánrén. He is a man. 她是女人。 Tā shì nǚrén. She is a woman. 他们是男人。Tāmen shì nánrén. They are men. 她们是女人。Tāmen shì nǚrén. They are women. >> Listen to the MP3 (right click to save) Notes: You will often see Woman 女 nǚ and man 男 nán used on their own as abbreviations on restrooms, forms, etc. 1.06 You cheeky monkey! 你... Nǐ... You... 你是... Nǐ shì... 你是木头人! Nǐ shì mùtóurén! You are... You are a blockhead! Notes: Scattered throughout this course you will find sections at the end of some lessons labeled "You cheeky monkey!" In these sections we will teach you irreverent, bizarre, or sometimes even topical things to say. Vocabulary point: 木头人 mùtourén literally means "wood head person", the meaning of which seems pretty selfexplanatory. We ought to recognize 人 rén from the other words we have studied this lesson, such as 女人 nǚrén and 商人 shāngrén. Exercises A Transcribe the characters below into pinyin 1.) 你 __________________ 2.) 她 ___________________ 3.) 我 __________________ 4.) 你们 __________________ 5.) 他 __________________ 6.) 我们 __________________ 7.) 他们 _________________ 8.) 您 _____________________ B Translate the following pinyin into English 1.) nín ____________________ 2.) nǐmen _________________ 3.) wǒ ____________________ 4.) tāmen __________________ 5.) wǒmen _________________ 6.) nǐ ____________________ 7.) tā _____________________ C Translate the following sentences into English 1.) Wǒmen shì shāngrén. _______________________________________________________. 2.) Tā shì xuésheng. _______________________________________________________. 3.) Nín shì lǎoshī. _______________________________________________________. 4.) Tāmen shì nánrén. _______________________________________________________. D Match the character to its corresponding pinyin 1.) 是 lǎo 2.) 男 nǐ 3.) 人 nán 4.) 你 shì 5.) 老 rén E Chose the two characters that are not the same 生男你是 商我是们 他商我们 你他男师 F Make words by matching the two syllables， then match them to the correct characters lǎo men 我们 shāng sheng 商人 wǒ shī 老师 xué rén 学生 2.01 Simple questions 你是学生。 Nǐ shì xuéshēng. 你是学生吗? Nǐ shì xuéshēng ma? 他是商人。 Tā shì shāngrén. 他是商人吗? Tā shì shāngrén ma? 你们是留学生。 You are a student. Are you a student? He is a business person. Is he a business person? You all are foreign students. Nǐmen shì liúxuéshēnɡ. 你们是留学生吗？ Are you all foreign students? Nǐmen shì liúxuéshēnɡ ma? 2.02 Countries and Nationalities 中国 Zhōngguó China 中国人 Zhōngguórén Chinese people 美国 Měiguó America 美国人 Měiguórén American people 英国 Yīngguó Britain 英国人 Yīngguórén British people 德国 Déguó Germany 德国人 Déguórén German people 印度 Yìndù India 印度人 Yìndùrén Indian people 2.03 Pronouns + Nationality complement in statement and question form 我是美国人。 Wǒ shì Měiguórén. 你是美国人吗？ Nǐ shì Měiguórén ma? 他是中国人。 Tā shì Zhōngguórén. 他是中国人吗？ Tā shì Zhōngguórén ma? 她是德国人。 Tā shì Déguórén. 你们是印度人吗？ Nǐmen shì Yìndùrén ma? I am American. Are you American? He is Chinese. Is he Chinese? She is German. Are you all Indian? 他们是英国人。 They are English. Tāmen shì Yīngguórén. 2.04 Nationality - a simple dialogue A 你是英国人吗? Nǐ shì Yīngguórén ma? B 是，我是英国人。 你是中国人吗？ Shì，wǒ shì Yīngguórén. Nǐ shì Zhōngguórén ma? A 是，我是中国人。 Shì，wǒ shì Zhōngguórén. Exercises A Transcribe the characters below into pinyin 1.) 美国 _________________ 2.) 中国 __________________ 3.) 德国 _________________ 4.) 印度 _________________ 5.) 英国 _________________ B Translate the pinyin into English 1.) Déguó __________________ 2.) Zhōngguó ______________ 3.) Yīngguó _________________ 4.) Měiguó ________________ C Transcribe the characters into pinyin and then translate into English 1.) 中国人 _____________ ______________ 2.) 英国人 _____________ ______________ 3.) 德国人 _____________ ______________ 4.) 美国人 _____________ ______________ 4.) 印度人 _____________ ______________ D Fill in the blanks for this dialogue A Nǐ shì _____________ ma? B Shì，wǒ shì Yīngguórén. Nǐ shì ______________ ma? A Shì，wǒ ______ Zhōngguórén. E Match the character to its pinyin 1.) 美 lǎo 2.) 男 guó 3.) 中 tā 4.) 国 zhōng 5.) 老 měi 6.) 她 nán F Transcribe the following sentences into pinyin 1.) 她是德国人。 _______________________________________________________. 2.) 你们是留学生吗？ _______________________________________________________. 3.) 他是中国人吗？ _______________________________________________________. 4.) 他是商人吗? _______________________________________________________. 3.01 Asking for a first name 你叫... Nǐ jiào... 你叫什么... Nǐ jiào shénme... 你叫什么名字？ Nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? 她叫... Tā jiào... 她叫什么... Tā jiào shénme... 她叫什么名字？ Tā jiào shénme míngzì? Notes: You are called... You are called by what... You are called by what name? She is called... She is called by what... She is called by what name? The sentence pattern for asking for a first name is: Pronoun + call (叫) + what (什么) + name (名字)? 什么 shénme what is an interrogative pronoun, and the first of the big six question words we will encounter (who, what, when, where, why and how) Note as well that 叫 jiào does not change form according to the noun. 3.02 Hello! - a simple dialogue 莎拉: 马特: 莎拉: 你好! Nǐ hǎo! 你好! 我是马特。你叫什么名字? Nǐ hǎo! Wǒ shì Mǎté. Nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? 我叫莎拉。 Wǒ jiào Shālā. Notes: In Chinese as well as English there are two main ways to state your name, the first being 我叫... Wǒ jiào My name is... and the second being 我是 Wǒ shì I'm... 你好! Nǐ hǎo! Hello! is the most common greeting in China, a direct translation would be "You good!" 好 hǎo means good, which in English is an adjective. However, in Chinese, 好 hǎo can also sometimes be a verb (as in "to get better"), and it can also be something called a "predicate adjective" which basically means a verb that acts like an adjective. This is why there is no verb to be 是 shì in the sentence 你好! Nǐ hǎo! We will cover predicate adjectives more fully in lesson 21. The point to remember here is that we should say 你好! Nǐ hǎo! not 你是好! Nǐ shì hǎo! 3.03 Nice to meet you! - everyday expressions 很... Hěn. 很高兴... Hěn gāoxìng... 很高兴认识 Hěn gāoxìng rènshi... 很高兴认识你。 Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. Very... Very nice... Very nice to meet... Very nice to meet you. Vocabulary point: 认识 rènshi is a verb that means to know, to recognize, to be familiar with 高兴 gāoxìng is an adjective that means happy, elated, the literal meaning of the first character of the word, 高 gāo means high and the second character 兴 xìng means interest 很 hěn very is an adverb and is one of the most used words in the Chinese language. 3.04 Hello! - the extended dialogue 莎拉: 马特: 莎拉: 马特: 你好! Nǐ hǎo! 你好! 我是马特。你叫什么名字? Nǐ hǎo! Wǒ shì Mǎté. Nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? 我叫莎拉。很高兴认识你。 Wǒ jiào Shālā. Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. 我也很高兴认识你。 Wǒ yě hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. Notes: 也 yě is an adverb that means also. Some examples: 我也是美国人。 Wǒ yě shì Měiguórén. I am also an American. 她也是学生。 Tā yě shì xuéshēng. She is also a student. Please take note here that the position of 也 yě is firmly fixed before the verb and after the subject. For instance, you cannot start a sentence with 也 yě, as you can in English (Also, I am a doctor). 3.05 What's his name? - concept and vocabulary review dialogue A: 他叫什么名字？ Tā jiào shénme míngzi? B: 他叫马特。 Tā jiào Mǎté. A: 他是美国人吗？ Tā shì Měiguórén ma? B: 是，他是美国人。 Shì, tā shì Měiguórén. A: 他是留学生吗？ Tā shì liúxuéshēnɡ ma? B: 是，他是留学生。 Shì, tā shì liúxuéshēnɡ. Notes: Remember that in Chinese there is no direct correspondent to the English word yes. Instead, in many Chinese sentences they will reuse the verb from the question, e.g. 他是...? Tā shì...? Is he...? - 是, 他是 Shì, tā shì... Yes, he is... In spoken Chinese, people will often answer with the verb alone, indicating affirmation. Exercises A Transcribe the characters below into pinyin 1.) 名字 ___________________ 2.) 高兴 __________________ 3.) 留学生 _________________ 4.) 叫 ____________________ 5.) 认识 ___________________ 6.) 也 ____________________ B Translate the following sentences 1.) Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. _______________________________________________________. 2.) Wǒ yě shì Zhōngguórén. _______________________________________________________. 3.) Nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? _______________________________________________________. 4.) Tāmen yě shì liúxuéshēnɡ. _______________________________________________________. C Rearrange the words into complete sentences 1. shì Tā ma Měiguórén ? ______________________________________________________________? 2. míngzi jiào shénme Tā ? ______________________________________________________________? 3. Tā liúxuéshēnɡ ma shì ? ______________________________________________________________? D Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word 莎拉: Nǐ _____! 马特: Nǐ hǎo! Wǒ shì Mǎté. Nǐ jiào shénme ___________? 莎拉: Wǒ ______ Shālā. Hěn _________ rènshi nǐ. 马特: Wǒ _____ hěn gāoxìng ______ nǐ. E Circle the character that matches the pinyin shì : 你 是 我 高 yě : 叫 是 我 也 nǐ : 老 你 叫 好 hěn : 很 你 叫 人 rén : 很 你 人 吗 měi : 美 她 人 你 F Match the words with the translation 1.) Liúxuéshēnɡ Happy 2.) Gāoxìng 3.) Déguó 4.) Xuésheng 5.) Yìndù 6.) Yě 4.01 Common last names with social titles. Student India Foreign student Also Germany 李 李先生 李小姐 Lǐ Lee Lǐ xiānsheng Mr. Lee Lǐ xiǎojiě Ms. Lee 王 王先生 王小姐 Wáng Wáng xiānsheng Wáng xiǎojiě Wang Mr. Wang Ms. Wang 张 张先生 张小姐 Zhāng Zhāng xiānsheng Zhāng xiǎojiě Zhang Mr. Zhang Ms. Zhang 刘 刘先生 Liú Liú xiānsheng Liu Mr. Liu Vocabulary point: 刘小姐 Liú xiǎojiě Ms. Liu 先 xiān means first, so 先生 xiānsheng can be translated directly as "first born". Note that the second character of 先生, 生 shēng, is pronounced as a neutral tone in 先生. In other words, please note that the 生 shēng in xiānsheng doesn't have a line over it. That means that you should put more emphasis on the first syllable of the word, 先 xiān. 4.02 Introductions - simple formal A 您贵姓? Nín guì xìng? B 我姓李。您贵姓? Wǒ xìng Lǐ. Nín guì xìng? A 我姓张。 Wǒ xìng Zhāng. Notes: 您贵姓? Nín guì xìng? is a formal and polite way to ask another person's last name. 姓 xìng means family name, and 贵 guì is an adjective modifying 姓 xìng that literally means "expensive". I 姓 xìng is analogous to the British English use of "dear" to mean both "expensive" and, well, "dear". 4.03 Full Chinese Names 我姓李, 叫李雪。 Wǒ xìng Lǐ, jiào Lǐ Xuě. 我姓王, 叫王军。 Wǒ xìng Wáng, jiào Wáng Jūn. 她姓张, 叫张小鱼。 Tā xìng Zhāng, jiào Zhāng Xiǎoyú. My name is Li Xue. My name is Wang Jun. Her name is Zhang Xiaoyu. 他姓刘， 叫刘强国。 His name is Liu Qiangguo. Tā xìng Liú, jiào Liú Qiángguó. 4.04 Common last names with professional titles. 李 李经理 李老师 Lǐ Lee Lǐ jīnglǐ Manager Lee Lǐ lǎoshī Teacher Lee 王 王经理 王老师 Wáng Wáng jīnglǐ Wáng lǎoshī Wang Manager Wang Teacher Wang 张经理 张 张老师 Zhāng Zhāng jīnglǐ Zhāng lǎoshī Zhang Manager Zhang Teacher Zhang 刘 刘经理 刘老师 Liú Liú jīnglǐ Liú lǎoshī Liu Manager Liu Teacher Liu Notes: It is quite common in Chinese to use professional titles when addressing adults - in English, we really only do this with doctors, politicians, and people in the military. Bear in mind as well that the person's title comes after, not before the family name. 4.05 Hello teacher! - concept and vocabulary review dialogue 马特: 老师， 您好！ Lǎoshī ，nín hǎo! 张老师: 马特: 张老师: 马特: 你好！你是留学生吗？ Nǐ hǎo！ Nǐ shì liúxuéshēnɡ ma? 是，我是留学生。 Shì, wǒ shì liúxuéshēnɡ. 你叫什么名字？ Nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? 我叫马特。 Wǒ jiào Mǎtè. Exercises A Transcribe the characters below into pinyin 1.) 贵 _____________________ 2.) 小姐 ____________________ 3.) 我 _____________________ 4.) 老师 ____________________ 5.) 经理 __________________ 6.) 留学生 __________________ 7.) 姓 _____________________ 8.) 叫 _______________________ B Match the words with their translation 1.) 叫 teacher 2.) 老师 last name (surname) 3.) 经理 expensive 4.) 贵 to be called, to be named 5.) 姓 manager C Fill in the blanks A Nín ______ xìng? B Wǒ __________ Lǐ. ________ guì xìng? A _______ xìng Zhāng. D Circle the pinyin for the characters 高 : shēnɡ jiào 先 : xiān xìng 名 : xìng gāo xìng gāo 留 : hǎo liú xiān xìng shén hǎo 小 : hěn wǒ xiǎo míng tā hǎo shén míng ma 什 : míng E Write the English meanings next to the words 1.) 高兴 Gāoxìng _________________ 2.) 叫 Jiào _________________ 3.) 姓 Xìng _________________ 4.) 经理 Jīnglǐ _________________ 5.) 名字 Míngzì _________________ 6.) 商人 Shāngrén _________________ F Write questions for the following answers 1.) _______________________________________________________? 是，我是英国人。 Shì，wǒ shì Yīngguórén. 2.) _______________________________________________________? 是，他们是学生。 Shì，tāmen shì xuésheng. 3.) _______________________________________________________? 我叫王军。 Wǒ jiào Wáng Jūn. 5.01 How is your health? - sentence pattern for a basic conversational pleasantry 你... Nǐ... 你身体... Nǐ shēntǐ... 你身体好... Nǐ shēntǐ hǎo... 你身体好吗？ Nǐ shēntǐ hǎo ma? Notes: ...your... ...your health? ....is your health? How is your health? A more direct translation of this phrase would be "Is your health good?" This is a polite question that is asked when we assume that the other person is in fact well. If we know that the person has recently been sick, or looks sick at the moment, there are other questions we can ask to show a greater degree of awareness or concern. We will study these in later units. 5.02 I am also... 我很好。他也很好。 Wǒ hěn hǎo. Tā yě hěn hǎo. I am fine. He is also fine. 李雪是大学生。 王军也是大学生。 Lǐ Xuě shì dàxuéshēng. Wáng Jūn yě shì dàxuéshēng. Li Xue is a university student. Wang Jun is also a university student. 刘老师身体很好。李经理身体也很好。 Liú lǎoshī shēntǐ hěn hǎo. Lǐ jīnglǐ shēntǐ yě hěn hǎo. Teacher Liu's health is good. Manager Li's health is also good. Notes: A little more about 也 yě: 也 yě is an adverb that introduces additional information. It does this in two ways, one by introducing additional information about a subject, and the second by stating a similarity between two different subjects. So far, we have only seen the second type, but as new verbs get introduced in later lessons we will see the first type more and more. Vocabulary point: 大学生 dàxuéshēng university student is made by combining 大 dà big with 学生 xuéshēng student. On its own, 大学 dàxué means university 5.03 How is your health? - dialogue between two people of different social status 马特: 张老师: 马特: 张老师: 马特: 张老师， 您好！ Zhāng lǎoshī ，nín hǎo! 你好！ Nǐ hǎo！ 您身体好吗？ Nín shēntǐ hǎo ma? 很好。你呢？ Hěn hǎo. Nǐ ne? 也很好，谢谢您。 Yě hěn hǎo, xièxie nín. 张老师: 再见。 Zàijiàn. 再见。 马特: Zàijiàn. Notes: 马特 Mǎtè shows his respect for 张老师 Zhāng lǎoshī by using the respectful form of the pronoun you, 您 nín, as well as by using the teacher's title, 老师 lǎoshī while speaking to her. 你呢？ Nǐ ne? can be translated as And you? Follow up questions with 呢 ne are used to ask the same question as the preceding question, but about another subject or object. Vocabulary point: 身体 shēntǐ means health. On its own, 身 shēn means body. 谢谢 xièxie means thank you. Adding a pronoun to the end makes it more polite, as in 谢谢你 xièxie nǐ. 再见 zàijiàn means good bye, although it literally means see you again. 5.04 See you tomorrow! - dialogue between two people of equal social status 莎拉: 王军: 马特: 王军: 你好吗？ Nǐ hǎo ma? 我很好，你呢？ Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne? 我也很好。明天见！ Wǒ yě hěn hǎo. Míngtiān jiàn! 明天见。 Míngtiān jiàn. Notes: 再见 zàijiàn is the most common way to say goodbye, it literally means "see you again". There are other ways to say goodbye used when speakers have a more or less particular time they